1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:12,680 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:16,520 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Holly Fry and I'm so hey everybody. 4 00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:19,560 Speaker 1: On July this year, that was just a few days ago, 5 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: it was the fiftieth anniversary of the Apollo eleven moon landing, 6 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:26,840 Speaker 1: and last December, the Museum of Flight had reached out 7 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:28,760 Speaker 1: to us to see if we wanted to participate in 8 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:31,000 Speaker 1: a pod crawl that they have been doing as part 9 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 1: of the celebration, And of course we said yes, because 10 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 1: space history area in which I think is safe to 11 00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:39,280 Speaker 1: say I have some rabies in the good sense. True, true, 12 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:42,800 Speaker 1: I'm a rabbid fan of space history. But since some 13 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:44,600 Speaker 1: of the other shows on their list were probably going 14 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:47,240 Speaker 1: to hit some of the great history of the space 15 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:49,839 Speaker 1: program that's a little more recent, we thought that it 16 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:53,640 Speaker 1: might be fun if we reached farther back, way back, 17 00:00:53,880 --> 00:00:57,520 Speaker 1: so far back yeah, to the sixteenth century, uh and 18 00:00:57,640 --> 00:01:01,200 Speaker 1: into the seventeenth century and talk about Thomas Harriet, who 19 00:01:01,280 --> 00:01:04,520 Speaker 1: was a mathematician and astronomer who made some very significant 20 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: telescopic observations, some of which related to the moon. But 21 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:11,760 Speaker 1: his story is also tied to so many other notable 22 00:01:11,880 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: historic things, including a lot of business with Sir Walter Rawleigh. Uh. 23 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:18,600 Speaker 1: And he is really not a household name like a 24 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 1: lot of his contemporaries are, even though he was neck 25 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,600 Speaker 1: and neck with them in terms of discoveries. And we're 26 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:25,240 Speaker 1: going to talk a little bit about why that's the 27 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: case at the end of the episode, and we'll give 28 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:29,120 Speaker 1: you more information on that pod crawl at the end 29 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:31,080 Speaker 1: of the episode in case you want to check out 30 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:33,920 Speaker 1: the other work that people have been doing to celebrate 31 00:01:33,959 --> 00:01:37,160 Speaker 1: this fiftieth anniversary. A lot of cool podcasts right about now. 32 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:42,400 Speaker 1: So Harriet was born in Oxford, England, probably in fifteen 33 00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:45,280 Speaker 1: sixty during the reign of Queen Elizabeth the First, but 34 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:48,040 Speaker 1: we don't know much at all about the first twenty 35 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:51,720 Speaker 1: years of his life. This is the case a lot 36 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:55,680 Speaker 1: of people from that long ago. His parents probably were commoners, 37 00:01:55,720 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 1: and then he kind of pops up in the historical 38 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,200 Speaker 1: record when he entered school at the Universe the of 39 00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:03,520 Speaker 1: Oxford at the age of seventeen. He graduated with his 40 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:06,680 Speaker 1: degree in eight in fifteen eighty, and with an education 41 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:10,000 Speaker 1: in mathematics and astronomy, he jumped right into working life, 42 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:12,440 Speaker 1: and the job that he found right out of school 43 00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 1: was working for none other than Sir Walter Raleigh as 44 00:02:15,080 --> 00:02:18,120 Speaker 1: a math tutor and in various other tasks as needed. 45 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:20,880 Speaker 1: And one of his first projects under Raleigh was the 46 00:02:20,919 --> 00:02:23,960 Speaker 1: composition of a book which was titled arct com which 47 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:26,679 Speaker 1: was apparently a navigational text. And I have to say apparently, 48 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: because no copy of that writing survives, so we don't 49 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:32,840 Speaker 1: really know entirely what was included there. At this point 50 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:36,079 Speaker 1: in history, soldier and explorer Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who was 51 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,200 Speaker 1: Raleigh's half brother, was seen as something of an expert 52 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:42,040 Speaker 1: on the so called New World of North America. Although 53 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: most of his expeditions had failed, they had slowly drained 54 00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:49,239 Speaker 1: off his coffers. By the time Gilbert died in fifteen 55 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: eight three, Thomas Harriet had convinced Raleigh to continue England's 56 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: exploration of North America. Harriet was instrumental in helping Raleigh 57 00:02:57,440 --> 00:03:01,840 Speaker 1: to prepare for his colonizing expedition in We're gonna talk 58 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:03,400 Speaker 1: about this a little bit more. But there's also more 59 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 1: information about these things than the previous Sir Walter Raleigh episode. 60 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:10,880 Speaker 1: Peogle want that? Yeah? Uh? Yeah, that's ah, It's not 61 00:03:10,919 --> 00:03:13,200 Speaker 1: as though Raleigh had no interest. And then Thomas Harriet 62 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:15,520 Speaker 1: was like, we could do that. He was definitely interested, 63 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 1: but Harriet was like, yes, dude, we can do this 64 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:21,760 Speaker 1: for real. I will help you. When Raleigh's Virginia expedition 65 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:23,760 Speaker 1: of that year set out from Plymouth that was on 66 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:28,519 Speaker 1: April nine, Harriet was aboard as the ship's scientific advisor, 67 00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:33,120 Speaker 1: which included some working cartography as well as giving navigational advice, 68 00:03:33,520 --> 00:03:36,120 Speaker 1: and he was also there as Raleigh's representative, as Raleigh 69 00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:39,000 Speaker 1: himself could not make the trip, so in addition to 70 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: his advisory role on route, once the ship arrived in 71 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,160 Speaker 1: North America, Harriet was to take stock of the land's 72 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:50,000 Speaker 1: economic potential, and Raleigh also asked Harriet to similarly assess 73 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:54,120 Speaker 1: the indigenous peoples that the expedition encountered. Harriet, along with 74 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: another man named John White, carried out all these tasks. 