1 00:00:02,279 --> 00:00:06,040 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday everyone. Something that we've mentioned on the show 2 00:00:06,160 --> 00:00:09,640 Speaker 1: before is that even after years of crawling through the 3 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: archive and listening to episodes by previous hosts, sometimes we 4 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,720 Speaker 1: still stumble onto things that we didn't realize we had before. 5 00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:20,079 Speaker 1: Sometimes it's because the name was not a familiar one 6 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:23,599 Speaker 1: until something we researched ourselves. And that's what happened this time. 7 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:26,360 Speaker 1: I was scrolling through the list and a name rang 8 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:28,880 Speaker 1: a bell thanks to a recent episode, and that was 9 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: Johann Dipple. And Johann Conrad Dipple came up in our 10 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:35,400 Speaker 1: live podcast, The Mysteries of the Color Blue, and it 11 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:37,600 Speaker 1: turned out previous host Sarah and de Blina did a 12 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:44,960 Speaker 1: whole episode on him back in November. So enjoy. Welcome 13 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:47,479 Speaker 1: to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of 14 00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:56,160 Speaker 1: I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome to 15 00:00:56,200 --> 00:00:58,240 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm to blame a Chuck reboarding and I'm 16 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:02,360 Speaker 1: Sarah down and we're technically passed October and that spade 17 00:01:02,400 --> 00:01:05,360 Speaker 1: of spooky episodes that comes along with it. But the 18 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: subject of this episode, Johann Conrad Dipple, could really fit 19 00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: right in with that batch. And honestly, I have to 20 00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,520 Speaker 1: confess here he probably would have been with that batch 21 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: if this book that I had ordered for two dollars 22 00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:21,800 Speaker 1: and fifty nine cents had come in time. A little 23 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:25,840 Speaker 1: peek into our world. I know we're always um, I 24 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:28,720 Speaker 1: don't want to say complaining. We're always telling telling people, 25 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:30,840 Speaker 1: I guess especially people who write in about books that 26 00:01:30,880 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 1: we don't really have a research budget. Yeah, I'm on 27 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:36,640 Speaker 1: the waiting list for this book at the library, waiting 28 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:40,920 Speaker 1: for this cheap book to come from Amazon whatever it is. Yeah, 29 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,880 Speaker 1: so we're kind of at the mercy of what's available 30 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: of time, just like every one time. Yeah, so if 31 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:50,040 Speaker 1: we we take a while to do your request sometimes 32 00:01:50,080 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 1: this is why we're just we're just waiting to be 33 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:55,800 Speaker 1: moved up on the waiting list. But back to our story. 34 00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:00,920 Speaker 1: Dipple story really straddles a line between spooky and science, 35 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:04,680 Speaker 1: and I think that's why it makes a good non 36 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:07,320 Speaker 1: Halloween episode two. I mean, we've really come to love 37 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: these science episodes that we've done and uh, and this 38 00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:12,560 Speaker 1: really fits in with that. Yeah, there are a lot 39 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:15,720 Speaker 1: of fun they're popular with listeners and I don't know, 40 00:02:15,760 --> 00:02:19,400 Speaker 1: they're just a little outside of our our normal repertoire 41 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:23,399 Speaker 1: almost But this guy really combines a lot more than 42 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:27,960 Speaker 1: your typical scientific pursuit. He does in his life's work, 43 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:32,040 Speaker 1: we find a mix of theology, science, alchemy, and medicine. 44 00:02:32,400 --> 00:02:35,360 Speaker 1: And if that's not interesting enough, there are also the 45 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,679 Speaker 1: rumors that are involved in this tale. Rumors of mysterious 46 00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:43,680 Speaker 1: experiments involving the re animation of of we don't know 47 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 1: what something, maybe people, maybe animals, and also rumors of 48 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:50,760 Speaker 1: body snatching. So if you didn't already guess it from 49 00:02:50,919 --> 00:02:54,360 Speaker 1: that description, there's a link here, or maybe just the 50 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 1: supposition of a link to Dr Frankenstein, the character from 51 00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:01,520 Speaker 1: Mary Shelley's famous novel. And that's probably the main reason 52 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:05,080 Speaker 1: that Dipple is a frequent request from our listeners. Maybe 53 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: a lot of them believed that he was the inspiration 54 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:10,440 Speaker 1: for that character. And of course, if this is starting 55 00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:13,639 Speaker 1: to sound kind of familiar, we already did an episode 56 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:16,720 Speaker 1: last year called Who Is the Real Frankenstein? And it 57 00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:20,600 Speaker 1: was about Giovanni Aldini. But the character of Frankenstein is 