1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:17,000 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Before we 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:22,200 Speaker 1: start today's episode, Election Day in the US that's tomorrow, 5 00:00:23,160 --> 00:00:25,239 Speaker 1: we would just like to encourage folks if you have 6 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:28,240 Speaker 1: not voted already and you are eligible to vote in 7 00:00:28,280 --> 00:00:31,200 Speaker 1: the US and registered and all that. I know some 8 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:34,680 Speaker 1: states have same day registration, which is amazing. Um, I 9 00:00:34,800 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 1: hope everybody is out there exercising the right to vote. 10 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:40,400 Speaker 1: I as of when we were recording this, my ballot 11 00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:43,479 Speaker 1: has been mailed and accepted. I am waiting on my 12 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:47,919 Speaker 1: absentee ballot to come. But in the meantime, I've been 13 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:49,720 Speaker 1: talking to a lot of people for a whole other 14 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: podcast about it. Yeah, so if you need some last 15 00:00:53,040 --> 00:00:55,640 Speaker 1: minute inspiration, you can check out the Why I'm Voting 16 00:00:55,680 --> 00:00:58,760 Speaker 1: podcast and here why Lots of people, some of them 17 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:02,360 Speaker 1: names you know, are motivated to vote. It's been really, 18 00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:05,720 Speaker 1: really fun having those conversations. Yeah, I've been envious of 19 00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:08,000 Speaker 1: some of the some of the conversations you've gotten to 20 00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:10,959 Speaker 1: have for that show. Yes, it's been very fascinating, especially 21 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:14,800 Speaker 1: since I am in in pandemic times. I record in 22 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:19,840 Speaker 1: my closet, and many people have seen my shoe closet. 23 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:25,240 Speaker 1: Now it's pretty great shoe closet. I mean, I love it, 24 00:01:25,319 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: but yeah, it's a little bit funny. Every once in 25 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,200 Speaker 1: a while someone will go, is that a closet. I'm like, yes, 26 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:34,480 Speaker 1: it is. Yes. Uh. So, now that we've had our 27 00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: our sort of election day announcements, yeah, like, I know, 28 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:43,080 Speaker 1: there's a lot going on, but I just wanted to 29 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: take a minute for that. It is now, though, time 30 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 1: for an Autumn unearthed soray two favorite things together Autumn 31 00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:54,600 Speaker 1: Man on Earth. I thought you were going to say 32 00:01:54,680 --> 00:01:58,680 Speaker 1: voting and unearthed. Well, I mean, voting is a whole other, 33 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:04,440 Speaker 1: separate thing, but sure. Uh. For any newcomers to the show, 34 00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:06,160 Speaker 1: this is when we take a look at things that 35 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:10,120 Speaker 1: have been literally and figuratively unearthed over the last few months. 36 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:13,080 Speaker 1: The last time we did this was Unearthed in July 37 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:15,600 Speaker 1: this year, and that was just one episode and some 38 00:02:15,639 --> 00:02:18,840 Speaker 1: folks wrote in to express their disappointment that it was 39 00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:24,640 Speaker 1: just a singleton. So good news for those folks. This time, 40 00:02:24,680 --> 00:02:27,800 Speaker 1: which is covering July through September, it's a two parter 41 00:02:28,400 --> 00:02:30,680 Speaker 1: and I know it's a little bit weird that this 42 00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:33,240 Speaker 1: thing is coming out in November and does not include 43 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 1: the month of October. As we are recording this right now, 44 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:41,680 Speaker 1: it is only October. So that is why um so 45 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:46,359 Speaker 1: today in part one of Unearthed in autumn for we 46 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:49,359 Speaker 1: have the books and letters and the edibles and potables 47 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: and some animal finds and along with other stuff. And 48 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:55,160 Speaker 1: the next time we'll have some of the other favorites, 49 00:02:55,200 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 1: including the extimations and the shipwrecks. Interestingly, kind of the 50 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:03,040 Speaker 1: Archer from recent Unearthed, we do not have a giant 51 00:03:03,160 --> 00:03:07,280 Speaker 1: selection of episode updates this time around, so rather than 52 00:03:07,320 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 1: having a whole separate update section. There are things that 53 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:12,800 Speaker 1: relate to other episodes, just in other categories that they 54 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:15,960 Speaker 1: relate to. But as Tracy just mentioned, we're starting with 55 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: books and Letters. So major restoration work has been ongoing 56 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:23,760 Speaker 1: at Oxford Hall in Norfolk, England, after some dormer windows 57 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: slid off the roof in and that event revealed a 58 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 1: number of issues with the dormer's roofs and chimneys that 59 00:03:31,760 --> 00:03:35,000 Speaker 1: all needed to be addressed, and ahead of that repair work, 60 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: archaeologists have been searching through the spaces and cavities in 61 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:41,600 Speaker 1: the attic and under the roof to make sure any 62 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:45,560 Speaker 1: artifacts that might be stowed there can be retrieved and preserved. 63 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:48,280 Speaker 1: This started out as a big project with a whole 64 00:03:48,360 --> 00:03:52,480 Speaker 1: team involved, but because of the COVID nineteen pandemic, many 65 00:03:52,520 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: of them were furloughed. Archaeologist Matthew Campion was asked to 66 00:03:56,520 --> 00:04:00,160 Speaker 1: continue on by himself, so a big part of this 67 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:03,840 Speaker 1: work was lifting up floorboards and looking underneath them and 68 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:07,600 Speaker 1: looking in other cavities in the structure to retrieve any 69 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:11,480 Speaker 1: artifacts that were in there. And they really weren't expecting 70 00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:14,680 Speaker 1: a lot of major fines with this. Although this structure 71 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:18,160 Speaker 1: tased all the way back to Fight two, most of 72 00:04:18,200 --> 00:04:21,799 Speaker 1: those spaces had already been opened up and examined during 73 00:04:21,920 --> 00:04:26,760 Speaker 1: other work that happened in more recent years. However, Campion 74 00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:29,920 Speaker 1: found one area where the old floorboards had never been 75 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:32,520 Speaker 1: lifted up, and not only that, there was a layer 76 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:36,720 