75 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:00,080 Speaker 1: White mapped and sketched the land that they traveled, and 76 00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:02,720 Speaker 1: Harriet made notes on all of it. White also made 77 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:06,200 Speaker 1: drawings of the native population, and Harriet gathered plants along 78 00:04:06,240 --> 00:04:08,440 Speaker 1: the way. As part of his report. He tried to 79 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:11,280 Speaker 1: note which ones could be monetized, and we'll talk a 80 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 1: little bit more about conclusions he came to in just 81 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 1: a moment. Harriet, for his part, seems to have had 82 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,560 Speaker 1: some pretty good relations with the indigenous populations. He was 83 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:24,120 Speaker 1: really adept at learning languages. Some of the like brief 84 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:26,560 Speaker 1: like blurbs about him will also say that he was 85 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:30,080 Speaker 1: like a linguist or language scholar because that was something 86 00:04:30,120 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: that served him throughout his life. He kind of came 87 00:04:32,279 --> 00:04:35,760 Speaker 1: to it because it made things easier as he could 88 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: then consult various texts in whatever his subject of interest 89 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 1: was without needing to seek out translations. And he had 90 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:45,480 Speaker 1: picked up some Algonquin language from two Native Americans who 91 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: had traveled to England before Harriet made his trip across 92 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,080 Speaker 1: the Atlantic, and then once he was in North America, 93 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:55,600 Speaker 1: he continued to improve his knowledge, specifically of Carolina Algonquin 94 00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: that was spoken along the eastern coast in the areas 95 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,720 Speaker 1: they were exploring. By the time assist And arrived at 96 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:03,279 Speaker 1: the Virginia Colony in the form of Sir Francis Drake's 97 00:05:03,320 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 1: fifteen eighties six expedition, things with that fifteen eighty five 98 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:09,640 Speaker 1: group had become really tenuous, and Harriet and White were 99 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:11,719 Speaker 1: really eager to get back home, which they did in 100 00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:14,440 Speaker 1: a hurry as soon as Drake could arrange it. While 101 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:18,440 Speaker 1: Raleigh arranged additional expeditions to the colonies, he moved Harriet 102 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: onto other projects instead of sending him across the Atlantic again. Yeah, 103 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:26,000 Speaker 1: that colonization effort was considered a failure. Uh. An account 104 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:29,719 Speaker 1: of Harriet's experiences in Raleigh's expedition, A Brief and True 105 00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:33,919 Speaker 1: Report of the Newfoundland of Virginia, was printed in Fight. 106 00:05:34,320 --> 00:05:37,159 Speaker 1: As we all know, I love the crazy long nutty 107 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:41,039 Speaker 1: titles history, and this one is a doozy. So the 108 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: full name of that book is a Brief and True 109 00:05:44,240 --> 00:05:48,000 Speaker 1: Report of the Newfoundland of Virginia, of the commodities and 110 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:51,600 Speaker 1: of the nature and manners of the natural inhabitants discovered 111 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,600 Speaker 1: by the English Colony. They're seated by Sir Richard Grenville 112 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:57,920 Speaker 1: Knight in the year fifteen eighty five, which remained under 113 00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:00,800 Speaker 1: the government of twelve months at the special charge and 114 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:03,960 Speaker 1: direction of the Honorable Sir Walter Raleigh Night, Lord Warden 115 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:07,200 Speaker 1: of the standardis who they're in hath been favored and 116 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:10,760 Speaker 1: authorized by Her Majesty and her letters patents, And then 117 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:13,720 Speaker 1: it had the after attribution. This four book is made 118 00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:16,760 Speaker 1: in English by Thomas Harriet, servant to the above named 119 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:19,720 Speaker 1: Sir Walter, a member of the colony, and they're employed 120 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 1: in discovering I'm tired after getting through that whole name. 121 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:29,120 Speaker 1: It's really um. It tickles me to look at the 122 00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:31,479 Speaker 1: title page for that book because it is just the 123 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:37,040 Speaker 1: busiest thing you can imagine. Despite the fact that Thomas Harriet, 124 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: who I feel like we should point out, you'll see 125 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:41,120 Speaker 1: his name spelled a variety of ways if you go 126 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:44,360 Speaker 1: looking for it. Um. But despite his many writings and 127 00:06:44,400 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 1: accomplishments that he made throughout his years, that was the 128 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:50,560 Speaker 1: only book of his that was published during his lifetime. 129 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: So White illustrated this book and it details the basics 130 00:06:54,279 --> 00:06:57,760 Speaker 1: of their journey and includes discussion of what caused that 131 00:06:57,839 --> 00:07:01,520 Speaker 1: colony effort to fail. Most of that boils down to 132 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:04,120 Speaker 1: the people involved really not being ready for just how 133 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: difficult it was going to be, which we've had a 134 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: lot of that story. While for many this failure was 135 00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:16,000 Speaker 1: really damning to Raleigh's colonization efforts, Harriet makes the case 136 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:20,320 Speaker 1: that future efforts could address the problems from voyage and 137 00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: that future attempts should be allowed to continue, and the 138 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:26,000 Speaker 1: book also delivers on the promise to report on the 139 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:30,000 Speaker 1: financial potential of colonizing in North America. The first part 140 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:32,720 Speaker 1: of the book is called of Merchantable Commodities, and in 141 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:35,800 Speaker 1: it Harriet breaks down the properties of a variety of 142 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,640 Speaker 1: resources that were observed on the journey, and he includes 143 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:42,720 Speaker 1: entries on grass, silk worm, silk, flax and hemp alum, 144 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:49,000 Speaker 1: red clay, pitch tar, resonant, turpentine, sassafras, cedar, wine, oil, 145 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:52,120 Speaker 1: and furs. And in the wine entry he mentioned specifically 146 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:55,160 Speaker 1: two types of grapes that grow naturally in Virginia that 147 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:57,080 Speaker 1: could be used to make wine, and under the fur 148 00:07:57,240 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: entry he specifically mentions otters, which is a little abu. 149 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: He continues on with deer skins, iron copper pearls, sweet gums, 150 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:09,720 Speaker 1: dyes of diverse kinds, and sugar canes. The section concludes 151 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 1: with the possibility of importing other commodities that could be 152 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:15,760 Speaker 1: planted in Virginia and thrive, and the high likelihood that 153 00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:19,119 Speaker 1: there are also other potential resources native to the area 154 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:22,440 Speaker 1: which surely had not yet