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Here's 10 00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:31,159 Speaker 1: a highlight from Coast to Coast AM on iHeartRadio and 11 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:33,519 Speaker 1: welcome back to Coast to Coast George Nori with you. 12 00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:35,360 Speaker 1: Let me tell you a little bit about our guest, 13 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:38,919 Speaker 1: Andrew Roberts. His book is called Churchill Walking with Destiny. 14 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:43,120 Speaker 1: Doctor Andrew Roberts as a PhD from Cambridge University, a 15 00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:46,560 Speaker 1: Visiting professor at the War Studies Department of King's College 16 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:50,319 Speaker 1: in London, the Layerman Institute, Distinguished Lecturer at the New 17 00:00:50,400 --> 00:00:54,600 Speaker 1: York Historical Society, author of thirteen plus books. He's a 18 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:59,080 Speaker 1: trustee of the International Churchill Society, the Margaret Thatcher Archive 19 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:03,680 Speaker 1: Trust and National Portrait Gallery Andrew the clip that I 20 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:08,520 Speaker 1: played pretty remarkable speech during those days, wasn't it. You know? 21 00:01:08,600 --> 00:01:12,520 Speaker 1: It still has the capacity to make my spine tingle. 22 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:16,880 Speaker 1: Those words, It's never failed to have an almost physical 23 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:19,119 Speaker 1: effect on me when I hear them. Do we have 24 00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:24,039 Speaker 1: statesmen like Churchill and Roosevelt during that era? Do we 25 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:28,199 Speaker 1: have them around anymore? We don't really, But we're lucky 26 00:01:28,200 --> 00:01:30,039 Speaker 1: in a sense because we haven't got a World War. 27 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:33,520 Speaker 1: Winston Churchill would not have become Prime Minister had there 28 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:37,479 Speaker 1: not been a global catastrophe on the sort of level 29 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: of World War. He was wildly and widely mistrusted by 30 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 1: the Conservative Party during the nineteen thirties, even though he 31 00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:50,640 Speaker 1: was the person who got it right about Adolphitler and 32 00:01:50,680 --> 00:01:53,960 Speaker 1: the Nazis when they were getting it wrong. And so actually, 33 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:57,160 Speaker 1: one of the things is that the time makes the man, 34 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:00,480 Speaker 1: and it certainly did in this case. Was he loved 35 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: in England during his time period, Oh absolutely, he worshiped. 36 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:09,960 Speaker 1: He won ninety percent approval ratings pretty much throughout the 37 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,640 Speaker 1: whole of the period from nineteen forty to early nineteen 38 00:02:13,639 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 1: forty five, which is an astonishing thing has never been 39 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:20,080 Speaker 1: seen before or since by any British Prime Minister. Andrew, 40 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:22,600 Speaker 1: you've been writing about Churchill for more than thirty years. 41 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:26,240 Speaker 1: What was it that, colt or your interest? Oh? Well, 42 00:02:26,280 --> 00:02:28,400 Speaker 1: he's just the giants, isn't he. For he's the greatest, 43 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:35,000 Speaker 1: and he's somebody who has really dominated the fifty years 44 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:37,840 Speaker 1: since he died, which is pretty impressive for any statesman. 45 00:02:37,919 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: And so he's been an ever present part of my life. Really. 46 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:47,680 Speaker 1: You know, the Churchill movie I think that came out 47 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:52,320 Speaker 1: recently has got a lot of people at least interested 48 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:56,520 Speaker 1: in Churchill and knowledgeable about him. Most people who weren't 49 00:02:56,560 --> 00:02:59,919 Speaker 1: born until well after World War Two probably don't even 50 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 1: know who he was. Well, I was born eighteen years 51 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:06,639 Speaker 1: after World War Two, and I loved that movie. It. 52 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:10,440 Speaker 1: I thought Gary Oldman's prosthetics and his acting and the 53 00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 1: way he caught Winston Churchill's twinkle in his eye was 54 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 1: really super and very impressive performance. But we ought to 55 00:03:17,919 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: know who he was because he was in many ways 56 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:24,040 Speaker 1: the persons who for over a year kept Hitler at 57 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: bay until until Hitler invaded Russia and then afterwards, of 58 00:03:29,040 --> 00:03:32,040 Speaker 1: course declared war in the United States. Was he able 59 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,800 Speaker 1: to get the United States involved in the war. He 60 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:39,400 Speaker 1: tried to, certainly, but of course ultimately that was an 61 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:42,960 Speaker 1: internal decision of yours. And also it did take the 62 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: Japanese to attack Bolt Harbor, of course, but also Adolf 63 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:50,560 Speaker 1: Hitler to declare war on America four days later, and 64 00:03:50,680 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: that's what propelled the United States into the war. But 65 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 1: you were being extremely helpful before that, with giving us 66 