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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should know, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, there's Chuck

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Speaker 2: and Jerry. Chilly Willy Rowland is here. Do you in

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Speaker 2: the recording? Wearing a little red beanie. It's been all

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Speaker 2: cute and this is stuff as shit. You can see

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Speaker 2: Jerry in my mind's eye.

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Speaker 3: Oh look, I don't see Jerry. She has a setting

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Speaker 3: on her on her setup where it's like show camera

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Speaker 3: only to Josh m hm and not Chuck.

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Speaker 2: And she's wearing a little red beanie and looks like

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Speaker 2: a mini penguin.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, but she has you can't smell her. She has

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Speaker 3: a button to allow me to smell her even though

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Speaker 3: she's in la and you know what, it smells like miso? Yep,

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Speaker 3: but she may have gotten at miso from the fridge.

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Speaker 2: Oh okay, all right, I see what you're doing. Nice work, Chuck.

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Speaker 2: That was a good old stuff you should know, segue

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Speaker 2: and in full stuff you should know fashion. I stepped

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Speaker 2: all over it, so it didn't actually work that well, No.

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Speaker 3: That's right.

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Speaker 2: Yes, we are talking about refrigeration, which is why you

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Speaker 2: brought that up. And again, nice work. This is one

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Speaker 2: of those I guess topics that has popped up myriad

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Speaker 2: ways in myriad episodes, So I mean literally thirty thousand

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Speaker 2: ways and thirty thousand episodes, and this is one of

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Speaker 2: those stuff you should know things where we're just gonna

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Speaker 2: bring it all together and finally talk about the main topic.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, big thanks to Olivia for her help with this.

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Speaker 3: And this was a me idea because I think after

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Speaker 3: our history of dentistry, I just sort of got turned

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Speaker 3: on by the idea of the history of like certain

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Speaker 3: just commonplace practices and things these days. And maybe it

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Speaker 3: got something out of the fridge one day and it

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Speaker 3: was like, oh, man, refrigerators, you really changed the game.

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Speaker 2: Did you wonder to yourself out loud or were you

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Speaker 2: just thinking this?

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Speaker 3: I think I did, and Emily said, what the heck

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Speaker 3: are you talking about? And then of course they did.

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Speaker 3: But I was kind of curious, like, I bet it's

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Speaker 3: changed the game in more ways than I think. And

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Speaker 3: that was sort of Libya's charge, and uh, here we

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Speaker 3: go with that, because I think it did change in

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Speaker 3: more ways than I thought it might have.

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Speaker 2: Oh, I was gonna ask that I had a follow

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Speaker 2: up question, and then you just answered it.

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Speaker 3: Yes, it was satisfying. The result was for me.

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Speaker 2: So the I think initially you were thinking like refrigerators,

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Speaker 2: like home refrigeration. Yeah, she'd be like warehouse refrigeration, fairly

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Speaker 2: recent refrigeration. But Olivia, like you said, who helped us

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Speaker 2: with this one? No? No, and wag your finger. And

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Speaker 2: so this stuff goes way back beyond this chalk and

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Speaker 2: you said, how did you get in my kitchen? Right?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so we're going to start early, way way before

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Speaker 3: mechanical refrigeration. Uh, there was still refrigeration, which just means

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Speaker 3: keeping something cold. Yeah, a refrigerator is mechanical version of that.

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Speaker 3: But in olden times, one might even say ancient times,

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Speaker 3: people were still trying to keep things cold. Like, since

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Speaker 3: we figured out that cold things lasted longer, people have

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Speaker 3: been trying to keep things cold in various ways.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, cold keeps the flies away, yeah exactly. Ites don't

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Speaker 2: like cold. So one of the things that people have

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Speaker 2: long loved to do is cool down their drinks, right,

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Speaker 2: m m. It's just something you can take for granted

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Speaker 2: these days. But that's one of the first uses people

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Speaker 2: put cold storage or refrigeration to, which was the store

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Speaker 2: ice so that they could chop it off with an

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Speaker 2: ancient ice pick, probably made out of a bone or

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Speaker 2: tusk or something like that, and put it in their drinks.