been discovered. The second section 155 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:25,760 Speaker 1: of the book is titled of such commodities as Virginia 156 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: is known to yield for vittle and sustenance of man's life, 157 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:33,680 Speaker 1: usually fed upon by the natural inhabitants, as also by 158 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,160 Speaker 1: us during the time of our abroad, and first of 159 00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:40,680 Speaker 1: such as are sewed and husbanded. The section is not 160 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:43,360 Speaker 1: about goods to be exported or traded, but the resources 161 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:45,520 Speaker 1: that could be counted on to sustain a colony, and 162 00:08:45,559 --> 00:08:49,520 Speaker 1: these included beans, peas, gourds, and various herbs, as well 163 00:08:49,559 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: as root vegetables and fruits. Strawberries, mulberrious chestnuts, walnuts, and 164 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:57,960 Speaker 1: acorns are all mentioned. Harriet also described the planting practices 165 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,840 Speaker 1: he observed is carried out by the indigenous pepulation and 166 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:03,680 Speaker 1: ways that those could be replicated on a larger scale. 167 00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:06,320 Speaker 1: Later on in this section is a discussion of the 168 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:08,880 Speaker 1: wild game that could be caught in the area, including 169 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:12,200 Speaker 1: deer coney's, which some debate on whether that just meant 170 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 1: like slightly different rabbits, squirrels, and bears. And there's a 171 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:20,080 Speaker 1: second part of the beasts section that is just about birds, 172 00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:24,400 Speaker 1: including turkeys, doves, partridges, cranes, swans, and geese. He also 173 00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:27,800 Speaker 1: mentions parrots, falcons and hawks, of which he writes, quote, 174 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:30,560 Speaker 1: although with us they be not used for meat, yet 175 00:09:30,559 --> 00:09:34,200 Speaker 1: for other causes, I thought good to mention. And then uh, 176 00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:38,360 Speaker 1: there are seafood options that he mentions, including various fish, crustaceans, 177 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:41,320 Speaker 1: and mollusks. Uh. I know that there are lots of 178 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:45,480 Speaker 1: people who call rabbits coney's. So yeah, but then sometimes 179 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:47,280 Speaker 1: if you look it up, people will say, no, it's 180 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:50,400 Speaker 1: like a related rodent, but not exactly around it. Really, 181 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:52,240 Speaker 1: it was just a word that got used a lot, 182 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:56,560 Speaker 1: and as a consequence that has brewed some debate. We'll 183 00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 1: talk about the final section of the book, as well 184 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:01,680 Speaker 1: as its impact on both with America and Europe, after 185 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 1: we first pause for a quick sponsor break. The third 186 00:10:12,840 --> 00:10:16,120 Speaker 1: section of Harriet's book is called of such other things 187 00:10:16,160 --> 00:10:19,640 Speaker 1: as behooful for those which shall plant and inhabit, to 188 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:22,360 Speaker 1: know of with a description of the nature and manners 189 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 1: of the people of the country, And that is exactly 190 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,360 Speaker 1: what you might expect. It's a guide of sorts for 191 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:29,640 Speaker 1: anyone trying to make a go of it in the colonies. 192 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,560 Speaker 1: It offers, for example, insights into what trees might be 193 00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:35,960 Speaker 1: good for lumber, and also what to expect from the 194 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:39,680 Speaker 1: native population, and on and on. Harriet's characterization of the 195 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,360 Speaker 1: indigenous people's is important because though he absolutely makes it 196 00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:46,240 Speaker 1: clear that he finds them to quote show excellence of wit, 197 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:49,320 Speaker 1: he also mentions a lot of ideas that really telegraph 198 00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:53,080 Speaker 1: the future for relations between the European colonists and North 199 00:10:53,120 --> 00:10:58,760 Speaker 1: America's indigenous population. Here is the passage that really illustrates 200 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:02,360 Speaker 1: this quote. If their fall out any wars between us 201 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:05,040 Speaker 1: and them, what their fight is likely to be? We 202 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,240 Speaker 1: having advantages against them so many manner of ways. Is 203 00:11:08,280 --> 00:11:12,520 Speaker 1: by our discipline, are strange weapons and devices, else, especially 204 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:15,640 Speaker 1: by ordinance great and small. It might be easily imagined 205 00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: by the experience we have had in some places the 206 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:21,920 Speaker 1: turning up of their heels against us in running away 207 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:25,440 Speaker 1: was their best defense. Yeah. He states pretty plainly that 208 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 1: although he can recognize that the Native Americans exhibit their 209 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:32,160 Speaker 1: own ingenuity, they also seemed to be in awe of 210 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: the Europeans mechanical achievements, and that that is something that 211 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: could be used to advantage by white settlers. One of 212 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: the reasons we're talking in such detail about Harriett's book, 213 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:45,720 Speaker 1: and in particular these characterizations, is because this writing was 214 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:49,600 Speaker 1: hugely influential. It was published in multiple languages, and it 215 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:54,199 Speaker 1: became the informational text about North America for Europeans. So 216 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:57,440 Speaker 1: does some degree really laid the groundwork for the ways 217 00:11:57,520 --> 00:12:01,640 Speaker 1: in which indigenous populations were viewed and subsequently treated by 218 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:06,360 Speaker 1: the colonists. Republished in so many different places, included in 219 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:12,400 Speaker 1: larger volumes of work about colonization and world exploration, like 220 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:15,440 Speaker 1: it would be plopped in as a chapter. It really 221 00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:18,840 Speaker 1: really was read by anyone interested in any kind of 222 00:12:18,880 --> 00:12:22,800 Speaker 1: exploration from Europe into North America. And after Harriet returned 223 00:12:22,840 --> 00:12:25,439 Speaker 1: from North America, he settled for a while in Ireland 224 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:27,559 Speaker 1: in an abbey on land that was owned by Sir 225 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:29,880 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh, and that is where he worked on the 226 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:33,800 Speaker 1: manuscript of a brief entry report. He also surveyed Raleigh's 227 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:37,040 Speaker 1: Irish property claims. At this point, England was also colonizing 228 00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:41,600 Speaker 1: Ireland after a particularly brutal land grab. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 229 00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:45,080 Speaker 1: that we mentioned earlier in particular, had been really incredibly 230 00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,360 Speaker 1: ruthless when it came to killing non combatants during the 231 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,400 Speaker 1: campaigns there as a means to victory and in order 232 00:12:51,440 --> 00:12:54,720 Speaker 1: to seize more Land, while working for Raleigh. During this time, 233 00:12:54,760 --> 00:12:58,360 Speaker 1: Harriet also expanded his efforts in map making. He worked 234 00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: alongside famed English maker Emriy Molanu and with a Belgian 235 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:06,319 Speaker 1: map maker, gerardis Mercator, to assist in refining their efforts 236 00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:09,199 Speaker 1: to be more accurate. In the fifteen nineties, after more 237 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,920 Speaker 1: than fifteen years in Sir Walter Raleigh's employee, Harriett moved 238 00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:16,359 Speaker 1: to work instead for Henry Percy, ninth, Earl of Northumberland, 239 00:13:16,440 --> 00:13:18,920 Speaker 1: who was a friend of Sir Walter Raleigh. And this 240 00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:21,000 Speaker 1: was due to the fact that Sir Walter Raleigh was 241 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:24,520 Speaker 1: mired in his own issues. His colony projects, both in 242 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:28,080 Speaker 1: Ireland in North America had not really gone terribly well, 243 00:13:28,559 --> 00:13:31,840 Speaker 1: and his secret marriage to best Rock Morton led Raleigh 244 00:13:31,880 --> 00:13:33,880 Speaker 1: to fall out of favor with the Queen. We talked 245 00:13:33,920 --> 00:13:36,080 Speaker 1: about all of this in our Beheading of Walter Raleigh 246 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:37,960 Speaker 1: episode if you want to get the whole scoop on 247 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,080 Speaker 1: that um. And though Sir Walter Raleigh was able to 248 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:43,600 Speaker 1: regain his position at court eventually it kind of get 249 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,000 Speaker 1: his favor back, the instability of his fortunes just led 250 00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:49,679 Speaker 1: Harriet to seek work elsewhere. But the two men did 251 00:13:49,679 --> 00:13:51,920 Speaker 1: not seem to have any ill will between them over 252 00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:54,760 Speaker 1: this change and employment. They stayed close friends for the 253 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:58,120 Speaker 1: rest of their lives. Harriet moved once again to land 254 00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:00,439 Speaker 1: and a home that was granted to him by his hatron. 255 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:04,160 Speaker 1: Percy gave Thomas Harriet an estate in Durham, England, as 256 00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:06,800 Speaker 1: well as a home just west of London. He used 257 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:10,160 Speaker 1: the house that was conferred upon him as his workplace home, 258 00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:12,000 Speaker 1: and he set up a lab there for his research. 259 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:15,720 Speaker 1: He continued to study mathematics and astronomy. Many of the 260 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:18,400 Speaker 1: areas in which he researched and experimented where things he 261 00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:21,640 Speaker 1: had started while he was in Raleigh's employ But in 262 00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:24,480 Speaker 1: this new lab, with a regular annual pension that was 263 00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: granted him by Percy, he was able to explore these 264 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:29,600 Speaker 1: ideas more fully. This is really the point at which 265 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,800 Speaker 1: he becomes a set man like. He doesn't have to 266 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:34,840 Speaker 1: worry about money, he doesn't have to worry about taking 267 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,360 Speaker 1: care of things. He can just focus on his work. 268 00:14:37,880 --> 00:14:39,840 Speaker 1: And one thing that really starts to emerge when you 269 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:42,400 Speaker 1: look at Harriet's work is how one thing that he 270 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:46,000 Speaker 1: was interested tended to lead to another as his curiosity 271 00:14:46,040 --> 00:14:48,800 Speaker 1: became his guide so, for example, he had done some 272 00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:51,560 Speaker 1: work studying ballistics in part of his work for Sir 273 00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:57,160 Speaker 1: Walter Raleigh, where they were planning for uh potential military engagements, 274 00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:59,840 Speaker 1: and that led him to then consider the physics of falling, 275 00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:03,680 Speaker 1: the laws of motion, and these particular efforts actually paralleled 276 00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:05,840 Speaker 1: the work that was being done by Galileo in Italy 277 00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:08,240 Speaker 1: at the same time. This is the case with a 278 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: lot of Harriet's work. He and Galileo were kind of 279 00:15:10,840 --> 00:15:13,680 Speaker 1: like onto a lot of the same concepts, and the 280 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:15,880 Speaker 1: story goes that it was his work figuring out the 281 00:15:15,880 --> 00:15:18,840 Speaker 1: best way to stack cannonballs on a ship's deck, which 282 00:15:18,880 --> 00:15:21,240 Speaker 1: was an assignment that Raleigh had given to him, that 283 00:15:21,320 --> 00:15:23,760 Speaker 1: led him to think about the structure of matter. He 284 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:25,920 Speaker 1: was onto the idea that matter was made up of 285 00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:28,720 Speaker 1: smaller component parts, and that led him to be regarded 286 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:33,080 Speaker 1: with suspicion in certain circles as early as the fifteen nineties. 287 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:36,640 Speaker 1: Being associated with Sir Walter Raleigh caused Raleigh's critics to 288 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: seek out any possible scandal that they could regarding Harriet, 289 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:42,480 Speaker 1: and the best that they could clamp onto was the 290 00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,520 Speaker 1: fact that he was an atomist. This idea that all 291 00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:50,320 Speaker 1: things could be analyzed to their distinct elementary components. Atomism 292 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:52,840 Speaker 1: was seen by many at this time as an affront 293 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:56,800 Speaker 1: to Christianity, and soon a rumor began that Harriet was 294 00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:00,840 Speaker 1: a conjuror and an atheist. Harriet himself never seemed to 295 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:04,400 Speaker 1: make any conclusive statement or include any notes in his 296 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:08,720 Speaker 1: known writing that he was anti Christian or pro atheism, 297 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:12,920 Speaker 1: but it was kind of the decision of the rumor mill. Yeah, 298 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,840 Speaker 1: it's like the rumors that maybe people were secretly Catholic. 