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:02,480 Speaker 1: a quarter of a million rifles, for example, and destroyers 67 00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:07,160 Speaker 1: fifty destroyers, and lots of money came in very soon 68 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:10,520 Speaker 1: afterwards with lend lease, so it wasn't as though you 69 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:15,800 Speaker 1: were entirely uninvolved. How devastated andrew was London during World 70 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:17,760 Speaker 1: War Two. I mean a lot of people that might 71 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: not be aware, but the Nazis bombed the heck out 72 00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:23,719 Speaker 1: of London, didn't they They sure it is, yes, absolutely, 73 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,159 Speaker 1: they bombed every single day for one hundred and thirty days. 74 00:04:27,880 --> 00:04:33,160 Speaker 1: They killed fifty thousand people in this country with their 75 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:38,640 Speaker 1: aerial bombardment. Huge areas, swathes of central London were devastated 76 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:41,840 Speaker 1: and flattened. At the East end where the docks were, 77 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:44,680 Speaker 1: which of course the Luff Supper was trying to hit, 78 00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:50,280 Speaker 1: were devastated too, And it was really the most remarkable 79 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:55,360 Speaker 1: courage of Londoners that we didn't break under and buckle 80 00:04:55,480 --> 00:04:58,000 Speaker 1: under the under the stress and the pressure. Did you 81 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:02,000 Speaker 1: find anything surprising when you were putting biography Churchill Walking 82 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:06,599 Speaker 1: with Destiny together. Oh, yes, lots of things. I was 83 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:09,640 Speaker 1: very fortunate that her Majesty the Queen allowed me to 84 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:12,680 Speaker 1: be the first Churchill biographer to be able to use 85 00:05:12,680 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 1: her father's diaries. And King George the Six met Churchill 86 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:19,159 Speaker 1: every Tuesday of the Second World War and wrote down 87 00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:21,680 Speaker 1: what Churchill told him, and Churchill trusted him with all 88 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: the great secrets of the Second World War, the ultra 89 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,719 Speaker 1: decrypt secrets, the nuclear secrets, and so on in Grand Strategy, 90 00:05:28,279 --> 00:05:32,839 Speaker 1: and so those have been extraordinarily helpful the King's diaries, 91 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:35,800 Speaker 1: and one of the things that they do makes very 92 00:05:35,839 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: clear is how frustrated Churchill was that the Americans were 93 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:44,640 Speaker 1: not getting more involved, that the Roosevelt administration didn't didn't 94 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:47,400 Speaker 1: sort of declare war on Hitler, because he saw the 95 00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:51,400 Speaker 1: Second World War as a great war for civilization and democracy, 96 00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:55,799 Speaker 1: and he was very irritated really that you weren't getting 97 00:05:55,880 --> 00:05:58,680 Speaker 1: more closely involved than you were. We got pulled into 98 00:05:58,680 --> 00:06:02,640 Speaker 1: the war, of course, with the Japanese December seventh, nineteen 99 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:05,919 Speaker 1: forty one. What was it that God us involved with 100 00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:11,279 Speaker 1: helping Britain against the Germany. Well, firstly, it was Adolf 101 00:06:11,320 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: Hitler declaring war on you on the eleventh of December 102 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:19,440 Speaker 1: nineteen forty one, so four days later. But even then, 103 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:22,160 Speaker 1: the people at the Pentagon or the War Departments as 104 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 1: it was at the time, they had already planned the 105 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:29,920 Speaker 1: Germany First policy. That's the words given to the name 106 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:33,560 Speaker 1: given to the overall strategic plan of the United States, 107 00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:37,239 Speaker 1: which was to take out the stronger of the fascist powers, 108 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: ie Nazi Germany, before then turning onto the power that 109 00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 1: actually attacked you, of course, in the Pacific, which was 110 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:49,560 Speaker 1: Imperial Japan. Andrew Churchill was the Prime Minister during the war, 111 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:52,000 Speaker 1: and then he was out and then he came back again. 112 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: What got him back in, Well, the Socialist government from 113 00:06:56,920 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: nineteen forty five to fifty one did all sorts of 114 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:05,960 Speaker 1: things that weren't particularly popular with the British people. Mass nationalization, 115 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,040 Speaker 1: the imposition of a very extensive welfare state and so on, 116 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: and so by nineteen fifty one the country was pretty 117 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:18,119 Speaker 1: poor and there was a long period of austerity. People 118 00:07:18,160 --> 00:07:21,480 Speaker 1: still had rationing, and they were sick and tired of it. 119 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,200 Speaker 1: And when Winston Churchill offered a more sort of those 120 00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:29,280 Speaker 1: free market solution, people voted for it. Was he a 121 00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:31,960 Speaker 