1 00:00:01,040 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,040 --> 00:00:13,200 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:16,479 Speaker 1: I am Tracy Will, I'm Holly Front. They were going 4 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:21,400 Speaker 1: to talk about smallpox, super fun topics. Well, and it's 5 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 1: been pretty much gone for long enough that I think 6 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:28,920 Speaker 1: most people don't really have a sense of just what 7 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:32,279 Speaker 1: it was like. Like, I think the closest equivalent most 8 00:00:32,320 --> 00:00:34,760 Speaker 1: people have today's chicken pox. But even if that doesn't 9 00:00:34,800 --> 00:00:37,279 Speaker 1: touch it in terms of horrifying this No, even now 10 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:39,640 Speaker 1: that we have chicken pox vaccine, a lot of people 11 00:00:39,720 --> 00:00:43,000 Speaker 1: have never experienced chicken pox. And I coincidentally never got 12 00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:46,360 Speaker 1: chicken pox. What Yeah, I had to be vaccinated for 13 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:48,839 Speaker 1: it as I grown up because I never got it 14 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:53,000 Speaker 1: as a child, neither did my brother. So smallpox it's 15 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:56,200 Speaker 1: not like super chicken pox. It's been around for longer 16 00:00:56,400 --> 00:01:00,200 Speaker 1: than recorded history, and it probably originated in Africa more 17 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:04,080 Speaker 1: than ten thousand years ago, and it spread around the 18 00:01:04,120 --> 00:01:08,920 Speaker 1: world following migration and trade. We have physical evidence that 19 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:12,479 Speaker 1: it existed as far back as six b C, thanks 20 00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:15,800 Speaker 1: to the mummified head of Ramsey's the Fifth, which has 21 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:20,920 Speaker 1: evidence of smallpox physically. It was also described in writing 22 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,759 Speaker 1: in China and India at about the same time. But 23 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: based on all that knowledge, it's pretty clear that smallpox 24 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:33,039 Speaker 1: existed before writing did. Yeah, and there are several types 25 00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:35,760 Speaker 1: of smallpox, and there are there's a range of possible 26 00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:39,240 Speaker 1: complications that can come from it, but in general, uh, 27 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: it causes these small, pus filled lesions on the skin, 28 00:01:43,240 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 1: and people that have it also get a fever normally 29 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:50,520 Speaker 1: and other flu like symptoms. And when it existed in 30 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 1: the wild, uh, it was fatal and roughly of all 31 00:01:54,040 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 1: cases for babies, that number was between eight and so 32 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: a really high mortality rate. And in the eighteenth century, 33 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:04,000 Speaker 1: as much as ten percent of the population of Europe 34 00:02:04,120 --> 00:02:08,000 Speaker 1: died of smallpox every year, and more than three d 35 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:12,240 Speaker 1: million people died of smallpox during the twentieth century. Those 36 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:14,480 Speaker 1: are numbers that I bet people were not expecting. No, 37 00:02:14,600 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: they're pretty enormous. Yeah, that's a lot of people. Yeah, 38 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:20,639 Speaker 1: it's a contagious disease and once somebody had it, there 39 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:24,320 Speaker 1: was really not anything that could be done. Most treatments 40 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:27,200 Speaker 1: that people tried did not have any real medical value. 41 00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:29,639 Speaker 1: One was called the red treatment, which was basically surrounding 42 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:33,320 Speaker 1: the patient with the color red, but the patient did 43 00:02:33,320 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: have to be clean, fed and cared for until the 44 00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:38,840 Speaker 1: scabs fell off, and that was a few weeks after 45 00:02:38,919 --> 00:02:43,680 Speaker 1: the pox started to form. Smallpox was contagious that entire time, 46 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:48,160 Speaker 1: so it spread really easily among families, caregivers, and other 47 00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:51,480 Speaker 1: people who were living in close quarters, and the people 48 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 1: that survived having smallpox often had extensive and disfiguring scarring. 49 00:02:56,840 --> 00:03:00,359 Speaker 1: There were actually etiquette manuals that offered advice on how 50 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: to word a condolence letter to your friend after her 51 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 1: lovely face had been horribly disfigured and scarred by smallpox. 52 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:12,400 Speaker 1: Many survivors also faced other complications, including blindness, and before 53 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:16,799 Speaker 1: it's eradication, smallpox actually caused more blindness than any other condition. 54 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: So this disease killed royalty, It changed lines of succession, 55 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:24,640 Speaker 1: It struck down armies in the field, and shifted the 56 00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:27,440 Speaker 1: tide of battle. An epidemic near the end of the 57 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: Roman Empire killed almost seven million people, and when it 58 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:34,600 Speaker 1: was introduced into the America's it devastated the native population, 59 00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: and it was also spread to native people's on purpose 60 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:40,200 Speaker 1: as a form of germ warfare during the French and 61 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:45,119 Speaker 1: Indian War. It was so influential and terrifying. That many 62 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: polytheistic religions have gods of smallpox, and there are Christian 63 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:52,400 Speaker 1: saints and martyrs associated with it and its victims as well. 64 00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:57,120 Speaker 1: So smallpox was a disease deeply dreaded and feared and 65 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:01,400 Speaker 1: it did not mess around. But one and gets the 66 00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:05,320 Speaker 1: credit thankfully changed all of this, and that was Edward Jenner. 67 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: And he's the topic of most of this podcast. Yeah, 68 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 1: but before we talk about him, we kind of need 69 00:04:11,440 --> 00:04:14,400 Speaker 1: to talk about like the state of the world before 70 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 1: he came along. We've talked a little bit about the 71 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:19,520 Speaker 1: germ theory of disease and how it did not really 72 00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:22,320 Speaker 1: start to spread around the United States and Europe until 73 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:26,400 Speaker 1: the eighteen hundreds, but people weren't completely clueless about ideas 74 00:04:26,480 --> 00:04:30,839 Speaker 1: like contagiousness and immunity before this point. People knew that 75 00:04:30,880 --> 00:04:33,159 Speaker 1: if you were around someone who had smallpox for a 76 00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:35,839 Speaker 1: long time, you would probably get it too. And for 77 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:38,680 Speaker 1: more than two thousand years, people have also known that 78 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:42,159 Speaker 1: a person who had survived smallpox wasn't likely to get 79 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:46,560 Speaker 1: it again, So smallpox survivors were tapped often to care 80 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:49,520 Speaker 1: for the sick because they appeared to be protected. So 81 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:52,360 Speaker 1: it's not really a far jump from those two ideas 82 00:04:52,440 --> 00:04:55,760 Speaker 1: to the thought that maybe you could give somebody smallpox 83 00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:58,960 Speaker 1: on purpose so that they would be immune later, sort 84 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,279 Speaker 1: of how like the vaccine. Sometimes parents would send their 85 00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 1: kids to play with somebody who had chicken pox to 86 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:07,160 Speaker 1: get it over with. I guess they're probably parents who 87 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: don't want to immunize their children who still do this, 88 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:11,520 Speaker 1: but it would take a lot more efforts, since chicken 89 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:14,680 Speaker 1: boxes a lot more rare now. Yeah, And that was 90 00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:17,719 Speaker 1: often done, especially with young children, because allegedly, if you 91 00:05:17,720 --> 00:05:21,280 Speaker 1: get chicken pox younger less horrible than if you get 92 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:24,120 Speaker 1: it older. Getting chicken pox as an adult can be 93 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:29,040 Speaker 1: extremely horribly painful, which is why I have had a vaccine. 