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Speaker 2: And as we'll see, like that, that's just long been

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Speaker 2: a desire of people. But whenever someone has access to

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Speaker 2: ice in places you normally can't get ice, that's one

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Speaker 2: of the first things they do to it. And it's

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Speaker 2: also almost always a sign of wealth to start off,

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Speaker 2: for sure.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I find it interesting that. And now you know,

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Speaker 3: I've traveled my fair share around Europe and I was

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Speaker 3: shocked early on in my twenties when a lot of

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Speaker 3: the drinks came without ice. Yeah, and they said, you know,

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Speaker 3: that's sort of the European way, because in Italy and

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Speaker 3: ancient Greece and ancient Rome, the people that had the

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Speaker 3: dough they were putting ice in those drinks. And that's

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Speaker 3: because iced drinks are better.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, across the board, to me, they are.

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Speaker 3: I know, everyone has their own things. Some people have

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Speaker 3: sensitivities teeth wise and things like that, so I get that.

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Speaker 3: But I've always been a super icy drink guy. I

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Speaker 3: love them cold, cold, cold.

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Speaker 2: And even if you're like into cocktails, like you might

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Speaker 2: not want ice in your drink. But I'll bet you

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Speaker 2: used ice to chill that drink.

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Speaker 3: Hey, unless you just like a straight up warm room

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Speaker 3: temperature neat whiskey, which is yourative. Sure of course you

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Speaker 3: need to be cool in those drinks down really well,

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Speaker 3: Like a cool drink isn't great, you gotta have it cold.

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Speaker 2: I remember there's one of the lamest mixology trends that

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Speaker 2: somebody tried to start, and there was it was around

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Speaker 2: long enough for there to be some press on it,

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Speaker 2: and it just went away inevitably. It was home temperature cocktails.

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Speaker 2: Ah yeah, Like, why would you do that? You might

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Speaker 2: as well make sure that every single one of them

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Speaker 2: has to have celery bidders in it too.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, And I know we're going to get people that say, like,

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Speaker 3: I don't like things that cold, so even if they

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Speaker 3: don't have teeth sensitivity. So again, people like what they like.

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Speaker 3: But uh, I'm an ice since I was a kid.

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Speaker 3: A tall glass of the iciest ice water is the

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Speaker 3: most refreshing thing I can put in my mouth.

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Speaker 2: Huh. I just realized I drink room temperature water. I

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Speaker 2: have a glass of it right here, So I guess

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Speaker 2: I can't just stand with you one hundred percent there, Chuck,

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Speaker 2: I'm sorry.

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Speaker 3: Well, actually, the studio is the only place where I

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Speaker 3: don't drink iced water because it makes noise, So I

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Speaker 3: have a a you know, out of the refrigerator coold,

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Speaker 3: so it's still pretty cold.

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Speaker 2: Sure, supposedly your body metabolizes room temperature water much more easily,

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Speaker 2: but supposedly you also burn more calories warming water up

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Speaker 2: in your body. So all right, you're gonna be torn.

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Speaker 3: Well, I believe you because you said it.

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Speaker 2: One other thing about ice and drinks, I think the

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Speaker 2: best martinis are the ones that have you get them

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Speaker 2: so cold that they have like a little shard of

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Speaker 2: like arctic ice on the top.

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Speaker 3: I love that. But supposedly that's not the way, but

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Speaker 3: I love that.

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Speaker 2: I love it too. It's so good out ooh.

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Speaker 3: And are getting so sidetracked over these drinks. We're not

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Speaker 3: even through like the first paragraph here. But the martini,

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Speaker 3: the ultimate martini, is when they do that, and then

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Speaker 3: they bring you the tiny, you know, little half pitcher

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Speaker 3: sitting in a little tiny bowl of ice.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I love that too. And then also when they

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Speaker 2: leave five thousand dollars in cash with you as well,

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Speaker 2: for no reason other than ordering the five thousand dollars Martini.

