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Speaker 1: Throughout the COVID nineteen pandemic, so many of us found

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Speaker 1: ourselves looking at the places we visit in our daily

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Speaker 1: lives and asking ourselves a new question, well, going there

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Speaker 1: make me more or less likely to become sick. From

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Speaker 1: elevators and office buildings to supermarkets and restaurants, people began

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Speaker 1: weighing decisions around factors like ventilation and the ability to

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Speaker 1: social distance. For most of us, it was a completely

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Speaker 1: new way of looking at our world. Now why am

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Speaker 1: I telling you this, because now, more than ever, it's

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Speaker 1: clear that the buildings we use every day are about

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Speaker 1: more than style and structure. Their design affects our health,

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Speaker 1: how we interact with one another, and ultimately what we

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Speaker 1: value as a society today. I'm so grateful to be

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Speaker 1: joined by someone who spent his life thinking about these

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Speaker 1: questions and trying to answer them in a way that

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Speaker 1: promotes healing, equality and dignity. Michael Murphy is the founding

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Speaker 1: principle and executive director of Mass Design Group, one of

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Speaker 1: the most innovative architecture and design collectives working today. From

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Speaker 1: hospitals and schools and some of the most remote places

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Speaker 1: on Earth, to the National Memorial for Peace and Justice

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Speaker 1: in Montgomery, Alabama. His work has changed the way the

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Speaker 1: world looks at design. I've had the chance to work

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Speaker 1: with them many times through the Clinton Global Initiative and

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Speaker 1: to see some of his projects firsthand, including Central Africa's

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Speaker 1: first comprehensive cancer hospital, the Buitaro Center for Excellence in

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Speaker 1: Rural Rwanda. Michael's new book, The Architecture of Health examines

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Speaker 1: the history of hospitals and the simple ways they can

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Speaker 1: be built better today to control disease and promote healing. So, Michael,

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Speaker 1: thanks so much for joining me. Thank you, Mr President,

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Speaker 1: It's an honor to be here with you. Let's start

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Speaker 1: at the beginning. How did you realize that this design

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Speaker 1: work was your calling, both in becoming an architect and

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Speaker 1: also the specific kind of work that Mass Design Group does.

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Speaker 1: You know, the beginning is as a powerful moment for

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Speaker 1: me and as meaningful today. You know, the beginning of

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Speaker 1: the work really started with my introduction to Dr Paul Farmer,

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Speaker 1: who we lost yester yesterday, and um, I was, excuse me,

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Speaker 1: it's hard loss for us. All. I was a young

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Speaker 1: student of architecture and I think, you know, like many students,

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Speaker 1: was wondering, how are work had meaning and what his

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Speaker 1: purpose was, and was learning all around about the work

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Speaker 1: around the world and famous architects and influential architects, but

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Speaker 1: questions of architecture's purpose and who had served and who

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Speaker 1: deserved it. We're sort of lingering out there until I

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Speaker 1: met Paul. And I met him at a lecture. He

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Speaker 1: was giving a lecture on World AIDS Day December one,

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Speaker 1: two six actually, and instead of talking about all the

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Speaker 1: incredible work that he and your organization we're doing to

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Speaker 1: provide anti richer virals to communities that never had them,

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Speaker 1: to lower the price of those drugs, to serve so

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Speaker 1: many more communities around the world, and really fight the epidemic,

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Speaker 1: he was talking about systems design and buildings, talking about

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Speaker 1: clinics and hospitals and schools and housing that they were

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Speaker 1: building under a program the Partners in Health Paul's organizations

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Speaker 1: started called the POSER Program Program on Social and Economic Rights.

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Speaker 1: And I tell you it shook my world. I thought,

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Speaker 1: you know, here's a visionary doctor talking about architecture but

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Speaker 1: calling it healthcare. Yeah, you know, and I never heard

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Speaker 1: I never thought of it framed that way or heard

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Speaker 1: it framed so persuasively that way. And then I went

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Speaker 1: up to him afterwards, like so many students did, and

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Speaker 1: waited for him to talk to every single person in

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Speaker 1: the room as he often did, and said, Hey, I'm

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Speaker 1: a student of architecture. Who are the architects you're working with?

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Speaker 1: Who's building these houses these clinics? And he said, funny

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Speaker 1: you should ask you know, none of you, none of

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Speaker 1: the architects I've ever seen how they can help serve us.

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Speaker 1: We end up having to do it ourselves. When what

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Speaker 1: could you do to help bring architects to rural Haiti,

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Speaker 1: to to rural Rerwanda's and serve our organization instead of

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Speaker 1: waiting for us to ask you how you can be

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Speaker 1: of help. It's kind of an amazing call to action,

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Speaker 1: you know. He gave me his email. I sent him

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Speaker 1: an email later that night. You got right back to me,

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Speaker 1: as he often does. And eight months later I was

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Speaker 1: working with his organization in Rwanda, um thinking about what

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Speaker 1: it means to be in service of their organization and

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Speaker 1: what it means to build healthcare that's truly healing and dignifying.

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Speaker 1: First of all, since you mentioned Paul, I think that

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Speaker 1: I should tell our listeners if you don't know who

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Speaker 1: if Paul Farmer is. He died suddenly on the job

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Speaker 1: in Rwanda, near Butaro, where the University of Global Health

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Speaker 1: Equity is and where this wonderful hospital and what was

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Speaker 1: Central Africa's first cancer center was built with the leadership

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Speaker 1: of Michael Murphy and the Mass Design Group. He also

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Speaker 1: was a man with a million followers. Chelsea has been

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Speaker 1: a devotee and acolyte of Paul Farmer since she was

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Speaker 1: in Stanford, and he's become a very very close friend

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Speaker 1: of mine, and just like everybody else who really knew him,

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Speaker 1: we loved him very much. So yesterday is one of

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Speaker 1: the toughest days and that my family has had a long,

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Speaker 1: long time. I decided we should go forward with his

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Speaker 1: program today because Michael feels the same way, and Paul

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Speaker 1: inspired his work, and I know that he if he

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Speaker 1: were a little bird sitting on my shoulder, he'd say, Okay,

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Speaker 1: that's enough of that, Let's go to work. What what

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Speaker 1: are we gonna do? Anyway, that's the backdrop. If you're

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Speaker 1: interested in Paul Farmer, you should look up one of

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Speaker 1: his many great books, or read Tracy Kidder's account of

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Speaker 1: his life. He's the only guy you will ever run across.