Speaker 1: of lime plaster under the space and that pulled moisture 77 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:38,560 Speaker 1: out of it and kept what was in there really 78 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:41,680 Speaker 1: pretty dry. So it was an ideal environment for preserving 79 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:46,000 Speaker 1: things like documents and textiles, and this area turned out 80 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: to contain thousands of artifacts, many dating back to the 81 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:53,960 Speaker 1: seventeenth and eighteen centuries, but some even older, and many 82 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:57,560 Speaker 1: of them packed together in two very old rats nests 83 00:04:57,560 --> 00:05:01,840 Speaker 1: made of Tutor and Elizabethan textile because of that very 84 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 1: dry environment. Even though rats had literally been using these 85 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:09,080 Speaker 1: materials to make their little homes. Uh, they were overall 86 00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:12,680 Speaker 1: in extremely good condition. So although Campion was doing the 87 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 1: archaeology work by himself, there were also still builders there 88 00:05:16,880 --> 00:05:20,040 Speaker 1: on the scene doing their work. Everybody had ppe. They 89 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:24,159 Speaker 1: were all socially distancing, and the builders got involved with 90 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:26,599 Speaker 1: going through all of this and they made some fines 91 00:05:26,640 --> 00:05:29,560 Speaker 1: as well. My very very favorite of this whole thing, 92 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:32,080 Speaker 1: and why I put this first because I love it 93 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:36,279 Speaker 1: so much. This was quoted from Campion's Twitter feed. He 94 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:39,919 Speaker 1: said quote The first was found by Rob Jessup who 95 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:44,320 Speaker 1: literally pulled a page of a fifteenth century manuscript out 96 00:05:44,360 --> 00:05:47,839 Speaker 1: of the rubble, passed it to me and quietly asking 97 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:52,320 Speaker 1: is this anything? I love it so much. Two other 98 00:05:52,360 --> 00:05:56,159 Speaker 1: builders found a nearly intact sixteenth century copy of the 99 00:05:56,240 --> 00:06:00,599 Speaker 1: King's Psalms in its original Tutor cover. There is only 100 00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:03,400 Speaker 1: one other known copy of this book in existence, and 101 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:06,640 Speaker 1: that copy is in the British Library. Although Some of 102 00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: the material and documents were clearly dragged into the space 103 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: under the floor by rats. Others were almost certainly concealed 104 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,600 Speaker 1: there intentionally by humans. The betting Fields who lived in 105 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:19,919 Speaker 1: the hall were Catholic, and they used their home to 106 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:24,320 Speaker 1: shelter Catholic clergy during the Protestant Reformation in England's shift 107 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:28,520 Speaker 1: to Protestantism. This edition of the King's Psalms, for example, 108 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:31,960 Speaker 1: was written by John Fisher, who was executed after refusing 109 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:34,599 Speaker 1: to acknowledge Henry the Eighth as head of the church, 110 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:39,159 Speaker 1: becoming a Catholic martyr. It is possible that some of 111 00:06:39,200 --> 00:06:42,919 Speaker 1: these books and documents were used in illicit Catholic masses 112 00:06:43,279 --> 00:06:45,440 Speaker 1: and then it hidden out of sight under the floor. 113 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:48,839 Speaker 1: There are also lots of other finds in this area, 114 00:06:48,880 --> 00:06:53,359 Speaker 1: including many many sewing pins and documents that looked like 115 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:56,120 Speaker 1: they were cut up for use as sewing patterns. If 116 00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:57,920 Speaker 1: you see photographs of them, it's like, yes, that is 117 00:06:57,960 --> 00:07:03,520 Speaker 1: absolutely a bodice. And in another pandemic find, Dr Anna 118 00:07:03,600 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 1: Clayton was using time that opened up because of the 119 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:10,040 Speaker 1: pandemic lockdown in Tasmania to go through whaling log books 120 00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:14,280 Speaker 1: from the Southern Hemisphere. She had previously found school lessons 121 00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:17,040 Speaker 1: from a little girl, Esther Mary Paul written in the 122 00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:21,000 Speaker 1: log book of the whaling vessel nim Rod. That was unexpected, 123 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: and she started trying to figure out the story of 124 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:25,960 Speaker 1: how that had come to be. So it turns out 125 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:29,360 Speaker 1: that Esther, who was actually born six years after the 126 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: voyage whose logs she was writing in, she was the 127 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,520 Speaker 1: niece of a woman named Charlotte Jacobs, and Charlotte Jacobs 128 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:39,360 Speaker 1: was married to the Nimrods captain. Esther, her mother, her aunt, 129 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:42,280 Speaker 1: and her grandmother had all been living together in the 130 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: same house when Esther started writing in this log book. 131 00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:48,240 Speaker 1: She was five years old at the time and was 132 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:51,000 Speaker 1: being taught at home, So it seems like either she 133 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:53,920 Speaker 1: kind of commandared this to write in or someone gave 134 00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:56,320 Speaker 1: it to her to write in for her lessons. And 135 00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:58,720 Speaker 1: some of the writing in this book seems to be 136 00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:01,360 Speaker 1: lines that she copied us punishment. There are things like 137 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:05,360 Speaker 1: behave at Sunday school and Esther shall not go out again, 138 00:08:05,880 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 1: just sort of sweet and heartbreaking. One of these lines 139 00:08:09,800 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: struck Tracy is a little bit creepy. It was love 140 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:16,640 Speaker 1: your grandmother, Esther love your grandmother, Esther love your grandmother Esther. 141 00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:19,880 Speaker 1: That one I thought about it. I was like, Tracy, 142 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: this is the jumping off point for you to write 143 00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 1: your horror movie. Okay, love your grandmother Esther. Now I'm 144 00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:32,160 Speaker 1: really creeped out, not even a Halloween episode. So during 145 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:34,680 Speaker 1: this research Dr Clayton tracked it down some more of 146 00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 1: Esther's biography. She grew up, married a chemist in eighteen eighty. 