1 00:00:06,200 --> 00:00:08,479 Speaker 1: Hey, you welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. This 2 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:11,760 Speaker 1: is Robert Lamb. It's Saturday, of course, so we have 3 00:00:11,840 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 1: another vault episode for you. This is going to be 4 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 1: The Great Eye of Jupiter, Part two of two. It 5 00:00:15,880 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: originally published five thirteen, twenty twenty five. Let's jump in. 6 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:27,640 Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind production of iHeartRadio. 7 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 1: Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. My 8 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:36,280 Speaker 1: name is. 9 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:38,480 Speaker 3: Robert Lamb and I am Joe McCormick. 10 00:00:38,880 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: We are back with our second episode on the Great 11 00:00:42,280 --> 00:00:47,760 Speaker 1: Red Spot of Jupiter, and in the last episode we'll 12 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:49,200 Speaker 1: get to sort of a rundown of what we talked 13 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:50,800 Speaker 1: about last time. But one of the things we did 14 00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:53,440 Speaker 1: mention a few different times is how Jupiter does show 15 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:58,160 Speaker 1: up in science fiction, oftentimes just as a backdrop, sometimes 16 00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 1: in a more plot or fashion. But I was looking 17 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:05,000 Speaker 1: around because I'm like, Okay, if I dive deeper into 18 00:01:05,080 --> 00:01:09,640 Speaker 1: written fiction, I'm sure there's some great hardcore Jupiter sci 19 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:13,840 Speaker 1: fi that references the Spot. And sure enough, there's a 20 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:19,480 Speaker 1: novella from Let's See nineteen seventy one. I believe the 21 00:01:19,520 --> 00:01:23,560 Speaker 1: original version of it was published in Playboy magazine, and 22 00:01:23,720 --> 00:01:26,600 Speaker 1: it's set in the year twenty fifty. It is titled 23 00:01:26,640 --> 00:01:29,720 Speaker 1: a Meeting with Medusa by the legendary Arthur C. Clark. 24 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:33,080 Speaker 3: Oh yeah, huge jellyfish in the atmosphere of Jupiter. This 25 00:01:33,160 --> 00:01:35,400 Speaker 3: is sort of this is an airship story, isn't it. 26 00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:38,959 Speaker 1: It is? Yeah, this is a pretty famous one. I've 27 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: never read it, which is why it didn't, you know, 28 00:01:41,440 --> 00:01:43,640 Speaker 1: come to my mind immediately. And we may have referenced 29 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:44,800 Speaker 1: it on the show in the past, but it was 30 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: a big one, was a Nebula Award winner, highly influential tale. 31 00:01:49,360 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: I wish I'd had a chance to read it in 32 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:54,600 Speaker 1: full ahead of our recording, but I did go through 33 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:57,120 Speaker 1: it and look for references to the Great Red Spot, 34 00:01:57,200 --> 00:01:58,920 Speaker 1: and there are actually a couple of them. Is kind 35 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:02,000 Speaker 1: of bookended because I believe on the way in our 36 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: main character is sort of pining for a visit to 37 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 1: the Great Red Spot, and then later when he leaves, he's, 38 00:02:10,320 --> 00:02:12,600 Speaker 1: you know, he feels kind of bittersweet about it, and things, well, 39 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:14,040 Speaker 1: maybe I'll see it next time. 40 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:16,519 Speaker 3: Now, this is in no way meant as a criticism 41 00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:19,520 Speaker 3: of the story, but this did cause me to think, 42 00:02:19,919 --> 00:02:22,440 Speaker 3: would the Great Red Spot feel like the Great Red 43 00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:24,640 Speaker 3: Spot if you were in it instead of looking at 44 00:02:24,680 --> 00:02:28,400 Speaker 3: it from above, you know. Yeah, it's like imagining wanting 45 00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 3: to go to an island, because the island is shaped 46 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:34,480 Speaker 3: like something when seen from orbit, but like when you're 47 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:36,560 Speaker 3: on the island, it wouldn't be shaped that way. You'd 48 00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:37,960 Speaker 3: just be on land. 49 00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:39,919 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like I love the shape of Australia. I 50 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: really want to visit it somedays so I can appreciate 51 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:43,000 Speaker 1: its shape. 52 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:45,480 Speaker 3: But then again, I'm sure the Great Red Spot, like 53 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,280 Speaker 3: you know, like many things on Jupiter would be, would 54 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:51,960 Speaker 3: have fascinating local characteristics as well. It just wouldn't be 55 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 3: a Great Red Spot anymore. It would be whatever. I 56 00:02:54,720 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 3: don't know, wind's whipping around you. 57 00:02:57,080 --> 00:02:59,839 Speaker 1: So this story can be obtained, I'd believe in it, 58 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:04,400 Speaker 1: least in one major Arthur C. Clark collection, and certainly 59 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:05,960 Speaker 1: go out and read it and fall right into us 60 00:03:05,960 --> 00:03:07,560 Speaker 1: if you have read in full, if you have thoughts 61 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:09,760 Speaker 1: on it. But I want to read one quick passage 62 00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 1: from it that references the Great Red Spot. Quote. The 63 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:16,600 Speaker 1: Great Red Spot itself, the most spectacular of all the 64 00:03:16,639 --> 00:03:20,080 Speaker 1: planet's features, lay thousands of miles to the south. It 65 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:22,840 Speaker 1: had been a temptation to descend there, but the South 66 00:03:22,919 --> 00:03:26,799 Speaker 1: Tropical Disturbance was unusually active, with currents reaching over nine 67 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: hundred miles an hour. It would have been asking for 68 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 1: trouble to head into that maelstrom of unknown forces. The 69 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:35,760 Speaker 1: Great Red Spot and its mysteries would have to wait 70 00:03:35,960 --> 00:03:37,640 Speaker 1: for future expeditions. 71 00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:40,520 Speaker 3: Wow, what a coincidence. I'm actually going to end up 72 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:43,680 Speaker 3: in this episode talking about the South Tropical Disturbance. That's 73 00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 3: not a thing made up for the Arthur C. Clark story. 74 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:47,800 Speaker 3: That's a real thing. 75 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: Yeah. And it's also I mean, like how he's acknowledging 76 00:03:52,880 --> 00:03:55,520 Speaker 1: the mysteries of the Great Red Spot, because as we've 77 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:59,360 Speaker 1: been discussing, there are plenty of mysteries that still remain about. 78 00:03:59,120 --> 00:04:03,839 Speaker 3: It, absolutely aside from any giant jellyfish or manta rays 79 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:04,560 Speaker 3: dwelling there. 