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Speaker 1: I think you graduated from Harvard Medical School, but grew

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Speaker 1: up in a bus that was converted for he and

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Speaker 1: his five siblings. Um. This mom of the teacher's dad

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Speaker 1: was a traveling salesman and they were rich in love

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Speaker 1: and books, and he made it into an astonishing life.

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Speaker 1: So let's go back to you. You founded masses on,

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Speaker 1: which stands for a model of Architecture serving Society, because

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Speaker 1: you believe that architecture has a critical role in driving

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Speaker 1: social change. So for people who have never thought of

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Speaker 1: architect this way, give us some examples of how architecture

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Speaker 1: can solve social problems and micro society healthier and safer

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Speaker 1: and bring us closer together. You know, I do think

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Speaker 1: that question of how does architecture serve us and serve

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Speaker 1: our public better? UM is also about reflecting where it

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Speaker 1: hasn't fully lived up to its potential as well. And

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Speaker 1: UM we learned this in Rwanda. We learned most specifically

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Speaker 1: about how buildings are actually are making us healthier or

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Speaker 1: sometimes making us sicker. We learned that on the hilltop

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Speaker 1: and Pataro, where Dr Farmer passed away and where our

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Speaker 1: first project was because at that time, in two thousands,

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Speaker 1: six and seven, as you know with your work, the

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Speaker 1: epidemic um then was multi drug resistant tuberculosis, a disease

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Speaker 1: that was being transmitted primarily in hallways of rural clinics,

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Speaker 1: of patients with some drug resistance, transmitting through coughing in

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Speaker 1: the hallway to other patients, and then patients coming out

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Speaker 1: with this extremely drug resistant strand. And that was a

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Speaker 1: design flaw. That was a hallway which wasn't designed for

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Speaker 1: enough air flow. Here is a place that makes you sicker,

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Speaker 1: but could be designed very quickly to make us healthier,

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Speaker 1: to protect us. That simple lesson that if you turn

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Speaker 1: the hallways on the outside, you designed the building around

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Speaker 1: air flow. You made it a thinner building so that

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Speaker 1: more air movement could go through it. Simple lessons turn

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Speaker 1: out to be very prescient to what we're going through today.

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Speaker 1: You know, all of us are looking around I mean

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Speaker 1: all I say all of us, I mean all eight

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Speaker 1: billion of us around the world are simultaneously going through

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Speaker 1: this I would say, shared spatial awakening, that buildings around

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Speaker 1: us are threatening us and also wondering how they could

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Speaker 1: make us healthier. First of all, to give our listeners

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Speaker 1: a little more context. Lutaro is a beautiful little place

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Speaker 1: high in the mountains of northeast Rwanda near the Ugandan border,

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Speaker 1: and uh because it's very steep, the angles of the

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Speaker 1: building had to reflect that. And what started out is

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Speaker 1: people thinking about a treatment center for primarily t B

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Speaker 1: actually became a focus for how you could design a

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Speaker 1: hospital so that it was a healthy place, not a

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Speaker 1: place that made people more likely to get sick from

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Speaker 1: touberquet losses. Rwanda. It's like one of the most beautiful

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Speaker 1: places in the world is as you know, it's called

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Speaker 1: the Land of a Thousand Hills, is rolling beautiful, lush,

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Speaker 1: farmed hills um all over this very small country, but

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Speaker 1: very populous country. And this district does as you said,

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Speaker 1: Mr President, is on the border of Uganda. But it's

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Speaker 1: also it was one of the least served in terms

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Speaker 1: of medical infrastructure, so it was around four thousand people

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Speaker 1: in this district and no tertiary care medical facilities. So

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Speaker 1: the government, with the support of Partners in Health and

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Speaker 1: and the Clinton Foundation or CHAIM, prioritize this district as

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Speaker 1: as the place to invest in a new hospital. When

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Speaker 1: you drive there, you pass these majestic lakes nestled into

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Speaker 1: these hillsides with these backdrops of the Verunga mountain chain.

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Speaker 1: It is one of the most beautiful things I've certainly

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Speaker 1: ever seen in the world. And at the top of

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Speaker 1: a hill was was a clinic. It was really just

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Speaker 1: an outpatient clinic. And those clinics looked the same all

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Speaker 1: over the countryside. They were the same design, basically an

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Speaker 1: open room with beds along the perimeter, you know, beds

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Speaker 1: looking at other beds, a central hallway down the middle.

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Speaker 1: And even though that room might have been designed to

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Speaker 1: hold let's say twenty six beds or patients in beds,

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Speaker 1: what you saw and you walked into them were two

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Speaker 1: patients to a bed, sometimes a patient under the bed,

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Speaker 1: not twenty six beds, but fifty beds, all filling the

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Speaker 1: entire room and the hallway. You saw an overcrowded environment,

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Speaker 1: which was increasingly dangerous, especially if you have something like

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Speaker 1: an airborne disease like tuberculosis. So there was a design

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Speaker 1: flaw in that, which was how do we keep these

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Speaker 1: rooms from being overfilled? Can we change the orientation of

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Speaker 1: the beds, can we give the patients a different experience,

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Speaker 1: and tried to protect against over crowding or overfilling. So

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Speaker 1: one of the designs of the wards came from some

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Speaker 1: studies that we looked at that showed that patients got

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Speaker 1: healthier if they had a view of the outdoors. It

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Speaker 1: took less pain medication, they recovered more quickly if they

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Speaker 1: just had a view of a window, and kind of

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Speaker 1: incredible study from the early eighties UM and then also

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Speaker 1: research into the work of Florence Nightingale and others who

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Speaker 1: thought about the war design. It's something to make sure

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Speaker 1: that it wasn't overfilled and could be appropriate place for

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Speaker 1: for the medical staff to make sure that they're seeing

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Speaker 1: all the patients at once and can protect them. So

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Speaker 1: we can we change the orientation of the bed around

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Speaker 1: a central wall that was sort of half height. Each

