Speaker 1: Hey everyone, I'm Robert Evans, and welcome to episode three
Speaker 1: of Printing the Revolution. Here's my partner, James Stout.
Speaker 2: In the spring and summer of twenty twenty, millions of
Speaker 2: Americans had versions of the same experience. State forces killed
Speaker 2: the helpless man, Protesters took to the streets in anger,
Speaker 2: and armed agents of the state responded with mass violence.
Speaker 2: A lot of people's lives changed forever in fairly short order.
Speaker 2: What happened in Me and Mara after the military coup
Speaker 2: was that story turned up to eleven within days. The
Speaker 2: military had used live fire and demonstrators zor our saws
Speaker 2: for today's episode. We're twenty two years old. At the time.
Speaker 2: He spend his days working as a delivery driver, hang
Speaker 2: out with his girlfriend playing video games. On the day
Speaker 2: the coup started, he was playing pubg after a long shift.
Speaker 2: Soon he and his girlfriend took to the streets with
Speaker 2: thousands of other gen z Burmese kids. The state responded
Speaker 2: with massacres, often firing automatic weapons into the crowds. So
Speaker 2: had n't been particularly politically active before this moment. In fact,
Speaker 2: he felt pretty poorly towards revolutionary supposing the government in
Speaker 2: the jungle, seeing them as rebellious trouble makers.
Speaker 3: In the past, we thought that the military is a
Speaker 3: group that loves all the people and all the different
Speaker 3: groups in the in the country. And then there's just
Speaker 3: a few people who really hate the military. But especially
Speaker 3: after the one who we face it with our own foreheads,
Speaker 3: with the guns. We can face the evil the military
Speaker 3: and all the human rights and things that people who
Speaker 3: hated the military before we're talking about. We understand it
Speaker 3: now because we had to face it ourselves. And then
Speaker 3: they're going to tell us terrorists, and how very much
Speaker 3: they call us. We know that we're finding for human
Speaker 3: rights and we know that each person deserves these basic things,
Speaker 3: you know. So so even when we capture a soldier,
Speaker 3: we don't kill them immediately as they're unarmed. You know,
Speaker 3: when they capture a PDF, they torture and kill them
Speaker 3: very very horrifically or horrendously, and they kill and do
Speaker 3: and hurt all the citizens and ordinary bystanders. So for us,
Speaker 3: what they're calling as rebels before, we're not rebels. They're
Speaker 3: the ones that are rebels, so we have to call
Speaker 3: them rebels. They're the terrorists.
Speaker 2: But as violence against protests escalated, so all began to
Speaker 2: see through the lies he'd been told by the military
Speaker 2: or his life.
Speaker 3: What we were calling as rebels are what we kind
Speaker 3: of become. But we know why we are now rebels.
Speaker 3: That's because of their terrorism, their oppressive reviews, and their
Speaker 3: violation of human rights. That's why we have to revolt
Speaker 3: against them.
Speaker 2: For a time, protects responded creatively with giant potato guns
Speaker 2: meant to fire leslietho protectiles long distances. These homemade guns
Speaker 2: to be fired in volleys well. Other protested protected them
Speaker 2: with shields. Some of these tactics were effective at point,
Speaker 2: but it quickly became clear that the government was willing
Speaker 2: to massacre everyone's standing up to them, So his girlfriend
Speaker 2: and their friends quickly decided that non violent resistance wasn't
Speaker 2: going to work, but they didn't give up.
Speaker 3: As we get into June, there's two paths, right. We
Speaker 3: can be normal, we can on the streets. We can
Speaker 3: ask for the people's power back, and since that's not working,
Speaker 3: we know that what we have to do is we
Speaker 3: need to hold these bunds, get these guns. And on
Speaker 3: the military side, all they know is that they will
Speaker 3: solve this by folding guns so the only thing, the
Speaker 3: only path that's left for us is to take those
Speaker 3: guns for ourselves. So around the end of May, we
Speaker 3: started entering training school. So the downtour is the word
Speaker 3: we use, and something like this corner part so one,
Speaker 3: corner part one to two. So talking what that means
Speaker 3: is that in the huntings huntings that we were doing,
Speaker 3: hunting rifles that we were using for that. So we
Speaker 3: kind of start started and we fought first and demoso,
Speaker 3: if we can ask the military nicely, then there's no
Speaker 3: reason for us to be using guns. But since they
Speaker 3: don't listen to our demands or our requests at all,
Speaker 3: then and since that all we can do, all they
Speaker 3: are saying, all they're doing is using the guns and
Speaker 3: being terrorists trying to shoot us. So the only things
Speaker 3: that we can do to get what we need and
Speaker 3: what we want is to take the concept for ourselves.