1: war planner? Was he very good at that? Or did 122 00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:35,200 Speaker 1: you leave that to his military? No, he was a 123 00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: very good war planner. He used to have great rows 124 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: with the military. They would the chiefs of staff would 125 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,000 Speaker 1: stay up till three o'clock in the morning, night after night, 126 00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:47,720 Speaker 1: arguing with him about where to attack and when to attack, 127 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 1: which countries and so on and so the actual grand 128 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,400 Speaker 1: strategy that we adopted was the result of a sort 129 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:59,840 Speaker 1: of creative tension between the chiefs of staff and Churchill, 130 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:04,040 Speaker 1: but it required both of them to have their inputs. 131 00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:06,679 Speaker 1: So he very much did not sit back and allow 132 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:09,400 Speaker 1: the generals to get on with the war. Where did 133 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: your travels take you were searching this book? Oh, all 134 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:19,040 Speaker 1: over the place. I went to Cuba where Churchill heard 135 00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:22,840 Speaker 1: his first shots fired in anger in central Cuba. I 136 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:26,680 Speaker 1: went to the place where Churchill crossed the Rhine in 137 00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 1: March nineteen forty five. I went to the Gallipoli Peninsula 138 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: where he had oversaw the not physically, but he saw 139 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:42,440 Speaker 1: the terrible disastrous starred in Elles campaign of the First 140 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:45,480 Speaker 1: World War. I went to where he served in the 141 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:50,400 Speaker 1: trenches in a plug stirt in Belgium. It's been quite 142 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:52,760 Speaker 1: a journey really, one way or another. Did he have 143 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:58,160 Speaker 1: a temper at all? Andrew? Oh, yes, absolutely he did. Yes, 144 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:01,120 Speaker 1: he could be very cool stick. He was an extremely 145 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:05,479 Speaker 1: witty man, so he knew how to use his extremely 146 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:09,040 Speaker 1: sharp tongue on occasion he felt that people weren't pulling 147 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 1: their weight in the war. He very much saw the 148 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:14,439 Speaker 1: Second World War, as I mentioned earlier, as a as 149 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:17,760 Speaker 1: a Manichean struggle between good and evil. And if he 150 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:21,439 Speaker 1: felt that people weren't pulling their weight, then they could 151 00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:24,920 Speaker 1: be tongue lashed like nothing on earth. How effective did 152 00:09:24,960 --> 00:09:31,040 Speaker 1: he use broadcast to communicate with the people of Britain. Well, 153 00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 1: you've just heard that wonderful clip and which, as I say, 154 00:09:36,120 --> 00:09:40,000 Speaker 1: is tremendously powerful, certainly to any Englishman who hears those words. 155 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: And he went on the radio quite a lot. He 156 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:45,920 Speaker 1: broadcast to France and also to the United States, and 157 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:49,720 Speaker 1: facts of all times, including one broadcast of September the eleventh, 158 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:52,559 Speaker 1: nineteen forty which I think will bring tingles down the 159 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:57,240 Speaker 1: smide of any American too, and it's a tremendous power 160 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:01,040 Speaker 1: that he managed to master. With regard the radio, he was, 161 00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,560 Speaker 1: of course a public speaker from the moment he entered 162 00:10:04,559 --> 00:10:08,240 Speaker 1: politics forty years before the Second World War broke out, 163 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:12,160 Speaker 1: and so he was much practiced. What would surprise people 164 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:16,680 Speaker 1: the most about Winston Churchill? I think it would actually 165 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:23,200 Speaker 1: probably be his foresight, the extraordinary capacity before the First 166 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:27,760 Speaker 1: World War to see the rise of Prussian militarism, before 167 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:31,440 Speaker 1: the Second World War, to warn against Hitler and the 168 00:10:31,520 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: Nazis in a way that very few other people did 169 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:37,800 Speaker 1: in politicians did in the West, and to do it 170 00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:41,160 Speaker 1: again and again, and not to be in any way 171 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:45,880 Speaker 1: dissuaded by opinion polls or focus groups or anything like that. 172 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:48,120 Speaker 1: He had no spin doctors, he had nobody who wrote 173 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:52,320 Speaker 1: his speeches. It was entirely from him. And then, of 174 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:56,040 Speaker 1: course he also showed tremendous foresight after the Second World 175 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:58,360 Speaker 1: War when he was the first person to spot what 176 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:01,960 Speaker 1: Stalin and the Soviet Communists were doing in Eastern Europe 177 00:11:01,960 --> 00:11:05,960 Speaker 1: and to denounce that at the Fulton, Missouri