80 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,080 Speaker 1: Yeah. So we're back to continue our discussion of the 81 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:11,640 Speaker 1: Great Red Spot of Jupiter, a massive storm visible from 82 00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:15,880 Speaker 1: Earth by telescope. In the last episode, we discussed the 83 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:19,360 Speaker 1: history of the spots observation in the telescopic age, beginning 84 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:22,679 Speaker 1: in the seventeenth century and then with greatly improved imaging 85 00:04:22,720 --> 00:04:26,760 Speaker 1: capabilities in the twentieth century and beyond. We discussed how 86 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:29,000 Speaker 1: the Great Red storm we know today might not be 87 00:04:29,120 --> 00:04:33,000 Speaker 1: the storm that Giovanni Cassini noted in sixteen sixty five, 88 00:04:33,360 --> 00:04:37,120 Speaker 1: and how the storm is long lasting compared to terrestrial storms, 89 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:40,560 Speaker 1: but still a temporary atmospheric feature in the life cycle 90 00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:42,560 Speaker 1: of a planet, so it won't be there forever, but 91 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:44,159 Speaker 1: we don't know when it will go away. 92 00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:47,920 Speaker 3: So regarding the observations in the eighteen hundreds, I don't 93 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:50,880 Speaker 3: recall if this came up in the last episode. You 94 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:53,359 Speaker 3: can remind me if I've forgotten this, Rob, But I 95 00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:56,640 Speaker 3: actually found out that there was a photo, a telescopic 96 00:04:56,760 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 3: photo of the Great Red Spot taken of Jupiter in 97 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:04,800 Speaker 3: the nineteenth century. It was taken by Irish astronomer Agnes 98 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 3: Mary Clerk in eighteen seventy nine, and Rob I attached 99 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:11,240 Speaker 3: a copy of this black and white photo for you 100 00:05:11,279 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 3: to look at in the outline. Here. You don't get 101 00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:16,279 Speaker 3: a lot of definition on the various bands going back 102 00:05:16,320 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 3: and forth like you see in the good color photos 103 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:21,440 Speaker 3: of Jupiter today. Mainly it looks like one sort of 104 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:24,719 Speaker 3: light gray ball with a big dark stripe in the 105 00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:30,280 Speaker 3: middle and then just a huge, gigantic elongated oval on 106 00:05:30,279 --> 00:05:34,320 Speaker 3: one side of the equatorial stripe, and apparently at the 107 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:37,680 Speaker 3: time this photo was taken, it was estimated that the 108 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:41,720 Speaker 3: Great Red Spot was about forty thousand kilometers in length, 109 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:45,680 Speaker 3: so much bigger and much more elongated than it is today. 110 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:47,799 Speaker 3: That goes with what we were saying last time about 111 00:05:47,839 --> 00:05:51,440 Speaker 3: the Great Red Spot shrinking and becoming rounder over time. 112 00:05:51,480 --> 00:05:54,359 Speaker 3: In these observations more than one hundred years ago, it 113 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:57,320 Speaker 3: was gigantic and it was way more flattened out. 114 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:02,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, definitely look up this eighteen seven photograph if you 115 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:05,080 Speaker 1: have the ability to do so. Let's see. We also 116 00:06:05,120 --> 00:06:08,240 Speaker 1: discussed the nature of the storm itself, somewhat an enormous 117 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: anti cyclone that dwarfs not only any storm we've ever 118 00:06:11,440 --> 00:06:14,600 Speaker 1: known on Earth, but the Earth itself. And in this 119 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:18,480 Speaker 1: episode we're back to discuss more facts, observations, and hypotheses 120 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:21,600 Speaker 1: concerning the Great Red Spot and the planet it calls home. 121 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:24,840 Speaker 3: So Rob, one of the questions we raised last time 122 00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:27,960 Speaker 3: that we didn't really get into was the question of 123 00:06:28,080 --> 00:06:31,960 Speaker 3: why the Great Red Spot is red and not some 124 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:35,359 Speaker 3: other color. Of course, though we did briefly allude to 125 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:38,960 Speaker 3: the fact that it's sort of a mix of different areas. Right, 126 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,280 Speaker 3: there's an outer ring that's sort of like clear or 127 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 3: white that is sometimes known as the hollow, and then 128 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:48,360 Speaker 3: inside that you've got the redder or more orange oval. 129 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:51,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. We talked about its greatness, but not 130 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:54,760 Speaker 1: its redness so much. I want to discredit a couple 131 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:57,479 Speaker 1: of hypotheses real quick. First of all, the great red 132 00:06:57,520 --> 00:07:00,799 Speaker 1: spot is not the jelly insertion point on a planet 133 00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:04,200 Speaker 1: that is, in essence, one gigantic jelly filled donut. I 134 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:06,360 Speaker 1: think this would be a reasonable guest to make, but 135 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 1: it's not true. 136 00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,480 Speaker 3: Even when you're talking about a real life donut. You 137 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 3: just don't like thinking about the jelly insertion point. Don't 138 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:15,480 Speaker 3: you just want to imagine it somehow in there without 139 00:07:15,520 --> 00:07:16,000 Speaker 3: a needle. 140 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:19,160 Speaker 1: You know, it was violently injected. They don't even try 141 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:21,920 Speaker 1: and hide it. I guess it's how you know what's inside. 142 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:23,440 Speaker 1: And maybe they feel like they're doing you a favor. 143 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 3: You get a little peak with the dribble. 144 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:29,720 Speaker 1: Yeah. It's also not, as my child suggested this morning, 145 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 1: the vast swirlings of trillions upon trillions of tabby cats. 146 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:38,280 Speaker 1: This was their Joe guests. Their serious guests, by the way, 147 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:41,600 Speaker 1: was that it was red tinted chemicals in the Jovian atmosphere, 148 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:45,440 Speaker 1: which we'll get back to it. That's a pretty good guess. 149 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: But as we did talk about in the last episode, yeah, 150 00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:52,200 Speaker 1: the Great Red Spot is not entirely one color, and 151 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:57,040 Speaker 1: its overall colorization and contrast has shifted quite a bit. 152 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:01,280 Speaker 1: As we mentioned, seventeenth century observation of this or more 153 00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:04,320 Speaker 1: likely a previous storm, did not know the spot's color, 154 00:08:04,760 --> 00:08:08,120 Speaker 1: as it was not detectable if that color was present. 155 00:08:08,840 --> 00:08:12,400 Speaker 1: But by and large, we've seen the following trends in 156 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:15,320 Speaker 1: its overall color, and I got these from a couple 157 00:08:15,400 --> 00:08:18,800 Speaker 1: of different sources that we also cited last time. Historical 158 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:21,320 Speaker 1: and contemporary trends in the size, drift, and color of 159 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:24,640 Speaker 1: Jupiter's Great Red Spot by Simon Etol from twenty eighteen 160 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 1: and colors of Jupiter's large anticyclones and the interaction of 161 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 1: a tropical red oval with the Great Red Spot in 162 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:34,439 Speaker 1: two thousand and eight by Sanchez la Vega at all, 163 00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:37,680 Speaker 1: and I'll look at some more recent observations as well, 164 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:41,560 Speaker 1: and a couple of other sources. But in nineteen seventy four, 165 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:44,840 Speaker 1: this is when Pioneer one and two went by striking 166 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:50,480 Speaker 1: red colorization twenty fourteen twenty fifteen, there was an intensification, 167 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:54,840 Speaker 1: a deeper orange color, twenty sixteen, twenty seventeen further darkening. 168 00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:57,360 Speaker 1: And we have to stress that in none of these 169 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:00,880 Speaker 1: cases are we talking about only changes in color, but 170 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:07,640 Speaker 1: also various changes in dimension, intensity, morphology, and brightness. So 171 00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: a lot of the analysis ends up getting into like, Okay, 172 00:09:11,520 --> 00:09:13,600 Speaker 1: we can look at the color and the color intensity, 173 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:16,760 Speaker 1: but then we can attempt to chart out where those 174 00:09:16,840 --> 00:09:20,000 Speaker 1: changes match up with other changes and looking to why 175 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 1: those changes would in fact impact the colorization. The paper 176 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: by Simon Atall points out some of these following facts 177 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,880 Speaker 1: I want to run through. They write that the grs's 178 00:09:30,960 --> 00:09:34,000 Speaker 1: color changes from twenty fourteen to twenty seventeen may be 179 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:39,520 Speaker 1: explained by changes and stretching of vorticity or divergence acting 180 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:44,440 Speaker 1: to balance the decrease in relative vorticity. Historically, they point out, 181 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:47,040 Speaker 1: intensity of the Great Red Spot's color appeared to be 182 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:51,200 Speaker 1: somewhat correlated with motion. The color was more intense or 183 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:54,520 Speaker 1: it was darkest when it accelerated. Color and drift rate 184 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:56,440 Speaker 1: also historically seemed to correlate. 