58 00:03:20,680 --> 00:03:22,919 Speaker 1: kind of like the one of Indiana Jones. There are 59 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:26,800 Speaker 1: several different historical figures that people believe could have been 60 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:30,679 Speaker 1: possible inspirations, and we named a few of them in 61 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 1: that who was the real Frankenstein podcast. Maybe one reason 62 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: why we didn't explore that possibility more, though, is because 63 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:41,560 Speaker 1: there are some legit sounding reasons cited as to why 64 00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:45,200 Speaker 1: Dipple couldn't have been the Frankenstein inspiration, which we're of 65 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:49,400 Speaker 1: course going to mention later on. But the potential Frankenstein connection, 66 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:52,160 Speaker 1: while it may have been the reason we heard about Dipple, 67 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 1: that's not the only reason that we became interested in 68 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:57,800 Speaker 1: learning more about him. He was also just this rascally 69 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:01,000 Speaker 1: controversial figure, and you know how we love those. He 70 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: also created a concoction that seems fit for some sci 71 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:07,320 Speaker 1: fi horror story, but according to an article in medical 72 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 1: history by E. Einsley and W. A. Campbell, was really 73 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:15,360 Speaker 1: included in pharmaceutical books as a sort of universal medicine 74 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:19,279 Speaker 1: until the early nineteenth century, and this concoction was called 75 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:22,440 Speaker 1: Dipple's oil, and Dipple thought it to be the elixir 76 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:26,080 Speaker 1: of life. Okay, So one of the reasons why it's 77 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:28,880 Speaker 1: so hard to know whether Dipple truly could have been 78 00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 1: the inspiration for Frankenstein is that a lot of the 79 00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 1: details of his life are pretty sketchy. According to Radu 80 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:39,560 Speaker 1: Florescu in his book In Search of Frankenstein. This is 81 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:43,599 Speaker 1: partly because a lot of primary sources related to Dipple's life, 82 00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:48,599 Speaker 1: including his doctoral dissertation, were destroyed during the Allied bombings 83 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:53,280 Speaker 1: of Darmstadt and Geeson, which is where he studied, so 84 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:56,960 Speaker 1: all these papers about his life are no longer with us. Unfortunately, 85 00:04:57,400 --> 00:05:00,480 Speaker 1: Florescu's own biographical sketch of Dipple is one that we 86 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:02,920 Speaker 1: refer to a lot, and he put it together through 87 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 1: studying more than seventy works which Dipple composed, including one 88 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:10,680 Speaker 1: that contained his autobiography, as well as Dipple biographies by 89 00:05:10,680 --> 00:05:14,119 Speaker 1: other writers, including Carl Voss. So one thing that most 90 00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:17,760 Speaker 1: accounts of Dipple's life really agree on is how it began. 91 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:21,719 Speaker 1: He was born in August tenth, sixteen seventy three, at 92 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 1: and this is probably one of the biggest reasons that 93 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:29,360 Speaker 1: people make the Mary Shelley Frankenstein connection. It's because he 94 00:05:29,400 --> 00:05:32,760 Speaker 1: was born at a place called Frankenstein Castle, about a 95 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 1: mile south of Darmstadt. So I'd say that's a pretty 96 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:40,159 Speaker 1: big connection. So today this castle is basically a ruin 97 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:43,200 Speaker 1: that overlooks the old involved, but it was once the 98 00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: home of the barons Frankenstein or Frankenstein maybe more accurate, yeah, 99 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:51,120 Speaker 1: and they were a German feudal family, but they had 100 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:53,799 Speaker 1: vacated the place by the time Dipple was born, having 101 00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: sold the place in sixteen sixty two. By the time 102 00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:00,599 Speaker 1: Dipple was born, in the castle, however, had become a 103 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:02,960 Speaker 1: hospital for people who had been injured in the war 104 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:07,200 Speaker 1: with France, and his parents, Anna Eleanora munch Meyer and 105 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:11,280 Speaker 1: a Lutheran minister named Johann Philip Dipple were both refugees there. 106 00:06:11,839 --> 00:06:15,080 Speaker 1: According to that medical history article we mentioned, Dipple's father 107 00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:18,440 Speaker 1: wanted him to become a Lutheran minister too. He would 108 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:21,159 Speaker 1: have been the fifth generation and his family to do so. 109 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:24,200 Speaker 1: But Florescue notes that Dipple was always kind of a 110 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:27,560 Speaker 1: strange kid. For one thing, he was kind of a loner. 111 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:30,240 Speaker 1: The other kids gave him the nickname the Owl for 112 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:33,400 Speaker 1: his tendencies to keep to himself and also to read 113 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:35,720 Speaker 1: by candle light in one of the castle towers at night, 114 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:38,960 Speaker 1: which sounds pretty brave for a young kid. He was 115 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:41,920 Speaker 1: also considered kind of odd for the way he regarded himself. 