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Speaker 3: All right, So people are cooling their drinks with ice

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Speaker 3: in ancient times and places around the seventh century. Of course,

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Speaker 3: the Chinese are always discovering the biggest and best ways

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Speaker 3: to do things. Way back in the day, they found.

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Speaker 2: Out you hedged yourself right then, and I was like, oh,

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Speaker 2: be careful, right.

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Speaker 3: Saltpeter, which is used in making gunpowder, was found to

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Speaker 3: absorb heat when dissolved in water, so they.

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Speaker 2: Would not know that.

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Speaker 3: Maybe one of the first artificial cooling methods was to

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Speaker 3: make a little saltpeter bath and you would just sit

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Speaker 3: a jar of whatever you want to keep cool in

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Speaker 3: that cooler water.

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Speaker 2: Pretty cool, get it. Yep, That's gonna happen many times,

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Speaker 2: and I'll never do it on purpose, so I just

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Speaker 2: apologize in advance.

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Speaker 3: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: One of the other things that people figured out pretty

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Speaker 2: quickly is that when you have a liquid evaporating, usually water,

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Speaker 2: as it evaporates turns from liquid to gas. That phase

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Speaker 2: change is what they call it. The eggheads call it

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Speaker 2: a phase change. It requires energy, and typically it gets

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Speaker 2: that energy to change phase from heat, my god, the heat,

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Speaker 2: and it usually just pulls it from the surrounding air,

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Speaker 2: which means that when a liquid turns into a gas,

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Speaker 2: the air around it is cooler because it pulls that

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Speaker 2: heat right out of the air to use it for

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Speaker 2: the phase change. And if you have some way of

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Speaker 2: moving that cooler water from around whatever vessel of or sorry,

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Speaker 2: the cooler air from around the vessel of water that's evaporating,

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Speaker 2: you have yourself a primitive air conditioning system that sometimes

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Speaker 2: called it swamp cooler.

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Speaker 3: I saw, Yeah, I've heard that before. This is something

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Speaker 3: that has been done in India for centuries and centuries.

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Speaker 3: And you know, it's not refrigerator cold, but if you're

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Speaker 3: looking to keep something cool and something a little bit,

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Speaker 3: and it's not a bad way to do it, for sure.

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Speaker 2: No, for sure. And it has to be this is

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Speaker 2: the downside. It has to be a dry, hot place. Yeah,

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Speaker 2: if it's muggy out then it's not going to have

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Speaker 2: much in an effect.

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Speaker 3: But I also saw it a swamp ironically, Yeah, I.

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Speaker 2: Thought that was weird too. I also saw one of

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Speaker 2: the other really basic uses for is to dampen a

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Speaker 2: towel and hang it in front of a breezy window

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Speaker 2: and as that water evaporates in the towel as it

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Speaker 2: dries off is what the lady people call it. The

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Speaker 2: breeze pushes that cooler air into your house. And I

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Speaker 2: realized that I was having trouble like envisioning this stuff

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Speaker 2: for why anybody would go to the trouble And I

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Speaker 2: was like, oh, yeah, before the kind of AC and

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Speaker 2: refrigeration that we're used to, you had to go to

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Speaker 2: all sorts of trouble. It's just so easy to take

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Speaker 2: for granted these days. But before this and in other

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Speaker 2: places where they don't have AC, people would hang damp

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Speaker 2: towels in front of a breezy window to get cooler.

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Speaker 2: That's how desperate they were to cool down.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I imagine knocking something down a few degrees makes

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Speaker 3: a big difference. Yeah, you know in the pre AC days,

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Speaker 3: you know, sure, bearing things in the ground is also

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Speaker 3: a good way to keep things cool. You know, like

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Speaker 3: three to five feet down, you're gonna find pretty consistent

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Speaker 3: temperatures depending on where you are. If you're in the north,

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Speaker 3: it can be forty five to fifty degrees down there,

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Speaker 3: more like seventy in the south, and you know that's fahrenheit.