94 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: So the thing is that for the most part, this 95 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:36,360 Speaker 1: whole method of um of exposing to somebody to smallpox 96 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:40,560 Speaker 1: on purpose actually a whole lot grosser than chicken pox parties. 97 00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 1: Oh yeah. The earliest attempts to deal with this happened 98 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:50,040 Speaker 1: in China at least a thousand years ago, but in 99 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: sixteen seventy traders introduced the practice to the Ottoman Empire, 100 00:05:54,279 --> 00:05:57,680 Speaker 1: where it started to progress to other nations. Sometimes it 101 00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 1: was as simple as deliberately exposing yourself to someone with 102 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 1: a relatively mild case of the disease. But a more 103 00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:08,400 Speaker 1: direct method and also the grosser one, was to use 104 00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:12,159 Speaker 1: a needle or a lancet to extract matter from an 105 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:15,640 Speaker 1: infected person smallpox lesions and put it under the scan 106 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:19,359 Speaker 1: of a healthy person. Sometimes the material would be dried 107 00:06:19,360 --> 00:06:21,400 Speaker 1: out or stored at room temperature for a while so 108 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:25,080 Speaker 1: it wasn't as lethal as fresh material. And another method 109 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:29,359 Speaker 1: was to inhale dried material from a smallpox lesion or 110 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: a crushed up smallpox gab. Yeah, I know this sounds 111 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:36,520 Speaker 1: just terrible. It sounds like the sort of thing that 112 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: we would hear about on saw bones that we keep 113 00:06:39,320 --> 00:06:41,480 Speaker 1: mentioning is is like a thing that's just a terrible idea, 114 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:45,200 Speaker 1: but that actually worked. Yeah. After this exposure, the healthy 115 00:06:45,279 --> 00:06:47,720 Speaker 1: person would usually wind up with a case of smallpox 116 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:50,360 Speaker 1: that was less severe than if it had been caught naturally. 117 00:06:50,720 --> 00:06:52,440 Speaker 1: So you can see where there would be a certain 118 00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:55,679 Speaker 1: appeal to this concept, like I will at least control 119 00:06:55,760 --> 00:06:58,280 Speaker 1: my exposure and hopefully get a mild version rather than 120 00:06:58,320 --> 00:07:01,160 Speaker 1: just cross my fingers and wait for the really horrible 121 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:04,679 Speaker 1: case of smallpox to his for disfigurement, blindness, and death. 122 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:10,360 Speaker 1: This practice became known as both inoculation and vary elation. 123 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:13,480 Speaker 1: So inoculation is from a Latin word meaning to graft 124 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:16,720 Speaker 1: or to implants, so think of like grafting a bud 125 00:07:16,840 --> 00:07:20,840 Speaker 1: from one tree to another. Vary Elation comes from bariola, 126 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: which is the name for the virus that causes smallpox, 127 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:27,840 Speaker 1: and then bariola comes from Latin words meaning spots or pimples. 128 00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:31,640 Speaker 1: And the practice of vary elation spread first through India, China, 129 00:07:31,680 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: and Africa, and by the eighteenth century it had made 130 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:37,080 Speaker 1: its way to Europe as well. It was slow to 131 00:07:37,160 --> 00:07:40,679 Speaker 1: catch on though, uh In the early eighteenth century, Edward 132 00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:44,320 Speaker 1: Wortley Montague was ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, and while 133 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:48,200 Speaker 1: he was there, his wife, Lady Mary Worley Montague, whose 134 00:07:48,200 --> 00:07:50,640 Speaker 1: face had been scarred from her own bout of smallpox, 135 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:54,880 Speaker 1: learned about vary elation. But in seventeen eighteen she ordered 136 00:07:54,920 --> 00:07:59,280 Speaker 1: the embassy surgeon to perform variolation on her son. This 137 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: procedure was successful and she had her daughter inoculated in 138 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:06,560 Speaker 1: seventeen twenty one. After they got back to London. The 139 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:09,920 Speaker 1: medical community in England was not too sure about all this, 140 00:08:10,440 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 1: so naturally, the next people who are very elated were prisoners. 141 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: We've discussed the previous podcasts that there are times when 142 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:21,080 Speaker 1: people say it's not so much risk to use a 143 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:24,200 Speaker 1: prisoner or a criminal, let's just put them at risk. Yeah, 144 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:27,520 Speaker 1: there there are many ethical considerations in the history of 145 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: small box. But from the air and some successful experimentation, 146 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:35,280 Speaker 1: the practice spread through the English aristocracy and into the 147 00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,680 Speaker 1: rest of Europe. Vary elation made its way to the 148 00:08:38,679 --> 00:08:43,840 Speaker 1: America's shortly thereafter. Reverend Cotton Mather and Dr Zabdial Wolfston 149 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:46,880 Speaker 1: used it to try to curb a smallpox epidemic in 150 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:53,320 Speaker 1: Boston in seventy one. About half of Boston's population got 151 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:57,839 Speaker 1: the uh got the virus. During this outbreak. About fourteen 152 00:08:57,920 --> 00:09:00,960 Speaker 1: percent of those who got it naturally died, and that 153 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 1: compared to two percent of the people who had been 154 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:07,520 Speaker 1: vary elated. So Math and Boilston documented all of their 155 00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:10,680 Speaker 1: progress and with these results that showed that it was 156 00:09:10,720 --> 00:09:14,760 Speaker 1: overall of success. You know, variolating people was way less 157 00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: deadly than getting smallpox naturally. The practice started to become 158 00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:24,160 Speaker 1: more common on both sides of the Atlantic, and variolation worked, 159 00:09:24,200 --> 00:09:27,360 Speaker 1: but it was not foolproof. People still died as we 160 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:32,079 Speaker 1: just mentioned, and survivors uh still had scars after they recovered. 161 00:09:32,720 --> 00:09:36,559 Speaker 1: Sometimes a very elated patient would spread smallpox to other people, 162 00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:41,839 Speaker 1: accidentally causing an outbreak anyway, and other diseases like syphilis, hepatitis, 163 00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:45,040 Speaker 1: and scrofula, which is usually caused by the same bacterium 164 00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:51,160 Speaker 1: that causes tuberculosis, could also be transmitted during this variolation process. Overall, 165 00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:54,720 Speaker 1: varilation was about eight percent effective and it had a 166 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:57,360 Speaker 1: two percent mortality rate, so it was better than getting 167 00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:00,959 Speaker 1: smallpox the normal way. There was still a lot of 168 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 1: room for improvement, and that leads us to Edward Jenner. 169 00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:09,520 Speaker 1: He was born on May seventeen, seventeen forty nine in Barkley, Gloucestershire. 