116 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:44,680 Speaker 1: He was really smart, and that seems pretty evident by 117 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: pretty much all accounts. Eins Ley and Campbell's article says 118 00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:52,280 Speaker 1: that at Dipple's secondary school, Darmstot Gymnauseum, his name was 119 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:56,600 Speaker 1: first on the role of distinguished Old Boys. But Florescu 120 00:06:56,680 --> 00:07:00,320 Speaker 1: says that Dipple considered himself quote a superior individu jewel, 121 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:03,800 Speaker 1: animated by a quote higher spirit who could figure out 122 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 1: the mysteries of the universe. So he basically thought that 123 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:11,440 Speaker 1: his brilliance was limitless. Something that makes sense of his 124 00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:15,280 Speaker 1: later achievements in life. Yeah, and something that shows us 125 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:19,880 Speaker 1: why maybe he wouldn't have been content with following his 126 00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:24,080 Speaker 1: father's footsteps as far as profession is concerned exactly. So. 127 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:28,360 Speaker 1: Dipple enrolled at the University of Gieson in sixteen ninety one. 128 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:30,880 Speaker 1: He was about seventeen years old and he was planning 129 00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 1: on studying theology. Still, he registered under a different name 130 00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 1: though from Dipple. He registered with the name Frankensteina, which 131 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: was another reason that the name is kind of stuck 132 00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:45,080 Speaker 1: with him throughout the years, and he earned a reputation 133 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: at school for being extremely intelligent, but also for being 134 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: really vocal about debating theological and scientific points with his professors. 135 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:57,400 Speaker 1: He graduated in three years and apparently really shocked some 136 00:07:57,440 --> 00:08:01,880 Speaker 1: people with his dissertation which was entitled on Nothing, and 137 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:05,360 Speaker 1: as such was considered to be a confession of skepticism, 138 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: like a classic college kid move. Though, doesn't it you 139 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:13,480 Speaker 1: write your dissertation quote on nothing? Yes? It wasn't too 140 00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:17,120 Speaker 1: long after that that Dipple adopted the Lutheran pious point 141 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:19,520 Speaker 1: of view, and at that time the Lutheran Church was 142 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:25,000 Speaker 1: divided into Orthodox and Pious contingents, and the Orthodox camp 143 00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:29,640 Speaker 1: conformed to the Lutheran creeds and liturgy, and the Piotus 144 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:34,040 Speaker 1: basically believed that the quote good life was more important 145 00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:37,680 Speaker 1: than sticking to a creed. So if that separation makes 146 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:41,440 Speaker 1: sense to you, guys. According to Ainsley and Campbell's article, 147 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: the switcher rout may not have been that big of 148 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:48,800 Speaker 1: a surprise either, since Dipple quote began to express doubts 149 00:08:48,880 --> 00:09:01,480 Speaker 1: about the Catechism at age nine, But Florescue asserts that 150 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 1: Dipple's tendency to change his stance seems to have had 151 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 1: more to do with him wanting to win a debate 152 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 1: than any sort of real desire to find a fundamental truth, 153 00:09:11,520 --> 00:09:13,760 Speaker 1: which I think is sort of interesting. It's like he 154 00:09:13,880 --> 00:09:16,920 Speaker 1: it was more about the argument itself than what he 155 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: was arguated, regardless of this wayverin stance, though he wrote 156 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:24,320 Speaker 1: extensively on theology, and those works puzzled a lot of 157 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:26,800 Speaker 1: people because he did kind of go back and forth. 158 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,320 Speaker 1: Einsley and Campbell cite one professor who was really confused 159 00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:34,320 Speaker 1: by dipples theological work. He said, quote, a man must 160 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:37,079 Speaker 1: have the gift of divination to be able to deduce 161 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:40,600 Speaker 1: a regular and consistent system of doctrine from the various 162 00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:45,120 Speaker 1: productions of this incoherent and unintelligible writer who was a 163 00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:48,000 Speaker 1: chemist into the bargain, and whose brain seems to have 164 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:50,320 Speaker 1: been heated to a high degree of fermentation by the 165 00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:53,040 Speaker 1: fire of the laboratory. I don't know about you, Deliana, 166 00:09:53,120 --> 00:09:56,200 Speaker 1: but this makes the editor in me just squirm. Oh. 167 00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:59,480 Speaker 1: I know, I'm imagining having to edit this guy. But 168 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: if you look up works about Dipple now, a lot 169 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:07,120 Speaker 1: of what's out there focuses on his theological