299 00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: Right In sixteen o three, after Queen Elizabeth the First died, 300 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,280 Speaker 1: Sir Walter Raley was imprisoned in the Tower of London 301 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: under orders from King James the First after being found 302 00:16:28,560 --> 00:16:32,560 Speaker 1: guilty of conspiring to overthrow the new monarch, and Henry 303 00:16:32,560 --> 00:16:35,400 Speaker 1: Percy also found himself in the Tower under King James 304 00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: the First rule Percy was implicated in a tertiary way 305 00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:41,280 Speaker 1: in the Gunpowder plot, which was a failed effort to 306 00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:45,480 Speaker 1: assassinate James the First. Henry Percy's cousin, Thomas Percy, was 307 00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:48,400 Speaker 1: an active conspirator in that plot, and it had been 308 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:51,920 Speaker 1: Henry who had appointed Thomas as a gentleman pensioner without 309 00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:54,520 Speaker 1: express permission to do so from the King, and that 310 00:16:54,640 --> 00:16:57,800 Speaker 1: had given Thomas traction in London to move forward with 311 00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:01,120 Speaker 1: his plot. And for that misstep, Henry Percy stayed in 312 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:04,080 Speaker 1: the Tower of London for sixteen years and paid a 313 00:17:04,119 --> 00:17:08,919 Speaker 1: hefty fine. Naturally, with his two primary benefactors in hot Water, Thomas, 314 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,639 Speaker 1: Harriet was also looked on with a lot of suspicion. 315 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:14,440 Speaker 1: He was detained briefly under the charge of having cast 316 00:17:14,520 --> 00:17:18,000 Speaker 1: the King's horoscope, but he was released after being only 317 00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:21,439 Speaker 1: briefly imprisoned. After he regained his freedom, he served as 318 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:24,119 Speaker 1: a connection from Raleigh and Percy to the outside world. 319 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:26,960 Speaker 1: He also continued to live at Science House, in the 320 00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:29,880 Speaker 1: home that Percy had given him outside of London. While 321 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:33,520 Speaker 1: Raleigh was imprisoned, Harriet helped him with his massive History 322 00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 1: of the World writing project, and he looked after the 323 00:17:36,280 --> 00:17:40,000 Speaker 1: education of Algernon Percy. Sir Henry Percy's firstborn son. He 324 00:17:40,160 --> 00:17:42,720 Speaker 1: was the tenth Earl of Northumberland. I think it was 325 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: his third child, but first son. Uh And while his 326 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:47,919 Speaker 1: name is not as commonly known as many of his 327 00:17:47,960 --> 00:17:51,600 Speaker 1: contemporaries to today's years, Harriet was very well known and 328 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:54,679 Speaker 1: respected in his own lifetime in part because of that 329 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:57,960 Speaker 1: book he wrote about North America, but also in the 330 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:02,000 Speaker 1: scientific community. He and johann As Kepler corresponded about lenses 331 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,400 Speaker 1: and optics beginning in sixteen o six, as the two 332 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:08,480 Speaker 1: of them worked concurrently on unlocking the understanding of light refraction, 333 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:12,080 Speaker 1: and during this time Harriet developed the formula that would 334 00:18:12,119 --> 00:18:14,600 Speaker 1: eventually come to be known as Snell's law or the 335 00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:18,760 Speaker 1: Snell Descarte law, which is defined as a relationship between 336 00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:20,840 Speaker 1: the path taken by a ray of light in crossing 337 00:18:20,840 --> 00:18:25,040 Speaker 1: the boundary or surface of separation between two contacting substances, 338 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:28,919 Speaker 1: and the refractive index of each. Although it wasn't Harriet's 339 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:33,040 Speaker 1: version of that equation that became famous, uh that law 340 00:18:33,119 --> 00:18:36,160 Speaker 1: is attributed to the Dutchman will Abroard Snell for discovering 341 00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,680 Speaker 1: it in se Harriet was completely onto it a decade earlier, 342 00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:44,160 Speaker 1: although he was not the first either. Persian mathematician Ibn 343 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:48,399 Speaker 1: Salt described the universal relationship for refraction using ratios and 344 00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:51,880 Speaker 1: the sign law all the way back in beating both 345 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:54,879 Speaker 1: of the Europeans by a very wide six year margin. 346 00:18:55,280 --> 00:18:59,000 Speaker 1: On September sixteen oh seven, Harriet used a cross staff 347 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:01,520 Speaker 1: instrument to observe of the passing of what would later 348 00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:04,200 Speaker 1: come to be known as Halley's comment. Though Sir Edmund 349 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:06,760 Speaker 1: Halley wasn't born yet and would see the commet himself 350 00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:11,359 Speaker 1: and its next pass in this further stoked his interest 351 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:13,879 Speaker 1: in optics. We're going to talk in just a moment 352 00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:18,200 Speaker 1: about Harriet's unpublicized astronomical discoveries, but first we're going to 353 00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:29,879 Speaker 1: hear from one of the sponsors that keeps this show going. Unsurprisingly, 354 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,399 Speaker 1: all of that interest in light refraction and optics that 355 00:19:32,440 --> 00:19:34,200 Speaker 1: we talked about before the break was part of an 356 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:38,000 Speaker 1: increased interest in telescopes. By sixteen o nine, Harriet had 357 00:19:38,040 --> 00:19:41,400 Speaker 1: started working in earnest with telescopes, both acquiring them and 358 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:43,960 Speaker 1: making his own, and for the next four years in particular, 359 00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:48,280 Speaker 1: he made a great number of significant astronomical observations with them. 360 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:50,879 Speaker 1: One of the most important things that Harriet did, and 361 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:54,920 Speaker 1: wasn't fully accredited until recently, was to observe the Moon 362 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:57,280 Speaker 1: through a telescope and then make drawings of the lunar 363 00:19:57,400 --> 00:19:59,520 Speaker 1: surface while he was working to try to make sense 364 00:19:59,560 --> 00:20:02,359 Speaker 1: of it. His earliest known drawing of the Moon is 365 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:06,880 Speaker 1: from July sixteen o nine on the Julian calendar. That 366 00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:09,919 Speaker 1: date is significant because it puts Harriet's work on the 367 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:13,760 Speaker 1: Moon's observation a few months ahead of Galileo's. Although Galileo 368 00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:16,960 Speaker 1: is usually credited with being the first to be fair, 369 00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:21,680 Speaker 1: Harriet's lunar drawings are incredibly rudimentary. If you just looked 370 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:23,399 Speaker 1: at them and you did not have the context of 371 00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:27,639 Speaker 1: someone saying that is the moon, it might be something 372 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:30,240 Speaker 1: you couldn't figure out. They all just kind of look 373 00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:34,560 Speaker 1: like circles with mystery squiggles scrawled on them. But by 374 00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:38,320 Speaker 1: six thirteen he had produced too much more detailed moon maps, 375 00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:42,240 Speaker 1: which may be the first instances of astronomical cartography. I 376 00:20:42,280 --> 00:20:44,800 Speaker 1: will also tell you that I decided while researching this, 377 00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:49,080 Speaker 1: and I am getting one of those is a tattoo. Awesome. Yeah, 378 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:52,760 Speaker 1: if you uh, they are much more recognizably the Moon 379 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:55,920 Speaker 1: than the earlier drawings. Yeah. And even so, I mean, 380 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:59,760 Speaker 1: he those are criticized as not really getting the top 381 00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:02,680 