147 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: That was she was twenty when she got married. They 148 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:44,520 Speaker 1: went on to have three children and she lived until 149 00:08:44,559 --> 00:08:47,640 Speaker 1: the age of forty four. And she loved her grandmother. Tracy, 150 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:53,080 Speaker 1: a researcher studying the work of economist Adam Smith, has 151 00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:56,920 Speaker 1: unearthed a sixteen thirty four edition of Shakespeare's The Two 152 00:08:56,960 --> 00:08:59,920 Speaker 1: Noble Kinsman as part of a book that includes several 153 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,880 Speaker 1: English plays. Dr john Stone found it at Royal Scott's 154 00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:07,640 Speaker 1: College in Salamanca, Spain, and the play was written around 155 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:11,440 Speaker 1: sixteen thirteen, and this copy maybe the oldest Shakespearean work 156 00:09:11,520 --> 00:09:14,720 Speaker 1: in all of Spain. The book is also still in 157 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:18,400 Speaker 1: its original binding. Dr Stone speculated that it made its 158 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,559 Speaker 1: way to the college as part of a student's personal library. 159 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:25,000 Speaker 1: So I was kind of curious about their being. Uh. 160 00:09:25,160 --> 00:09:28,800 Speaker 1: Royal Scots College in Spain. Royal Scots College was founded 161 00:09:28,880 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 1: in Madrid in sixty seven and it's moved a couple 162 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:35,000 Speaker 1: of times in the centuries since then. Initially it was 163 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:38,200 Speaker 1: a full time seminary, so men from Scotland would travel 164 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:41,480 Speaker 1: to the college they would train to be priests there. Today, 165 00:09:41,520 --> 00:09:44,880 Speaker 1: the college's focus is still on serving the Catholic Church 166 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:48,560 Speaker 1: in Scotland, but it's also expanded its role into hosting 167 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:52,720 Speaker 1: things like retreats and conferences. More than three point five 168 00:09:52,800 --> 00:09:55,920 Speaker 1: million pounds worth of rare books were discovered under the 169 00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:59,200 Speaker 1: floor of a house in Romania. The books had been 170 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 1: stolen during a heist in ten At the time, the 171 00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:05,840 Speaker 1: books were being shipped to an auction in Las Vegas 172 00:10:05,920 --> 00:10:10,040 Speaker 1: and they were temporarily in a postal warehouse. Two thieves 173 00:10:10,120 --> 00:10:13,160 Speaker 1: cut through the roof, repelled into the warehouse and removed 174 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:16,079 Speaker 1: the books while on top of the shelves to avoid 175 00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:18,960 Speaker 1: setting off sensors in the floor. I feel like this 176 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:22,680 Speaker 1: is the most action movie heist we have talked about 177 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:25,440 Speaker 1: on the show, because a lot of the heists we 178 00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:28,559 Speaker 1: have talked about are more like just somebody smashed the 179 00:10:28,600 --> 00:10:33,960 Speaker 1: door and and got something and escaped. Uh. The culprits 180 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:37,440 Speaker 1: in this crime had already been caught and convicted, but 181 00:10:37,559 --> 00:10:39,640 Speaker 1: it took a while to figure out what they had 182 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,199 Speaker 1: done with the books. They were finally found in September 183 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: thanks to a joint effort from law enforcement in the UK, 184 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: Italy and Romania. More than two hundred books were recovered 185 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:55,000 Speaker 1: and they included first edition works by Galileo and Isaac Newton, 186 00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:59,280 Speaker 1: among others. The process of tracking these books down also 187 00:10:59,400 --> 00:11:02,720 Speaker 1: led to are just being filed against thirteen more people. 188 00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: This is a whole network. Twelve of those people have 189 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:08,760 Speaker 1: already entered guilty please, and the thirteenth is facing trial 190 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:12,560 Speaker 1: in March. Now, before we get into some interesting land 191 00:11:12,600 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: and water stories, we're gonna have a little word from 192 00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:24,320 Speaker 1: a sponsor. Next up, we have a section that I 193 00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: titled land that Used to be Water and vice versa. 194 00:11:27,120 --> 00:11:29,520 Speaker 1: It is a couple of finds that connect to changing 195 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:34,200 Speaker 1: sea levels. So, first, after the last Ice Age, more 196 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:38,000 Speaker 1: than thirty percent of Australia's land math went from being 197 00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 1: above sea level to being underwater. And so that means 198 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:46,120 Speaker 1: that there's a huge amount of archaeological information about Australia's 199 00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:50,840 Speaker 1: Aboriginal people's that's underwater now so, a team of archaeologists 200 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:55,479 Speaker 1: from multiple universities in Australia and the UK, in partnership 201 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:59,880 Speaker 1: with the moo Juga Aboriginal Corporation, has been studying archaeol 202 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,200 Speaker 1: logical and geophysical surveys to try to find some of 203 00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:07,719 Speaker 1: these underwater archaeological sites. In July, they announced the discovery 204 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 1: of Australia's first underwater Aboriginal archaeological sites, thanks to surveys 205 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:15,560 Speaker 1: from the Deep History of Sea Country project. The two 206 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: sites are off the coast of Northwest Australia and they 207 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:21,800 Speaker 1: are each at least seven thousand years old, the oldest 208 00:12:21,920 --> 00:12:26,640 Speaker 1: underwater archaeological sites found in Australia to date. The artifacts 209 00:12:26,679 --> 00:12:30,600 Speaker 1: on earth so far include grinding stones and other stone tools, 210 00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:35,280 Speaker 1: and the words of Associate Professor Jonathan Benjamin, who is 211 00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:39,960 Speaker 1: the Maritime Archaeology Program Coordinator at Flinders University's College of Humanities, 212 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:43,320 Speaker 1: Arts and Social Sciences quote, now we finally have the 213 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:47,119 Speaker 1: proof that at least some of this archaeological evidence survived 214 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:51,160 Speaker 1: the process of sea level rise. The ancient coastal archaeology 215 00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 1: is not lost for good, we just haven't found it yet. 216 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:57,120 Speaker 1: These new discoveries are a first step toward exploring the 217 00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 1: last real frontier of Australian archaeology, and this next story 218 00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:04,520 