career. But 170 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:10,560 Speaker 1: even after earning a degree in theology, he didn't really 171 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:13,959 Speaker 1: stick to what he seemed to know best to lecturing 172 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,920 Speaker 1: about just theology. He was somebody who, for whatever reason, 173 00:10:18,400 --> 00:10:21,320 Speaker 1: had a lot of confidence in lecturing about things that 174 00:10:21,400 --> 00:10:26,240 Speaker 1: he knew very little, if anything about. After graduating, he 175 00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:29,079 Speaker 1: didn't get a teaching position at the University of Geese, 176 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:31,440 Speaker 1: and maybe because he had sort of rubbed folks the 177 00:10:31,480 --> 00:10:35,520 Speaker 1: wrong way with all of that Switcheru debating, he did so. 178 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:38,679 Speaker 1: He moved on to the Imperial University of Strasbourg in 179 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:43,360 Speaker 1: sixteen ninety four, where, according to Bob Curran's book Man 180 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:47,640 Speaker 1: Made Monsters, he started lecturing for a short time on 181 00:10:47,760 --> 00:10:52,600 Speaker 1: alchemy and cairomancy, which is fortune telling, until his license 182 00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:54,880 Speaker 1: to teach there was revoked. That already gives you a 183 00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:58,320 Speaker 1: pretty good sense of this guy's diversity. If he's not 184 00:10:58,400 --> 00:11:02,720 Speaker 1: just talking about theology, he's talking about fortune telling. Yeah, 185 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:04,480 Speaker 1: and at this point, I mean and alchemy too. And 186 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:07,280 Speaker 1: at this point he hadn't really even studied alchemy that much. 187 00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:09,080 Speaker 1: And you kind of indicated that when you said that 188 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: he was always lecturing about things that he really didn't 189 00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:14,720 Speaker 1: know that much about. He just sort of felt confident 190 00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:17,800 Speaker 1: enough that he could teach other people even though he 191 00:11:17,840 --> 00:11:22,000 Speaker 1: didn't have expertise in these areas himself. But Florescu also 192 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:24,600 Speaker 1: notes that Dipple didn't necessarily need to find an official 193 00:11:24,679 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: classroom to teach these things. While in Strasbourg, he became 194 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:33,160 Speaker 1: known for lecturing in all kinds of spots, salons, taverns, churches, 195 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:35,880 Speaker 1: or even just lecturing out in the street. And he 196 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:39,040 Speaker 1: would lecture in all kinds of things too, though astrology 197 00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:43,079 Speaker 1: and kyromancy were probably the most popular. According to Einslee 198 00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:46,840 Speaker 1: and Campbell's article, a Dipple also practiced palmistry during this time. 199 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:49,120 Speaker 1: I don't know. To me, an open air lecture on 200 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:52,720 Speaker 1: palmistry sounds like it would be pretty entertaining. I would 201 00:11:52,760 --> 00:11:56,240 Speaker 1: go to that lunch time trying to get lunch, and 202 00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:59,240 Speaker 1: you'd see this guy lecturing. He stopped for a little while. 203 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:02,280 Speaker 1: But some students, we're making him out to sound like 204 00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:05,120 Speaker 1: kind of a really weird guy who maybe nobody was 205 00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:08,840 Speaker 1: paying much attention to. But some students really looked up 206 00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:11,320 Speaker 1: to him. But I mean, remember he was brilliant. He 207 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:15,120 Speaker 1: he was and he captivated people. But Florescu also points 208 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:18,680 Speaker 1: out that chronicles from the time allude to some kind 209 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:23,440 Speaker 1: of quote scandalous behavior on Dipple's part, and after living 210 00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:25,240 Speaker 1: where he was for a couple of years, he was 211 00:12:25,360 --> 00:12:28,280 Speaker 1: forced to flee, and exactly why he had to do 212 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,520 Speaker 1: that is a bit unclear. Florescue says that he was 213 00:12:31,559 --> 00:12:36,320 Speaker 1: implicated in some body snatching incidents in a local cemetery. 214 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:39,800 Speaker 1: Einsley and Campbell say that it's because Dipple killed an 215 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:45,320 Speaker 1: opponent in a duel, so very different explanations. They're both 216 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:48,840 Speaker 1: good reasons to get out of town. Regardless of why 217 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:50,960 Speaker 1: he had to leave, Dipple did have to go and 218 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 1: lay low for a little while. According to Florescue, he 219 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 1: returned home for this period, and home at that time 220 00:12:57,679 --> 00:13:00,880 Speaker 1: was near Frankenstein Castle with his parents. So this is 221 00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:04,199 Speaker 1: about the time when Dipple began to really seriously study 222 00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:06,679 Speaker 1: and practice alchemy, and he got into it when a 223 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:08,960 Speaker 1: Lutheran minister from geese And gave him a couple of 224 00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:13,080 Speaker 1: books on alchemy, and these books included Raymond Lilly's Experiments 225 00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:16,600 Speaker 1: and Gillam Pastel's Veil Raised on the Mysteries of the 226 