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Speaker 3: And of course, anyone who's ever spent any time camping

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Speaker 3: or hiking, knows, as I did when I was a kid.

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Speaker 3: My dad would build a little like cordoned off area

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Speaker 3: with stacked rocks in a very cold mountain river to

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Speaker 3: put like jugs of milk and stuff like that, and

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Speaker 3: when we were camping as a family.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, there's things called spring houses or spring boxes, depending

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Speaker 2: on how big the structure is. But typically if you

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Speaker 2: have a stream or a spring running through your homestead,

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Speaker 2: which from what I've read recently is like like point

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Speaker 2: number one that you want to make sure your homestead

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Speaker 2: has as a source of fresh water, one of the

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Speaker 2: cool things you could do with that is to build

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Speaker 2: an enclosure around it. But first within the enclosure, what

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Speaker 2: you want to build is like a kind of like

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Speaker 2: a widened area for the stream to flow into, and

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Speaker 2: then it kind of fills up and then it exits

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Speaker 2: the other side of this widened area. So you narrow

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Speaker 2: the channel of the spring or the stream line it

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Speaker 2: with rocks, line this box with rocks, basically, and it

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Speaker 2: stays about half full year round of this nice cool

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Speaker 2: mountain spring or mountain stream water, and you just keep

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Speaker 2: your butter in there and crocs and stuff. So it's

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Speaker 2: just like doing it in the stream, but you're basically

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Speaker 2: making it a little easier to store your things in there,

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Speaker 2: and you could put more stuff in it than you

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Speaker 2: would if you just threw it in the stream like

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Speaker 2: a total hay seed. Like even even the mountainous of

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Speaker 2: mountain people are like, you don't you didn't go to

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Speaker 2: the trouble of building a spring for somebody who just

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Speaker 2: throws it into the stream themselves.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so far keeping track now you have name checked eggheads,

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Speaker 3: lay people, and.

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Speaker 2: Hay seeds and mountain folk.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and mountain folk, that's what we do here. So

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Speaker 3: in the seventeenth century in Europe they had official ice

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Speaker 3: houses and they were you know, you'd bring down ice

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Speaker 3: from where you could get ice, like literal just ice

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Speaker 3: from the wild, like in Scandinavia, and they were using

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Speaker 3: it to preserve food obviously also for like the medical

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Speaker 3: community would use it for different things and also chilling

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Speaker 3: those drinks. Still, but you know, you would you could

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Speaker 3: use ice to treat burns and things like that, to

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Speaker 3: bring down a fever, you know, making things cooler was

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Speaker 3: a big benefit to a doctor.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. Also remember in our feet of cold starve a

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Speaker 2: fever short stuff. We talked about how there was like

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Speaker 2: a doctor's viewed heat and cold as a duality of health. So, yeah,

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Speaker 2: somebody was sick with one of the hot sicknesses, you

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Speaker 2: would probably give them a cold drink and that was

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Speaker 2: considered as good as medicine is today.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, or of course any you know, sprains and you

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Speaker 3: know muscle pulls, things like that. Heat and ice. It

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Speaker 3: can be used in various ways. Sure, the rice method,

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Speaker 3: you know. Sure.

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Speaker 2: So one other thing I want to mention real quick

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Speaker 2: is we're talking about people like technologies that are like

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Speaker 2: thousands of years old. There was something called a yakh

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Speaker 2: chawl that Persians created that to listeners may or may

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Speaker 2: not sound familiar, depending on when we release the short

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Speaker 2: stuff on it.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so it's either just out or coming out soon.

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Speaker 3: It's getting its own short stuff because it was just

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Speaker 3: kind of too much there.