Speaker 2: And so, like hundreds of people his age, Zow headed
Speaker 2: into the jungle in May of twenty twenty one. The
Speaker 2: decision wasn't an over night one or an easy one,
Speaker 2: but after protesting non violently, then meeting state violence with
Speaker 2: community defense, then seeing his peers gunned down in the street,
Speaker 2: he didn't have many other choices. He'd picked up a megaphone,
Speaker 2: then a shield, and now he was heading in the
Speaker 2: jungle to pick up a rifle. The only problem was
Speaker 2: that there weren't any rifles.
Speaker 1: He left with his girlfriend and quote with the blessing
Speaker 1: of his parents. Keep that in mind for later. When
Speaker 1: he first went to the jungle, Zol went to a
Speaker 1: two week training camp where the Carinni People's Defense Force
Speaker 1: taught him the basics of guerrilla warfare. But they didn't
Speaker 1: have enough weapons to arm him and his friends. So
Speaker 1: these Jinz militants began their fighting careers with twenty two
Speaker 1: caliber rifles. If you aren't a gun person, the twenty
Speaker 1: two was one of the smallest widely available bullets. Like
Speaker 1: any bullet, it can kill, but as a caliber it's
Speaker 1: better suited for shooting rabbits than soldiers. These twenty two
Speaker 1: rifles were handmade locally and only fired one shot at
Speaker 1: a time. But it was those rifles that Zaw, his girlfriend,
Speaker 1: and their friends carried into their first gunfight with the Tatmadaw.
Speaker 1: After battling like that for about three weeks, the shooting stopped,
Speaker 1: he said in an interview, we conducted over signal. After
Speaker 1: the shooting stopped, we grouped together money to buy arms
Speaker 1: by asking for donations. They were massively outgunned, but determined
Speaker 1: to fight on with the weapons they could make and
Speaker 1: buy on the black market until they could find something better,
Speaker 1: even if that meant taking guns from dead soldiers. The
Speaker 1: military's guns are extremely good, of course, compared to point
Speaker 1: two twos, he said. We fight with the mindset that
Speaker 1: we must win. Our minds are always prepared to take
Speaker 1: their guns when a soldier falls. It's a mindset to
Speaker 1: want the enemy's arms to beat your own arms. You
Speaker 1: need to want to resist injustice because we are fighting
Speaker 1: for what is right. We do not get sad even
Speaker 1: if we die. We are happy even when wounded. We
Speaker 1: no longer care if our arms are matched unevenly not.
Speaker 1: Despite their enthusiasm, PDF units all over the country were
Speaker 1: finding themselves in the same desperate situation when thousands of
Speaker 1: young people in Myanmar decided to take up arms against
Speaker 1: the government. They're just warn enough guns to go around.
Speaker 1: Ak pattern rifles sell for three thousand dollars on the
Speaker 1: black market, and ar's sell for up to seven thousand dollars.
Speaker 1: The GDP per capita in twenty twenty was just twelve
Speaker 1: hundred and eighteen dollars and thirty five cents per person,
Speaker 1: and unlike militias in Syria and Iraq, the pro democracy
Speaker 1: EAOs and Myanmar don't have the benefit questionable benefit of
Speaker 1: the US flooding the region with its fire hose of
Speaker 1: guns and money. Undeterred, Zaw and his squad took to YouTube,
Speaker 1: where they they found videos explaining how to make two
Speaker 1: two three caliber bolt action rifles. Again, if you're not
Speaker 1: a gun person, two two three may not sound very
Speaker 1: different than twenty two, but whereas twenty two is commonly
Speaker 1: used to shoot squirrels, two to three is the standard
Speaker 1: rifle round more or less for the US military. These
Speaker 1: new bolt action two two threes All and his friends
Speaker 1: were making could not match the rate of fire of
Speaker 1: a modern rifle, but they could at least match those
Speaker 1: rifles in stopping power. Once these gin z insurgeons had
Speaker 1: the technique down, they created a detailed album on Facebook
Speaker 1: showing how everything from the stalk to the barrel could
Speaker 1: be made with pipes, lumber, and hours and hours of
Speaker 1: detailed hard work. Unlike their guerrilla warfare instructors, These kids
Speaker 1: had grown up on the Internet rather than the jungle,
Speaker 1: so they knew that if it exists, there's a subreddit
Speaker 1: for it. It was the Internet that came to their rescue.