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Speaker 1: of the beds looks out, so instead of a central hallway,

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Speaker 1: there's two halways on the on the edge between the

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Speaker 1: window and the bedfoot, and that allowed us to kind

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Speaker 1: of have a slightly more rigid floor plans. You couldn't

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Speaker 1: fill more beds into the to the ward and try

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Speaker 1: to protect against overcrowding. His subtle adjustments like that help

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Speaker 1: the care program, help the nurses and staff for saying, hey,

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Speaker 1: this is now an overcrowding problem. We need to create

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Speaker 1: a new award or have a temporary ward, or we

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Speaker 1: need to use other spaces and never to over fill

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Speaker 1: it in and you know, and trigger this other injury

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Speaker 1: you infectious disease transmission. Um to at second point, we

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Speaker 1: started to study how disease was transmitted in the airborne route,

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Speaker 1: and we found from the w h O that twelve

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Speaker 1: what's called twelve air changes prour, which means the volume

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Speaker 1: of the air in the room is transferred every hour,

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Speaker 1: and if you do it twelve times, it's enough air

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Speaker 1: movement to basically reduce infectious disease transmission. And you can

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Speaker 1: do that if you have enough open windows, enough air movement,

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Speaker 1: if you have a big enough room that has air

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Speaker 1: moving in the kind of upper story. So we implemented

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Speaker 1: that there on that hilltop, and um I think really

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Speaker 1: learned about how the building is like a living thing.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's not this fixed object, it's this it's

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Speaker 1: a performative living part of the care program, of the

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Speaker 1: healthcare delivery program. And if we treated it like that,

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Speaker 1: if we paid for it that way, if we designed

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Speaker 1: it that way as a system, we might actually have

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Speaker 1: better performing infrastructure serving more people around the world. Your

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Speaker 1: new book, The Architecture of Health talks about all this,

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Speaker 1: and I found it fascinating. It's it's not just a

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Speaker 1: book for other architects and designers. It's a it's a

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Speaker 1: book that we'll tell us how in an increasingly crowded

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Speaker 1: world we can navigate both peril and promise. Tell us

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Speaker 1: a little about how you came to write this book.

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Speaker 1: We were working with doctors, so they were telling us,

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Speaker 1: you know, proved to me, proved to me that these

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Speaker 1: designs are going to improve the health of our patients,

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Speaker 1: show us through evidence. We had to look at a

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Speaker 1: time when buildings were designed around their climate and their microclimate.

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Speaker 1: They were designed specifically around um, the places they were in,

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Speaker 1: the environments they were in, the cities they were in.

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Speaker 1: And that was of course the case of all buildings

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Speaker 1: until the introduction of widespread mechanical ventilation or the control

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Speaker 1: of indoor air environments through a heating, ventilating and cooling

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Speaker 1: systems in the mid century, in the in the nineteen fifties,

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Speaker 1: in sixties. So every building before then has a sort

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Speaker 1: of inherent intelligence. Not every building, but a lot of

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Speaker 1: buildings have an inherent intelligence that they were designed around

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Speaker 1: their climate. You go to New Orleans, you know, you

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Speaker 1: look at the buildings from the nineteenth century or mid

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Speaker 1: nineteent century. They've really tall ceilings and really tall windows,

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Speaker 1: triple pane windows, and they have these big tall ceilings

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Speaker 1: because air is hot and humid, and you've got to

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Speaker 1: get the air into the room. You've got to bring

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Speaker 1: it up into the top of the room, you gotta

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Speaker 1: ventilated with a fan, and you've got to keep people cool.

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Speaker 1: You go to the Northeast in the United States where

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Speaker 1: I'm from, Upstate New York, the buildings have really small ceilings,

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Speaker 1: the old Hugueno stone buildings and outside of New York

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Speaker 1: City up north and Hudson Valley from the seventeenth century,

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Speaker 1: you know, the stone buildings with really small, big chimneys

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Speaker 1: and short ceilings because they had to keep them hot

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Speaker 1: and warm in the cold climate. You know, buildings design

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Speaker 1: can tell you about the climate. That all changes in

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Speaker 1: the mid century when you know, technological advances allow us

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Speaker 1: to be able to control indoor air climates in a

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Speaker 1: much more comprehensive and a much more sophisticated way. But

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Speaker 1: it also has a sort of devil's bargain. And now

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Speaker 1: that we are required to have mechanically ventilated spaces everywhere

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Speaker 1: we go, um, it's increasing carbon offsets into the climate itself.

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Speaker 1: It's uh making us more and more reliant on buildings

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Speaker 1: that are mechanically run, and it loses some of the

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Speaker 1: inherent intelligence of building themselves. So we learned that on

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Speaker 1: that hilltop because we didn't have the money to pay

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Speaker 1: for a big mechanical system, and we had to look

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Speaker 1: backwards and design something that was naturally ventilated. So this

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Speaker 1: book is that journey. It's looking backwards to see where

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Speaker 1: were the design examples that really showed how buildings are

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Speaker 1: directly addressing our health And turns out so many of

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Speaker 1: them are hospitals because that the hospitals are designed with

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Speaker 1: that healthcare outcome in mind. So they give us a

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Speaker 1: kind of roadmap, you know, roadmap for how we might

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Speaker 1: emerge out of this pandemic and think again, Um, we

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Speaker 1: think differently about how we might design the buildings around

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Speaker 1: us to serve us better. Yeah. I think that's so

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Speaker 1: interesting that because of the financial constraints, we might actually

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Speaker 1: wind up designing healthier buildings. One of the lessons Paul

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Speaker 1: always taught us as a resource limitation creates incredible resourcefulness,

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Speaker 1: you know. And in that condition where we didn't have

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Speaker 1: access to massive supply chains, you know, Rwanda is still

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Speaker 1: rebuilding from the genocide. UM, we had to make do

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Speaker 1: with what was available locally, which you know, forced us

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Speaker 1: to think or or search out for examples which um

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Speaker 1: have universal applicability, which is what which drove us to

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Speaker 1: look at people like Florence Night and Gale and her

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Speaker 1: work in the eighteen fifties, Look at Albert Alto in

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Speaker 1: Finland in the thirties, look at the incredible work of