185 00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,120 Speaker 3: Oh, that's interesting, So it seems to be shifting to 186 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,720 Speaker 3: the red when the winds are moving faster. 187 00:10:02,240 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's my understanding of it here. But one of 188 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: the big things that they drive home is that correlating 189 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:11,720 Speaker 1: the Great Red Spots color changes with an actual physical 190 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: mechanism is really challenging, and so a lot of the 191 00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:17,240 Speaker 1: work in these papers seems to really really get into 192 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:20,280 Speaker 1: that and come up with various hypotheses as to how 193 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 1: this could be occurring. They point out that drift rate 194 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:29,600 Speaker 1: slash motion doesn't present an obvious physical mechanism other than 195 00:10:29,640 --> 00:10:34,600 Speaker 1: possibly via cloud ingestion rate. They say that vortex stretching, 196 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:37,720 Speaker 1: this is the lengthening of vortices and three dimensional fluid 197 00:10:37,760 --> 00:10:41,679 Speaker 1: flow is a possible physical mechanism. And they also point 198 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:44,400 Speaker 1: out that the most recent at the time twenty fourteen 199 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:48,320 Speaker 1: through twenty seventeen changes in internal cloud morphology and color 200 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:52,359 Speaker 1: might have been due to changes in divergence, internal vorticity, 201 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:57,200 Speaker 1: and vortex stretching, rather than being correlated to its drift rate. Now, 202 00:10:57,480 --> 00:11:00,319 Speaker 1: some of that may just washed past. You do want 203 00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:02,520 Speaker 1: to acknowledge, well, first of all, that this is a 204 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:05,440 Speaker 1: very complex topic and I'm just going to attempting to 205 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: do my best to relate the basics of it here. 206 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:10,720 Speaker 1: But Also, I have to acknowledge that everything I just 207 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:13,280 Speaker 1: said didn't really answer the question of why is it 208 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:15,840 Speaker 1: red or why is it orange or rust colored? Like? 209 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:17,439 Speaker 1: What is the redness? 210 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 2: Like? 211 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:20,960 Speaker 1: What are we looking at? And discussion of this topic 212 00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:25,080 Speaker 1: is complex, it seems far from settled, but it all 213 00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:27,600 Speaker 1: a lot of it anyway, as far as I can understand, 214 00:11:27,679 --> 00:11:33,720 Speaker 1: revolves around candidates for the underlying chromophores, So the underlying 215 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:40,040 Speaker 1: particles that produce a given color, sometimes collectively with other 216 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:45,720 Speaker 1: chromophors in general, talking about in general chromophors function and 217 00:11:45,760 --> 00:11:48,120 Speaker 1: create colors that we sense. But in the case of 218 00:11:48,160 --> 00:11:51,440 Speaker 1: the Great Red Spot, we're also considering all of this 219 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:55,600 Speaker 1: in light of the aforementioned interactions going on in the storm, 220 00:11:55,920 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: including especially how high up into the atmosphere these particles 221 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:07,920 Speaker 1: are pushed. Now, one there's a particular NASA JPL scientists 222 00:12:08,040 --> 00:12:11,520 Speaker 1: who is the lead author and sometimes I think maybe 223 00:12:11,520 --> 00:12:13,600 Speaker 1: a supporting author on a lot of papers about this, 224 00:12:13,679 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 1: and it's a man by the name of Robert A. West. 225 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:19,720 Speaker 1: The particular one I was looking at here is Jovian 226 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:24,280 Speaker 1: Clouds and Hayes by West, Bains and Friedson. And in 227 00:12:24,320 --> 00:12:27,800 Speaker 1: this paper they present a whole list of both organic 228 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:32,360 Speaker 1: and inorganic chromophore candidates for the Great Red spot that 229 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 1: had been proposed over the years by that point. So 230 00:12:34,640 --> 00:12:38,120 Speaker 1: they're compiling them from different different papers, different scientists and 231 00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:40,040 Speaker 1: so forth. I'm not going to include them all, but 232 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:44,880 Speaker 1: they include the likes of hydrazine and white phosphorus on 233 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:49,920 Speaker 1: the inorganic side, and on the organic side, the list 234 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:56,360 Speaker 1: includes the likes of acetylene, photopolymers, proton irradiated H four 235 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:59,959 Speaker 1: plus NH three that's methane plus ammonia, and even by 236 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:04,120 Speaker 1: iota living organisms. And the paper that they're citing for 237 00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: this idea was a nineteen seventy six paper by Carl 238 00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:10,360 Speaker 1: Sagan and Edwin Salpeter who speculated on the possibility of 239 00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:14,000 Speaker 1: not only life on Jupiter, but a Jovian ecology. 240 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:18,960 Speaker 3: Okay, so this is in speculation mode, not to say 241 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,520 Speaker 3: that we have good reason to think that the red 242 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:24,679 Speaker 3: colors would be caused by living organisms, but like, what 243 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:27,400 Speaker 3: if they were caused that way? We know that say, 244 00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:30,400 Speaker 3: blooms of algae in the Earth in the Earth's oceans 245 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 3: can change the color of the oceans. You can have 246 00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:36,199 Speaker 3: various reasons that micro organisms change the color of a 247 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:39,559 Speaker 3: landscape feature. So what if that's what's happening in the 248 00:13:39,559 --> 00:13:40,520 Speaker 3: atmosphere of Jupiter. 249 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:43,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I'm glad you mentioned the oceans because that's 250 00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:45,719 Speaker 1: one of the main things that Sagan and Saltpeter are 251 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:50,000 Speaker 1: referencing and sort of using as a model. And it's 252 00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:53,560 Speaker 1: a very in depth paper. It's not a general audience 253 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:57,080 Speaker 1: specific paper. But I want to read a quick quote 254 00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:00,360 Speaker 1: from it here. Quote we have in this discussion made 255 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:03,640 Speaker 1: no distinction among various locales on Jupiter, but it is 256 00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:07,000 Speaker 1: clear that some locales the Great Red Spot, for example, 257 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,720 Speaker 1: may be more favor than others because of higher abundances 258 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 1: of organic molecules prevailing updrafts for other reasons. So yeah, 259 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:18,280 Speaker 1: to be clear, I don't believe this is a widely 260 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:22,160 Speaker 1: held candidate for a place in our solar system where 261 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:24,760 Speaker 1: you could find extraterrestrial life. Like it's not like a 262 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:29,240 Speaker 1: best case scenario. But in the paper is quite interesting 263 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:33,440 Speaker 1: and in it they outline how they believe Jupiter's atmosphere 264 00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:39,160 Speaker 1: could feature quote ecological niches for sinkers, floaters, and hunters, 265 00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:41,960 Speaker 1: and they explore the possibility that such life forms could 266 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 1: exist at different stages of development in all three niches. 