170 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:12,439 Speaker 1: He was the eighth of nine children, and he went 171 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: to live with his brother after being orphaned at the 172 00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:17,920 Speaker 1: age of five. In seventeen fifty seven, when he was 173 00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:21,360 Speaker 1: eight years old, he was inoculated for smallpox. He started 174 00:10:21,400 --> 00:10:24,400 Speaker 1: an apprenticeship when he was in his early teens, working 175 00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: with a surgeon and apothecary named Daniel Ludlow. He was 176 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:30,959 Speaker 1: Lidlow's apprentice for several years and as the story goes, 177 00:10:31,120 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: it was while there that he heard a dairymaid say 178 00:10:34,040 --> 00:10:36,640 Speaker 1: that she would never get smallpox because she had had 179 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: cow pox. Cow Pox, like smallpox, is a virus. Cows 180 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:43,360 Speaker 1: get it and it causes them to get these sores 181 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:46,319 Speaker 1: on their utters. People who came in contact with these 182 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:48,920 Speaker 1: sores while they were milking could get cow pox from 183 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:51,280 Speaker 1: the cow, and it would cause similar sores on their 184 00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:54,960 Speaker 1: hands and lower arms. This was normally a really mild disease, 185 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:57,839 Speaker 1: and the idea that someone who had had cow pox 186 00:10:57,920 --> 00:11:02,480 Speaker 1: before would not also get smallpox was either conventional wisdom 187 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:06,240 Speaker 1: or country superstition, depending on who you asked. And in 188 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:09,360 Speaker 1: addition to all that, milk needs were reputed to have 189 00:11:09,520 --> 00:11:13,800 Speaker 1: extremely beautiful complexions. They are the subjects of poems because 190 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:16,440 Speaker 1: of their lovely skin, presumably because none of them had 191 00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:20,560 Speaker 1: smallpox scars. Jenner continued to study medicine and surgery for 192 00:11:20,559 --> 00:11:23,920 Speaker 1: the next several years, apprenticing with George Harwick in seventeen 193 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:27,280 Speaker 1: sixty four and with John Hunter at St. George's Hospital 194 00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:30,360 Speaker 1: in London after he turned twenty one, And in addition 195 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,560 Speaker 1: to his interest in medicine, uh Jenner was also adept 196 00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:36,760 Speaker 1: at other areas of science. He studied and observed animals, 197 00:11:36,760 --> 00:11:40,880 Speaker 1: He collected fossils, and he helped classify newly documented specimens. 198 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:44,640 Speaker 1: He also something of a renaissance man, liked to play 199 00:11:44,679 --> 00:11:48,320 Speaker 1: the violin and write poems. And as we have in 200 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:50,800 Speaker 1: a practice we have alluded to previously in a recent episode, 201 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: he was a balloonist, and he built and flew his 202 00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:57,559 Speaker 1: own hydrogen balloon. Ballooning was all the rage at this point. Uh, 203 00:11:57,559 --> 00:12:01,480 Speaker 1: And in seventy six he decided to try experiment, building 204 00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:04,800 Speaker 1: off the idea that cow pox granted immunity from smallpox. 205 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:08,880 Speaker 1: What if, as with vary elation, you could deliberately give 206 00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:13,280 Speaker 1: someone cow pox. So a dairy maid named Sarah Elms 207 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:16,120 Speaker 1: came to see Jenner about the sore that she had 208 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 1: on her hand, and he examined her, said it looked 209 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,640 Speaker 1: like cow pox, and she confirmed that one of the 210 00:12:22,679 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 1: cows that she milked had recently had cow pox. And 211 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:31,080 Speaker 1: the cow that gave Sarah smallpox was named Blossom. Blossom 212 00:12:31,160 --> 00:12:34,000 Speaker 1: skin is actually on display in the University of London 213 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:37,960 Speaker 1: Library at St George's Hospital. It was removed for restoration 214 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:44,200 Speaker 1: in and replaced in August. UH. She was a Gloucester cow, 215 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:46,840 Speaker 1: which has horns in both the males and the females. 216 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:49,280 Speaker 1: So if you see the pictures of the skin, it 217 00:12:49,320 --> 00:12:51,520 Speaker 1: has horns on it, which some people who are not 218 00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:56,000 Speaker 1: used to seeing female cows with horns maybe confusing. Yeah, 219 00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:57,760 Speaker 1: I think it's kind of darling that her name was 220 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: Blossom and a little morbid than skin is still on 221 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:06,160 Speaker 1: display in a museum. It's such a wonderfully morbid thing. 222 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:10,720 Speaker 1: So Jenner extracted material from this sore and he used 223 00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:13,840 Speaker 1: it to inoculate an eight year old boy named James Fips, 224 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:17,480 Speaker 1: and he was the son of Jenner's gardener. So what 225 00:13:17,559 --> 00:13:20,080 Speaker 1: he did was he scratched James's arm and he rubbed 226 00:13:20,120 --> 00:13:24,160 Speaker 1: the material from Sarah's sore into it. James went through 227 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:27,720 Speaker 1: a range of mild flu like symptoms and then he recovered. 228 00:13:28,679 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 1: A couple of months later, Jenner inoculated James again, this 229 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:36,320 Speaker 1: time with fresh material from a smallpox sore. When James 230 00:13:36,360 --> 00:13:39,720 Speaker 1: didn't get smallpox, Jenner concluded that his experiment was in 231 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:43,360 Speaker 1: fact a success. He decided to call his method vaccination 232 00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:46,360 Speaker 1: from the Latin words for cow and cow pox. So 233 00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:49,839 Speaker 1: before we talk about how this wound up radically changing 234 00:13:49,880 --> 00:13:52,319 Speaker 1: the world. We would be remiss if we didn't talk 235 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:54,320 Speaker 1: about some of the other people who had come to 236 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:57,160 Speaker 1: the same conclusion at about the same time. Twenty two 237 00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 1: years earlier, an affluent tenant farmer named ben Jamin Jesti 238 00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:03,920 Speaker 1: had performed this same basic procedure on his wife and 239 00:14:03,960 --> 00:14:06,760 Speaker 1: his two sons during a smallpox outbreak in their area. 240 00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:09,760 Speaker 1: He had gotten the idea because he and two of 241 00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:12,600 Speaker 1: his milk maids had all had cow pox before, and 242 00:14:12,679 --> 00:14:15,040 Speaker 1: neither none of them had ever gotten smallpox in spite 243 00:14:15,040 --> 00:14:18,800 Speaker 1: of being exposed to it repeatedly. Jest took his wife 244 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:21,600 Speaker 1: and two children to a field where some cows were 245 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:24,840 Speaker 1: infected with cow pox, and he used a stocking needle 246 00:14:24,960 --> 00:14:27,800 Speaker 1: to transfer some material from the cow sores to their 247 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: arms his wife are. His wife's arm became infected and 248 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:34,800 Speaker 1: she almost lost it, but all three of his family 249 00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:38,320 Speaker 1: members came through the outbreak without being infected. His sons 250 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:41,480 Speaker 1: were inoculated with smallpox later on and had no reaction, 251 00:14:41,880 --> 00:14:45,080 Speaker 1: and they were all exposed to smallpox multiple times afterwards. 252 00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: The ever got it despite the arm infection. It was 253 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 1: as successful though unsettling operations yes, and Jesti was the 254 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:57,800 Speaker 1: target of all kinds of derision and scorn in his 255 00:14:57,840 --> 00:15:01,080 Speaker 1: community because of what he had done, and while word 256 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:04,160 Speaker 1: did spread of his actions in the local medical community, 257 00:15:04,200 --> 00:15:07,000 Speaker 1: there's no written evidence that Jenner ever heard about it. 258 00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: A schoolmaster named Peter Plett also put cow pox to 259 00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:15,600 Speaker 1: similar use in Holstein, Germany in sevente using material from 260 00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,960 Speaker 1: a cow on his employers two daughters. They were the 261 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:22,200 Speaker 1: only children to survive an epidemic that struck three years later, 262 00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:25,000 Speaker 1: but one of them also had a strong enough reaction 263 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: when he did this experiment that he didn't go further 264 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:30,880 Speaker 1: with the idea. A third man, John Fuster, was a 265 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:34,640 Speaker 1: very elation practitioner, and in seventeen sixty three he vary 266 00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:38,040 Speaker 1: related two brothers, and one of them, who turned out 267 00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:41,440 Speaker 1: to have had cow pox before, didn't have any reaction. 