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Speaker 1: hospible designers for less century and what they were trying

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Speaker 1: to solve for. And so this book is that kind

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Speaker 1: of uh, you know, we're using use it as a

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Speaker 1: my own research project, but also a sort of defense

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Speaker 1: in some way of why why architecture matters so much

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Speaker 1: to our own ability to live, you know, a healthy life,

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Speaker 1: keep us protected. So yeah, we're excited about the book. Also,

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Speaker 1: we have a show at the Cooper Hewitt which I'm

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Speaker 1: ball plug now, but the Cookie Hero Design Museum, which

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Speaker 1: is related to the show, which is how design and

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Speaker 1: designers have responded to epidemics historically and to this epidemic

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Speaker 1: that we're in the middle of. Our world is defined

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Speaker 1: by it in many ways. You know, I think you're

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Speaker 1: a fan of incredible book Ghost Maps, which Dave Johnson's

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Speaker 1: book Ghost Map, incredible book, Steve Johnson's book. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: you know the story of John Snow's map of Soho,

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Speaker 1: his cholera map of Soho in the eighteen fifties. And

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Speaker 1: for the listeners, it's a there's eight fifty John Snows,

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Speaker 1: he's a scientist before really epidemiology emerges. He takes out

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Speaker 1: a map of the Soho district where there was an

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Speaker 1: outbreak cholera. He makes a tick mark at every household

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Speaker 1: where there's a case, and he sees that there's a

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Speaker 1: concentration of cases around this one part of the street. Um,

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Speaker 1: it goes and looks at that part of the street

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Speaker 1: and there's a water pump. It takes up the manhole

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Speaker 1: cover and sees that there's a waste of human you know,

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Speaker 1: like a sewage pipe broken and putting basically sewage into

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Speaker 1: the water source famously or you know, So the story goes,

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Speaker 1: takes off the handle of the water pump and the

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Speaker 1: epidemic subsides, and hence cholera is not, let's say, morally born,

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Speaker 1: but as water born. I think is one of the

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Speaker 1: great statements in the book that the whole way in

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Speaker 1: which we thought about the solution for solving this scourge

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Speaker 1: cholera was transforming cities across the world for and huge

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Speaker 1: pandemics from the beginning part of the nineteenth century into

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Speaker 1: the mid part of the nineteenth century and threw up

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Speaker 1: into the end of the nineteenth century, just completely ravaging

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Speaker 1: cities and countries around the world. And this changed everything,

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Speaker 1: and interestingly enough, an incredible movement of design emerged called

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Speaker 1: the sanitation Era, where people's governments and city plants started

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Speaker 1: to plan their cities around health outcomes, about separating waste

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Speaker 1: and water, about getting air movement into streets and buildings.

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Speaker 1: Central Park and Frederick law Olmstead is a big part

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Speaker 1: of that movement. Many of our cities in America are

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Speaker 1: driven by those ideals, and they really in a lot

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Speaker 1: of ways, began with John Snow's map, which was this

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Speaker 1: perfect intersection of epidemiology, visualization, visualization tools, and design all together.

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Speaker 1: To a large degree, tuberculosis and cholera were solved diseases.

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Speaker 1: At the end of the nineteenth century, you know, we

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Speaker 1: had figured out a way to design our buildings, design

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Speaker 1: our cities to address it. And that's not doesn't mean

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Speaker 1: that it was gone. It was still endemic in certain areas,

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Speaker 1: but we knew how to solve for it and could

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Speaker 1: implement it with enough resources. But that starts to change,

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Speaker 1: and increasingly more and more places start to see cholera.

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Speaker 1: More and more cities are emerging in unique ways, like

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Speaker 1: you're mentioning, Mr President, which the cities were designed for

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Speaker 1: quarter Prints, I think it is designed for about four

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Speaker 1: dred thousand people and has you know, three or four

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Speaker 1: million in it, So the density, um, it's just completely overwhelming.

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Speaker 1: The systems that they have to separate waste and water

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Speaker 1: very specifically, and old Port of Prints does have a

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Speaker 1: wastewater treatment system, has piped waste in water underneath certain

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Speaker 1: streets in the kind of gritted historic city. But it's

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Speaker 1: the new parts of the city, the neighborhoods that have

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Speaker 1: emerged on very very steep inclines of hills, or this

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Speaker 1: neighborhood called City of God, which was built on the

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Speaker 1: runoff of the big the big drains that were coming

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Speaker 1: down from the mountains and bringing kind of runoff like

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Speaker 1: loose ground into the water's edge, kind of extend the beach.

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Speaker 1: Seventy people live in this largely informal part of the

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Speaker 1: city which has no piped waste and water infrastructure, so

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Speaker 1: it is a perfect breeding ground for something like cholera

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Speaker 1: to take hold and create the kind of epidemic that

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Speaker 1: we saw. So you know, when the design UH request

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Speaker 1: was put out there, we had to ask ourselves, Okay,

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Speaker 1: how does the building address that systemic problem? And the

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Speaker 1: most simple answer as well, if people with cholera are

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Speaker 1: coming to this place, how do we create a building

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Speaker 1: that separates that waste and doesn't recontaminate the ground soil

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Speaker 1: into the city itself and actually collects it, decontaminates it

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Speaker 1: on site and shows as an example how a building

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Speaker 1: can actually cleanse the water it's collected and cleanse the

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Speaker 1: waste it's collected. One of the things you did was

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Speaker 1: put the water treatment above the ground and then put

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Speaker 1: a grass cover on it. Correct and you actually might

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Speaker 1: have like a stylished part of a new sort of design.

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Speaker 1: Talk about that a little bit, because that was the

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Speaker 1: key to to making the place safe. How did you

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Speaker 1: do that? Yeah, well, I mean I think understanding the

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Speaker 1: problem was the first one. You know, what's not just

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Speaker 1: the issue of contaminated water, but what are the kind

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Speaker 1: of social conditions of the disease. Dr Bill Pop was

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Speaker 1: bringing patients. Here was a concentration of of sick patients,

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Speaker 1: and we knew that we would have a lot of

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Speaker 1: contaminated waste we'd have to deal with so big. The

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Speaker 1: way to deal with that is to actually use one

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Speaker 1: of the lawns or in that case was a parking

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Speaker 1: lot and turn it into a grass field that's lifted up,

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Speaker 1: which has the um. The waste that's collected goes through

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Speaker 1: a series of chambers. Each chamber cleans it a little

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Speaker 1: bit more. Nine chambers and what's called anaerobic biodigester, that's

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Speaker 1: the technical term. And then it uh you know, puts

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Speaker 1: the water that that waste water back into the ground.