267 00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:49,680 Speaker 1: So a sinker in this scenario would be a primary 268 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:54,680 Speaker 1: photosynthetic autotroph that reproduces as it passively sinks down through 269 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:58,560 Speaker 1: the atmosphere among its kinds, So comparable to like plankton 270 00:14:58,880 --> 00:14:59,880 Speaker 1: in Earth's oceans. 271 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:05,040 Speaker 3: Okay, So getting getting energy from the sun, making its 272 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 3: food that way, and then and then sinking down passively 273 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:09,640 Speaker 3: through the atmosphere. 274 00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:13,960 Speaker 1: Right, And then the floaters would be autotrophic or heterotrophic 275 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:17,920 Speaker 1: organisms that float via some manner of inflated bladder. So 276 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:20,240 Speaker 1: these would be your space jellies and they would eat 277 00:15:20,280 --> 00:15:23,920 Speaker 1: the sinkers or and or they would depend on on 278 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:27,640 Speaker 1: solar energy as well. Okay, and then the hunter would 279 00:15:27,640 --> 00:15:30,840 Speaker 1: be the next step, a predator jellyfish type creature that 280 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:33,520 Speaker 1: hunts on the floaters, or maybe it's a Manda ray. 281 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:36,480 Speaker 1: You know, you can you can sort of go wild 282 00:15:36,520 --> 00:15:37,760 Speaker 1: with the imagination here. 283 00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:40,560 Speaker 3: Big crab with a bunch of balloons attached to it. 284 00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:42,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, that's the kind of thing you see depicted. 285 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:46,560 Speaker 1: And they point out that if this were the case, 286 00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:49,680 Speaker 1: and again this is all speculation, they were just you know, 287 00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:51,560 Speaker 1: it's like what if, and how would it work? If 288 00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 1: they say that, there would be clear there would be 289 00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:59,200 Speaker 1: clear evolutionary lines to connect between these different forms. And 290 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:02,200 Speaker 1: another thing it's interesting is, you know, this is exactly 291 00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:05,920 Speaker 1: the line of thinking that Arthur C. Clark employed in that 292 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 1: earlier novella that we cited, though of course, his vision, 293 00:16:09,720 --> 00:16:13,320 Speaker 1: being a sci fi tale published in Playboy, obviously lacked 294 00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:16,920 Speaker 1: the scientific rigor presented in the sag In Saltpeter paper here. 295 00:16:17,560 --> 00:16:21,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, though of course Clark was quite concerned in many 296 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:23,480 Speaker 3: ways with plausibility, but he's also just trying to tell 297 00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:24,640 Speaker 3: a good story. 298 00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:28,160 Speaker 1: Right, and not really featuring a lot of equations. Yeah, yeah, 299 00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:31,440 Speaker 1: So yeah, no shade at Arthur C. Clark at all here. 300 00:16:40,880 --> 00:16:43,920 Speaker 1: So as interesting as all this is the more accepted 301 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:49,200 Speaker 1: theories for red chromophores in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. 302 00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:52,280 Speaker 1: They're not based on the idea that there's life in there. 303 00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:55,200 Speaker 1: We still don't have a firm answer, but I wanted 304 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:58,160 Speaker 1: to discuss at least one of the more recent ideas 305 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,000 Speaker 1: that seems to have gotten a lot of at so 306 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,679 Speaker 1: there was one from twenty fourteen. This was an idea 307 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:09,880 Speaker 1: presented by Kevin Baines, a NASA Cassini team scientist, and 308 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:13,119 Speaker 1: he proposed that what we're broadly seeing is perhaps a 309 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:18,119 Speaker 1: mixture of ammonia and acetylene gases blasted by solar energy 310 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:21,600 Speaker 1: in the high upper reaches of the Great Red Spot. 311 00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,200 Speaker 1: So we mentioned in the last episode that the Great 312 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,080 Speaker 1: Red Spot is pretty deep, it goes pretty deep down, 313 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:30,680 Speaker 1: but I don't know if we really talked about how 314 00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:32,680 Speaker 1: high up it goes. I've read that the Great Red 315 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:36,880 Speaker 1: Spot may extend something like eight kilometers or five miles 316 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:41,520 Speaker 1: above the surrounding cloud tops in Jupiter's atmosphere. So the 317 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:45,120 Speaker 1: idea here is that it's pushing its contents up higher 318 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,399 Speaker 1: in the atmosphere than the surrounding areas and in doing 319 00:17:48,480 --> 00:17:53,600 Speaker 1: so subjecting them to greater solar interference, greater solar UV light, 320 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:58,160 Speaker 1: and laboratory results have apparently indicated that this is possible. 321 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:02,200 Speaker 1: So the idea here is that we have these chromophores, 322 00:18:02,280 --> 00:18:08,320 Speaker 1: these ammonia and settling gases that are not already red 323 00:18:08,359 --> 00:18:11,239 Speaker 1: in color, but they are shot up high enough that 324 00:18:11,280 --> 00:18:14,560 Speaker 1: they are exposed to more UV light, more solar radiation, 325 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,240 Speaker 1: and that is what generates the color that we see 326 00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:24,359 Speaker 1: as the Great Red Spot. Okay, if this hypothesis is correct, 327 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:26,760 Speaker 1: it would mean that the Great Red Spot is not 328 00:18:26,920 --> 00:18:29,560 Speaker 1: like red all the way down. It would just be 329 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:32,639 Speaker 1: red more or less at the surface, something that you 330 00:18:32,760 --> 00:18:35,960 Speaker 1: see compared in some of the science journalism, especially to 331 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:36,680 Speaker 1: a sunburn. 332 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:40,119 Speaker 3: Yeah, okay, so I saw this. I saw articles describing 333 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:44,760 Speaker 3: the sunburn hypothesis of the redness, though a different mechanism 334 00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 3: obviously than like inflamed skin. 335 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:50,400 Speaker 1: But yeah, but skin deep, I guess is the metaphor 336 00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 1: you could use here. Now. To be clear, there are 337 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:59,640 Speaker 1: other competing hypotheses in which it wouldn't be just gray 338 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:01,680 Speaker 1: or white underneath, it would be like red all the 339 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:06,719 Speaker 1: way down. These competing hypotheses still envision some model in 340 00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:10,200 Speaker 1: which there are red chromophores that are pushed up through 341 00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:12,280 Speaker 1: the storm from greater depths, but they're red in color 342 00:19:12,359 --> 00:19:15,280 Speaker 1: within the storm as well as at the upper surface. 343 00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:19,880 Speaker 1: So again, yeah, it's a complex topic, getting it like 344 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,359 Speaker 1: it's so red. Why is it so red? Well, we 345 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:24,960 Speaker 1: don't know for sure, but we have some very interesting 346 00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:29,760 Speaker 1: hypotheses as to why, some definitely more believable and likely 347 00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:32,600 Speaker 1: than others. But that means that I do love the 348 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:34,520 Speaker 1: idea that, hey, what if it's red because it's just 349 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:36,320 Speaker 1: full of life? That would be crazy. 350 00:19:36,520 --> 00:19:39,240 Speaker 3: Yeah, what if we're looking at algal blooms and certain 351 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 3: bands all in the surface. 