Speaker 1: hat graphy exactly right, but it's still like the first 382 00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:05,680 Speaker 1: time someone tried to capture it in map form. Yeah. 383 00:21:06,359 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: In December of sixteen ten, Harriet was the first person 384 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: to observe sun spots through a telescope, and this too 385 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,160 Speaker 1: happened at about the same time that Galileo was making 386 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:19,639 Speaker 1: similar observations. Harriet's drawings of these are similar to his 387 00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,040 Speaker 1: moon sketches. They're almost inscrutable in terms of what they 388 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:25,160 Speaker 1: are supposed to be. If you don't know that these 389 00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:28,040 Speaker 1: are sun spots, they just sort of look like blourpy 390 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,879 Speaker 1: dots in a circle. You would think somebody's built something 391 00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:36,040 Speaker 1: on that. There. Really there's no detail. Well, and sometimes 392 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:39,720 Speaker 1: sun spots do just look like somebody, right, So without 393 00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:41,840 Speaker 1: any context, Yeah, if somebody just held it up to 394 00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:44,560 Speaker 1: you with no you'd be like, I don't did somebody? 395 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:48,080 Speaker 1: I don't know what that is? Do you find it somewhere? Um. 396 00:21:48,119 --> 00:21:52,119 Speaker 1: It is unclear exactly why Harriet didn't publicize his work, 397 00:21:52,359 --> 00:21:57,640 Speaker 1: particularly these various pieces of potentially history making astronomy. One 398 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:00,040 Speaker 1: common theory is that because he was in pretty and 399 00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 1: financial standing, he just did not have the compulsion or 400 00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:05,600 Speaker 1: the need to seek attention for his work, which would 401 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:08,520 Speaker 1: have come with financial benefit. Galileo, on the other hand, 402 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,159 Speaker 1: kind of needed the cash. Uh and the fact that 403 00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:14,679 Speaker 1: his two high profile friends and benefactors were both in 404 00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:16,879 Speaker 1: prison at the time may have also been a factor 405 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: as well. He might have wished to minimize public attention 406 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:21,920 Speaker 1: for fear that it would just stir up problems, either 407 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:24,359 Speaker 1: that he would be seen as suspicious again, or that 408 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:26,280 Speaker 1: it would cause problems for the two of them. In 409 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,720 Speaker 1: sixteen thirteen, Thomas Harriet developed an ulcer on his left nostril, 410 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:33,639 Speaker 1: and then the problem progressed over the next two years, 411 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:37,639 Speaker 1: with ulcers developing on his lips and nose. The King's physician, 412 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:41,960 Speaker 1: Sir Theodore Turquette Demyerne, saw Harriet to examine the problem 413 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,960 Speaker 1: on May sixteen, fifteen and diagnosed it as cancer. The 414 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: doctor noted that the patient seemed melancholy and made mention 415 00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:52,440 Speaker 1: in his rite up that Harriet was the person who 416 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:56,360 Speaker 1: first brought tobacco from Virginia. This is possibly the first 417 00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,240 Speaker 1: time somebody made the connection between tobacco use and cancer, 418 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:02,000 Speaker 1: at least in a writing. Yeah, it was notable that 419 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,520 Speaker 1: he kind of was discussing this particular problem and then 420 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:08,840 Speaker 1: brought up the tobacco thing. It's uh, it's an interesting 421 00:23:08,880 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: connection that I think. I don't know if he was 422 00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:13,840 Speaker 1: particularly insightful or other doctors who are thinking similar things, 423 00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:16,439 Speaker 1: but this is one of the first evidences we have 424 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:20,240 Speaker 1: of someone actually writing it down. In sixteen eighteen, Harriet 425 00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:23,119 Speaker 1: watched as his friend and supporter, Sir Walter Raleigh was 426 00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:27,439 Speaker 1: executed by beheading. Harriet's health had continued to worsen, so 427 00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:29,480 Speaker 1: that by that year the only things that he really 428 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,000 Speaker 1: noted in his personal papers. And this was a man 429 00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:34,240 Speaker 1: that kept a lot of notes throughout his life. Where 430 00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:37,159 Speaker 1: the death of Raleigh and the observation of a comet 431 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:40,680 Speaker 1: in SI one, Harriet succumbed to skin cancer. He died 432 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,679 Speaker 1: on July two in the home of Thomas Buckner and 433 00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:46,639 Speaker 1: never married or had any children, and he was buried 434 00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:49,080 Speaker 1: in the Church of St Christopher le Stocks on thread 435 00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:52,639 Speaker 1: Needle Street, near Buckner's London residence. The Great Fire of 436 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:56,760 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty six destroyed this grave site, and today it's 437 00:23:56,880 --> 00:24:00,879 Speaker 1: the Bank of England's headquarters. Yeah. That always cracks me up. 438 00:24:00,880 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: It shows up in almost anything you read where they're like, 439 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:07,280 Speaker 1: he was buried here, Now it's the Bank of England. Uh. 440 00:24:07,359 --> 00:24:11,440 Speaker 1: Harriet bequeathed his telescopes to his executors and his scientific 441 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:14,240 Speaker 1: papers to Henry Percy, with a note that they should 442 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:17,240 Speaker 1: be edited and prepared for publication by a long time acquaintance, 443 00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:21,360 Speaker 1: Nathaniel Torporli. He wanted most of his non scientific personal 444 00:24:21,359 --> 00:24:24,720 Speaker 1: notes related to Raleigh and other deceased persons to be buried. 445 00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:27,680 Speaker 1: While Harriet asked to have his work published after he died, 446 00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,640 Speaker 1: he unfortunately hadn't really prepared his research to that end. 447 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:33,760 Speaker 1: This is just a really big ask and it did 448 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:37,280 Speaker 1: not really happen. With one exception. This is really a 449 00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:40,800 Speaker 1: pity because he not only had a four decade long career, 450 00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,720 Speaker 1: but the mathematicians and scientists who survived him weren't able 451 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:47,320 Speaker 1: to then build on his work without having access to 452 00:24:47,359 --> 00:24:50,600 Speaker 1: his notes. He had assembled a manuscript for a book 453 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: titled Application of the Analytical Art to Solving Algebraic Equations. 