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Speaker 1: So distributes back into the ground and if it's decontaminated

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Speaker 1: at the ninth chamber, that water is totally clean and

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Speaker 1: able to be put back into the groundwater. That's the

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Speaker 1: way in which your septic system works, of course in

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Speaker 1: your house, and it's the same the same way, it's

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Speaker 1: just a slightly more comprehensive sifting process. We'll be right back.

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Speaker 1: You worked in Liberia, another country that Child works in

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Speaker 1: on in the aftermath of the Ebola problem and the

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Speaker 1: outbreak there was deadly, especially in Liberia and Guinea, and

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Speaker 1: say ear leone and tell us what you did there

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Speaker 1: and how you dealt with the Ebola health challenge. At

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Speaker 1: each of these epidemic outbreaks, we find ourselves, you know,

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Speaker 1: trying to serve the organizations that are trying to address

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Speaker 1: these things in infrastructure becomes a key piece of it.

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Speaker 1: You know, each one of these diseases introduces another type

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Speaker 1: of infrastructural solution. So, you know, Bola, the issue there

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Speaker 1: was physical transmission touching each other or any kind of

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Speaker 1: contamination through skin to skin contact or tears or bodily fluids,

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Speaker 1: and so beyond all of the kind of socialization trauma

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Speaker 1: of not being able to take care of your loved

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Speaker 1: ones or touch them or see them, and sometimes all

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Speaker 1: of that really really horrific outcomes of the Bola upbreak.

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Speaker 1: It was really a space planning problem as well. How

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Speaker 1: do you create basically cleaned, sanitized zones that were decontaminated

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Speaker 1: where caregivers could make sure that they could what's called

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Speaker 1: don and doff, you know, take off their protective equipment

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Speaker 1: and put it back on, so they could walk through

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Speaker 1: areas that they knew were safe and then serve the

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Speaker 1: patients and other patients weren't infecting the caregivers, you know,

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Speaker 1: and caregivers if caregivers start getting sick, as we learned

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Speaker 1: with the COVID pandemic, and that's sort of the canary

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Speaker 1: in the coal mine where there's a problem that is

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Speaker 1: systemic and we need to address it. And what we're

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Speaker 1: seeing with the Bola was that the medical infrastructure didn't

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Speaker 1: provide enough isolation, separation and decontamination spaces so that patients

432
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,919
Speaker 1: would be protected and caregivers would be protected. So designing

433
00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:31,320
Speaker 1: a hospital that has really really carefully um thought about

434
00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:34,359
Speaker 1: each of these threshold spaces where you walk in, you know,

435
00:27:34,560 --> 00:27:37,919
Speaker 1: you know the contamination level, you're protecting, you're not contaminating

436
00:27:37,920 --> 00:27:39,879
Speaker 1: the space that you just left, you're not contaminating the

437
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:42,240
Speaker 1: patients that are in the spaces where they think they're safe.

438
00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:46,280
Speaker 1: That's a really really important kind of space planning strategy

439
00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:49,399
Speaker 1: and something we implemented on a new hospital design for

440
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:52,560
Speaker 1: the country. You know, the other lesson I think we

441
00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:57,760
Speaker 1: learned from that is um after these outbreaks, after these emergencies,

442
00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:03,159
Speaker 1: there's a ton of out porring of resources and money

443
00:28:03,240 --> 00:28:06,359
Speaker 1: and and care and interest. And that was the case.

444
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:10,440
Speaker 1: You know, billions of dollars were committed to Liberia to

445
00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:14,080
Speaker 1: sire leone UM, a lot of energy, a lot of

446
00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:19,560
Speaker 1: emergency response, but there isn't always the investment. There's investment

447
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:22,080
Speaker 1: in emergency response, but not always in the long term

448
00:28:22,119 --> 00:28:25,080
Speaker 1: infrastructure that is going to be necessary to stem the

449
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:29,040
Speaker 1: next outbreak or the next crisis. And then I thought

450
00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:31,359
Speaker 1: it was really telling that the Ministry of Health and

451
00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:35,639
Speaker 1: Liberia said, you know, we want the money for these

452
00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,640
Speaker 1: this outbreak, but we also want money for investing in

453
00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:41,000
Speaker 1: our health care system to strengthen that system so that

454
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:44,880
Speaker 1: we're protected and prepared for the next one. And they

455
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:47,480
Speaker 1: had been thinking about that for a long time. The

456
00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:51,840
Speaker 1: President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, who so visionary, UM you had

457
00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:56,360
Speaker 1: said early on before the outbreak, the health system needs

458
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:59,360
Speaker 1: to improve in strength in order to protect the country.

459
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,480
Speaker 1: So UM, I thought they were really ahead of the game.

460
00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:07,360
Speaker 1: Actually to push back against let's say the aid UM

461
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:09,800
Speaker 1: let's say the development industry, which would only pay for

462
00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:12,880
Speaker 1: let's say emergency of bowla treatment units that would last

463
00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:15,680
Speaker 1: for a year, and say that's fine, we need those,

464
00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:18,640
Speaker 1: but we also need the money for a permanent medical

465
00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:22,560
Speaker 1: facility UM and that was a really powerful outcome, and

466
00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:25,840
Speaker 1: we've been working on the design of their new central

467
00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:29,960
Speaker 1: hospital in downtown on Rovia that will bring in all

468
00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:33,200
Speaker 1: of these lessons from air flow that we learned in Rwanda,

469
00:29:33,280 --> 00:29:37,120
Speaker 1: waste management we learned in Haiti, and then UM separation

470
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,400
Speaker 1: of patients in UM, the treatment of ebola, so that

471
00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:43,280
Speaker 1: all of those are inter twined in the design of

472
00:29:43,280 --> 00:29:46,960
Speaker 1: this new tertiary care facility that's under construction. I was

473
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:50,320
Speaker 1: really thrilled when you started doing that, because when the

474
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:55,560
Speaker 1: ebola outbreak happened in Libraria, the government asked try our

475
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:59,280
Speaker 1: health group to help them deal with it and stay

476
00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:01,640
Speaker 1: around if we could, and four of our people actually

477
00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:05,400
Speaker 1: never left the country and they were miraculously none of

478
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:10,800
Speaker 1: them got sick, but a lot of people did. UM.