00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:20,120 Speaker 1: Beginning of the World. He basically pushed these books on 227 00:13:20,160 --> 00:13:23,440 Speaker 1: Dipple because he supposedly believed that Dipple would be able 228 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:26,760 Speaker 1: to understand them better than anyone else, so again kind 229 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:31,400 Speaker 1: of a nod to his supposed intellect brilliance. And after 230 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:35,120 Speaker 1: reading them, Dipple apparently decided that the whole making gold 231 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:38,319 Speaker 1: thing that everybody was so interested in at the time 232 00:13:38,640 --> 00:13:41,120 Speaker 1: really didn't sound that tough after all. I mean, you 233 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:45,479 Speaker 1: guys should go listen to our episode from last October 234 00:13:45,559 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 1: on alchemy if you want to see really how people 235 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:51,959 Speaker 1: how much people were into this. He decided he wanted 236 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,760 Speaker 1: to give it a shot, and he was so confident 237 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: that he would succeed that he bought an estate completely 238 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:01,720 Speaker 1: on credit to set up his lab there. It cost 239 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:06,080 Speaker 1: fifty thou guilders, but of course he didn't anticipate paying 240 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:08,760 Speaker 1: the problem would be a problem because of course he 241 00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:12,200 Speaker 1: would be able to make gold and pay in that. 242 00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:16,640 Speaker 1: So in about or seventeen oh one, sometime in there, 243 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:20,520 Speaker 1: he claimed that he had succeeded in finding the secret 244 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:25,440 Speaker 1: formula for gold, but the crucible containing that broke into 245 00:14:25,480 --> 00:14:29,120 Speaker 1: the fire and was tragically lost. And according to legend, 246 00:14:29,480 --> 00:14:32,520 Speaker 1: alchemists weren't supposed to use the goal that they created 247 00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:37,200 Speaker 1: for personal gain. So you know, this idea of buying 248 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:40,480 Speaker 1: a place on on credit and then you'd pay it 249 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:42,840 Speaker 1: all back with the gold you can make not a 250 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 1: not legit for for real alchemists to be planning on 251 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:49,120 Speaker 1: doing that. So maybe it was a little bit of 252 00:14:49,160 --> 00:14:52,640 Speaker 1: bad luck, a little curse like situation going on there. 253 00:14:52,680 --> 00:14:55,920 Speaker 1: But there are different accounts of what happened with Dipple 254 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:59,600 Speaker 1: after this. According to that medical history article that we 255 00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:02,320 Speaker 1: were taking talking about, Dipple had to flee again to 256 00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:07,400 Speaker 1: escape angry creditors. Florescou, however, says that he tried unsuccessfully 257 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:10,680 Speaker 1: to recreate this gold formula that he'd lost for three 258 00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:14,800 Speaker 1: years after that, and then started wandering. I have to wonder, Okay, 259 00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:16,800 Speaker 1: if you'd made the gold formula, didn't he write it 260 00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:20,080 Speaker 1: down well? And why it would take? What is it? 261 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:23,120 Speaker 1: It's longer, It takes longer to try to recreate it, 262 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:25,880 Speaker 1: doesn't it Then when he made it the first time. 263 00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:28,480 Speaker 1: It sounds like he was just messing around this stuff 264 00:15:28,520 --> 00:15:30,600 Speaker 1: the whole time. A pinch of this, a little of 265 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: that little philosopher's stone. Either way, Dipple began to wander 266 00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:39,400 Speaker 1: through other parts of Germany and through foreign lands too. 267 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 1: For a while, he settled in Berlin, which was at 268 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:44,840 Speaker 1: the time the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, and 269 00:15:44,920 --> 00:15:47,560 Speaker 1: while there he was under the protection of Count August 270 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:51,320 Speaker 1: von Wittgenstein, who I think we've mentioned. The Wittgenstein family 271 00:15:51,360 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: and other episodes pop up from time to time. The 272 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,480 Speaker 1: count convinced King Frederick the First to set Dipple up 273 00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:08,320 Speaker 1: with a mansion and a nice laboratory, and it's there 274 00:16:08,360 --> 00:16:11,920 Speaker 1: that he started experiments of a very different nature. He 275 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:14,520 Speaker 1: set out to discover an elixir that would cure a 276 00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:18,600 Speaker 1: variety of conditions, kind of like a universal medicine. So 277 00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: it sounds like something that we would all kind of want, right, 278 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:27,480 Speaker 1: something to cure whatever ails. You only listen to how 279 00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:31,440 Speaker 1: he created it. So in order to create this wonder 280 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:36,480 Speaker 1: product of his, he started experimenting with distilling animal parts, 281 00:16:36,680 --> 00:16:41,200 Speaker 1: namely blood first and then bones, which he would boil 282 00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:46,560 Speaker 1: to extract the fatty matter. And according to Florescue quote, 283 00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:50,920 Speaker 1: the product was conducted through iron condensing tubes and fed 284 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:55,480 Speaker 1: into receivers where the crude bone oil collected. That doesn't 285 00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:59,160 Speaker 1: sound very good. That product, according to Ainsley and Campbell, 286 00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:02,480 Speaker 1: smelled and tasted pretty gross as you would imagine, But 287 00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:05,800 Speaker 1: it was used in medical practice to cure a number 288 00:17:05,840 --> 00:17:08,680 Speaker 1: of ailments, and for a while it had a good 289 00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:11,560 Speaker 1: reputation as a medicine until the end of the eighteenth century. 