454 00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,399 Speaker 1: That book was published ten years after his death and 455 00:24:57,480 --> 00:25:00,600 Speaker 1: introduced the greater than and less than some bulls, as 456 00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:04,040 Speaker 1: well as that long horizontal brace that covers terms that 457 00:25:04,040 --> 00:25:08,520 Speaker 1: are affected by a radical sign the Some histories attribute 458 00:25:08,560 --> 00:25:11,880 Speaker 1: these symbols to Harriet, although others say that these elements 459 00:25:11,880 --> 00:25:15,600 Speaker 1: were inclusions from the editor that prepared the manuscript for publication, 460 00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:19,000 Speaker 1: rather than things that Harriet himself developed. Yeah, he sometimes 461 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:22,040 Speaker 1: that that book will also be credited with inventing like 462 00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:28,000 Speaker 1: the dot between two things as a multiplication symbol. But 463 00:25:28,040 --> 00:25:31,159 Speaker 1: there's that also, may just be a different way that 464 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:36,119 Speaker 1: numbers were separated for clarity. Um so maybe maybe not. 465 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,080 Speaker 1: When the Royal Society of London was founded in sixteen 466 00:25:40,119 --> 00:25:42,919 Speaker 1: sixty one of its first initiatives was an effort to 467 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,480 Speaker 1: recover the lost work of Harriet, because again, he was 468 00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:48,480 Speaker 1: known in his lifetime, so people were cognizant of the 469 00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:50,720 Speaker 1: fact that when he had died forty years before that 470 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:55,239 Speaker 1: they had lost some important research. For seven years, from 471 00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:58,000 Speaker 1: the time that Society received its Royal charter from Charles 472 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,560 Speaker 1: the Second in sixteen sixty two up until sixteen sixty nine, 473 00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:04,600 Speaker 1: the whereabouts of Harriet's notes were investigated. There were a 474 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:07,520 Speaker 1: lot of inquiries made, but it was a fruitless effort 475 00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: and eventually that project was abandoned. At that point it 476 00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:13,720 Speaker 1: was believed that Harriet's work was gone, and that remained 477 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:16,720 Speaker 1: the belief of the scientific community for more than a century. 478 00:26:17,119 --> 00:26:20,280 Speaker 1: In seventeen eighty four, though, there was a surprise breakthrough 479 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:24,880 Speaker 1: of sorts. Hungarian born astronomer Franz Xaver Baron von Zack 480 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,639 Speaker 1: had traveled to England to work for the Saxon ambassador 481 00:26:27,640 --> 00:26:30,840 Speaker 1: in London. That was John Maurice, Count of Brule, and 482 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:34,080 Speaker 1: that happened in seventy three. And while he was at 483 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:37,719 Speaker 1: Pentworth Castle in Sussex, von Zach's found a number of 484 00:26:37,760 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 1: Thomas Harriet's manuscripts at the bottom of a trash pile 485 00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:43,679 Speaker 1: and a stable. Yeah, that property was still owned by 486 00:26:43,720 --> 00:26:48,359 Speaker 1: Henry Percy's descendants. Uh so presumably those papers had just 487 00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:51,120 Speaker 1: been shuffled around for a while and someone who didn't 488 00:26:51,160 --> 00:26:53,760 Speaker 1: know what they were just tossed him aside. And this 489 00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: find was of course significant because von Zack saw that 490 00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,560 Speaker 1: Harriet's work had put him ahead of other astronomers of 491 00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,440 Speaker 1: his time, including Kepler and Galileo, and the Baron parlayed 492 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:05,880 Speaker 1: his discovery into a tour of Europe where he talked 493 00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:08,960 Speaker 1: about Harriet, but he never really took the work to 494 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:11,399 Speaker 1: the next level to do an in depth analysis of 495 00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:13,480 Speaker 1: what he had found, like he never published a paper 496 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:16,760 Speaker 1: on it, and the excitement over finding these these papers 497 00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:20,160 Speaker 1: in manuscripts died down with no new revelations or write ups, 498 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,000 Speaker 1: and von Zack took a new job working for the 499 00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:25,840 Speaker 1: Royals of sax Gotha in seventy six, and at that 500 00:27:25,880 --> 00:27:28,879 Speaker 1: point he seems to have moved on from his Harriet interest. 501 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:32,840 Speaker 1: So while other interested parties made some efforts at really 502 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,560 Speaker 1: studying Harriet's work, it was not until the twentieth century 503 00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:39,040 Speaker 1: that the insights he had and the observations he made 504 00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:41,600 Speaker 1: really came into their own. It became the focus of study, 505 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:45,520 Speaker 1: so much so that there have been numerous Thomas Harriet 506 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:49,040 Speaker 1: symposia going on since the late nineteen sixties. In July 507 00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:51,959 Speaker 1: two thousand nine, Harriet's lunar drawings were part of an 508 00:27:51,960 --> 00:27:55,359 Speaker 1: exhibit at the West Sussex Record Office in Chichester, and 509 00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:57,640 Speaker 1: the lunar maps are cared for by the West Sussex 510 00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:00,240 Speaker 1: Record Office. They keep them pretty much full time though 511 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:03,439 Speaker 1: they are the property of one of Henry Percy's descendants, 512 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:05,919 Speaker 1: so we mentioned up at the top of the podcast. 513 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:09,040 Speaker 1: This episode is part of the Apollo Pod Crawl that 514 00:28:09,119 --> 00:28:11,560 Speaker 1: was organized by the Museum of Flight in Seattle as 515 00:28:11,640 --> 00:28:14,879 Speaker 1: part of their celebration of the first Crude Moon landings 516 00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:18,280 Speaker 1: fiftieth anniversary. You can check out our show notes for 517 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:22,080 Speaker 1: links to the other participating podcasts, including the Museum's own 518 00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:27,800 Speaker 1: Flight Deck podcast. I Think We're probably the last episode 519 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,440 Speaker 1: of this pod crawl coming out, so all the others 520 00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:32,280 Speaker 1: should be available by the time we get to this point. 