479
00:30:10,960 --> 00:30:14,840
Speaker 1: Tell us what you think the implications of what the

480
00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:18,520
Speaker 1: first line workers front line workers have been through with

481
00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:21,200
Speaker 1: COVID and what we've learned from that, and is there

482
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:24,120
Speaker 1: a way we could design better to deal with such

483
00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:28,440
Speaker 1: things in the future. Yeah, you know, I thanks for

484
00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:31,240
Speaker 1: asking that, because I think these lessons in many ways.

485
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:35,000
Speaker 1: We were preparing for this moment for last decade, all

486
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:40,320
Speaker 1: of us together, working in these epidemic moments and trying

487
00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:42,960
Speaker 1: to figure out what the spaces could do to help

488
00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:46,880
Speaker 1: address the diseases were facing. You know, when COVID broke

489
00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:52,760
Speaker 1: in February, UM, you know, all of us obviously we're

490
00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:54,920
Speaker 1: thinking about what to do. UM, But it was in

491
00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:58,720
Speaker 1: April where March and April we started getting calls from

492
00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:01,960
Speaker 1: our partners, UM, folks that we had worked with in

493
00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:05,560
Speaker 1: the healthcare industry, saying, how can we immediately you know,

494
00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:09,920
Speaker 1: support our our constituents, are our clients that people were

495
00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:13,800
Speaker 1: serving and UM one of them was this amazing group

496
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:17,680
Speaker 1: called Boston Healthcare for the Homeless, their network of UM

497
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:24,640
Speaker 1: health care services for homeless populations and serving really incredibly

498
00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:28,360
Speaker 1: marginalized groups suffering in a huge way, and they were

499
00:31:28,360 --> 00:31:30,600
Speaker 1: getting COVID really in a big way. First, you know,

500
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:33,280
Speaker 1: another kind of canary in the coal mine example. And

501
00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:37,560
Speaker 1: we got a call from an old friend named John Bukavalis,

502
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:41,000
Speaker 1: who was at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital. UM, and when

503
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:44,680
Speaker 1: I had a research amazing guy, and he had moved

504
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:46,959
Speaker 1: recently to Mount Sina Hospital in New York and was

505
00:31:47,320 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 1: leading a lot of their research there. And that was,

506
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:52,560
Speaker 1: as some of you somebody might know or may not know,

507
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:55,400
Speaker 1: really kind of the epicenter of the outbreak in New

508
00:31:55,440 --> 00:32:02,040
Speaker 1: York during April, which is really spiking a and um.

509
00:32:02,080 --> 00:32:04,000
Speaker 1: You know, John reached out and said, look, you know,

510
00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:07,480
Speaker 1: caregivers are getting sick. We're you know, we're getting sick.

511
00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:10,400
Speaker 1: We don't know where diseases coming from. We don't know

512
00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:12,680
Speaker 1: fully all about it. We're just we're in the middle

513
00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:17,560
Speaker 1: of it. Is there anything we can think about spatially, um,

514
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:19,560
Speaker 1: that could protect us, to help us. And so we

515
00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:24,920
Speaker 1: did this very rapid design research project. We attached go

516
00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:31,360
Speaker 1: pro cameras to these doctors heads and we did some

517
00:32:31,520 --> 00:32:35,720
Speaker 1: you zoom based recordings, and we mapped with them how

518
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:39,880
Speaker 1: the hallways again of the hospitals we're changing, they were

519
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:44,240
Speaker 1: getting filled with equipment. Um. Everyone didn't you know, donning

520
00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:47,160
Speaker 1: and doaughing was happening in different places. And then we

521
00:32:47,160 --> 00:32:50,360
Speaker 1: did these exercises too with doctors to figure out where

522
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:54,719
Speaker 1: they perceived the risk of the disease and where they

523
00:32:54,760 --> 00:32:58,000
Speaker 1: were safe and where they weren't safe. And I mean

524
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:00,640
Speaker 1: I'm talking, we just took plan It's like the fire

525
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:05,320
Speaker 1: escape maps from the walls, and we had them with

526
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:11,240
Speaker 1: crayons draw on those maps, you know, green, yellow, and red.

527
00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:14,840
Speaker 1: And it was shocking and also I mean not fully surprising,

528
00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:18,680
Speaker 1: but each map was different. Everyone had a different perception

529
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:23,480
Speaker 1: of where there was safe space and where there was

530
00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:27,440
Speaker 1: contaminated space. And it's really illustrative just to see it

531
00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:29,800
Speaker 1: together because you knew that, oh well, you can work

532
00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:33,280
Speaker 1: from this. We can visualize like John Snow visualized the

533
00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:37,000
Speaker 1: cholera epidemic. You can use this visual tool to start

534
00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:40,840
Speaker 1: to create rules inside the hospital that maybe incrementally would

535
00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:44,000
Speaker 1: help the caregivers in the middle of the outbreak, just

536
00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:48,280
Speaker 1: to kind of create clearer lines of delineation between protection

537
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,960
Speaker 1: and risk. It's amazing, and they were just you know,

538
00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:55,840
Speaker 1: I just say that it's the doctors and the caregivers

539
00:33:55,920 --> 00:34:00,400
Speaker 1: that were designing the spaces, redesigning in real time. I

540
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:02,680
Speaker 1: think we have the most to learn from about how

541
00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:06,000
Speaker 1: they're operating within those terrible conditions, and they deserve really

542
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:20,680
Speaker 1: all that credit. More After this, you also were involved

543
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:24,320
Speaker 1: in the design of the National Memorial for Peace and Justice.