Speaker 1: is kind of the opposite. So back in the nineteen thirties, 219 00:13:04,559 --> 00:13:08,199 Speaker 1: a farmer in southern Norway decided to drain a wetland 220 00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:10,959 Speaker 1: so that he could grow crops there, and while digging 221 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:14,360 Speaker 1: the drainage trenches, he started finding all kinds of tools 222 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:18,000 Speaker 1: and bones. The tools were fish hooks and harpoons, and 223 00:13:18,040 --> 00:13:21,600 Speaker 1: the bones seemed to belong to sea animals like orca 224 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:25,520 Speaker 1: in bluefin tuna, So this collection of fines just didn't 225 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:29,920 Speaker 1: quite make sense. The bones and the number of them 226 00:13:30,080 --> 00:13:33,560 Speaker 1: how they were arranged, that suggested that the site had 227 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:38,080 Speaker 1: previously been underwater, but the number of tools also suggested 228 00:13:38,120 --> 00:13:39,720 Speaker 1: that it had been a settlement, and there were some 229 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:43,080 Speaker 1: unanswered questions about whether the bones and the tools were 230 00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:45,880 Speaker 1: all the same age. At that point they didn't really 231 00:13:45,880 --> 00:13:49,000 Speaker 1: know whether maybe the bones were from an earlier time 232 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,079 Speaker 1: when the site had been under water, and then maybe 233 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:54,080 Speaker 1: the tools were newer following a shift in the shoreline. 234 00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:57,840 Speaker 1: The tools were sent to the University Museum of Antiquities 235 00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,520 Speaker 1: in Oslo and the bones to the Natural History Museum 236 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:05,800 Speaker 1: PhD candidates n votsvag Nielsen started putting the pieces together 237 00:14:05,880 --> 00:14:10,040 Speaker 1: in Tween while doing doctoral work. After tracking down both 238 00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:13,080 Speaker 1: the tools and the bones, Nielsen dated them, confirming that 239 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:16,960 Speaker 1: they were the same age, dating back to between hundred 240 00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:22,400 Speaker 1: b c E. Further excavations in the former wetland followed, 241 00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:26,600 Speaker 1: with the team eventually unearthing additional tools, projectile points, and 242 00:14:27,080 --> 00:14:31,240 Speaker 1: lots and lots of tuna bones. At this point, the 243 00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:34,440 Speaker 1: conclusion is that this area used to be a lagoon 244 00:14:34,920 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 1: and that people from nearby settlements on land used this 245 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:41,640 Speaker 1: lagoon to hunt fish, maybe even cleaning the fish from 246 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:45,680 Speaker 1: their boats before going back to shore. Unfortunately, though, this 247 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:49,200 Speaker 1: had been a better environment for preserving artifacts back when 248 00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,040 Speaker 1: it was still a wetland before it was drained to 249 00:14:52,160 --> 00:14:55,400 Speaker 1: make it into crop land. The fines that were unearthed 250 00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:57,520 Speaker 1: back in the thirties were in a lot better condition 251 00:14:57,560 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 1: than the ones that have been found in the last 252 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:02,920 Speaker 1: few years. Now, we're going to move on to the 253 00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:08,880 Speaker 1: topic of animals on pay Yea angelals. On previous installments 254 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: of on Earth, we have talked about research into dog 255 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:15,640 Speaker 1: domestication and the discoveries of canine skeletons that showed evidence 256 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:18,200 Speaker 1: that the dog had survived a broken bone, which was 257 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:20,840 Speaker 1: possible evidence of it being cared for like a pet. 258 00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,360 Speaker 1: Research announced in July has come to similar conclusions about 259 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,640 Speaker 1: a cat. The bones of the cat in question were 260 00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:31,440 Speaker 1: found at an excavation site on the Silk Road in 261 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:35,120 Speaker 1: southern Kazakhstan. This had been home to a medieval settlement 262 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:39,680 Speaker 1: of the pastoralist Turkic tribe, and the skeleton was relatively 263 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:43,560 Speaker 1: speaking complete. I mean it's it's not a whole skeleton, 264 00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:48,360 Speaker 1: but there were multiple parts still there, and that's pretty unusual. 265 00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 1: At other excavations in this region, it has been way 266 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:55,880 Speaker 1: more common to find individual animal bones rather than partial 267 00:15:56,040 --> 00:16:00,600 Speaker 1: or complete skeletons. X ray analysis showed evidence of multiple 268 00:16:00,680 --> 00:16:03,880 Speaker 1: healed broken bones, suggesting that someone had cared for the 269 00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:08,400 Speaker 1: cat while it recovered from injuries. Based on isotope analysis, 270 00:16:08,480 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: it mostly eight fish and DNA evidence confirmed that this 271 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:17,400 Speaker 1: was a domesticated cat species rather than a wild step cat. Together, 272 00:16:17,560 --> 00:16:21,080 Speaker 1: all of this evidence suggests that their words domesticated cats 273 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:24,400 Speaker 1: who were being treated as pets in this area going 274 00:16:24,440 --> 00:16:27,400 Speaker 1: back to at least the eighth century, so in terms 275 00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:31,000 Speaker 1: of the overall timeline for cat domestication, that is really 276 00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: really recent, but it's not really reason for this particular area. 277 00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:38,880 Speaker 1: Many of the people's living in this area were nomadic, 278 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,920 Speaker 1: and while cats might stay for a while at an encampment, 279 00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:45,560 Speaker 1: historically cats in this area were not known to follow 280 00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:50,600 Speaker 1: nomadic people's along their travel roots. According to Dr Ashley Harudah, 281 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:54,200 Speaker 1: who led the team, this particular society only kept animals 282 00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:56,840 Speaker 1: that had some kind of essential use for their lives, 283 00:16:57,440 --> 00:17:00,600 Speaker 1: and they were pastoralists, so most of their lives were hurting. 