521 00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:35,119 Speaker 1: I think so and hope so um, I mean, I 522 00:28:35,160 --> 00:28:38,680 Speaker 1: hope that's accurate. So, but that is as the of 523 00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:40,800 Speaker 1: the moment we record it. We're still waiting on a 524 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:44,400 Speaker 1: couple of groups to report in. So uh yeah, but 525 00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:46,360 Speaker 1: those are all going to be super fun to check out. 526 00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:50,040 Speaker 1: If you are into space history, which I know many 527 00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:52,440 Speaker 1: of our listeners are because we always get great responses 528 00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 1: to our space episodes and our discussions of NASA and 529 00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,720 Speaker 1: space exploration in astronomy, then you probably want to check 530 00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:03,120 Speaker 1: those out. Yeah. I might make for a fun day 531 00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:07,960 Speaker 1: of just having spacetime. I love it. Um. I have 532 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:13,000 Speaker 1: two postcards and one of them is going to blow 533 00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:16,680 Speaker 1: Tracy's mind. I'm not even letting her see it. She's 534 00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:18,520 Speaker 1: in the studio with me today, which is not often 535 00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:21,440 Speaker 1: the case since we work separately in different cities. But 536 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:25,800 Speaker 1: it is from our listener, Kendra, and some of her 537 00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:28,440 Speaker 1: stuff is obscured on her postcard, but the postcard itself 538 00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:32,200 Speaker 1: is spectacular. She writes, I recently listened to your podcast 539 00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:35,080 Speaker 1: about Marie Lawrence Son and I was so surprised to 540 00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:37,840 Speaker 1: hear her work was from the early twentieth century. I 541 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:40,640 Speaker 1: have recently seen her work in an online forum and 542 00:29:40,760 --> 00:29:44,840 Speaker 1: it honestly would fit in basically amongst beautifully amongst today's 543 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:48,280 Speaker 1: crowd of insta artists. I agree. Thank you so much 544 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:51,760 Speaker 1: for sharing her awesome background. And then it looks like 545 00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:55,000 Speaker 1: some water damage on the postcard. Here's it's amazing. Kendra 546 00:29:56,000 --> 00:30:00,600 Speaker 1: did a watercolor for the postcard what in the style 547 00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:05,080 Speaker 1: of Marie Lawrencen and it's portraits of us. Oh my goodness, 548 00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:12,680 Speaker 1: and it's awesome upside down. That's so great. It's really fabulous. 549 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:15,240 Speaker 1: There's a kitty on it too. There is also her cat. 550 00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:18,440 Speaker 1: That is her cat Dinah, which I wonder if that's 551 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:21,240 Speaker 1: named after the Dinah in Alice in Wonderland who was 552 00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:25,560 Speaker 1: also a kitty. I love it. It's really really spectacularly fun. Yeah, 553 00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:29,680 Speaker 1: thank you so much for sharing your art with us, Kendra, 554 00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:32,320 Speaker 1: because this is just one of those you know we 555 00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:34,760 Speaker 1: talked about on the episode. Art is great. It touches people, 556 00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:38,280 Speaker 1: um and I love it. We also got a really 557 00:30:38,280 --> 00:30:41,080 Speaker 1: really fun cute postcard from Yellowstone National Park, which is 558 00:30:41,120 --> 00:30:44,680 Speaker 1: from our listener Amanda June. She writes, Hello girls, My 559 00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:46,520 Speaker 1: mom and I took a trip to Yellowstone and I 560 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:49,280 Speaker 1: introduced her to your podcast on the drive. Your podcast 561 00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:50,800 Speaker 1: is one of my favorites and it was a joy 562 00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:52,880 Speaker 1: to get to share it with my mom. That's just 563 00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:55,240 Speaker 1: super sweet, and I love that you are spreading the 564 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,440 Speaker 1: history love. And also again, every time somebody's on a 565 00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:00,840 Speaker 1: trip and they write us a postcard, very touched by 566 00:31:00,880 --> 00:31:03,080 Speaker 1: it because I never have my act together to send 567 00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:05,520 Speaker 1: postcards to people I know and love in my life, 568 00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:08,000 Speaker 1: so it's very meaningful to me that someone would make 569 00:31:08,040 --> 00:31:12,080 Speaker 1: that effort. Yeah. Um, I am not often in this office, 570 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:14,320 Speaker 1: and one of the things that I have done on 571 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:17,440 Speaker 1: this trip to this office since I'm never here, I 572 00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:20,160 Speaker 1: don't have my own permanent desk anymore, and so I 573 00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:22,120 Speaker 1: had to go through the things that had been boxed 574 00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:25,080 Speaker 1: up from my desk, and I was just overwhelmed by 575 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,800 Speaker 1: I mean, there were so many uh, postcards and letters 576 00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:33,880 Speaker 1: and little like little trinkets and things that um, I 577 00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:36,760 Speaker 1: had not I had. In some cases I had seen 578 00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:38,680 Speaker 1: them and had put them to the side, and in 579 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:40,360 Speaker 1: some cases I had not seen them yet. I was 580 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,160 Speaker 1: just totally blown away by all of these things. So 581 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:45,840 Speaker 1: thank you so much everybody who has sent us all 582 00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:48,000 Speaker 1: of these things over the years. There were a couple 583 00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:50,880 Speaker 1: of things that were things I had put aside from 584 00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:53,360 Speaker 1: like five years ago that I had not looked at 585 00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:59,720 Speaker 1: since then. It's just really incredible and humbling. Yeah. I'm 586 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:01,960 Speaker 1: an try to remember to put a picture of this, 587 00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:06,920 Speaker 1: uh handpainted postcard on our show page along with our 588 00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:11,600 Speaker 1: our links to the Apollo pod crawl. Uh. If I don't, 589 00:32:11,680 --> 00:32:14,400 Speaker 1: you can bug us on social media and remind me. Yeah. Um. 590 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:16,360 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, you can 591 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:18,600 Speaker 1: do so at History podcast at how Stop works dot com. 592 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:20,280 Speaker 1: If you would like to bug us on social media 593 00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:21,800 Speaker 1: and go, hey, Holly, you forgot to put that picture 594 00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:24,840 Speaker 1: in there, Uh, that's missed in History is our handle 595 00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:27,960 Speaker 1: pretty much everywhere. You can also visit our homepage, which 596 00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:30,960 Speaker 1: is missed in history dot com, and there every episode 597 00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:33,080 Speaker 1: of the show that has ever been made exists together, 598 00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: as well as show notes for any of the episodes 599 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:37,560 Speaker 1: Tracy and I have worked on together. You can also 600 00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:40,200 Speaker 1: subscribe to the podcast it seems like a cool thing 601 00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:43,880 Speaker 1: to do. You can do that on the I Heart 602 00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:46,400 Speaker 1: Radio app on Apple Podcasts or wherever it is that 603 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:53,600 Speaker 1: you like to listen. Stuff you Missed in History Class 604 00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:56,280 Speaker 1: is a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. 605 00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:58,760 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the I 606 00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,920 Speaker 1: heart Radio app. App podcasts, or wherever you listen to 607 00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:05,880 Speaker 1: your favorite shows. H