268 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:45,000 Speaker 1: So his brother got smallpox in a mild form, but 269 00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:49,760 Speaker 1: nothing happened to him. So consequently Fuster wondered if cow 270 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:52,360 Speaker 1: pox might prevent smallpox, and he wrote a paper on 271 00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:56,200 Speaker 1: the idea that he never published. He made some attempts 272 00:15:56,240 --> 00:15:59,360 Speaker 1: at inoculating people with cow pox at roughly the same 273 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:02,520 Speaker 1: time as Jenner made his first attempts, although it's really 274 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 1: unclear as to whether he and Jenner, who did know 275 00:16:05,560 --> 00:16:10,040 Speaker 1: each other, ever talked about it. So then we sort 276 00:16:10,080 --> 00:16:12,680 Speaker 1: of get to the question of what separates Jenner from 277 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:15,760 Speaker 1: these men and what earned him the nickname of Father 278 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 1: of immunology, and it's that he made vaccination his life's work. Yeah, 279 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:21,920 Speaker 1: there's been several articles that have come out in the 280 00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:23,920 Speaker 1: last ten or fifteen years that are sort of like, 281 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:26,320 Speaker 1: Jenner doesn't deserve this title. So and So did it 282 00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 1: twenty years before he did. And while it is true 283 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:32,600 Speaker 1: that he wasn't the first person ever in history to 284 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:38,440 Speaker 1: try this thing, he absolutely devoted himself to trying to 285 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:41,400 Speaker 1: uh to to protect as many people as possible from 286 00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:44,520 Speaker 1: smallpox using cowpox from this point on, so much so 287 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:48,320 Speaker 1: that his other medical practice actually started to suffer. The 288 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: first thing that he did was that he submitted a 289 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,560 Speaker 1: paper to the Royal Society in sev but it was 290 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:57,000 Speaker 1: rejected and he got a note from the society's president 291 00:16:57,040 --> 00:17:00,520 Speaker 1: that he really should be concerned about his reputation. So 292 00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 1: taking that into consideration, he repeated his experiment a few times, 293 00:17:05,320 --> 00:17:08,000 Speaker 1: and then he wrote up an Inquiry into the Causes 294 00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:11,200 Speaker 1: and Effects of the very La Vaccinate, A disease discovered 295 00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:14,920 Speaker 1: in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, 296 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,280 Speaker 1: and known by the name of cow pox. Just a 297 00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:20,280 Speaker 1: lengthy title for a paper. I love the lengthy paper title. 298 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:23,480 Speaker 1: You can read this one online for free. Yeah. And 299 00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: that paper detailed his theories about the origins of cow pox. 300 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,800 Speaker 1: He thought it came from a horse ailment which is 301 00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:33,879 Speaker 1: casually called Greece, which was later disproved, and he listed 302 00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:37,320 Speaker 1: a number of case studies involving cow pox and smallpox immunity. 303 00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: He published his paper, financing it himself the next year. 304 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:45,000 Speaker 1: So the response to his publication and his ongoing vaccination 305 00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:49,080 Speaker 1: work was mixed at best. People were really reluctant to 306 00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:52,479 Speaker 1: believe that what he was proposing could work. Cow Pox 307 00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:56,199 Speaker 1: was also not a really prevalent illness, especially in towns 308 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:58,320 Speaker 1: and cities, which made it kind of hard to get 309 00:17:58,320 --> 00:18:01,600 Speaker 1: the material people needed to make backs nations. Uh. One 310 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:04,680 Speaker 1: of the things about variolation was that there was smallpox everywhere. 311 00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:08,320 Speaker 1: You could easily get smallpox to inoculate other people with. 312 00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:13,159 Speaker 1: Not so much so with cow pox because precautions like 313 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:17,800 Speaker 1: hand washing and sterilization we're not being used yet. Sometimes 314 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:21,600 Speaker 1: cow pox vaccines would become adulterated with smallpox through cross 315 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,479 Speaker 1: contamination that would make it look like a person had 316 00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 1: gotten smallpox from their cow pox vaccine, and people who 317 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:31,639 Speaker 1: made money off of variolation who are super opposed to 318 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:34,800 Speaker 1: Jenner's idea, as you can imagine, it would be a 319 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:40,240 Speaker 1: natural response. People also objected to vaccination on religious grounds 320 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:42,920 Speaker 1: or because they believe that cows were lesser than humans 321 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:46,400 Speaker 1: and so that humans should not be contaminated with material 322 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:50,160 Speaker 1: from cows. Clergy would speak against the idea of quote 323 00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 1: contaminating humans with a substance from a sick animal. The 324 00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:58,200 Speaker 1: Anti Vaccine Society published a satirical cartoon called the cow 325 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:01,960 Speaker 1: poc or The Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation, And 326 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,120 Speaker 1: this was a drawing of a group of people all 327 00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:07,120 Speaker 1: being vaccinated and they were all growing cow heads out 328 00:19:07,160 --> 00:19:12,000 Speaker 1: of their bodies. This was drawn by British satirist James Gilray. 329 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,440 Speaker 1: A year after Jenner had published his pamphlet, he conducted 330 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 1: a survey to try to conclusively prove that cowpox did 331 00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: in fact confer smallpox immunity. Only once that was done, 332 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:25,200 Speaker 1: with the answer being a pretty decisive yes, it does. 333 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:29,880 Speaker 1: In fact confer small pox immunity. Did vaccination gradually begin 334 00:19:29,960 --> 00:19:32,720 Speaker 1: to gain acceptance, And we're gonna talk about how has 335 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,119 Speaker 1: changed the world in a minute, but first we're gonna 336 00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:38,320 Speaker 1: talk about Jenner's personal life before we get to that point. 337 00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:41,320 Speaker 1: It's a lot of what really was successful happened after 338 00:19:41,359 --> 00:19:44,399 Speaker 1: he died in seventy eight. He got married and he 339 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:47,679 Speaker 1: eventually had four children. They built a cottage in the 340 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:50,760 Speaker 1: garden where he would give free vaccinations to poor children, 341 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:54,320 Speaker 1: and he called this the Temple of Vaccinia. Jenner would 342 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:57,359 Speaker 1: give vaccine to anybody who asked him for it for free, 343 00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,320 Speaker 1: so the actual vaccination work was carried out by many 344 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:04,480 Speaker 1: other people. He started to call himself the vaccine Clerk 345 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:07,280 Speaker 1: to the world, and he developed new ways to collect 346 00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:11,119 Speaker 1: and preserve cowpox material for the vaccines. Jenner put so 347 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:14,639 Speaker 1: much effort into vaccination that his own medical practices Tracy 348 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:18,520 Speaker 1: mentioned earlier, really started to fail. Around the start of 349 00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:22,400 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, Jenner gradually started to pull away from 350 00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:26,000 Speaker 1: public life. His work had drawn huge praise, but it 351 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:29,000 Speaker 1: had also gotten a whole lot of judgment and scorned 352 00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:32,480 Speaker 1: from people who feared what he was doing or questioned 353 00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:36,080 Speaker 1: his practices. He received quite a number of awards and 354 00:20:36,119 --> 00:20:39,800 Speaker 1: honors for his work, including several honorary degrees, and he 355 00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: received a medal from Napoleon in eighteen o four, and 356 00:20:43,359 --> 00:20:46,439 Speaker 1: Napoleon so respected him that he was able to negotiate 357 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:50,040 Speaker 1: the release of British prisoners of war during the Napoleonic Wars. 358 00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:53,760 Speaker 1: Statues have been erected in Jenner's honor all over the world. 