284 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:04,240 Speaker 1: They didn't keep large stores of grains that would attract rodents, 285 00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:06,159 Speaker 1: so they wouldn't have as much use for cats as 286 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:10,080 Speaker 1: rodent control. This particular cat had also lost most of 287 00:17:10,080 --> 00:17:12,199 Speaker 1: its teeth by the end of its life, meaning that 288 00:17:12,280 --> 00:17:14,800 Speaker 1: people would have been feeding it, so this seems to 289 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,240 Speaker 1: be the earliest domesticated cat to be found in the 290 00:17:17,280 --> 00:17:20,679 Speaker 1: region north of Central Asia and east of China. In 291 00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:25,119 Speaker 1: other news, archaeologists in southern Poland have found two small 292 00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:28,399 Speaker 1: clay figurines that looked like pigs. They were found in 293 00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:31,280 Speaker 1: a settlement that dates back to about thirty five hundred 294 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:34,480 Speaker 1: years ago. The settlement was surrounded by a stone wall, 295 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:37,159 Speaker 1: and it's not really clear what the purpose of the 296 00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:40,480 Speaker 1: little pigs was These could have been children's toys, they 297 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:43,520 Speaker 1: could have been some kind of ceremonial object. And it's 298 00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:47,400 Speaker 1: also not clear whether they were made by the same person. 299 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:50,280 Speaker 1: So they look somewhat similar to each other, and they 300 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:53,000 Speaker 1: were found in the same dwelling, but they also have 301 00:17:53,119 --> 00:17:58,720 Speaker 1: some stylistic differences. My total lay person's impression. I am 302 00:17:58,760 --> 00:18:01,679 Speaker 1: not an art historian, I am not an archaeologist, but 303 00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:04,520 Speaker 1: like my gut when I looked at it was that 304 00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:08,239 Speaker 1: looks like a parent child art project, because they do 305 00:18:08,359 --> 00:18:11,080 Speaker 1: look similar, but one of them seems a bit more 306 00:18:11,240 --> 00:18:15,159 Speaker 1: polished than the other one. Here's what this makes me 307 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,880 Speaker 1: think of. You know, I know people that will decorate 308 00:18:18,920 --> 00:18:24,119 Speaker 1: their entire kitchen in pig theme or rooster theme or so. 309 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:26,679 Speaker 1: Part of me is like this. This might not have 310 00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:30,399 Speaker 1: any ceremonial use. It may be ancient kitch I just 311 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: like pigs. It's just like pigs, y'all um. In another 312 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:38,639 Speaker 1: depiction of an animal, researchers found a stone box on 313 00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:41,760 Speaker 1: the bottom of Lake Titicaca which contained a tiny figure 314 00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:45,440 Speaker 1: of a llama or alpaca, carved from a spiny oyster shell. 315 00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:49,119 Speaker 1: It's twenty eight millimeters just over an inch long, and 316 00:18:49,119 --> 00:18:52,359 Speaker 1: it's a soft coral color. Also in the box was 317 00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:54,720 Speaker 1: a rolled up piece of gold foil that's about the 318 00:18:54,760 --> 00:18:57,679 Speaker 1: same length. And it's likely that this find is of 319 00:18:57,720 --> 00:19:00,119 Speaker 1: Inca origin and it was placed in the lake and 320 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:04,560 Speaker 1: offering Ah, yeah, this is It looks so delicate and 321 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:08,119 Speaker 1: it's like coral color just makes it look very pretty 322 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:12,760 Speaker 1: to me. I like a tiny little carved charm. Sweet. Lastly, 323 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:17,719 Speaker 1: according to research published in July, foxes have been eating 324 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:22,119 Speaker 1: people's discarded food for more than forty thousand years. The 325 00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:26,000 Speaker 1: authors came to this conclusion by studying carbon and nitrogen 326 00:19:26,119 --> 00:19:29,359 Speaker 1: isotopes and the remains of several types of mammals in 327 00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:34,360 Speaker 1: southwestern Germany, including red and Arctic foxes and before there 328 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: was a large population of Neanderthals in this region. The 329 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: isotopes suggested that the foxes had been eating the same 330 00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:45,959 Speaker 1: foods as other much larger carnivores. So basically, the foxes 331 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,360 Speaker 1: would have been hunting small animals and then also scavenging 332 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:53,119 Speaker 1: from those bigger animals cast off scraps. But as a 333 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:57,680 Speaker 1: population of Neanderthal's established itself, the fox's diets included more 334 00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,480 Speaker 1: and more reindeer something that was much too big for 335 00:20:00,520 --> 00:20:02,760 Speaker 1: the foxes to hunt themselves, but it was part of 336 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,280 Speaker 1: the Neanderthal diet. The author suggests that the diet of 337 00:20:06,359 --> 00:20:09,840 Speaker 1: foxes might be a useful indicator to study human behavior. 338 00:20:10,640 --> 00:20:13,760 Speaker 1: And now we will take another quick sponsor break before 339 00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:23,440 Speaker 1: we get into other stuff about food. Now we are 340 00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:26,520 Speaker 1: moving on to what is honestly always one of my 341 00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:29,520 Speaker 1: favorite things and unearthed, which is that we have lots 342 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:34,919 Speaker 1: of edibles and potables. This time around. First UP researchers 343 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:38,920 Speaker 1: looked at more than forty thousand oyster shells from archaeological 344 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:42,040 Speaker 1: sites all along the Atlantic coast of the United States 345 00:20:42,359 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: to draw some conclusions about indigenous management of the reefs. 346 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:51,000 Speaker 1: Based on their research, these oyster fisheries were in use 347 00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,400 Speaker 1: for more than five thousand years, and during that time 348 00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:57,640 Speaker 1: they were really very stable. This was true even as 349 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:01,320 Speaker 1: the indigenous populations that were hard of vesting oysters from 350 00:21:01,359 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: them grew dramatically and went through multiple shifts in economy 351 00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:10,280 Speaker 1: and political organization. So even with a much bigger population 352 00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:14,760 Speaker 1: and a changing social structure, these reefs stayed very stable, 353 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:19,680 Speaker 1: suggesting that the whole time people were intentionally managing them 354 00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,119 Speaker 1: with a focus on sustainability, maintaining that through all of 355 00:21:23,160 --> 00:21:26,600 Speaker 1: these other shifts. In general, when people start harvesting from 356 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:29,720 Speaker 1: an oyster bed, it is generally expected that the oysters 357 00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:33,280 Speaker 1: will get smaller over time due to harvesting pressure. And 358 00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:36,280 Speaker 1: while there was a trend for slightly smaller oysters during 359 00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:39,679 Speaker 1: the late Archaic period, in this study, that shifted in 360 00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:43,320 Speaker 1: most places during the Mississippian period, with the average oyster 361 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:47,080 Speaker 1: actually getting bigger over time. Although this may have been 362 00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:50,720 Speaker 1: related to environmental changes, it might also have been influenced 363 00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:53,960 Speaker 1: by how people were managing the reefs. For the most part, 364 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:57,199 Speaker 1: the oyster populations on these reefs also continued to be 365 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: pretty stable after Europeans started colony. As in North America. 