544
00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:28,279
Speaker 1: Many people believe it's the most important structure that's been

545
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:31,759
Speaker 1: built in the last several years in America. And so

546
00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:33,799
Speaker 1: tell us a little about that. Tell us what it

547
00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:37,040
Speaker 1: is and how you got involved in it. Well. The

548
00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:42,880
Speaker 1: National Morpha Peace and Justice is a memorial in Montgomery,

549
00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:49,280
Speaker 1: Alabama that was conceived, of, imagined, and designed by Brian

550
00:34:49,360 --> 00:34:54,719
Speaker 1: Stevenson of the incredible Equal Justice Initiative. Just Mercy just

551
00:34:54,760 --> 00:35:02,239
Speaker 1: a profoundly visionary and impactful organ zation and seat of

552
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,239
Speaker 1: thinkers that are I think fundamentally changing the narrative around

553
00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:10,239
Speaker 1: our country's history of racial oppression and terror. I had

554
00:35:10,239 --> 00:35:14,120
Speaker 1: been a fan, like many people, and I saw an

555
00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:17,359
Speaker 1: article in The New York Times where he mentioned that

556
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:19,640
Speaker 1: their legal work. Keep in mind, Brian, Brian and his

557
00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:24,120
Speaker 1: team are lawyers. They're fighting for people who are incarcerated,

558
00:35:24,360 --> 00:35:28,600
Speaker 1: often unjustly, and trying to get them the services they deserve.

559
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:33,160
Speaker 1: And he said, we can't do this work without addressing

560
00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:36,480
Speaker 1: the history of racial terror in America and starting to

561
00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:39,880
Speaker 1: change the narrative around our history of racism in America.

562
00:35:40,719 --> 00:35:43,040
Speaker 1: And he said, I want to mark every site of lynching,

563
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:46,600
Speaker 1: the lynching of African Americans in America, and I want

564
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:51,040
Speaker 1: to build a national memorial to those victims to rise

565
00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:53,799
Speaker 1: from the ground this hidden history of our country, bring

566
00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:58,799
Speaker 1: visibility to it, say their names, and recognize that the

567
00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:02,440
Speaker 1: landscape of of how our public spaces around the country

568
00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:06,920
Speaker 1: are marked and named and who is recognized UM is

569
00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:10,719
Speaker 1: not a full and comprehensive list of those who have

570
00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:13,160
Speaker 1: suffered and died for our freedom. And this is a

571
00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:19,759
Speaker 1: necessary piece of infrastructure to help heal our nation. So

572
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:22,560
Speaker 1: the project is a memorial to the victims of lynching

573
00:36:22,880 --> 00:36:25,960
Speaker 1: from really the dates are between eighteen eight and nineteen

574
00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:31,359
Speaker 1: fifty to a large degree, and it's organized by UM

575
00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:36,279
Speaker 1: the counties across the country and the names of those

576
00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:41,279
Speaker 1: individuals in those counties who were often publicly terrorized and

577
00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:45,920
Speaker 1: killed in in particular the post reconstruction kind of Jim

578
00:36:45,920 --> 00:36:50,640
Speaker 1: Crow era before the advent of civil rights movement. I

579
00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:54,880
Speaker 1: think the memorials that really succeed are the ones that

580
00:36:55,360 --> 00:36:59,520
Speaker 1: UM what I would call, transmit the intimate and the infinite.

581
00:36:59,719 --> 00:37:03,560
Speaker 1: They show the totality of the loss, the totality of

582
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:06,279
Speaker 1: the of the crisis. In volume, you know, you can

583
00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:09,520
Speaker 1: see it it's not just a number on a page

584
00:37:09,640 --> 00:37:12,719
Speaker 1: or in the newspaper, which is to some degree hard

585
00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:16,520
Speaker 1: to understand what that is. Four million, six million, ten million,

586
00:37:16,560 --> 00:37:20,279
Speaker 1: that's hard to understand. But if you see, you know,

587
00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:24,840
Speaker 1: six million stones in a pile, for example, to commemorate

588
00:37:24,880 --> 00:37:28,239
Speaker 1: the Jews that were murdered during the Holocaust, that's a

589
00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:32,880
Speaker 1: huge enormous thing that you can spatially experience. When you

590
00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:35,279
Speaker 1: see the names on the Vietnam Veterans memorial and you

591
00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:39,880
Speaker 1: walk and you see the list of names as a volume,

592
00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:44,799
Speaker 1: it's hard to ignore. Um. It shows that sense of

593
00:37:44,840 --> 00:37:48,040
Speaker 1: the infinite. But then you have to move past that

594
00:37:48,520 --> 00:37:53,360
Speaker 1: and create a link to find that individual name in

595
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:56,480
Speaker 1: the Vietna Veterans memorials very influential to us because that

596
00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:59,279
Speaker 1: idea of people coming and finding the name of their

597
00:37:59,320 --> 00:38:03,560
Speaker 1: loved one, their brother or their father, and rubbing a

598
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:08,000
Speaker 1: piece of paper with a pencil and taking away that

599
00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:11,320
Speaker 1: name on a on a piece of paper and framing

600
00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:15,360
Speaker 1: that that kind of memento. That experience, I think is

601
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,880
Speaker 1: really powerful one. You know, it's one where you're like

602
00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:23,440
Speaker 1: transcending just the legibility of the wall and you're touching it,

603
00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:27,360
Speaker 1: you're building it. Into your deep memory that experience. It's unforgettable,

604
00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:30,200
Speaker 1: and then you feel it. You feel the weight of

605
00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:36,080
Speaker 1: all of those markers above you as um um, the

606
00:38:36,160 --> 00:38:40,440
Speaker 1: kind of weight of history that we haven't fully uncovered.

607
00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:42,880
Speaker 1: You know that we don't fully know that weight of history.

608
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,400
Speaker 1: You feel it in your body, and that to me

609
00:38:45,440 --> 00:38:51,239
Speaker 1: is where architecture is doing necessary things. You know, Um,

610
00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:54,160
Speaker 1: this is a very pull Farmer way of thinking about it.

611
00:38:54,200 --> 00:38:58,719
Speaker 1: But is the question of what can we not accomplish

612
00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:04,680
Speaker 1: without spatializing it? Yeah, memorialization is necessary because we need

613
00:39:04,719 --> 00:39:08,319
Speaker 1: to create a space or a location where we can

614
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:14,840
Speaker 1: go and wrestle with pay tribute, understand, but also um,

615
00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:17,960
Speaker 1: create a unique memory in our own selves that we

616
00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:22,080
Speaker 1: witnessed this history. So where where are you going from here?