352 00:19:41,119 --> 00:19:43,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, in a way, it's really it's the more exciting. Well, 353 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:45,760 Speaker 1: I mean, I think all these ideas are exciting, but 354 00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,200 Speaker 1: you can you can imagine where that idea would maybe 355 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:52,320 Speaker 1: be that nice mix of exciting and accessible to the 356 00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:56,000 Speaker 1: average person. But yeah, I don't think that's what's going 357 00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:56,400 Speaker 1: on there. 358 00:19:57,080 --> 00:19:59,280 Speaker 3: So I wanted to come back to a question we 359 00:19:59,440 --> 00:20:03,840 Speaker 3: raised in the last episode. We established last time that 360 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:06,439 Speaker 3: the great red spot of today, at least according to 361 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 3: most informed observers, is probably not the same red spot 362 00:20:12,680 --> 00:20:16,680 Speaker 3: seen by astronomers like Giovanni Cassini in the seventeenth century. 363 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:19,160 Speaker 3: You know, we talked about him. He saw a spot 364 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:23,080 Speaker 3: in the sixteen sixties. But it's probably not the same 365 00:20:23,119 --> 00:20:25,439 Speaker 3: one for a number of reasons, one of which is 366 00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 3: that astronomers stopped seeing the spot for like many decades. 367 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:32,600 Speaker 3: It seems like suddenly, like in the seventeen hundreds, people 368 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:35,119 Speaker 3: are not seeing this thing anymore, And it seems like 369 00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:38,840 Speaker 3: astronomers don't know a giant red spot again until about 370 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:42,800 Speaker 3: eighteen thirty one. So that seems quite implausible. If it 371 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:44,920 Speaker 3: was the same spot and it was there the whole time. 372 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, otherwise people would clearly keep describing it. It's pretty exciting, 373 00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:49,760 Speaker 1: you know. 374 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:54,520 Speaker 3: So it's very unlikely that it's the same spot astronomers 375 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:58,880 Speaker 3: saw in the seventeenth century. But that suggests that storms 376 00:20:58,920 --> 00:21:01,800 Speaker 3: like this come in. And if they come and go, 377 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,800 Speaker 3: where do they come from? How did the current spot 378 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:09,080 Speaker 3: arise in the first place. Now, in twenty twenty four, 379 00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 3: there was a bunch of reporting about the origin of 380 00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:14,480 Speaker 3: the Great Red Spot based on the publication of a 381 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:17,320 Speaker 3: scientific paper that we did mention in part one of 382 00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:20,160 Speaker 3: this series, but I'm going to give the full citation here. 383 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:24,000 Speaker 3: The paper is called the Origin of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, 384 00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:26,879 Speaker 3: and it was by a group of authors, the first 385 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:29,240 Speaker 3: author of which we actually just mentioned another paper by 386 00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:32,880 Speaker 3: them a moment ago, But anyway, it's by Augustine Sanchez 387 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:39,080 Speaker 3: la Vega, Enrique Garcia Melando, John Legereta, Arnew, Miro Menel Soria, 388 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:43,760 Speaker 3: and Kevin Arenz Velasquez. This was published in Geophysical Research 389 00:21:43,840 --> 00:21:46,960 Speaker 3: Letters in twenty twenty four, and the authors of this 390 00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:50,119 Speaker 3: paper were based, i believe, all in Spain at several 391 00:21:50,119 --> 00:21:53,560 Speaker 3: different institutions like the University of the Basque Country and 392 00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:57,840 Speaker 3: Polytechnic University of Catalonia, and in addition to this paper, 393 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 3: I relied on some explanation in an alais from several articles, 394 00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:05,359 Speaker 3: especially one in Scientific American by the astronomer and Science 395 00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,880 Speaker 3: Communicator fill Plate that was from July twenty twenty four. Now, 396 00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:12,800 Speaker 3: before I get into the details about this discovery, I 397 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,800 Speaker 3: did want to mention a bit of background about the 398 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:19,199 Speaker 3: structure of Jupiter and its atmosphere because that kind of 399 00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:22,480 Speaker 3: informs this research. So a few things about the structure 400 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:25,399 Speaker 3: of Jupiter we didn't quite get into yet. Jupiter is 401 00:22:25,480 --> 00:22:29,119 Speaker 3: made mostly of the same thing the Sun is made of, 402 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:33,040 Speaker 3: actually of hydrogen and helium, and so if you're going 403 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:36,520 Speaker 3: from the outside in, Jupiter has a vast layer of 404 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:41,560 Speaker 3: atmospheric gas, again dominated by hydrogen and helium, along with 405 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:45,320 Speaker 3: small amounts of other stuff like water, methane and ammonia, 406 00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:49,399 Speaker 3: and some hydrocarbons like benzene, and then beneath that you 407 00:22:49,480 --> 00:22:52,359 Speaker 3: keep going down and the pressure eventually becomes so great 408 00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:55,720 Speaker 3: that the hydrogen takes a liquid form, and you will 409 00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:59,800 Speaker 3: have a planet wide ocean of liquid hydrogen. So that 410 00:23:00,359 --> 00:23:03,880 Speaker 3: the runaway winner for the largest ocean in the Solar System, 411 00:23:04,359 --> 00:23:06,919 Speaker 3: though one thing that's worth noting is that the boundaries 412 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:11,119 Speaker 3: between these layers are not sharp. Instead, they gradually bleed 413 00:23:11,240 --> 00:23:14,119 Speaker 3: into one another. So falling through the atmosphere of Jupiter 414 00:23:14,240 --> 00:23:17,360 Speaker 3: into its global ocean would not be like falling through 415 00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:19,880 Speaker 3: the atmosphere of Earth and then suddenly hitting the surface 416 00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:22,600 Speaker 3: of the water where you hit with a smack. Instead, 417 00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:27,560 Speaker 3: you would be continually sinking through a thick hot hydrogen 418 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:31,600 Speaker 3: helium stew of increasing density and heat as you go down, 419 00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:35,360 Speaker 3: which eventually becomes fully liquid. And then, of course, if 420 00:23:35,359 --> 00:23:39,320 Speaker 3: you keep going down from their conditions change further further 421 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:42,440 Speaker 3: into the liquid hydrogen ocean, you reach a layer of 422 00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:47,480 Speaker 3: what scientists call liquid metallic hydrogen. At this point, the 423 00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 3: pressure is so extreme that electrons pop off of the 424 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:56,160 Speaker 3: hydrogen atoms. So normally a hydrogen atom is one proton 425 00:23:56,280 --> 00:24:00,119 Speaker 3: and one electron. Here, the electrons get squeezed off of 426 00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:04,640 Speaker 3: these atomic nuclei and they can flow unrestrained through the fluid, 427 00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 3: making it extremely electrically conductive like a metal, which actually 428 00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:13,960 Speaker 3: creates the dynamo effect that scientists think is responsible for 429 00:24:14,080 --> 00:24:19,119 Speaker 3: generating Jupiter's magnetic field. So this metallic hydrogen layer is 430 00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:22,040 Speaker 3: also known as the inner mantle, and it takes up 431 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:25,800 Speaker 3: most of the planet's radius. If you measure the diameter 432 00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 3: of Jupiter, most of it is this metallic hydrogen layer, 433 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:32,639 Speaker 3: and then even deeper than that, the mantle is thought 434 00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,919 Speaker 3: to graduate into a loose core made of denser materials, 435 00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:41,360 Speaker 3: maybe some rocky icy solids leftover from the planet's early formation. 