290 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:15,080 Speaker 1: It was named Dipples oil or Dipples animal oil, and 291 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,600 Speaker 1: it was said to stimulate the nervous system if you 292 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:20,280 Speaker 1: took it internally. But I think people used to rub 293 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:23,040 Speaker 1: it on the outside of their bodies as well to 294 00:17:23,119 --> 00:17:26,879 Speaker 1: consume it to I don't know if they didn't want to, 295 00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:28,520 Speaker 1: but that you didn't necessarily have to. I guess it 296 00:17:28,560 --> 00:17:31,480 Speaker 1: depended on what you were trying to treat. I think 297 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:33,919 Speaker 1: I read that you could use it to treat spasms. 298 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:36,760 Speaker 1: Maybe rub it on the miracle product. I mean, I 299 00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,399 Speaker 1: guess it works for just about anything. Although Dipple's animal 300 00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:43,800 Speaker 1: oil does not make it sound appealing, it doesn't. Maybe 301 00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:46,359 Speaker 1: just Dipple's oil would have been a better name. And 302 00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:47,840 Speaker 1: I think, you know, I've seen it both ways. I've 303 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:49,800 Speaker 1: seen it as Dipples oil and Dipples animal oil. But 304 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:52,679 Speaker 1: I think I would choose to partake of the Dipple's 305 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,199 Speaker 1: oil before the animal oil, for sure. But through this 306 00:17:56,359 --> 00:17:59,480 Speaker 1: work and boiling animal parts, Fluorescu also points out that 307 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:02,880 Speaker 1: Dipple at a very different kind of discovery. By boiling 308 00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:06,720 Speaker 1: animal parts and mixing and iron and some various other ingredients, 309 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:10,480 Speaker 1: he apparently ended up with a chemical called potassium ferrocyanide, 310 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:13,719 Speaker 1: and when that chemical was mixed with air, it became 311 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: this brilliant blue color that became known as Prussian blue 312 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:20,440 Speaker 1: or Berlin blue. For some reason that discovery wasn't made 313 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: public until about seventy four, but that blue dye was 314 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:27,639 Speaker 1: widely used by artists. You'll still see paint colors today. 315 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:30,879 Speaker 1: It's a it's a color still Prussian blue. Right, And 316 00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:33,680 Speaker 1: just a side note here, since we've done some poison 317 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:39,359 Speaker 1: podcasts recently, another German chemist took dipples chemical and diluted 318 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:43,440 Speaker 1: it with sulfuric acid, which created hydrocyanic or prussic acid, 319 00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:48,680 Speaker 1: which Fluorescu calls one of the most potent poisons. So 320 00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,919 Speaker 1: all of this here, you know, we have this miracle drug. 321 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:55,359 Speaker 1: And you'd think that Dipples oil and and Prussian blue, 322 00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:59,080 Speaker 1: the color, the paint, the pigment would have been enough 323 00:18:59,160 --> 00:19:02,480 Speaker 1: to earn Dipple some measure of wealth and respect, but 324 00:19:02,920 --> 00:19:07,000 Speaker 1: he kept getting implicated in various scandals. Florescue asserts that 325 00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:10,440 Speaker 1: this was a result of other scientists and alchemists being 326 00:19:10,560 --> 00:19:14,000 Speaker 1: jealous of him and thus making him the subject of 327 00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:17,800 Speaker 1: their intrigue. But regardless of the reason, Dipple had to 328 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:20,879 Speaker 1: stay on the move pretty much most of his life, 329 00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:26,840 Speaker 1: according again to Florescue, another similarity to Shelley's Frankenstein, who, 330 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:30,000 Speaker 1: as you remember from the book, is pretty much always 331 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,639 Speaker 1: on the move um, although that's partly because there's a 332 00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:37,080 Speaker 1: there's a monster invault. That's true. He had motivation, he 333 00:19:37,119 --> 00:19:41,640 Speaker 1: had good reason to keep out, keep going, but um. Finally, 334 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:45,680 Speaker 1: Dipple headed to Holland after Berlin, where he studied medicine 335 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:49,600 Speaker 1: in Leiden and earned his degree by seventeen eleven or so. 336 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: And he was set by some to be a pretty 337 00:19:51,840 --> 00:19:55,080 Speaker 1: good physician, and according to Einslee and Campbell, he even 338 00:19:55,119 --> 00:19:58,760 Speaker 1: attempted to set up a medical practice outside of Amsterdam, 339 00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:02,000 Speaker 1: but again