Speaker 1: Three D printed guns have been around for a decade,
Speaker 1: but the early models didn't work well and suffered from
Speaker 1: a pretty bad reputation due in part to Cody Wilson,
Speaker 1: the pedophileitarian activists we discussed last episode. Jake Hanrahan of
Speaker 1: Popular Front has covered the printed gun movement extensively.
Speaker 4: Cody Wilson made his whole thing like, I'm the guy
Speaker 4: with the three D printed guns, and he was on
Speaker 4: this moral crusade. The three D printed gun lads, particularly
Speaker 4: the Terrence Dispense, were like, yeah, don't give a shit
Speaker 4: about that. We're just putting our stuff out into the world.
Speaker 4: Obviously they got their ideas, but they weren't really wedded
Speaker 4: to this idea of it being one person.
Speaker 1: Deterrence Dispensed was a group of anonymous activists who were
Speaker 1: more concerned with making printed guns that worked than making
Speaker 1: a name for themselves. Hammerhan was connected to one activist
Speaker 1: who used the pseudonym j. Stark through the group, and
Speaker 1: after three years of conversing online. Hamrahan met Stark in
Speaker 1: Germany to produce a documentary. Jay Stark died of a
Speaker 1: heart attack following a police raid last year, so we
Speaker 1: spoke to Hanrahan about Stark's worldview.
Speaker 4: His whole worldview comes from this idea that you know,
Speaker 4: it's everybody should have the right to be able to
Speaker 4: fight tyranny. And if you can't fight any like, you're fucked.
Speaker 4: And the way to fight tyranny in the modern era
Speaker 4: is firearms. We know that, you know, there's there's no
Speaker 4: you can't argue, it's there's no peaceful march gets rid
Speaker 4: of a fascist dictatorship or whatever. But he he was,
Speaker 4: he he was you know, there's some people would say
Speaker 4: he was far right. Some people say he was an anarchist.
Speaker 4: Some people say he was a US patriot type. I mean, first,
Speaker 4: he wasn't even from America, and he had a lot
Speaker 4: of he liked the laws in America, but he wasn't
Speaker 4: like some of the American kind of fan boy or
Speaker 4: anything on that sense. He liked the gun laws, he
Speaker 4: liked the freedom of speech lords, which I do as well.
Speaker 4: You know, like personally I in this country, you know,
Speaker 4: if you tweet the wrong thing, even in jest, like
Speaker 4: police will literally come to your house in Britain like
Speaker 4: it's happened, it's fucking mental. So yeah, he liked that
Speaker 4: kind of thing, and I think, I think for him
Speaker 4: it was he was very tonal vision. You know, he
Speaker 4: was very tonal vision. It was just freedom, freedom of freedom,
Speaker 4: and if you said, well what about this, what about that,
Speaker 4: he was like, I don't care about that until the
Speaker 4: freedom there, there's no point looking at anything else. And
Speaker 4: so his brain was always on people that are living
Speaker 4: on the tyranny, you know, and it genuinely would. I know,
Speaker 4: there's a lot of people, even leftists, particularly leftists, had
Speaker 4: tried to completely smear him as a white supremacist. They
Speaker 4: were saying, oh, everything he said in that doc that
Speaker 4: I made was really it was secret anti Jewish white supremacy.
Speaker 4: And then it came out that he wasn't even white.
Speaker 4: You know. It was like very good, very good, you
Speaker 4: fucking idiots. So there was a lot of that going around.
Speaker 4: But I honestly believe that deep down he was just
Speaker 4: tunnel vision, focused on this idea of every Until everybody
Speaker 4: is not living under tyranny, I must go on this
Speaker 4: mission and Okay, if someone shoots up at school with
Speaker 4: what I've invented, so be it. You know, which I'm
Speaker 4: not saying that's good, but that was just his idea.