359 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:58,520 Speaker 1: Parliament granted Jenner ten thousand pounds in eighteen o two 360 00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,480 Speaker 1: for his vaccination work, and that was followed by another 361 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:05,000 Speaker 1: twenty thousand pounds five years later, and this is millions 362 00:21:05,119 --> 00:21:11,439 Speaker 1: of today's dollars. Vaccination gradually started to overtake variolation in popularity, 363 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:16,159 Speaker 1: and in eighteen forty England prohibited variolation outright, since the 364 00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:19,520 Speaker 1: vaccination was had at this point proved to be much safer, 365 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:23,320 Speaker 1: and this sparked protests from people who objected to vaccination 366 00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,119 Speaker 1: for one reason or another and wanted to have variolation 367 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:30,680 Speaker 1: available as a choice. Tragically, although Jenner did so much 368 00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 1: work to stop the spread of smallpox at the time, 369 00:21:33,880 --> 00:21:38,199 Speaker 1: tuberculosis was still a very common and deadly illness, and 370 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:41,880 Speaker 1: it also was not particularly treatable. He lost his oldest 371 00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:44,800 Speaker 1: son to tuberculosis in eighteen ten and his wife in 372 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:48,040 Speaker 1: eighteen fifteen, and he had other deaths in his family 373 00:21:48,480 --> 00:21:52,240 Speaker 1: in the intervening years. Edward Jenner did not, as was 374 00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:56,480 Speaker 1: his custom, come down for breakfast on January eighteen twenty three, 375 00:21:57,080 --> 00:21:58,960 Speaker 1: and he was found in his room having had a 376 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:05,080 Speaker 1: massive stroke. Uh. He died shortly thereafter on January. And 377 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:07,760 Speaker 1: really at this point his legacy was just at its 378 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:10,199 Speaker 1: earliest stages. And we're going to talk about that in 379 00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:12,400 Speaker 1: just a moment, but first we will take a minute 380 00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:15,280 Speaker 1: and talk about So now let's get back to how 381 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:23,320 Speaker 1: really the groundwork that Edward Dinner laid actually changed the world. Yeah, 382 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:25,800 Speaker 1: as we mentioned before, although other people had made this 383 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:29,400 Speaker 1: same discovery that Jenner did, and even earlier than he had, 384 00:22:29,760 --> 00:22:32,600 Speaker 1: it was still Jenner's tireless work that really started the 385 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:37,000 Speaker 1: world on a path to eradicating smallpox. It is, at 386 00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:39,359 Speaker 1: least as of when we are recording this, the only 387 00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,359 Speaker 1: disease that mankind has eradicated from the planet. Uh. Currently, 388 00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,520 Speaker 1: the only samples of it that remain are in laboratories. 389 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:51,399 Speaker 1: Vaccination was pretty prevalent in Europe by eighteen hundred in 390 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:54,159 Speaker 1: eighteen oh three and really just one of my favorite 391 00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:56,720 Speaker 1: stories that maybe we will do whole episode on later. 392 00:22:57,280 --> 00:23:00,879 Speaker 1: Francisco Xavier to Balmus, acting on behalf of King Charles 393 00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:04,400 Speaker 1: the Fourth, started an expedition from Spain to South America 394 00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:07,840 Speaker 1: via the Canary Islands, and the goal of this expedition 395 00:23:07,920 --> 00:23:11,960 Speaker 1: was to deliver vaccine to South America and Asia. So 396 00:23:12,920 --> 00:23:16,080 Speaker 1: at this point, the preservation methods that were used to 397 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:19,480 Speaker 1: h to make the vaccine just they couldn't keep it 398 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:23,520 Speaker 1: potent over such a long and hot voyage. So they 399 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:25,760 Speaker 1: had to come up with a different method, which was 400 00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:28,399 Speaker 1: that they rounded up twenty two orphans who had never 401 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: had cowpox or smallpox and used them as a chain 402 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:35,520 Speaker 1: of human carriers to allow the vaccine to reach the Caribbean. 403 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:40,160 Speaker 1: There are many ethical employee implications of this practice, simultaneously 404 00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:45,200 Speaker 1: ingenious and a little spine chilling. Yeah. So basically they would, 405 00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 1: you know, infect one person before the voyage started and 406 00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:52,080 Speaker 1: then pass it from person to person as they crossed 407 00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:55,959 Speaker 1: the sea. So so many moral layers to what we 408 00:23:55,960 --> 00:23:59,439 Speaker 1: were talking about. I cannot even scratch the surface of 409 00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:05,280 Speaker 1: it with my my pitiful moral attempts. But in eighteen 410 00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:09,800 Speaker 1: o seven, Bavarians became the first to require military recruits 411 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,280 Speaker 1: to be vaccinated for smallpox, since troop movements had always 412 00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:15,480 Speaker 1: been a major factor in the spread of the disease. 413 00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:21,280 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty three, England made smallpox vaccination compulsory. Other 414 00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,560 Speaker 1: nations followed suit, and the rate of smallpox infection really 415 00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:29,120 Speaker 1: dramatically started to drop. Resistance to vaccines continued to grow 416 00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:32,440 Speaker 1: as more nations began to require it. Nobel Prize winning 417 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: writer George Bernard Shaw, who caught smallpox in eighty one 418 00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:39,000 Speaker 1: in spite of having been vaccinated as a baby, called 419 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:43,919 Speaker 1: vaccination quote a peculiarly filthy piece of witchcraft. Jenner had 420 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:47,280 Speaker 1: thought the protection granted by childhood vaccination would last forever, 421 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:50,400 Speaker 1: but that turned out to not be the case. And 422 00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:55,200 Speaker 1: really there were some real, verifiable problems with the earliest 423 00:24:55,320 --> 00:24:59,000 Speaker 1: vaccines because of the state of medical knowledge at the time. 424 00:24:59,040 --> 00:25:01,840 Speaker 1: They simply were not being made or given in a 425 00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:05,360 Speaker 1: way that was sterile or safe. There was no quality control, 426 00:25:05,640 --> 00:25:07,720 Speaker 1: there was no method of standardizing how much of the 427 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:11,520 Speaker 1: virus a person got with any given vaccination. Plus, the 428 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,840 Speaker 1: first vaccinations were often as the case was with the 429 00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:17,280 Speaker 1: orphans who were crossing the ocean. They were made from 430 00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:19,680 Speaker 1: arm to arm, from person to person, and that would 431 00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:23,200 Speaker 1: spread disease from the first person or wherever on down 432 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,480 Speaker 1: the line. It wasn't until the eighteen forties that people 433 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:30,040 Speaker 1: started instead passing the infection from cows to cows and 434 00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:34,119 Speaker 1: then mass producing the vaccine from cow material only, which 435 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:37,520 Speaker 1: did cut down on some of the related bloodborne infections 436 00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:41,520 Speaker 1: that could be passed along. And unfortunately, Jenner's record also 437 00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:45,480 Speaker 1: was not perfect. Some of his conclusions, including the connection 438 00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:48,320 Speaker 1: to the grease disease and horses and the idea of 439 00:25:48,320 --> 00:25:52,320 Speaker 1: the immunity was permanent, proved to be false during his lifetime. 