436 00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 3: But there's still a bunch of unanswered questions about exactly 437 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,800 Speaker 3: what the core is made of and how it is structured. 438 00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:51,520 Speaker 3: This was one of the issues that NASA's Junomission was investigating. 439 00:24:52,119 --> 00:24:55,119 Speaker 3: But anyway, when you look at the composition of the 440 00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:58,280 Speaker 3: planet like this, it makes me think about how in 441 00:24:58,320 --> 00:25:01,119 Speaker 3: the previous episode, probably a bunch at times I was 442 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 3: saying stuff about the surface features of Jupiter. I was 443 00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:08,320 Speaker 3: talking about the red spot and other things you can 444 00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 3: see this way, But of course Jupiter does not actually 445 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:16,600 Speaker 3: have a surface. What we're describing when we talk about 446 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:22,280 Speaker 3: its surface are in reality, patterns of clouds at the 447 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:24,200 Speaker 3: top of Jupiter's atmosphere. 448 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:26,840 Speaker 1: I mean, it even gets complicated when we start talking 449 00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:29,320 Speaker 1: about the surface of Earth, because this we've talked about 450 00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:32,560 Speaker 1: in our discussions of the deep ocean. You know, it's 451 00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:35,040 Speaker 1: like I mean technically the deep ocean. If if you're 452 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:36,639 Speaker 1: at the bottom of the sea, you're standing on the 453 00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:40,520 Speaker 1: rocky surface of the planet. So you know, it's like 454 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,520 Speaker 1: our world's kind of weird. And then we we equate 455 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:47,200 Speaker 1: everything to the slim layer of the atmosphere in which 456 00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:51,920 Speaker 1: we can live. So, yeah, what do we mean by 457 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:53,600 Speaker 1: surface with a planet anyway? 458 00:25:54,119 --> 00:25:56,399 Speaker 3: Yeah, exactly. I mean often it gets into a question 459 00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:58,320 Speaker 3: of definition. It's not as clear as you thought, what 460 00:25:58,359 --> 00:26:00,440 Speaker 3: do you mean by surface? And a lot of times 461 00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:03,080 Speaker 3: what we mean when we're just talking casually is what's 462 00:26:03,119 --> 00:26:05,240 Speaker 3: the part of the planet I can see from space? 463 00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, Like, how would like balloon based floating organisms judge 464 00:26:10,840 --> 00:26:13,119 Speaker 1: life on Earth? Like we would all be considered like 465 00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:14,679 Speaker 1: bottom dwellers or something. 466 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:19,160 Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah, So anyway, another thing that's important to understand 467 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:21,440 Speaker 3: about the structure of Jupiter, if you're going to get 468 00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:24,119 Speaker 3: into the origins of the Great Red Spot, is the 469 00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:30,320 Speaker 3: planet's zonal striping pattern. Jupiter has these lateral bands going 470 00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:34,439 Speaker 3: parallel to its equator. You've got dark stripes, mostly red 471 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,800 Speaker 3: and orange in color from our perspective at least, and 472 00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:41,520 Speaker 3: white or light colored stripes. These are known as belts 473 00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:45,359 Speaker 3: and zones respectively. The dark stripes are the belts and 474 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:50,000 Speaker 3: the light stripes are the zones. Jupiter generates a lot 475 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 3: of internal heat. The majority of the heat in Earth's 476 00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,000 Speaker 3: atmosphere comes from the Sun comes down from above, but 477 00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,520 Speaker 3: the majority of heat in Jupiter's atmosphere actually comes from 478 00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:05,360 Speaker 3: deep within Jupiter itself. It's getting more heat from inside 479 00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:10,200 Speaker 3: than from outside. So the superheated lower strata of Jupiter's 480 00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:17,200 Speaker 3: atmosphere and the liquid hydrogen level these fluids create convection 481 00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:21,160 Speaker 3: currents as the heat wants to rise, so hot fluid 482 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:25,040 Speaker 3: rises up through low pressure areas of the atmosphere all 483 00:27:25,080 --> 00:27:28,600 Speaker 3: the way up to the top, and then it cools, circulates, 484 00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:32,560 Speaker 3: and sinks back down again in higher pressure areas. Actually 485 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:36,080 Speaker 3: similar to what happens with air circulation patterns on Earth, 486 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:41,040 Speaker 3: but the gas giants are larger than the inner planets 487 00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:44,760 Speaker 3: and they rotate faster. A day on Jupiter is only 488 00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:51,000 Speaker 3: nine point nine hours, so this extremely fast rotation causes 489 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:54,840 Speaker 3: a pronounced Coriolis effect, which we talked about last time. 490 00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:59,639 Speaker 3: In the context of Earth. Jupiter's Coriolis effect is more 491 00:28:00,119 --> 00:28:04,600 Speaker 3: stream than Earth's because Jupiter is larger and spinning faster. 492 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 3: And this pronounced Coriolis effect creates powerful jet streams running 493 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:16,320 Speaker 3: parallel to Jupiter's equator. These jet streams form the boundaries 494 00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:20,359 Speaker 3: of Jupiter's belts and zones. So each zone, remember the 495 00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:25,160 Speaker 3: light colored areas. Each zone tends to be a basically 496 00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:28,719 Speaker 3: low pressured area. There's some variation in pressure at different altitudes, 497 00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:33,159 Speaker 3: but basically a zone is a low pressure area where 498 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:37,240 Speaker 3: warm fluid rises up through the atmosphere and it is 499 00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,840 Speaker 3: bounded on each side by jet streams, with an east 500 00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:43,840 Speaker 3: running jet on the side facing the pole and a 501 00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:47,520 Speaker 3: west running jet on the side facing the equator. Belts 502 00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 3: are the inverse. You've got high pressure areas again, generally 503 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:56,240 Speaker 3: where cool material sinks back down into the atmosphere, where 504 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:59,280 Speaker 3: the side facing the pole is bounded by a west 505 00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:02,400 Speaker 3: flowing jet and the side facing the equator as an 506 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:06,720 Speaker 3: eastward jet. Now what determines the color differences in these 507 00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 3: different bands, again, we don't know for sure. One big 508 00:29:10,480 --> 00:29:14,440 Speaker 3: idea is that the zones are bright because the clouds 509 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:17,200 Speaker 3: up high in altitude. The first thing we see from 510 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:21,440 Speaker 3: the outside contain crystals of ammonia ice, which look white, 511 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:25,680 Speaker 3: and the belts have thinner ice clouds with less ammonia ice, 512 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,240 Speaker 3: so instead we see other things. We see a brown, red, 513 00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:32,800 Speaker 3: or orange color which could be caused by different chemicals 514 00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,360 Speaker 3: the chromophores you were talking about it. Maybe it's caused 515 00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:39,560 Speaker 3: by sunburn like you mentioned, or maybe by the presence 516 00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 3: of hydrocarbons. We don't really know for sure, but it 517 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:44,960 Speaker 3: does seem like the white color of the zones is 518 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,480 Speaker 3: probably due to the ammonia ice clouds. 519 00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:51,240 Speaker 1: A little known fact, ammonia ice is the most popular 520 00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:55,200 Speaker 1: alcoholic beverage on the planet Jupiter. Crack one open today. 