Speaker 4: You know. He was like, so be it. Fuck it
Speaker 4: if I can. You know, he was very genuine when
Speaker 4: he was on about the wigas, or he was on
Speaker 4: about the mistreatment of Kurds from Turkey, and you know,
Speaker 4: he was like, look, if we can build something that
Speaker 4: can help them, well, sorry that the West might get
Speaker 4: fucked up because of it, but I'm focused on this now. Obviously,
Speaker 4: in practice that would be chaos probably, but you know,
Speaker 4: he just saw it the way he saw it, and
Speaker 4: that was that.
Speaker 1: The cavalier attitude Stark seems to have had to how
Speaker 1: his invention might be used is of course worthy of criticism.
Speaker 1: But the revolutionaries on the ground in Myanmar were not
Speaker 1: concerned with ideological debates over the ethics of homemade firearms.
Speaker 1: They needed guns, and they needed them now. J. Stark's
Speaker 1: FGC nine, which stands for Fuck Gun Control nine millimeter,
Speaker 1: was simple to make, easy to use, and relied entirely
Speaker 1: on parts you could print or buy in any hardware
Speaker 1: store in September of twenty twenty one, a post popped
Speaker 1: up on the foss cads subreddit, which is dedicated to
Speaker 1: the manufacturing of three D printed guns. Stark is a
Speaker 1: hero there. The post said, wanted to say thanks to
Speaker 1: this community, the creators of FGC nine and the various
Speaker 1: mods when we could you guys are literally empowering the
Speaker 1: armed revolution against dictators in one of the most underdeveloped countries.
Speaker 1: We are now equipped with FGC nine and starting the
Speaker 1: armed revolution to the coup leader dictator. As one poster comments,
Speaker 1: the account quote went from posting about mobile games to
Speaker 1: how did three D print SMGs? To desperately asking people
Speaker 1: to pay attention what was happening in me and mar
Speaker 1: Then after the FGC nine post, it was deleted entirely.
Speaker 1: Jay Stark never lived to see this.
Speaker 4: He would have loved it. What everything that he was doing,
Speaker 4: that was the main focus in my opinion, that like,
Speaker 4: it couldn't be a more perfect, like practical actual realization
Speaker 4: of his project. You couldn't pick a more perfect version
Speaker 4: of it to happen like that, you know. And there's
Speaker 4: a lot of talk of oh, where there's a load
Speaker 4: of drug dealers in Amsterdam I have FGC nine's. There
Speaker 4: was a Nazi recently arrested with one. You know, these
Speaker 4: people are awful, of course, but the most prevalent use
Speaker 4: of the FGC nine, at least from what I've observed,
Speaker 4: has been from the Red was in my mum making them.
Speaker 4: I think I've seen like thirty of them so far.
Speaker 4: You know, that's a lot of them, And there was
Speaker 4: one was found stashed in a bush. My theory is
Speaker 4: there left the round for ambush attacks and areas that
Speaker 4: are not as fully controlled by the rebels.
Speaker 2: Foss Cad, a community of mostly US based Guan printers,
Speaker 2: lost its collective mind, and it didn't take long for
Speaker 2: people to make the connection between the post and a
Speaker 2: desperate plight of me and Mars Spring revolution. Soon after
Speaker 2: the post, the tat Mador started posting pictures of FGC nines,
Speaker 2: often without sites captured from fighters in Yangon. On the
Speaker 2: twenty first of September, the Tatmador's Ministry of Information released
Speaker 2: a statement. I Miat Thwei and Ye mint Ang were
Speaker 2: found with an FGC nine Mark two pistol five round
Speaker 2: pounds of nine millimeters ammunition. They were arrested along with
Speaker 2: their drone. The military alleged they were an urban unit
Speaker 2: from the same generation z E Freedom Army that Zoor
Speaker 2: was a part of. That same month, the military posted
Speaker 2: pictures of three more captured FGC nines, suggesting that at
Speaker 2: least five have been captured by late September. Then two
Speaker 2: months later a new post popped up and the fosscat subreddit, Hey,
Speaker 2: I'm back and the guy who posted a thank you
Speaker 2: note back in September here. Now that the FGC nines
Speaker 2: are ready known by the dictator, I can proudly announce
Speaker 2: that we're from me and mar. Yes, we are mass
Speaker 2: producing FGC nines to fight back against the Dictator. More
Speaker 2: info about our production will be published later this time.