440 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:54,800 Speaker 1: He had also written a study on the behavior of 441 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:58,080 Speaker 1: newly hatched cuckoo birds that was correct, but wasn't proved 442 00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:01,760 Speaker 1: to be so until many years later. So people disbelieved 443 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:05,240 Speaker 1: his conclusions and used that as another strike against him. Basically, 444 00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:08,440 Speaker 1: he said, you were wrong about this, And it wasn't 445 00:26:08,480 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 1: even kind of their argument. Father. It wasn't even just 446 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:13,800 Speaker 1: that he was wrong. What he had what he had proven, 447 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:18,600 Speaker 1: was basically that that newly hatched cuckoos will throw the 448 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:21,520 Speaker 1: other eggs and other hatchlings out of the nest and 449 00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:23,960 Speaker 1: everybody thought they were not physically capable of doing that. 450 00:26:24,080 --> 00:26:25,760 Speaker 1: And so it was not only that they were like 451 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:29,560 Speaker 1: you're wrong, Like you're wrong, and that's ridiculous, But in fact, 452 00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:32,600 Speaker 1: cuckoos are jerks. Cuckoos are jerks, and they do that 453 00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:35,200 Speaker 1: for real, and he had watched them do it with 454 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:38,840 Speaker 1: his own eyes. Yeah. But basically anything that he said 455 00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:40,680 Speaker 1: or published that turned out to be wrong or was 456 00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:43,879 Speaker 1: believed to be wrong and not proven until later really 457 00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:47,640 Speaker 1: became fuel for the anti vaccination fire. Another big log 458 00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,520 Speaker 1: on that fire was that although he had many years 459 00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:53,920 Speaker 1: of medical training, he hadn't passed any kind of comprehensive 460 00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:57,440 Speaker 1: medical exam when he started doing his immunization work. Those 461 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:00,520 Speaker 1: weren't compulsory when he went through his training, and the 462 00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:03,360 Speaker 1: fact that he hadn't passed the equivalent of the boards 463 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:06,879 Speaker 1: became this huge bone of contention, and some people just 464 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:10,200 Speaker 1: thought that vaccination wasn't necessary. They claimed that the rate 465 00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:13,280 Speaker 1: of smallpox decline was really just because of improvements in 466 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:17,400 Speaker 1: general sanitation and hygiene as the rate dropped, which meant 467 00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,000 Speaker 1: that people felt less threatened by smallpox on a day 468 00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:24,960 Speaker 1: to day basis. Objection to vaccination became more and more vehement. 469 00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:29,439 Speaker 1: Patent medicine pushers and other quacks also started to deliberately 470 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:32,960 Speaker 1: spread anti vaccine sentiments as those practices started to grow 471 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,760 Speaker 1: in the eighteen hundreds. And there are some legitimate ethical 472 00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,600 Speaker 1: issues that surround vaccination, you know, some of which we've 473 00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:43,919 Speaker 1: talked about before earlier in this podcast. Compulsory vaccination was 474 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,280 Speaker 1: viewed as wealthy people invading the privacy of poorer people 475 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,480 Speaker 1: and robbing of them of their freedom of choice. And 476 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:54,080 Speaker 1: some nations there were layers and layers and layers of 477 00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:59,360 Speaker 1: entangled religious and ethical considerations. In India, for example, there 478 00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:01,840 Speaker 1: was the fact that the vaccine came from cows, which 479 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:05,840 Speaker 1: was symbolically sacred to many Hindus. The vaccine was also 480 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,280 Speaker 1: being passed from person to person through a society that 481 00:28:09,359 --> 00:28:13,080 Speaker 1: had a really rigid cast system, and the whole thing 482 00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,960 Speaker 1: was wrapped up under this umbrella of British colonialism. So 483 00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:20,959 Speaker 1: as with the chain of human orphan carriers, that's a 484 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 1: whole lot of moral and ethical discussion to try to unpack. Yeah, 485 00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:28,640 Speaker 1: it's really problematic, and regardless of all of these considerations, 486 00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:31,480 Speaker 1: the end result was the only time ever in human 487 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:34,560 Speaker 1: history that a contagious disease had been eradicated through the 488 00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:37,879 Speaker 1: efforts of human beings, so that almost adds another like 489 00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:41,440 Speaker 1: dicey layer of people being able to say, well, the 490 00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,040 Speaker 1: end justifies the means. But then there was also some 491 00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:47,160 Speaker 1: mythical weirdness along the way. Right, it becomes a really 492 00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:51,240 Speaker 1: complicated issue. Smallpox was eradicated in most of Europe and 493 00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,320 Speaker 1: North America by the nineteen fifties, but it was still 494 00:28:54,520 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: really prevalent in many other parts of the world at 495 00:28:56,960 --> 00:29:00,680 Speaker 1: that point. In nineteen sixty seven, the World Health Organizations 496 00:29:00,760 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: spearheaded and global vaccination effort, which was met with a 497 00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:07,160 Speaker 1: lot of skepticism. The vaccine and use at this point 498 00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:10,479 Speaker 1: was freeze dried. It was generally made from animal lymph, 499 00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:14,480 Speaker 1: and it was made too much, much, much higher standards 500 00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:19,000 Speaker 1: of quality control and purity and sanitation and everything else 501 00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:22,080 Speaker 1: than what was around in Dinner's time. We were not 502 00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:25,600 Speaker 1: just extracting material from sores and sticking it into people anymore, 503 00:29:27,080 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: which is still so the grossest gives to the wiggles uh. 504 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:34,240 Speaker 1: In some regions, the goal was to vaccinate everyone, but 505 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 1: when that wasn't possible, they turned to a method that 506 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:40,560 Speaker 1: was known as ring vaccination, and since smallpox spreads through 507 00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,440 Speaker 1: close contact rather than casual contacts, so you'd get it 508 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:46,480 Speaker 1: from living in the same house with someone, but not 509 00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:49,840 Speaker 1: from walking past an infected person on the street. Uh, 510 00:29:49,880 --> 00:29:52,480 Speaker 1: the focus was on vaccinating people who came into close 511 00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:56,000 Speaker 1: contact with someone who had been exposed. So getting a 512 00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:59,880 Speaker 1: vaccine within three days of exposure dramatically decreases the likelihood 513 00:30:00,280 --> 00:30:04,160 Speaker 1: of getting smallpox, or it enables you to only get 514 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,040 Speaker 1: a very light case of it. Yeah, So when there 515 00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:08,960 Speaker 1: would be a reported case of smallpox, they would sort 516 00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:12,680 Speaker 1: of come and immunize everyone around that person and cut 517 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:16,480 Speaker 1: off this one infection vector, uh from spreading it to 518 00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:21,200 Speaker 1: other people. Had there been multiple stable strands of smallpox, 519 00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:24,880 Speaker 1: which there weren't, just really just one main one, or 520 00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:27,440 Speaker 1: if it had also been carried by animals, this whole 521 00:30:27,480 --> 00:30:31,640 Speaker 1: eradication attempt would have been a lot more difficult than 522 00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:35,240 Speaker 1: it was. And The last occurrence of the most serious 523 00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:38,520 Speaker 1: form of smallpox, known as very ala major, was in 524 00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:43,000 Speaker 1: Bangladesh in nineteen seventy five. The last