617
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:27,000
Speaker 1: With all this? I returned often to this amazing quote

618
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,799
Speaker 1: from you know Dr King and his letter from Birmingham Jail,

619
00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:35,720
Speaker 1: where he talks about the garment of destiny. Whatever affects

620
00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:40,320
Speaker 1: one affects all, that we're all tied in an inescapable

621
00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:46,120
Speaker 1: network of mutuality. I love that line. I think buildings

622
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:50,440
Speaker 1: are the places where we experience that mutuality, that garment

623
00:39:50,560 --> 00:39:54,480
Speaker 1: that connects us all is found and forged in the

624
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:56,799
Speaker 1: public realm and the public places that we have to

625
00:39:56,840 --> 00:40:00,160
Speaker 1: go and choose to go. And if it's the post

626
00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:04,720
Speaker 1: office or the hospital waiting room, or if it's the

627
00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:08,719
Speaker 1: school where we attend, those places transform us. And I

628
00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:12,080
Speaker 1: think periods before I think of the w p A,

629
00:40:12,160 --> 00:40:14,000
Speaker 1: I think about the New Deal, I think about these

630
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,840
Speaker 1: moments where we understood that as a country, where we

631
00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:21,640
Speaker 1: invested not just in the infrastructure that was necessary to survive,

632
00:40:21,719 --> 00:40:25,560
Speaker 1: but that we invested a sense of dignity and artistry

633
00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:31,520
Speaker 1: and commitment to the beauty of it as essential as elemental.

634
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:35,239
Speaker 1: And we've done it before. I think we can do

635
00:40:35,280 --> 00:40:38,760
Speaker 1: it again. I think we could really take that mantle.

636
00:40:39,840 --> 00:40:43,719
Speaker 1: We ourselves can enact change through our buildings and through

637
00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:45,560
Speaker 1: the world around us. I think those are the lessons

638
00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:50,680
Speaker 1: I hope to carry forward. Thank you, Michael Murphy, your

639
00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:54,799
Speaker 1: inspiration and mentor. Paul Farmer was very proud of you,

640
00:40:55,280 --> 00:40:58,319
Speaker 1: and I'm very grateful to you, and I can't wait

641
00:40:58,360 --> 00:41:00,759
Speaker 1: to see what you do next. And I urge all

642
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:05,200
Speaker 1: of you who are interested in these things to look

643
00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:08,319
Speaker 1: up mass design on the internet and read about them,

644
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:12,439
Speaker 1: and look at the architecture of health. This is very

645
00:41:12,480 --> 00:41:16,839
Speaker 1: important stuff. But as I hope Michael has persuaded you,

646
00:41:17,719 --> 00:41:20,840
Speaker 1: it's also a challenge to the modern world that is

647
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Speaker 1: accessible to us, one that we can make a den end,

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Speaker 1: often without spending enormous amounts of money, are bringing in

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Speaker 1: from somewhere else, staggering amounts of expertise. It's what they

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Speaker 1: have accomplished that mass design is largely a feat of

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Speaker 1: the imagination, possibility of wonder being made out of things

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00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:52,959
Speaker 1: that are at hand and people that are handy. We're

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Speaker 1: all in your debt, and I wish you will thank you.

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Speaker 1: I thank you so much for this conversation, and thank

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Speaker 1: you for um the opportunity to speak with you today.

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Speaker 1: In the passing of our friend Michael, and I will

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Speaker 1: began to sound silly if we don't stop this. But

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Speaker 1: once you to watch in a lifetime you might meet

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Speaker 1: somebody like Paul Farmer, somebody so extraordinary and yet so real,

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00:42:17,440 --> 00:42:25,640
Speaker 1: so commanding and yet so human and hilarious, uh that

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00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:30,560
Speaker 1: it changes your life forever. And we're dealing with that

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00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:35,480
Speaker 1: loss now. A man who was sixty two and should

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Speaker 1: have lived twenty years longer or thirty years longer, but

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Speaker 1: who did outlive his own father about thirteen years in

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Speaker 1: a family prone to heart disease. She was a social hero,

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Speaker 1: if you will, but he was a wonderful personal friend.

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Speaker 1: Thank you, Michael, Thank you, Mr President. Why am I

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Speaker 1: telling you? This is a production of My Heart Radio

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Speaker 1: the Clinton Foundation and at Will Medium. Our executive producers

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00:43:08,680 --> 00:43:13,880
Speaker 1: are Craigmanascian and Will Malnadi. Our production team includes Jamison Katsufas,

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Speaker 1: Tom Galton, Sarah Horowitz, and Jake Young, with production support

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Speaker 1: from Liz Rafferee and Josh Farnham. Original music by What White.

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Speaker 1: Special thanks to John Sykes, John Davidson on hell Orina,

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Speaker 1: Corey Ganstley, Kevin thurm Oscar Flores, and all our dedicated

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Speaker 1: staff and partners at the Clinton Foundation. Hi, I'm back

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Speaker 1: a Courtsield and I'm a Deputy director at the Clinton

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Speaker 1: Global Initiative. President Clinton established the Clinton Global Initiative to

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Speaker 1: create a new kind of philanthropic community. To address the

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Speaker 1: complex realities of our modern world. We're problem solving required

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Speaker 1: the active partnership of government, business and civil society. Over

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00:43:56,920 --> 00:43:59,480
Speaker 1: the years, are Proven model has grown to include action

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00:43:59,480 --> 00:44:02,239
Speaker 1: networks that can quickly mobilize in the face of emergencies,

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00:44:02,520 --> 00:44:05,080
Speaker 1: whether that's helping Puerto Rico and the Caribbean recover in

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00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:08,040
Speaker 1: the wake of Hurricanes Rman and Maria, or advancing an

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00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:12,160
Speaker 1: inclusive US Economic recovery amid COVID nineteen. To learn more

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Speaker 1: about this work and see how you can get involved,

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Speaker 1: visit Clinton Foundation dot org. Slash Podcast