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Speaker 2: It was pretty cool, Yeah, but it was like an

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Speaker 2: ancient Persian ice making machine that dates back at least

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Speaker 2: to four hundred BCE, which is really impressive. But yeah,

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Speaker 2: we'll get way more in depth on those in whatever

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Speaker 2: short stuff we do. But the point is that people

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Speaker 2: have been doing doing this for a really long time,

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Speaker 2: and they figured out some really ingenious technologies that harness

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Speaker 2: natural processes to cool and as we kind of progress

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Speaker 2: through the technology, you'll see that we're basically doing the

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Speaker 2: same thing just a little more whiz bang, much more efficiently.

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Speaker 2: It delivers much cooler air or water whatever we're cooling,

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Speaker 2: but it's still basically the same premise as what we

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Speaker 2: were doing thousands of years ago to keep things cool.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, totally. I think it's super cool. If you want

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Speaker 3: to talk about like real ice, and there's this really extensive,

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Speaker 3: in depth, long New Yorker thing, which you know, most

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Speaker 3: New Yorker things are about Frederick Tudor, the Ice King,

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Speaker 3: who's around in the nineteenth century. And he was the

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Speaker 3: guy that was like, hey, we got all this ice

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Speaker 3: up in New England, like our lakes are literally frozen,

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Speaker 3: and why don't we try and make some money by

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Speaker 3: shipping this ice out? He had, you know, he tried

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Speaker 3: to get investors and they were like, I don't know,

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Speaker 3: it seems like that stuff is going to melt if

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Speaker 3: you put it on a ship and try and send

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Speaker 3: it to Cuba. And he said, oh, watch me, and

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Speaker 3: he puts some on a ship and sent some toward

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Speaker 3: Cuba and it melted and he was like, oh man,

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Speaker 3: they were totally right. But he kept at it and

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Speaker 3: kept at it. And you know, they used to use

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Speaker 3: things like straw to help keep the ice a little

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Speaker 3: more insulated, and he said, sawdust actually works a whole

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Speaker 3: lot better. And he and other people got in on

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Speaker 3: the game. And there was like American ice being chipped

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Speaker 3: all over the world in the nineteenth century, which is

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Speaker 3: and making it there, which is kind of hard to believe.

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Speaker 2: Yes, And I've been racking my brain what episode we

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Speaker 2: first introduced the ice King in. I cannot, for the

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Speaker 2: life of me remember what it was loose, I don't know,

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Speaker 2: I don't think so, I really don't remember what it was.

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Speaker 2: But he popped up again later in our episode on

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Speaker 2: Thorreau because one of the places where he was cutting

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Speaker 2: ice from was Walden Lake, and Threau noted the ice

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Speaker 2: King cutting ice in Walden Pond, Sorry, Mayners, while he

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Speaker 2: was writing his book Walden. I think he appears in Walden.

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Speaker 3: Two things you just named checked Mayners, that's another one.

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Speaker 2: And Henry David Thureau, the original hippie.

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Speaker 3: That's true. But one thing I did want to mention

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Speaker 3: and that's a nice little segue. Was just to plug

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Speaker 3: a little Instagram post I made recently. I was cleaning

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Speaker 3: out my closet and I found a bunch of old

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Speaker 3: schoolwork from elementary school, and while this part was from

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Speaker 3: high school, I did a satire, an extra credit satire

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Speaker 3: on Thoreau about someone who went to live deliberately in

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Speaker 3: the woods, and you know, the big joke at the end.

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Speaker 3: As they made it like thirty minutes or something. It

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Speaker 3: wasn't the best comedy work, you know, for a ninth grader.

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Speaker 3: It was okay, sure, but people should go check it

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Speaker 3: out because I did a bunch of screenshots of various projects,

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Speaker 3: a lot of space travel stuff and book reports. But

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Speaker 3: one big one was on ancient Egypt, and I literally

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Speaker 3: and the thing was like, Hi, my name is Chuck Bryant,

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Speaker 3: and I'm going to be your guide through ancient Egypt.

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Speaker 3: And at the end it was like, I hope you

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Speaker 3: enjoyed your tour, and I'd once again signing off, I've

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Speaker 3: been your guide. And people are like, oh my god,

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Speaker 3: you were doing stuff you should know as a fifth grader.