naturally occurring case 525 00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:47,120 Speaker 1: of smallpox was in Somalia in ninety seven, and on 526 00:30:47,240 --> 00:30:50,880 Speaker 1: May eighth of nineteen eighty the World Health Organization declared 527 00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:54,120 Speaker 1: that the world was now free of smallpox. Like we said, 528 00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:58,040 Speaker 1: first and only time ever for that to happen. Yeah, 529 00:30:58,080 --> 00:30:59,960 Speaker 1: there have been some diseases that have kind of faded 530 00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:03,320 Speaker 1: from history thanks to changes in diet and sanitation and 531 00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:06,160 Speaker 1: that kind of thing. So they're diseases that used to 532 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:08,400 Speaker 1: be common that really aren't anymore. But this is really 533 00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:10,320 Speaker 1: the only time that people have said we are going 534 00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:13,520 Speaker 1: to get rid of this disease and then did it. 535 00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:15,800 Speaker 1: There there are some others that are getting kind of 536 00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 1: close to that point now, but as of right now, um, 537 00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:23,720 Speaker 1: which is October, smallpox is the only one, although it's 538 00:31:23,760 --> 00:31:26,840 Speaker 1: been eradicated and you know, you cannot generally get it 539 00:31:27,040 --> 00:31:29,600 Speaker 1: from another person unless that person has been infected in 540 00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:32,680 Speaker 1: some kind of lab accident. There are many nations that 541 00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:36,440 Speaker 1: maintain a stockpile of smallpox vaccine in case of a 542 00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:40,560 Speaker 1: biological weapon attack using smallpox. Right now, the only known 543 00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:44,360 Speaker 1: smallpox virus samples still in existence are in laboratories in 544 00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:47,560 Speaker 1: the United States and Russia, and every once in a while, uh, 545 00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:51,000 Speaker 1: everybody involved kind of re visits the idea about whether 546 00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:55,480 Speaker 1: we should destroy those The most recent conversations I've seen 547 00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:58,960 Speaker 1: about it are from twenty eleven. Um that like there 548 00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:01,720 Speaker 1: had been. Yes, we are destroying them as far back 549 00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:04,400 Speaker 1: as in the eighties, but they're still around um and 550 00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:07,800 Speaker 1: the most recent conversations about it. The recommendation is, you know, 551 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:10,400 Speaker 1: there might actually be a need for us to have 552 00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:14,680 Speaker 1: intact uh samples of the original virus if there were 553 00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:18,480 Speaker 1: something like a terror attacked using small box. So that 554 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:22,080 Speaker 1: remains to be discussed for a long time. I think yeah, 555 00:32:22,120 --> 00:32:26,600 Speaker 1: probably underlock and key. Uh. And the home that Jenner 556 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:30,480 Speaker 1: had is today known as the Edward Jenner Museum. You 557 00:32:30,520 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 1: can visit it. You can visit it and see the 558 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:36,640 Speaker 1: Temple of Vaccinia. I just love they called it that. 559 00:32:36,760 --> 00:32:40,840 Speaker 1: How do you do? It's sort of cute. So yes, uh. 560 00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:43,960 Speaker 1: We we got some questions about vaccination after we talked 561 00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:47,600 Speaker 1: about Elsa Manchester and that her mother not wanting her 562 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:50,520 Speaker 1: to be vaccinated, and that kind of led me to 563 00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:53,560 Speaker 1: what how did how did I knew the basic story 564 00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:56,040 Speaker 1: was about Jenner and counts now I know a lot 565 00:32:56,080 --> 00:33:00,160 Speaker 1: more of it and how super gross it was. We 566 00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:02,080 Speaker 1: could have been way more graphic in our language in 567 00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:04,880 Speaker 1: this episode, and we mostly have not been because I 568 00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:07,440 Speaker 1: don't think I could stomach it. Yeah, we're not trying 569 00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:09,120 Speaker 1: to be gentle with you. We're trying to be gentle 570 00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:12,880 Speaker 1: with us. Yes, I can probably stomach it, but filling. 571 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:15,400 Speaker 1: Do you have some listener mail that is not full 572 00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:19,000 Speaker 1: of biological yuck? No? Actually I have two pieces of 573 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:24,000 Speaker 1: mail that is full of biological Yes, so are The 574 00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:26,800 Speaker 1: response we've gotten to our episodes about the Haunted Mansion 575 00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:30,920 Speaker 1: has been generally overwhelmingly positive that the people who have 576 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:37,800 Speaker 1: not been positive are so angry. Yeah, super angry. Yeah, 577 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:40,360 Speaker 1: I'm going to take the giant pile of love and 578 00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:44,000 Speaker 1: just told it close. Um. So the first thing this 579 00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:47,320 Speaker 1: is from Aubrey. Aubrey says, I just discovered your podcast. 580 00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:48,920 Speaker 1: Then I love it. As a stay at home mother 581 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,680 Speaker 1: of three, I feel my brain has become mush and 582 00:33:51,720 --> 00:33:54,080 Speaker 1: this is so refreshing. While I was listening to the 583 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:56,680 Speaker 1: Haunted Mansion episode, I was reminded of a friend of 584 00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:59,800 Speaker 1: mine whose family spread his ashes and the pirates of 585 00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:03,320 Speaker 1: the here being that Disneyland, it was a major in 586 00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:08,239 Speaker 1: All Caps ordeal. Of course, they're obviously watching everyone at 587 00:34:08,280 --> 00:34:11,200 Speaker 1: all times, and they caught them letting handfuls of ashes 588 00:34:11,239 --> 00:34:13,800 Speaker 1: into the water. They were told to stop while the 589 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:16,000 Speaker 1: ride was going, and then the ride was shut down, 590 00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:18,920 Speaker 1: and then security stopped them, took them to private quarters 591 00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:21,080 Speaker 1: where they were told they could press charges against them 592 00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:23,360 Speaker 1: because it is illegal, and they were kicked out of 593 00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:26,120 Speaker 1: the parks and their annual passes which they could just purchase, 594 00:34:26,239 --> 00:34:30,200 Speaker 1: were removed with their refund and rightfully so, I have 595 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: been disturbed greatly ever since. When I ride Pirates, they 596 00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:35,120 Speaker 1: were told the water has to be drained and has 597 00:34:35,160 --> 00:34:37,000 Speaker 1: Matt has to come in to make a proper cleaning. 598 00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:40,200 Speaker 1: I'm not sure if this is true, but it's terrible, 599 00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:42,759 Speaker 1: So just thought i'd share that it's not just the 600 00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:47,759 Speaker 1: haunted mansion that is among the dead. Yeah, you know, 601 00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:52,200 Speaker 1: Disney's magical. Too many people Disneyland and Disney World, and 602 00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:57,080 Speaker 1: people really like the idea of spending eternity there in 603 00:34:57,160 --> 00:35:00,560 Speaker 1: their cremine state. And I understand that appealed it. Yeah, 604 00:35:00,680 --> 00:35:03,960 Speaker 1: you can't do it well. And I also think I'd 605 00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:06,279 Speaker 1: feel empathy with people for the decisions that they make 606 00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:10,600 Speaker 1: regarding you know that their deceased loved ones. Um. I 607 00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:13,360 Speaker 1: am a person who has spent exorbitant amounts on my 608 00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:18,920 Speaker 1: deceased cats. Um, but yeah, those are human remains, and 609 00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:21,920 Speaker 1: you don't really just want to have human remains around, 610 00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:26,960 Speaker 1: certainly not they're in a public place. Our other listener 611 00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:29,680 Speaker 1: mail is along a similar subject, So this is just 612 00:35:29,719 --> 00:35:32,080 Speaker 1: our bioas episodes from a cast. We got a lot 613 00:35:32,120 --> 00:35:34,359 Speaker 1: of great emails from cast member and this one gave 614 00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:38,440 Speaker 1: us some additional inside info on this problem. So we're 615 00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:40,560 Speaker 1: gonna keep this one anonymous because we don't want to 616 00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:44,040 Speaker 1: get her in trouble. Yeah with word. I've been listening 617 00:35:44,080 --> 00:35:46,279 Speaker 1: to your amazing podcast for over a year now and 618 00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:48,359 Speaker 1: have always wanted to write in, but have never had 619 00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:51,440 Speaker 1: anything that was interested enough to talk about. Considering that 620 00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:53,440 Speaker 1: I started listening to you guys to kill Tom on 621 00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:55,760 Speaker 1: my forty five minute ride to work at the Magic 622 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:58,520 Speaker 1: Kingdom in Walt Disney World, I finally have my moment. 