had to flee, this time to Denmark in 340 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:06,720 Speaker 1: seventeen fourteen. And again the reason why he had to 341 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:09,720 Speaker 1: get out of town and so fast seems to be unknown, 342 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:14,119 Speaker 1: although Florescu does point out that after earning his medical degree, 343 00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:17,760 Speaker 1: Dipple was doing experiments with animals, taking them apart too, 344 00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:20,320 Speaker 1: just trying to find out how it all fit together, 345 00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:24,080 Speaker 1: And apparently at least one of Dipple's biographers suggests that 346 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:27,639 Speaker 1: he was trying to understand the process. That quote and 347 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:32,040 Speaker 1: gender's life itself another similarity to Shelley's character if it 348 00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:34,360 Speaker 1: is true, well, and this reminded me a little bit 349 00:20:34,359 --> 00:20:37,800 Speaker 1: too of of the blood Work episode. Trying to find 350 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:40,520 Speaker 1: trying to find the root of the soul. I mean, 351 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: that's pretty similar to to trying to find the process 352 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:47,560 Speaker 1: that in gender's life itself. These experiments going around are 353 00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:50,879 Speaker 1: going on kind of at the same time to find 354 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:55,359 Speaker 1: what seems like unfindable things. So maybe these crazy experiments 355 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:59,240 Speaker 1: that Dipple was doing had something to do with his flight. 356 00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:02,560 Speaker 1: But after going to Denmark, Dipple again got caught up 357 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:05,919 Speaker 1: in a series of political intrigues that resulted in him 358 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 1: getting thrown into prison for seven years on the Danish 359 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,000 Speaker 1: island of Borne Home. He was sentenced to life, but 360 00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: was released at the request of the Queen of Denmark 361 00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:17,760 Speaker 1: in seventeen twenty six, who wanted him to be her physician. 362 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:19,879 Speaker 1: So that shows that he must have had a pretty 363 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:22,920 Speaker 1: good medical reputation at the time. I'd say, if you're 364 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,239 Speaker 1: thinking get this prisoner out of jail, I need him 365 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:28,480 Speaker 1: to be my doctor, and I'm the Queen of Denmark. 366 00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 1: A year later, though, he ended up moving to Sweden, 367 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:33,960 Speaker 1: where he worked as a physician in the court of 368 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:38,080 Speaker 1: the Swedish King, so really a dramatic rise in fortunes 369 00:21:38,119 --> 00:21:42,440 Speaker 1: for him. He continued to encounter controversy there though as well, 370 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:45,640 Speaker 1: and eventually returned home to Germany in seventeen twenty nine 371 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,199 Speaker 1: after being gone for some twenty five years, and what 372 00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,480 Speaker 1: I've read about him, Florescu in his book talks a 373 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:55,000 Speaker 1: lot about how Dipple was sort of drawn to home 374 00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:57,320 Speaker 1: his whole life. He he sort of kept in touch 375 00:21:57,359 --> 00:21:59,760 Speaker 1: with his family, his siblings there, and he was he 376 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,640 Speaker 1: wanted to come home. So it makes you question even 377 00:22:02,640 --> 00:22:05,040 Speaker 1: more of these things that made him move from place 378 00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:08,119 Speaker 1: to place when it was and drawn to one place 379 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 1: in particular. Yeah, he returned to his family home near 380 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:16,200 Speaker 1: Castle Frankenstein, the place where he was born, and Florescu 381 00:22:16,280 --> 00:22:19,879 Speaker 1: says that it's there at home that Dipple started working 382 00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 1: on some kind of quote grand design, and citing a 383 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,000 Speaker 1: document that most scholars ignore, this author says that Dipple 384 00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:30,440 Speaker 1: did claim to finally have achieved something of the sort, 385 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:33,639 Speaker 1: some sort of chemical secret, and then he apparently offered 386 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:36,000 Speaker 1: it to the local landowner near his family home in 387 00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:40,080 Speaker 1: exchange for ownership of Castle Frankenstein and it's domain. So 388 00:22:40,119 --> 00:22:43,280 Speaker 1: he's sort of focused on this place where he was born, 389 00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:46,119 Speaker 1: in the castle. He wanted it in exchange for a 390 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,480 Speaker 1: grand design. The deal didn't work though, No, it fell through, 391 00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:52,439 Speaker 1: and it's still not clear what the secret he was 392 00:22:52,520 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 1: offering for the castle was, but Florescu thinks it has 393 00:22:55,880 --> 00:22:58,640 Speaker 1: something to do with the mysterious pamphlet that Dipple had 394 00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:03,640 Speaker 1: printed in a year after the deal fell through. In it, 395 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 1: he claims that he discovered a formula for prolonging his 396 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:10,520 Speaker 1: own life