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Speaker 3: That's awesome, man, It's really pretty cute. But you can

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Speaker 3: go to chuck the podcast or Instagram to check that

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Speaker 3: stuff out. People got a real kick out of it.

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Speaker 2: For sure. I'll go check it out to you.

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Speaker 3: You would like it.

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Speaker 2: And it's not like I avoid your Instagram. I just

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Speaker 2: don't go on it. It's okay.

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Speaker 3: I know that, buddy. I know you're telling everyone else that,

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Speaker 3: but I know that's not your jam yet.

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Speaker 2: So I talked about how the technology is really just

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Speaker 2: kind of improved on ancient technology. The uses for this

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Speaker 2: stuff too have really kind of been relatively the same.

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Speaker 2: We haven't had a lot of stuff that we wanted

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Speaker 2: ice for aside from cooling our drinks, which is really honestly,

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Speaker 2: Olivia turned up a mention of the king of Takua

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Speaker 2: or Tacoa, I saw different spellings in what's now Syria,

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Speaker 2: and he used it to ICE's drinks almost four thousand

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Speaker 2: years ago. So I mean, people have been doing that

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Speaker 2: for a really long time. Another one is to store

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Speaker 2: perishable food, like you said, keeps the flies away, right,

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Speaker 2: And in doing these things is we've gotten better and

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Speaker 2: better at it. It started to have like really monumental,

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Speaker 2: massive sweeping changes on humanity, and here in America. One

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Speaker 2: of the first changes it had. We will talk about

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Speaker 2: right after this.

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Speaker 3: Stop.

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Speaker 1: Lately, I've been learning some stock about in Saua or

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Speaker 1: how you many how.

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Speaker 4: About the one on border like dis.

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Speaker 5: Yonder worm. But it was so nice who.

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Speaker 2: So chuck. I was talking about how refrigeration had massive

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Speaker 2: sweeping changes as we got better at it, and in America,

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Speaker 2: one of the first things it did was it allowed

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Speaker 2: people to expand their diet some because unless you were

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Speaker 2: in like a southern state or something like that, you

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Speaker 2: did not have access to a lot of different kinds

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Speaker 2: of food year round, like during the spring and summer,

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Speaker 2: maybe even in the fall a little bit, you would

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Speaker 2: have things like like dairy and poultry and meat. And

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Speaker 2: then as win yes, and and as winter started to

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Speaker 2: set in, you had pickled cabbage, pickled neighbor who died

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Speaker 2: that winter, like pickled everything. Canning didn't even come around.

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Speaker 2: I didn't know this until the nineteenth century. I thought

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Speaker 2: it was really really old, so like you really did

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Speaker 2: not So actually you didn't have pickled anything, now that

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Speaker 2: I think about it. You had like salted stuff, cured stuff,

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Speaker 2: and a lot of it was grains too, right, stuff

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Speaker 2: you could store fairly easily. And then when we started

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Speaker 2: learning how to preserve food with refrigeration and got better

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Speaker 2: and better at it. Like people, their diets just changed radically.

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Speaker 2: Like apparently in the Northern States, by the time spring came,

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Speaker 2: you were so malnourished from a lack of niasin vitamin

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Speaker 2: B three that you normally get from like poultry and

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Speaker 2: fish and meat, that they had a name for it,

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Speaker 2: spring sickness. Today we call it pellagra, but it's a

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Speaker 2: type of like severe malnutrition that people would just annually

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Speaker 2: get it because they had that limited access to different foods.

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Speaker 2: And then once we started being able to store and

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Speaker 2: then more importantly ship items by refrigerating it, then things

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Speaker 2: really change. That spring sickness went away. And I'm also

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Speaker 2: the first person in history to say the word refrigerating.

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Speaker 3: Also, before people write in they were definitely pickling things

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Speaker 3: before they were canning, so you could still pickle.

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Speaker 2: Things, Okay, cool, So yes, you could pickle your neighbor.