623 00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:01,240 Speaker 1: Living in the subculture that is being a cast member 624 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:04,319 Speaker 1: is like living in a crazy parallel universe. It makes 625 00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:06,880 Speaker 1: complete sense that it took eighteen years for Disney to 626 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:09,880 Speaker 1: open Haunted Mansion, considering that they've been talking about replacing 627 00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:12,799 Speaker 1: the Electric Light Grade with Spectro, which tends to be 628 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:15,600 Speaker 1: more beloved and is sitting in storage for two years, 629 00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:19,280 Speaker 1: and never have because of technical delays. Cast member gossip 630 00:36:19,360 --> 00:36:22,359 Speaker 1: is usually about rumored lands or ride updates that will 631 00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,960 Speaker 1: probably never happen. There are so many creatives working in 632 00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:28,719 Speaker 1: the parks that ideas get really far in development and 633 00:36:28,760 --> 00:36:31,640 Speaker 1: then get shelved. In Part one, you commented that it 634 00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:33,680 Speaker 1: was kind of weird that in the nineteen fifties the 635 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:35,960 Speaker 1: Haunted Mansion was going to be a home for English 636 00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:38,839 Speaker 1: ghosts from the war, which it totally is, but it's 637 00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:42,279 Speaker 1: also totally in the wist idea of the show of Disneyland. 638 00:36:42,719 --> 00:36:45,560 Speaker 1: As a cast member, we'd have meetings to talk about 639 00:36:45,719 --> 00:36:49,279 Speaker 1: maintaining show. Cinderella live in the castle at the age 640 00:36:49,280 --> 00:36:52,320 Speaker 1: of Main Street, across from Belle and Aerial. The wire 641 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:54,480 Speaker 1: that comes out from the castle but tanker bell flies 642 00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:59,360 Speaker 1: on during the fireworks is Cinderella's clothesline for Charming's ESPN hookup. 643 00:36:59,719 --> 00:37:03,200 Speaker 1: The and You Ask the Country Bears love giving thirty 644 00:37:03,280 --> 00:37:06,480 Speaker 1: slightly strange shows every day and then they hibernate for 645 00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:09,000 Speaker 1: the night. Alice hangs out with the White Rabbit by 646 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,640 Speaker 1: the Mad Tea Party, unless you're in Epcot, then she's 647 00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:15,160 Speaker 1: probably gone home to England. Any question that a guest asked, 648 00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:19,560 Speaker 1: has a preplanned answer and it's probably magical. Also, people 649 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:23,960 Speaker 1: totally do dump ashes on ride. One of my roommates 650 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,600 Speaker 1: worked at the Toy Story ride at Hollywood Studios and 651 00:37:26,640 --> 00:37:28,640 Speaker 1: they had a guest to dump their mother's ashes on 652 00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:31,920 Speaker 1: the ride. They had to stop, cycle everyone out of 653 00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:34,799 Speaker 1: the ride and deep clean. It makes a forty five 654 00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:38,360 Speaker 1: minute wait closer to three hours. Everyone gets angry, and 655 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:41,799 Speaker 1: the ashes end up in a hazardous waste somewhere. I 656 00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:43,799 Speaker 1: love the show and everything you do. I'm sure you've 657 00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:46,239 Speaker 1: been asked before, but Walt's life would be amazing. It's 658 00:37:46,239 --> 00:37:49,360 Speaker 1: super long topic. And then she also sent some pictures 659 00:37:50,120 --> 00:37:53,239 Speaker 1: which are charming. Yes, and I have to say Toy 660 00:37:53,320 --> 00:37:56,480 Speaker 1: Story Midway Mania already has one of the longest lines 661 00:37:57,320 --> 00:37:59,200 Speaker 1: any of the parks, like the Way if you don't 662 00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:01,200 Speaker 1: have a fast pass, is often a couple of hours. 663 00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:03,840 Speaker 1: So the idea that you would add another three to 664 00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:07,520 Speaker 1: that because somebody did this, I can only imagine, like 665 00:38:07,560 --> 00:38:09,439 Speaker 1: the guest fury, and I'm sure they do not tell 666 00:38:09,480 --> 00:38:11,920 Speaker 1: guests that that's what's going on. So the poor cast 667 00:38:11,960 --> 00:38:13,799 Speaker 1: members that have to deal with people that are just 668 00:38:14,239 --> 00:38:17,360 Speaker 1: fury angry. Yes, and I understand the anger, especially if 669 00:38:17,360 --> 00:38:21,479 Speaker 1: it's hot, you are frustrated and probably thirsty. Yes, it's rough, 670 00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:27,520 Speaker 1: so public service announcement. Don't spread cremates like dumping of 671 00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:34,040 Speaker 1: cremated people or cremated anyone really is problematic and we'll 672 00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:37,680 Speaker 1: maybe cause there to have to be has that team, Yeah, 673 00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:41,160 Speaker 1: nobody wants that. Yes, So thank you both for these letters. 674 00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:45,719 Speaker 1: Thank you everyone for the We've gotten really just amazing, fantastic, excited, 675 00:38:46,040 --> 00:38:48,120 Speaker 1: delightful letters about this. And for those of you who 676 00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:50,919 Speaker 1: are really angry that we spent two episodes talking about 677 00:38:50,920 --> 00:38:55,480 Speaker 1: a carnival ride. Sorry about that. Uh, we have lots 678 00:38:55,480 --> 00:38:57,239 Speaker 1: of other episodes that are on lots of other things. 679 00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:00,799 Speaker 1: We have a pretty diverse as sort it. Like today 680 00:39:00,960 --> 00:39:04,120 Speaker 1: we're talking about death and disfigurement and you know, changing 681 00:39:04,160 --> 00:39:06,960 Speaker 1: the world, not to carnivally. Nope. If you would like 682 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:09,080 Speaker 1: to write to us about this or anything else, we 683 00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:12,560 Speaker 1: are at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. We're also 684 00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:15,800 Speaker 1: on Facebook at facebook dot com slash history class stuff 685 00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:19,640 Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in history our tumbler which 686 00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:23,120 Speaker 1: has just been zooming along in popularity lately, and I 687 00:39:23,719 --> 00:39:26,279 Speaker 1: thanks everyone who has contributed to that. That's at miss 688 00:39:26,360 --> 00:39:29,160 Speaker 1: in history dot tumbler dot com, and we are also 689 00:39:29,239 --> 00:39:32,120 Speaker 1: pinning things up on Pinterest. If you would like to 690 00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:35,359 Speaker 1: learn more about what we have talked about today, come 691 00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:38,040 Speaker 1: to our website and put the word smallpox in the 692 00:39:38,040 --> 00:39:42,040 Speaker 1: search bar. You will find the ten oldest known diseases, 693 00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:45,359 Speaker 1: of which smallpox is one. There may be someone there 694 00:39:45,360 --> 00:39:47,480 Speaker 1: that you were expecting to see, which it turns out, 695 00:39:47,520 --> 00:39:49,840 Speaker 1: are much more recent. You can learn about all that 696 00:39:49,880 --> 00:39:51,880 Speaker 1: and a whole lot more at our website, which is 697 00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:57,880 Speaker 1: how Stuff works dot com. For more on this and 698 00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:11,279 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Because it has to forks dot com. 699 00:40:11,280 --> 00:40:13,560 Speaker 1: This episode of Stuff you Missed in History Classes brought 700 00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:15,560 Speaker 1: to you by Linda dot com. You can learn it 701 00:40:15,560 --> 00:40:17,920 Speaker 1: at Linda dot com, an online learning company with more 702 00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:21,560 Speaker 1: than seventy seven thousand video tutorials to teach software, creative 703 00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:24,440 Speaker 1: and business skills. 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