speech known 178 00:11:05,960 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: as the Iron Curtain Speech in March nineteen forty six. 179 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: He was friends were the FDR. They were pretty close, 180 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:16,520 Speaker 1: weren't they They were, Yes, they were both sort of 181 00:11:16,559 --> 00:11:19,400 Speaker 1: aristocrats of their own country really, and they saw eye 182 00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:25,199 Speaker 1: to why they had a good personal working relationship. Yes, 183 00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:30,480 Speaker 1: had we not entered the war, do you think England 184 00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:35,240 Speaker 1: could have taken the Nazis on by themselves? Well, no, no, 185 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:38,800 Speaker 1: absolutely not. But you have to remember by that stage 186 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:43,280 Speaker 1: in June nineteen forty one, Hitler having failed to invade 187 00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:47,160 Speaker 1: Britain because they lost the Battle of Britain, the air 188 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: fight over southern England. In June nineteen forty one, Hitler 189 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:55,400 Speaker 1: m lee s Blitzkrieg on Russia and brought the Soviet 190 00:11:55,480 --> 00:11:58,600 Speaker 1: Union into the war. And of all, for every five 191 00:11:59,080 --> 00:12:01,240 Speaker 1: fascinating statists stick this of the Second World War, for 192 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:05,480 Speaker 1: every five Germans killed in combat, by which I don't 193 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:08,280 Speaker 1: mean bombed their city's bombed from the air, I mean 194 00:12:08,320 --> 00:12:11,200 Speaker 1: actually on the battlefield, four of them died on the 195 00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:16,920 Speaker 1: Eastern Front. So so the bloodletting had already started, as 196 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:19,520 Speaker 1: it were. If United States had not entered the war, 197 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:21,840 Speaker 1: on the other hand, it would have gone on for 198 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:25,360 Speaker 1: a very very long time. And who's to say which 199 00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 1: side would have developed the nuclear bomb first before that 200 00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 1: was trying to get it. And if we hadn't had 201 00:12:33,559 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: the genius of the British and American scientists working on 202 00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:43,480 Speaker 1: that project, if anyone's guess what would have happened, we'd 203 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:47,520 Speaker 1: all be speaking Germany or a German right about now. Angel. Well, 204 00:12:47,760 --> 00:12:49,960 Speaker 1: you might not have because I think you know you've 205 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:55,280 Speaker 1: got you've got a extraordinary strong economy, and you were 206 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: building up your military forces as quickly as possible. But 207 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 1: after having defeated I think he could well have defeated 208 00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:07,120 Speaker 1: had that missus, Adolf Hitler could have defeated the Russians 209 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:10,240 Speaker 1: and then turned on the United Kingdom, and we wouldn't 210 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:13,560 Speaker 1: have had we've understood a charm. So I'd be speaking German, 211 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:16,640 Speaker 1: but you might well still be sea. Do you think 212 00:13:16,679 --> 00:13:20,120 Speaker 1: that all that, had they developed the atomic bomb, that 213 00:13:20,240 --> 00:13:23,079 Speaker 1: he would have tried to bomb American cities with it 214 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 1: and flown over here. He'd have definitely, he'd have definitely 215 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:33,559 Speaker 1: threatened to I mean, and had the Roosevelt administration seen London, say, 216 00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:38,560 Speaker 1: completely destroyed in the same way that Nagasaki or Hiroshima 217 00:13:38,640 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: were destroyed in nineteen forty five, it could well have 218 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:46,240 Speaker 1: forced the Roosevelt administration into some kind of a ignoble 219 00:13:46,960 --> 00:13:51,920 Speaker 1: accommodation with the Nazis. Yet when he died, how much 220 00:13:52,040 --> 00:13:57,480 Speaker 1: mourning was there in England we're talking now about Winston Churchill. Yeah, 221 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:02,520 Speaker 1: it was a people recognize that it was the end, 222 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:06,360 Speaker 1: not just the end of an imperial era, but the 223 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:11,400 Speaker 1: end of an entire sort of era of British history. 224 00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:17,000 Speaker 1: And so not just for the man himself who who 225 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:21,200 Speaker 1: personified our finest hour, but also there was a lot 226 00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:25,320 Speaker 1: of morning really for an England that had passed with him. 227 00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:28,840 Speaker 1: And Charles de gaul, the French President, said, now that 228 00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:31,720 Speaker 1: Churchill is dead, England is no longer a great power. 229 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:34,440 Speaker 1: And I think lots of people really felt much the 230 00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:38,240 Speaker 1: same way. So, yes, it was a it was an 231 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:42,760 Speaker 1: extremely emotional moment in the history of my country. Listen 232 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,920 Speaker 1: to more Coast to Coast AM every weeknight at one 233 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:49,000 Speaker 1: am Eastern and go to Coast to Coast am dot 234 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:49,760 Speaker 1: com for more