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Speaker 3: Then, Yeah, they had jars and stuff like that.

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Speaker 2: Well, what's the pill then, I mean they just hadn't

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Speaker 2: figured out how to use heat baths and that kind

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Speaker 2: of thing.

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Speaker 3: What for canning, Yeah, I don't know, maybe how to

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Speaker 3: seal something properly would be my guess. But although I

401
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Speaker 3: don't know, maybe, like wax ceiling, maybe canning should be

402
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Speaker 3: an episode, all right, and we can figure that out.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, let's figure it out.

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Speaker 3: I can regale everyone with more tales of being drug

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Speaker 3: to the cannery as a child.

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Speaker 2: That's all right. I forgot about that.

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Speaker 3: Which is actually true. It makes me sound one hundred

408
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Speaker 3: years old, but that's actually true. So yeah, when artificial

409
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Speaker 3: cold came on the scene, that really really really changed

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Speaker 3: the game. There was a physician in chemists from the

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Speaker 3: University of Glasgow in the eighteenth century seventeen forty eight

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Speaker 3: named William Cullen who it looks like did the first

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Speaker 3: experiment on artificial cooling and kind of demonstrating how that

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Speaker 3: was possible. And he, like you said, it was just

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Speaker 3: sort of a version of what they had done in

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Speaker 3: ancient times with those water in the clay jars and

417
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Speaker 3: exploiting that phase change from liquid to gas using the

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Speaker 3: thermal energy. But he used instead of water diethyl diethel

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Speaker 3: diethyl ether, and he would pump it out of a

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Speaker 3: container and it would come to a boil and that

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Speaker 3: heat would pull all the heat from the surrounding area

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Speaker 3: just like it did back an old It was just

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Speaker 3: sort of different, a different medium, and that would cool

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Speaker 3: things down.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, this chuck was one of those episodes where I

426
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Speaker 2: went near mad trying to understand like the physics of

427
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,280
Speaker 2: the whole thing, or even like the mechanical engineering aspects

428
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Speaker 2: of this stuff. And it's got to be because my

429
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Speaker 2: dad was a mechanical engineer by profession. Yeah, so, like,

430
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Speaker 2: I've got that little bug that I can't ignore. And

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Speaker 2: I looked all over for how William Collen's thing worked,

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Speaker 2: and apparently no one knows because the same like four

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Speaker 2: or five sentences are basically copy and pasted everywhere on

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Speaker 2: the internet.

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Speaker 3: That's frustrating.

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Speaker 2: So we do know that in the before even seventeen fifty,

437
00:23:42,040 --> 00:23:45,199
Speaker 2: he was the first person to demonstrate artificial refrigeration. It

438
00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:48,080
Speaker 2: didn't go anywhere, but he showed that this was entirely possible,

439
00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,560
Speaker 2: and that it was pretty clever to use something like

440
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:55,320
Speaker 2: an artificial refrigerant rather than just say water, although water

441
00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,840
Speaker 2: is an excellent refrigerator and a lot of different applications.

442
00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:02,320
Speaker 3: Yeah, for sure. A guy, an American this time named

443
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:05,119
Speaker 3: Jacob Perkins, came along about fifty ish years later in

444
00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:10,000
Speaker 3: eighteen thirty four, and he's credited basically for developing the

445
00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:15,200
Speaker 3: first working what we would call refrigerator and his machine,

446
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:18,520
Speaker 3: and you know, again it's just not too different from

447
00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:19,800
Speaker 3: how they do it today. They just do it a

448
00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:24,679
Speaker 3: lot better, right, But he used a vapor compression cycle. Again,

449
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:30,120
Speaker 3: it's all about the the thermal loss of that phase change,

450
00:24:30,520 --> 00:24:33,479
Speaker 3: but in this case they're just exploiting it, you know,

451
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:35,800
Speaker 3: because if you move the pressure back and forth between

452
00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:37,920
Speaker 3: the two, it keeps a constant cool, right.