Speaker 2: The user u slash daddy umcd hung around to answer questions.
Speaker 2: Those bastards didn't know we had the tech back then.
Speaker 2: Now that everything in public, we can proudly say we're
Speaker 2: from me and Mah. We are mostly responsible for production
Speaker 2: on R and D, even though we also involved in
Speaker 2: other ground missions. We distribute the FDC nine to a
Speaker 2: lot of different urban guerrillas in urban and rural areas.
Speaker 2: Some of the units got arrested a few weeks ago,
Speaker 2: which you might have already seen on the subreddit. Apart
Speaker 2: from the FDC nine, there are other equipments and weapons
Speaker 2: that are being produced with three D printers, he wrote.
Speaker 2: He said his team were residing in ethnic armed organization areas,
Speaker 2: mainly the Koran National Union and the Kachin Independence Army
Speaker 2: controlled zones. He posted that they tried other three D
Speaker 2: printer designs, such as the PLASTICOV, which is a printed
Speaker 2: AK forty seven receiver, but getting the other parts made
Speaker 2: it impractical. By contrast, the FDC nine can be made
Speaker 2: entirely using a three D printer and some hardware store parts.
Speaker 2: According to another source, ME and Mars small motorcycle repair
Speaker 2: shops made quick work the metal barrels and bolts. Electrochemical
Speaker 2: machining was used to make more barrels. They also had
Speaker 2: the chance to buy a few clock barrels from Thailand,
Speaker 2: Daddy UMCD said, but those cost a lot more than
Speaker 2: the FGC nine barrels. While his account continued to post,
Speaker 2: the military continued to share photos of captured FGC nines.
Speaker 2: Three workshops that had been using lathes to make the
Speaker 2: barrels were raided. A photos of three more captured guns
Speaker 2: popped up in November alongside bolt action rifles. It still
Speaker 2: had stickers on their stocks from what looked like US
Speaker 2: gun shops. Production and decentralized locations continued despite the raids,
Speaker 2: while other groups fought on with homemade revolving rifles, crewded
Speaker 2: homemade wooden stocks, and other improvised weapons. A telegram channel
Speaker 2: with instructions in Burmese on how to make the guns
Speaker 2: made sure that even when one shop or gunsmith was
Speaker 2: taken out of the fight, the knowledge wasn't lost. Although
Speaker 2: filament for their three D printers were becoming harder to get,
Speaker 2: they'd stockpiled a lot in advance. Daddy UMCD tried to
Speaker 2: manufacture automatic FGC nines and another printable model called Professor
Speaker 2: Parabellum square tubes up machine gun, but nothing else seemed
Speaker 2: as easier as reliable as the FGC nine. Of course,
Speaker 2: read it being read it, people questioned the veracity and
Speaker 2: utility of his posts. He responded, FDC nines are just
Speaker 2: part of the game because they could be produced with
Speaker 2: what we have at the lowest cost. Available rifles of
Speaker 2: four thousand to seven thousand US dollars at our border.
Speaker 2: Fgcs are under one hundred dollars. Rifle parts are ten
Speaker 2: times more expensive than lock parts. To all those who
Speaker 2: are saying that these photos as sus we don't want
Speaker 2: to blame your suspicion if an if you remember the
Speaker 2: thread I posted in September, you'll remember that we are
Speaker 2: mass producing FGC knights. The ones in the photos you've
Speaker 2: seen were supplied by us. There are many groups like
Speaker 2: this now we do the main production, just like I
Speaker 2: explained in September. Then, Daddy UMCD went on to thank
Speaker 2: the other members of the subreddit, claiming their active help
Speaker 2: was the only reason he and other revolutionaries have been
Speaker 2: able to overcome certain technical issues. We wouldn't be here
Speaker 2: without you guys, especially with someone who shared with me.
Speaker 2: The buffer spring and fire control groups bring measurements, he said.
Speaker 2: By late November, photos of FGC nines in the hands
Speaker 2: of fighters emerged, and they showed sites. This time they
Speaker 2: had longer barrels and homemade suppressors too. The FGC nines
Speaker 2: were apparently used by urban units for close up fighting
Speaker 2: and for the training of new fighters, since they have
Speaker 2: essentially the same controls as an AR fifteen or sixteen rifle,
Speaker 2: both of which are common in ME and r's rebel units.