521 00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:59,280 Speaker 3: The jellyfish frat boys. They like the ami ice, the 522 00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:03,600 Speaker 3: ami ice, the amy light. Ooh, but if you're a jellyfish, 523 00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:05,800 Speaker 3: you can't open it with your teeth or your belt buckle, 524 00:30:05,920 --> 00:30:08,160 Speaker 3: no hard parts anywhere. How do you get it open? 525 00:30:09,120 --> 00:30:10,880 Speaker 1: There's going to have to be a whole nother paper 526 00:30:10,960 --> 00:30:11,760 Speaker 1: just on this topic. 527 00:30:23,320 --> 00:30:27,120 Speaker 3: But anyway, coming back to the Great red spot itself, now, 528 00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:31,640 Speaker 3: we've already talked again about the idea that the current 529 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,640 Speaker 3: great red spot that we see today has definitely existed 530 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:38,120 Speaker 3: for more than one hundred and ninety years. It was 531 00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:41,959 Speaker 3: seen and described in eighteen thirty one. We have strong 532 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:44,720 Speaker 3: reason for believing it was not the same spot Cassini 533 00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 3: saw in the sixteen sixties, so how did it form? 534 00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,040 Speaker 3: The study I mentioned by Sanchez la Vega at all 535 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:57,200 Speaker 3: used a combination of historical observations beginning in the sixteen hundreds, 536 00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:01,959 Speaker 3: so like drawings made by astronomers throughout the years and 537 00:31:02,080 --> 00:31:07,240 Speaker 3: descriptions that they left, as well as modern numerical modeling 538 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:10,000 Speaker 3: of the storm to answer the question of how it 539 00:31:10,080 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 3: formed and to answer the question of whether it was 540 00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:15,080 Speaker 3: the same spot. But we've already answered that one. No, 541 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:18,080 Speaker 3: it's almost certainly not the same spot. But coming to 542 00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:22,480 Speaker 3: the question of how it formed, they tested three potential 543 00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:27,080 Speaker 3: explanations to see which one would lead to the formation 544 00:31:27,320 --> 00:31:30,360 Speaker 3: of a giant anti cyclone storm like the Great Red 545 00:31:30,360 --> 00:31:34,480 Speaker 3: Spot in their simulation. So we'll look at these three 546 00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 3: different hypotheses they explored one at a time. One of 547 00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:41,760 Speaker 3: them is that it was created by the merging of 548 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:47,640 Speaker 3: two or more smaller storms or smaller vortices. This can 549 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:50,920 Speaker 3: and does happen frequently on Jupiter, or at least they 550 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:54,760 Speaker 3: can merge together. But when the authors ran the simulation here, 551 00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:59,320 Speaker 3: they found that merging these smaller vortices did not produce 552 00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,800 Speaker 3: a storm matching the Great Red Spot. Essentially, even if 553 00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:05,840 Speaker 3: you kept adding more and more smaller input storms, I 554 00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:08,000 Speaker 3: think they said like four or five of them, you 555 00:32:08,080 --> 00:32:10,640 Speaker 3: still did not get a system as big as the 556 00:32:10,680 --> 00:32:15,440 Speaker 3: early observations of the GRS. Also, this doesn't match because 557 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:19,600 Speaker 3: the multiple smaller storms needed were also not mentioned by 558 00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:23,160 Speaker 3: astronomers before eighteen thirty one, and the authors think they 559 00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:25,560 Speaker 3: would have been easy enough to see that somebody probably 560 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:29,640 Speaker 3: would have noted them, So the merging of smaller vortices 561 00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:33,600 Speaker 3: that probably did not create it. Another idea is what 562 00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:38,360 Speaker 3: about a superstorm or megastorm. This would be caused by 563 00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:43,920 Speaker 3: an eruption of warmer material warmer matter from lower down 564 00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:49,120 Speaker 3: in in Jupiter in Jupiter's atmosphere and that welling up 565 00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:53,000 Speaker 3: into the upper atmosphere and causing a storm. We do 566 00:32:53,040 --> 00:32:56,480 Speaker 3: see things happen like this on other gas giants, like 567 00:32:56,520 --> 00:33:01,360 Speaker 3: on Saturn. Saturn apparently has recurring megastorms that appear roughly 568 00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:04,959 Speaker 3: once between every twenty and thirty years, typically when it 569 00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:09,320 Speaker 3: is summer in Saturn's northern hemisphere. The cause of these 570 00:33:09,360 --> 00:33:12,200 Speaker 3: storms is not fully understood, but if you want to 571 00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:14,520 Speaker 3: see examples of this, you can look up images that 572 00:33:14,560 --> 00:33:17,800 Speaker 3: the Cassini probe took in December twenty ten, or actually 573 00:33:17,840 --> 00:33:21,280 Speaker 3: the images might have been from later, maybe from twenty eleven, 574 00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:24,800 Speaker 3: but it was of a storm that emerged in the 575 00:33:24,840 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 3: northern hemisphere of Saturn in December twenty ten. You might 576 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:33,040 Speaker 3: have seen this before. It almost looks kind of like 577 00:33:33,080 --> 00:33:36,720 Speaker 3: a big, I don't know, milky white cloud sort of 578 00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:41,040 Speaker 3: billowing through like along a latitudinal line along the northern 579 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,360 Speaker 3: half of Saturn. I don't know how else to describe it, 580 00:33:44,360 --> 00:33:46,000 Speaker 3: as like, you know, somebody took a kind of milk 581 00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:48,920 Speaker 3: straw and moved it through through the yellow. 582 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:51,720 Speaker 1: I have to say that the images of the superstorm 583 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:54,280 Speaker 1: on Saturn, it looks very chill. It's very on brand 584 00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:58,000 Speaker 1: for Saturn. I guess, well, everything with Saturn always feels 585 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:02,440 Speaker 1: kind of serene, and everything with Jupid feels like intimidating 586 00:34:02,520 --> 00:34:04,000 Speaker 1: in a bit chaotic somehow. 587 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:09,120 Speaker 3: I couldn't agree more. Yeah, almost Saturnine in character. There 588 00:34:09,160 --> 00:34:11,759 Speaker 3: you go, So the author is considered it plausible. This 589 00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:14,719 Speaker 3: could be an explanation of what's happening on Jupiter as well. Yeah, 590 00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:17,279 Speaker 3: like maybe some kind of warmer material is there's a 591 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:21,440 Speaker 3: convective current that's bringing up this warmer material from below, 592 00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 3: and it's creating a storm. They did find that an 593 00:34:25,640 --> 00:34:29,800 Speaker 3: upwelling like this could create a large anti cyclonic storm, 594 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,000 Speaker 3: but again it was not big enough to explain the 595 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,160 Speaker 3: early observations of the Great Red Spot. It didn't create 596 00:34:36,160 --> 00:34:41,240 Speaker 3: a system the size and shape of those early sightings. Also, 597 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:46,319 Speaker 3: Jupiter has not been observed to form superstorms of this 598 00:34:46,440 --> 00:34:50,240 Speaker 3: kind at the near equatorial latitude of the Great Red Spot. 599 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,280 Speaker 3: But then you get to the final idea they tested 600 00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:56,400 Speaker 3: for where this could have come from, and this is 601 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:59,719 Speaker 3: what is known as the South Tropical disturbance. Bringing us 602 00:34:59,719 --> 00:35:03,120 Speaker 3: back to Arthur C. Clark, this would be a kind 603 00:35:03,120 --> 00:35:09,160 Speaker 3: of unstable wind situation. So this happens when the boundary 604 00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:15,120 Speaker 3: between two of Jupiter's adjacent bands becomes unstable, and essentially 605 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:19,560 Speaker 3: a jet of wind from one band pushes up into 606 00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:24,360 Speaker 3: the normal latitudes of another