366 00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:04,920 Speaker 1: What really caused the reefs to collapse was the development 367 00:22:04,960 --> 00:22:09,119 Speaker 1: of industrial harvesting and canning in the nineteenth century. We 368 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:11,439 Speaker 1: talked about that a bit in our episode on the 369 00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:15,760 Speaker 1: Chesapeap Bake Oyster Wars. Yes, all right, we're getting one 370 00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:19,679 Speaker 1: of my favorite words. An excavation of iron age wooden 371 00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:24,679 Speaker 1: houses called Crannis at Lochte in Scotland has revealed butter 372 00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:30,800 Speaker 1: mm hmmm, sweet sweet butter, year old butter and about 373 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:33,639 Speaker 1: three quarters of the dish that it was stored in. 374 00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:36,639 Speaker 1: The dish itself had holes in the bottom and it 375 00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:39,399 Speaker 1: actually may have been used in making the butter. After 376 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:41,879 Speaker 1: churning the milk, the cream would be placed in a 377 00:22:41,920 --> 00:22:44,199 Speaker 1: woven cloth in this dish, so the rest of the 378 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,160 Speaker 1: liquid could be pressed out through the holes while retaining 379 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:50,840 Speaker 1: the solids. So the wooden houses where this was found, 380 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:53,960 Speaker 1: those were built out over the lock and they lasted 381 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:57,400 Speaker 1: for about twenty years before they would collapse into it, 382 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:00,399 Speaker 1: so that that is how these fines got into the 383 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: luck in the first place. So the butter, not a 384 00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:06,880 Speaker 1: ton of it, but some survived in this environment thanks 385 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:09,600 Speaker 1: to it being very dark and anaerobic. Down at the 386 00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:13,440 Speaker 1: bottom of the luck butter. Don't eat that butter, No, don't. 387 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:19,240 Speaker 1: Archaeologists at the Australian National University have found the earliest 388 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:24,520 Speaker 1: evidence of indigenous communities cultivating bananas in Australia. The site 389 00:23:24,560 --> 00:23:26,840 Speaker 1: is on a tiny island in the Torres Straight and 390 00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:29,959 Speaker 1: it dates back more than twenty one hundred years. The 391 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:34,560 Speaker 1: team found starch granules, banana plant micro fossils and charcoal 392 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:38,879 Speaker 1: in the soil. Lead researcher Robert Williams described this find 393 00:23:38,960 --> 00:23:43,200 Speaker 1: as helping to dispel the idea that Australia's first people's 394 00:23:43,280 --> 00:23:47,600 Speaker 1: didn't practice agriculture, saying that the Torres Strait has previously 395 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:50,560 Speaker 1: been viewed as kind of a boundary between New Guinea, 396 00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:54,800 Speaker 1: where people practiced agriculture, and Australia, where people were believed 397 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:58,440 Speaker 1: to live more as hunter gatherers. So this discovery suggests 398 00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:00,439 Speaker 1: that the islands and the Torres Straight were more like 399 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:04,639 Speaker 1: a bridge than a barrier. Williams is a descendant of 400 00:24:04,680 --> 00:24:07,520 Speaker 1: the Cambrian Nenewal people's and he also talked about the 401 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:09,960 Speaker 1: team's effort to be mindful of how their work would 402 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:14,879 Speaker 1: affect indigenous communities, saying, quote, Historically culture has been appropriated 403 00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:18,800 Speaker 1: by non indigenous archaeologists and anthropologists, so it was really 404 00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:21,000 Speaker 1: important for me to make a connection with the people 405 00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:24,600 Speaker 1: in this community and ensure they understood the research really 406 00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:27,280 Speaker 1: belongs to them. I hope this work is something the 407 00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:30,760 Speaker 1: community can really be proud about. It demonstrates through clear 408 00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:34,240 Speaker 1: evidence the diversity and complexity of early horticulture in the 409 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:39,040 Speaker 1: Western tourist Strait. To move on on multiple previous editions 410 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:41,880 Speaker 1: of Unearthed, we have talked about discoveries that have come 411 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:46,200 Speaker 1: from studying the residues on pottery, which have provided evidence 412 00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:48,679 Speaker 1: of what people in the past were preparing and eating. 413 00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:51,840 Speaker 1: I remember talking about these kinds of residues related to 414 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:55,399 Speaker 1: everything from oh, it turns out this society was making 415 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:59,320 Speaker 1: better Oh, it turns out this society was using salmon 416 00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:01,200 Speaker 1: in a way we didn't expect, Like there's a lot, 417 00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:04,960 Speaker 1: it comes up a lot. A team of archaeologists has 418 00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: tried to figure out how accurately these residues reflect the 419 00:25:09,359 --> 00:25:13,200 Speaker 1: use of the pottery over time. They did this in 420 00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:16,280 Speaker 1: a project I love so much by cooking a bunch 421 00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:21,399 Speaker 1: of ingredients and newly purchased unglazed ceramic pots. These ingredients 422 00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:26,919 Speaker 1: included wheat, maize, and venison. They cooked the same ingredients 423 00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:29,639 Speaker 1: over and over once a week over the course of 424 00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:33,320 Speaker 1: a year, and then for their last batch, they changed 425 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:37,199 Speaker 1: up the ingredients. Then they tested the residues inside the 426 00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:40,360 Speaker 1: pots to see what stood out the most the ingredients 427 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:42,520 Speaker 1: that had been cooked over and over or the ones 428 00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:45,520 Speaker 1: that have been cooked for the last meal. So kind 429 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:48,600 Speaker 1: of unsurprisingly, the burned remains at the bottom of the 430 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: pots looked most like that final set of ingredients, and 431 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:56,320 Speaker 1: while the thin residue layer on the interior surface of 432 00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: the pot showed some evidence of the earlier ingredients. It 433 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:04,679 Speaker 1: also still most closely resembled that final meal. Lipids that 434 00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 1: had been absorbed into the pottery, on the other hand, 435 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: mostly showed evidence of those things that had been cooked 436 00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:13,560 Speaker 1: over and over over the course of the year, without 437 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:17,480 Speaker 1: nearly as much evidence of that last final meal. This 438 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:20,119 Speaker 1: is not to suggest that one set of residues is 439 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:22,560 Speaker 1: better than the others, but just that they each give 440 00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:25,359 Speaker 1: a slightly different look at what the pot was used for. 441 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:28,639 Speaker 1: In the words of the author's quote, we propose that 442 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:32,720 Speaker 1: these different residue forms present unique opportunities for archaeologists to 443 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:35,560 Speaker 1: study the various resources that may have been used across 444 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 1: multiple time scales within a cooking vessel's use history. Moving on, 445 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:45,800 Speaker 1: researchers at Johanna Schuttenberg University Mints have concluded that the 446 00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:51,359 Speaker 1: ability to digest lactose past infancy spread through the population 447 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: of Central Europe over the course of only a few 448 00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:58,120 Speaker 1: thousand years, meaning it's a pretty recent adaptation. They came 449 00:26:58,160 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: to this conclusion after studying the DNA of people who 450 00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:05,879 Speaker 1: had been killed in battle around twelve hundred BC, and 451 00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:09,399 Speaker 1: that study, only about one in eight of the people 452 00:27:09,560 --> 00:27:12,280 Speaker 1: carried a gene that would allow them to break down 453 00:27:12,480 --> 00:27:17,840 Speaker 1: lactose into adulthood. But today, roughly three thousand years later, 454 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:22,960 Speaker 1: roughly nine of adults from the area can tolerate lactose. 455 00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,480 Speaker 1: In the words of Professor Daniel Segman, we conclude that 456 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:30,600 Speaker 1: over the past three thousand years, lactase persistent individuals had 457 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:34,520 Speaker 1: more children, or alternatively, those children had better chances of 458 00:27:34,560 --> 00:27:38,400 Speaker 1: survival than those without this treat UH and a completely 459 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:43,760 Speaker 1: different subject, a Phoenician wine press has been discovered in Lebanon, 460 00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:46,879 Speaker 1: making it the first Iron Age wine press to be 461 00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:50,200 Speaker 1: found there. This wine press dates back to the seventh 462 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,679 Speaker 1: century BC, and one of the building materials used to 463 00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:56,400 Speaker 1: make the press was plaster that had been made from 464 00:27:56,520 --> 00:28:01,080 Speaker 1: lime and ceramic fragments. Making a real lead durable plaster 465 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,200 Speaker 1: was pretty tricky at the time, and crushing up ceramic 466 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:08,160 Speaker 1: fragments helps to make the plaster stronger, longer lasting, and 467 00:28:08,359 --> 00:28:11,800 Speaker 1: water resistant, which would be pretty important in a wine press. 468 00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:16,199 Speaker 1: Romans actually later refined this same technique for use in 469 00:28:16,240 --> 00:28:20,119 Speaker 1: their buildings and for our last edible and potable find. 470 00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:24,199 Speaker 1: In September, members of a Japanese research expedition found a 471 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:27,240 Speaker 1: cash of emergency food that had been left behind by 472 00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:31,080 Speaker 1: a previous Japanese expedition that took place in nineteen sixty five. 473 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:35,880 Speaker 1: It contained canned goods and chewing gum. The chewing gum 474 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:39,920 Speaker 1: is cool mint from Lottico, which had been developed specifically 475 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:43,600 Speaker 1: for Japanese expedition teams to include vitamins and minerals in 476 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:46,360 Speaker 1: a formulation that was meant to withstand five months of 477 00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:51,360 Speaker 1: extreme temperatures. This cash also contained a can of the 478 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:55,120 Speaker 1: first Coca Cola that was available for purchase in Japan. 479 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:58,120 Speaker 1: This style of coke can did not have a pole 480 00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:00,000 Speaker 1: top or an opener. You had to make a whole 481 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:01,640 Speaker 1: in it with a can opener to be able to 482 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:05,400 Speaker 1: drink it. In the words of an unnamed Coca Cola 483 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:09,719 Speaker 1: japan official who was quoted in the Asahiitian bun quote, 484 00:29:10,240 --> 00:29:13,760 Speaker 1: it is greatly encouraging to imagine that expedition members had 485 00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:21,800 Speaker 1: Coca Cola in the harsh environment. Um. I I was 486 00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:24,040 Speaker 1: thinking that maybe it was just because of the times 487 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:26,920 Speaker 1: that we're living in, But when I first read that quote, 488 00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:29,640 Speaker 1: it was the funniest thing I had ever heard in 489 00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:32,400 Speaker 1: my life, and I laughed about it for a solid minute. 