Speaker 2: We have successfully streamlined a variety of techniques to produce
Speaker 2: FGC nine one thousand plus efficiently. Our primary forces arequipped
Speaker 2: with proper rifles. FGC nine's are for guerrilla warfare. We
Speaker 2: started using those in Hit and Run and Special Task
Speaker 2: Force missions too. We don't share much about the missions
Speaker 2: to the public yet. It will definitely come, and when
Speaker 2: it does, are updated here if I'm still alive, ha ha,
Speaker 2: wrote Daddy umcd on the foscat subreddit. Even with production
Speaker 2: and full swing, ammunition remained a problem. Although some regions
Speaker 2: can produce twenty two and nine millimeter home According to
Speaker 2: Daddy umcd, five five six can be purchased in large
Speaker 2: quantities at the border with Thailand, but it isn't cheap. Instead,
Speaker 2: the PDF relied on raiding police and military outposts in
Speaker 2: the same way the EEOS had for years. Nine millimeter
Speaker 2: is the most common center fire pistol around in the world.
Speaker 2: That's why Deterrent's Dispense picked it for the FGC nine.
Speaker 2: C's weapons often only have a handful of rounds, but
Speaker 2: that's enough to kill a soul and take his weapon.
Speaker 2: Jay Stock might not have been around to see his
Speaker 2: invention used to fight Trney, But Hammerhan thinks he would
Speaker 2: have been happy with the results.
Speaker 4: He would have been made up. I think that's everything
Speaker 4: he wanted to achieve, You know what I'm saying, That
Speaker 4: really is everything you wanted to do.
Speaker 2: Even the National Unity Government MI and Ma's government in
Speaker 2: exile has come around to any some of Jay Stark's
Speaker 2: ways of thinking. According to Daddy umcd our, Minister of
Speaker 2: Defense Minister already promised about the right to bear arms
Speaker 2: at the first day of the revolution.
Speaker 1: Promises made by revolutionary governments are not exactly solid commitments,
Speaker 1: but it's not hard to see why a generation of
Speaker 1: kids like Zaw, forged by an asymmetrical conflict with a
Speaker 1: government that possessed a near absolute advantage in armaments, might
Speaker 1: be committed to staying armed even if they win. At
Speaker 1: the moment, the future of their struggle is very much
Speaker 1: end doubt. Scrolling through Facebook photos of Zaw and his
Speaker 1: comrades as a surreal experience. They look not just young
Speaker 1: soldiers mostly look young, but they look like students kids
Speaker 1: from some weirdly militarized university. Photos on Facebook show them
Speaker 1: sprawled out together in the grass and Camo fatigues bearing rifles,
Speaker 1: but each glued to their phones as they cuddle in together.
Speaker 1: Zaw and his girlfriend, who he described to us as
Speaker 1: the girl I love, fought alongside each other until January
Speaker 1: seventh of this year.
Speaker 3: The battle that we started, she was coming within and
Speaker 3: you know as halficens. A weapon landed near her and
Speaker 3: it hit her like so their bone broke, so she
Speaker 3: had to go to the hospital.
Speaker 1: Three D printed and homemade guns have helped, but Zaw
Speaker 1: and his friends are still fighting against a modern military
Speaker 1: with planes, night vision goggles, and tanks. Despite this, more
Speaker 1: than a year after the coup, they're still fighting and
Speaker 1: more soldiers deffect to join them weekly. It's hard to
Speaker 1: see what victory looks like. The cities will be another
Speaker 1: battle altogether, but in the jungle camp where Zaw video
Speaker 1: calls us, it's impossible to see what giving up might
Speaker 1: look like. Either he's still fighting, his girlfriend is healing,
Speaker 1: and they're both committed to staying out in the jungle
Speaker 1: until they are in their freedom back or die trne It.
Speaker 5: Could happen here as a production of cool Zone Media.
Speaker 5: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website
Speaker 5: coolzonemedia dot com, or check us out on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 5: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts, you can
Speaker 5: find sources for It could happen here, Updated monthly at
Speaker 5: coolzonemedia dot com slash sources. Thanks for listening.