band. This of course disrupts 607 00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,960 Speaker 3: the flow of the target band and it creates a vortex, 608 00:35:28,080 --> 00:35:31,960 Speaker 3: a swirling wind pattern instead of the straight flowing wind pattern, 609 00:35:32,640 --> 00:35:36,680 Speaker 3: And in this case, the resulting vortex can become huge. 610 00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:41,440 Speaker 3: And the simulation of this hypothesis found that yes, indeed, 611 00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:44,799 Speaker 3: it could produce a vortex matching the size and the 612 00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:47,680 Speaker 3: original shape of the Great Red Spot as seen in 613 00:35:47,719 --> 00:35:51,600 Speaker 3: the nineteenth century. They also found that this wind mechanism 614 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:55,360 Speaker 3: could explain the changes in size and shape of the 615 00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:59,480 Speaker 3: GRS over time, and so the authors conclude this is 616 00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:02,640 Speaker 3: most likely how the Great Red Spot formed. It was 617 00:36:02,680 --> 00:36:07,040 Speaker 3: from this unstable wind wind condition, the south tropical disturbance, 618 00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:10,360 Speaker 3: the wind flowing from one band into the other and 619 00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:14,360 Speaker 3: then creating this giant vortex that was self sustaining and 620 00:36:14,440 --> 00:36:16,959 Speaker 3: has been self sustaining now for more than one hundred 621 00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:19,000 Speaker 3: and ninety years I think one hundred and ninety four 622 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:24,040 Speaker 3: years today, is that right, something like that anyway, But 623 00:36:24,239 --> 00:36:26,360 Speaker 3: this brings us back to the question that we've already 624 00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:31,160 Speaker 3: addressed before. Can we use this information to judge how 625 00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:35,239 Speaker 3: long it will last? Probably not really. It has been 626 00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:38,200 Speaker 3: shrinking for years, especially in the last decade and a half, 627 00:36:38,239 --> 00:36:41,680 Speaker 3: it seems to have been shrinking. Maybe it will disappear 628 00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:44,600 Speaker 3: in the near future, but as we've said several times now, 629 00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:48,239 Speaker 3: we just don't have enough information or understanding to make 630 00:36:48,280 --> 00:36:50,560 Speaker 3: a firm prediction. Maybe it will last a long time, 631 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:51,560 Speaker 3: yet we don't really know. 632 00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,160 Speaker 1: The big question Joe is will it still be there 633 00:36:55,239 --> 00:36:59,160 Speaker 1: in the year twenty four to one, because in the 634 00:36:59,320 --> 00:37:02,239 Speaker 1: series for Now you have Star Trek Picard that is 635 00:37:02,280 --> 00:37:06,000 Speaker 1: when we see a massive borg cube ship hide in 636 00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:09,040 Speaker 1: and then emerge from the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. 637 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:13,640 Speaker 3: I have multiple questions about that. Why is that a 638 00:37:13,640 --> 00:37:16,359 Speaker 3: good place to hide as well? It's the last place 639 00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:19,160 Speaker 3: you'd think, right, Oh wait, do they not have cloaking? 640 00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:19,840 Speaker 1: Do I do? 641 00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:21,240 Speaker 3: I forget how cloaking works. 642 00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:23,880 Speaker 1: Uh, you know, there is cloaking, but I don't remember 643 00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 1: if the Boorgs have cloaking or maybe you know, you 644 00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:29,400 Speaker 1: could see through the cloaking. You know, maybe they're just 645 00:37:29,440 --> 00:37:30,720 Speaker 1: being dramatic. I'm not sure. 646 00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:33,640 Speaker 3: Maybe they got to power up, they got to get 647 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:34,920 Speaker 3: some of that red red stuff. 648 00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:37,000 Speaker 1: You know, this is there. This is still part of 649 00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:39,480 Speaker 1: that era where they're ruled by a queen as opposed 650 00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:43,480 Speaker 1: to just being a complete like cyborg communist collective. So yeah, uh, 651 00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:47,040 Speaker 1: you know it's possible that they could make choices purely 652 00:37:47,080 --> 00:37:48,360 Speaker 1: for dramatic purposes. 653 00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:51,200 Speaker 3: Okay, so red the Red Spot, it's it's part of 654 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:52,879 Speaker 3: the queen's pomp and circumstance. 655 00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:53,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, there you go. 656 00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:57,200 Speaker 3: Uh well, actually I do have a good answer to 657 00:37:57,239 --> 00:37:59,520 Speaker 3: that question, believe it or not. So we don't know 658 00:37:59,560 --> 00:38:01,840 Speaker 3: if the spot will still be there. It seems to 659 00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:04,080 Speaker 3: be shrinking it. Maybe it'd be gone by then, but 660 00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:09,360 Speaker 3: since previous giant spots have disappeared and new ones have appeared, 661 00:38:09,719 --> 00:38:12,439 Speaker 3: if we lose the current Great Red Spot, it may 662 00:38:12,480 --> 00:38:16,520 Speaker 3: well be replaced by another spot, maybe much like the original, 663 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:17,799 Speaker 3: or like the one we have. 664 00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:19,399 Speaker 1: Now, that's right, that's right. 665 00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:23,000 Speaker 3: Great red spots come, great red spots go. But I 666 00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:24,640 Speaker 3: don't know if they're ever a good place to park 667 00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:25,279 Speaker 3: a spaceship. 668 00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:30,960 Speaker 1: Well, this is a fun couple of episodes put together here, 669 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:34,200 Speaker 1: and I'd love to hear from everyone out there in 670 00:38:34,239 --> 00:38:37,120 Speaker 1: general about the science we've been discussing here, but also 671 00:38:37,160 --> 00:38:40,399 Speaker 1: about just the sci fi flavor. Places where Jupiter's Great 672 00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:43,799 Speaker 1: Red Spot has popped up, certainly as a backdrop, but 673 00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:46,319 Speaker 1: I'm also interested in times where it may be a 674 00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:49,880 Speaker 1: setting or a location in addition to the two examples 675 00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:53,160 Speaker 1: we've brought up here. Just a reminder for everyone that's 676 00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:55,239 Speaker 1: stuff to blow your mind. Is primarily a science and 677 00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:58,680 Speaker 1: culture podcast, with core episodes on Tuesdays and Thursdays, short 678 00:38:58,719 --> 00:39:01,760 Speaker 1: form episodes on Wednesday and on Fridays, we set aside 679 00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:04,319 Speaker 1: most serious concerns to just talk about a weird film 680 00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:07,000 Speaker 1: on Weird House Cinema. If you want to follow us 681 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:11,040 Speaker 1: online while we're on Instagram, we are stv im podcast 682 00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:13,160 Speaker 1: over there. We're on a few other social media accounts 683 00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:17,719 Speaker 1: as well. We are Weird House on letterbox and uh 684 00:39:17,719 --> 00:39:19,319 Speaker 1: oh yeah, we have a discord and if you'd like 685 00:39:19,360 --> 00:39:22,840 Speaker 1: to join that discord server, well, you can just email 686 00:39:22,880 --> 00:39:24,400 Speaker 1: us at the email address we're going to share in 687 00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:25,080 Speaker 1: just a minute here. 688 00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:29,160 Speaker 3: Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio producer JJ Posway. 689 00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:31,120 Speaker 3: If you would like to get in touch with us 690 00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:33,560 Speaker 3: with feedback on this episode or any other, to suggest 691 00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:35,680 Speaker 3: a topic for the future, or just to say hello, 692 00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:38,400 Speaker 3: you can email us at contact Stuff to Blow your 693 00:39:38,440 --> 00:39:47,080 Speaker 3: Mind dot com. 694 00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:50,120 Speaker 2: Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of iHeartRadio. For 695 00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:52,959 Speaker 2: more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 696 00:39:53,120 --> 00:40:10,120 Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you're listening to your favorite shows.