490 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:35,320 Speaker 1: I think that's valid. It's very funny. I'm so pleased 491 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:40,600 Speaker 1: our product was part of their packaging. It's adorable. Uh. 492 00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:43,520 Speaker 1: And then we have kind of a little strange anomaly 493 00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:45,800 Speaker 1: in our wrap up, so we don't have any UTSI 494 00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:50,560 Speaker 1: updates this time around. UTSI just had a chill quarter. Yeah, 495 00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 1: I don't. I was like, did was there maybe a 496 00:29:52,960 --> 00:29:55,560 Speaker 1: pause and research into Utzi because of the pandemic? I don't. 497 00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:57,680 Speaker 1: I don't know the answer. We just but there's I 498 00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:00,480 Speaker 1: don't have anything for UZZI this time. Yeah. Oh, but 499 00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:03,440 Speaker 1: we don't leave let's see out completely. So we're doing 500 00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:07,360 Speaker 1: something UTSI adjacent for the last unearthing in this one, 501 00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:11,479 Speaker 1: a four year old shamois discovered in South Tyrol, Italy 502 00:30:11,640 --> 00:30:14,520 Speaker 1: is becoming something of a model to help guide research 503 00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:18,840 Speaker 1: into frozen mummies like Leutsy. The shamois that's a small 504 00:30:18,920 --> 00:30:22,760 Speaker 1: goat antelope was found by a hiker who alerted authorities. 505 00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:27,800 Speaker 1: So Utsi and other frozen mummies can be really incredibly 506 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:32,440 Speaker 1: challenging to study because anything that researchers might physically due 507 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:34,440 Speaker 1: to the tissue, I mean they have to walk. This 508 00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:39,160 Speaker 1: really fine line between preserving the mummy and conducting the research, 509 00:30:39,680 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: and when it comes to trying to do things like 510 00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:45,080 Speaker 1: take DNA samples, the DNA has often degraded over time, 511 00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:48,800 Speaker 1: so there's very little of it present in the specimen. Basically, 512 00:30:48,840 --> 00:30:50,920 Speaker 1: there is no room for any kind of trial and 513 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,800 Speaker 1: error or do over. So researchers are hoping to use 514 00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: this shamlas basically as a model to work out a 515 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:01,160 Speaker 1: set of procedures that can be used on human remains 516 00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,440 Speaker 1: to do things like retrieve d n A and do 517 00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:06,520 Speaker 1: other research work so that they can get it right 518 00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:10,520 Speaker 1: the first time and preserve those remains as much as possible. 519 00:31:11,120 --> 00:31:13,280 Speaker 1: I love it. It's a very smart approach to be like, 520 00:31:13,320 --> 00:31:18,200 Speaker 1: we do have this that is less likely to yield us, 521 00:31:18,480 --> 00:31:22,920 Speaker 1: you know, developmental insights about humanity. It's like their little 522 00:31:22,920 --> 00:31:26,120 Speaker 1: test project. It's perfect. Let's make a process based on 523 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:29,880 Speaker 1: what we learned right here. So smart. So that is 524 00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:33,440 Speaker 1: part one of our Unearthed for this fall. I have 525 00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:36,160 Speaker 1: more stuff in part two, and I have some listener 526 00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:40,080 Speaker 1: mail to take us out. This is from Emily, and 527 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:44,400 Speaker 1: Emily wrote, uh New Mexico history was the subject line. 528 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,000 Speaker 1: Dear Holly and Tracy, Thank you so much for taking 529 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:49,960 Speaker 1: the time to address the New Mexico history. Both of 530 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,120 Speaker 1: your recent episodes, Nina Otero Warren and the demon Cores 531 00:31:53,320 --> 00:31:55,880 Speaker 1: were pieces of history that I didn't know very much about, 532 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,480 Speaker 1: but they connect to me on a personal level. It 533 00:31:58,560 --> 00:32:00,960 Speaker 1: was really interesting to see in sites into how New 534 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,960 Speaker 1: Mexico's educational policy was shaped, and of course revisit the 535 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: complicated past of both Anglo and Spanish colonialism in northern 536 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:12,560 Speaker 1: New Mexico. However, I especially loved your demon Core episode. 537 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,920 Speaker 1: I grew up in Los Alamos, New Mexico, surrounded by 538 00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:18,960 Speaker 1: the history of the Manhattan Project. We regularly visited the 539 00:32:19,040 --> 00:32:21,480 Speaker 1: museum and historical parts of Los Alamos when I was 540 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:23,959 Speaker 1: a kid to see the science behind the atomic bombs, 541 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:25,920 Speaker 1: but I had never heard of the demon Core before. 542 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,480 Speaker 1: Thanks so much for teaching me something new about my 543 00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:30,760 Speaker 1: hometown and state. I love your podcast so much. Keep 544 00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:32,800 Speaker 1: up the good work, Emily. Thank you so much for 545 00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:35,960 Speaker 1: this email, Emily. I wanted to read it not just 546 00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:39,160 Speaker 1: because it's nice to read nice emails, but also because 547 00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:42,480 Speaker 1: there's actually a connection between those two things that did 548 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:47,120 Speaker 1: not come up on the episode, which is that Nina 549 00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:52,560 Speaker 1: Otero Lawren could see the Manhattan Project site from their homestead, 550 00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:58,400 Speaker 1: and that was like a little detail that came up 551 00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:00,160 Speaker 1: in the research that I just did not have a 552 00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:04,320 Speaker 1: great place to reference specifically in the episode. Um, but 553 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:06,240 Speaker 1: that was sort of one of the things of of 554 00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:08,400 Speaker 1: of during World War Two as the Manhattan Project was 555 00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:10,440 Speaker 1: going on, they sort of they could see in the 556 00:33:10,480 --> 00:33:13,800 Speaker 1: distance this facility. Uh didn't have the hugest sense of 557 00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:16,280 Speaker 1: what all was going on there. So thank you again, 558 00:33:16,320 --> 00:33:19,160 Speaker 1: Emily for that note. If you would like to write 559 00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,320 Speaker 1: to us about this or any other podcast, we're at 560 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:25,200 Speaker 1: history podcast that I heart radio dot com, and we're 561 00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:27,640 Speaker 1: all over social media at Missed in History. That's where 562 00:33:27,640 --> 00:33:30,600 Speaker 1: you'll find our Facebook and Pinterest, in Twitter and Instagram, 563 00:33:30,640 --> 00:33:32,800 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on the I 564 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:36,000 Speaker 1: heart radio app and Apple Podcasts and anywhere else that 565 00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:43,960 Speaker 1: you get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class 566 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,040 Speaker 1: is a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts 567 00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:49,480 Speaker 1: from I heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, 568 00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:52,760 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.