until eighteen o one, at which point he 397 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: would have been one hundred and thirty five years old. 398 00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:16,199 Speaker 1: Apparently this came at a time when his enemies were 399 00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,760 Speaker 1: spreading rumors that he was going to die, so maybe 400 00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 1: he sort of came up with us to counter that. Unfortunately, 401 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:25,240 Speaker 1: though for Dipple, he ended up dying just a year 402 00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:29,719 Speaker 1: after making that prophecy. On April seventeen thirty four. He 403 00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:33,560 Speaker 1: was found in the palace of his old friend, the 404 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:37,920 Speaker 1: Count von Wittgenstein, where he had a laboratory, and Dipple's 405 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: body was cold and rigid when it was found, but 406 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:42,840 Speaker 1: he was also foaming at the mouth and the entire 407 00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:46,400 Speaker 1: right side of his face was blue. And the medical 408 00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:49,679 Speaker 1: history article that we've mentioned earlier says that the cause 409 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:53,680 Speaker 1: of death was probably a stroke, but of course, especially 410 00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:56,520 Speaker 1: for a guy like this, people suggested that it could 411 00:23:56,520 --> 00:24:00,439 Speaker 1: have also been poison still other people and this has 412 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:03,280 Speaker 1: got to be the best option on the table. I 413 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:05,879 Speaker 1: think that he had been killed by the devil for 414 00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:10,119 Speaker 1: not keeping some sort of contract. That last theories definitely 415 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: fitting for a spooky tale like Shelley's. But there are 416 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:17,199 Speaker 1: several reasons why people think that Dipple probably wasn't actually 417 00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:20,480 Speaker 1: the inspiration for Frankenstein. For one thing, many of the 418 00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:25,359 Speaker 1: traits that people attribute to him may actually post date 419 00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:29,200 Speaker 1: Mary Shelley's novel, so these are things that were sort 420 00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:34,640 Speaker 1: of retroactively put onto Dipple, maybe even after the movies 421 00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:38,160 Speaker 1: were made. Uh. There's also some doubt about how much 422 00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,680 Speaker 1: Shelley could have known about Dipple's life. She definitely traveled 423 00:24:41,720 --> 00:24:45,960 Speaker 1: in the area where Castle Frankenstein is, but who knows 424 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:50,639 Speaker 1: if she actually heard about his story. And finally, of 425 00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:53,760 Speaker 1: course we just don't really know that much about Dipple's life. 426 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,320 Speaker 1: Of course, Shelley might not have necessarily been at the 427 00:24:56,359 --> 00:25:00,240 Speaker 1: same disadvantage that modern scholars are, since she would have 428 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:04,199 Speaker 1: been long before the World War Two bombings in the 429 00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:07,520 Speaker 1: places where all his records were. That's true, But another 430 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:09,679 Speaker 1: thing I think of here is that even if she 431 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:13,080 Speaker 1: had been interested in the things he was doing and 432 00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:15,800 Speaker 1: wanted to find out more about him. As you mentioned earlier, 433 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:17,520 Speaker 1: I think there were a lot of people who were 434 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:21,640 Speaker 1: doing these sorts of experiments at the time popular pastime, right, 435 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:25,439 Speaker 1: So she could have just been inspired by that fact 436 00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:30,040 Speaker 1: rather than Dipple's specific story. But it's interesting to speculate 437 00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:32,480 Speaker 1: about and I'm glad to know a little bit more 438 00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:36,080 Speaker 1: about him. So, you know, good request from listeners here, 439 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:38,560 Speaker 1: even though we had to go to some lengths to 440 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:46,720 Speaker 1: find out more about him. Thank you so much for 441 00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,000 Speaker 1: joining us on this Saturday. If you have heard an 442 00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:52,240 Speaker 1: email address or a Facebook you are l or something 443 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: similar over the course of today's episode, since it is 444 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:57,280 Speaker 1: from the archive that might be out of date now, 445 00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:00,879 Speaker 1: you can email us at History podcast at how stuff 446 00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:02,840 Speaker 1: Works dot com, and you can find us all over 447 00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:06,320 Speaker 1: social media at missed in History and you can subscribe 448 00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:09,520 Speaker 1: to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the I 449 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,680 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts. 450 00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:18,879 Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class is a production of 451 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:22,000 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. 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