453
00:24:38,119 --> 00:24:41,800
Speaker 2: Yeah, So it's just nuts. If you see like a

454
00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,800
Speaker 2: diagram and how it's explained and how a vapor compression

455
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:49,240
Speaker 2: refrigerator works, which is almost certainly the kind of refrigerator

456
00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:51,680
Speaker 2: you have in your home. There's really just like four

457
00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:55,080
Speaker 2: components to it, and they're really doing some basic stuff

458
00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:58,320
Speaker 2: to this. But it's more a question of like why,

459
00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:01,280
Speaker 2: like why would you put something in low pressure and

460
00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:03,800
Speaker 2: heat it up for the next step to be to

461
00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,600
Speaker 2: like depressurize it and cool it down and then you

462
00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:10,000
Speaker 2: print it into liquid up here. It's just it doesn't

463
00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:12,640
Speaker 2: make sense. It's almost just nuts, like somebody just went

464
00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:15,840
Speaker 2: crazy with a diagram. But apparently that's how it works,

465
00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:18,200
Speaker 2: and it's all I think. It's like you said, it's

466
00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:21,520
Speaker 2: just taking advantage of the different properties of lower pressure

467
00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:25,159
Speaker 2: liquid or higher pressure gas, like they can cool and heat,

468
00:25:25,640 --> 00:25:29,000
Speaker 2: and they're there. I guess it puts off so much

469
00:25:29,440 --> 00:25:32,720
Speaker 2: coolness or so much heat that it can be used

470
00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:35,440
Speaker 2: to refrigerate. And then it passes through this other thing,

471
00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:37,960
Speaker 2: like I think a condenser, and that gives off the

472
00:25:37,960 --> 00:25:41,320
Speaker 2: waste heat that's what's under your fridge, and then like

473
00:25:41,359 --> 00:25:46,760
Speaker 2: the evaporator cools everything down, and then I finally got it. Chuck, Okay,

474
00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:49,280
Speaker 2: So I've been looking at it wrong the whole way.

475
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:56,119
Speaker 2: The refrigerator doesn't pump cold into your fridge, right, the

476
00:25:56,480 --> 00:26:01,119
Speaker 2: actual mechanical refrigerant process. What it does is it sucks

477
00:26:01,119 --> 00:26:05,359
Speaker 2: heat out of your refrigerator. And once I finally understood that,

478
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:07,679
Speaker 2: I was like, I got it. Finally I got it,

479
00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:13,040
Speaker 2: because this cooler refrigerant goes through a coil, and I

480
00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:16,600
Speaker 2: thought like it was emitting cold and that that's how

481
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,800
Speaker 2: it cooled down. Now it's drawing any heat from there,

482
00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:23,000
Speaker 2: kind of tricking the heat into joining the coil and

483
00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:26,880
Speaker 2: leaving the fridge box cooler, which is what that refrigerant

484
00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:29,600
Speaker 2: wanted all the time. It thinks that the heat was

485
00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:31,919
Speaker 2: a sucker for falling for it, but that's exactly what

486
00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:34,800
Speaker 2: it does every time, And now the entire refrigerator is

487
00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:35,520
Speaker 2: way colder.

488
00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:38,040
Speaker 3: Amazing.

489
00:26:38,119 --> 00:26:40,199
Speaker 2: I think it's kind of amazing too, because it's the

490
00:26:40,400 --> 00:26:42,480
Speaker 2: opposite of what I always thought was going on.

491
00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:46,800
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's super cool. I love that they've used various

492
00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:50,560
Speaker 3: liquids over the years, ammonia's when they used for a while,

493
00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:54,240
Speaker 3: methyl chloride for a while. All of these things were

494
00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:57,520
Speaker 3: toxic though, so until they figured out a safer way,

495
00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:00,320
Speaker 3: which you know they would soon enough, people would actually die.

496
00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:03,520
Speaker 3: In the nineteen twenties, there were cases where methyl chloride

497
00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:06,840
Speaker 3: leaks happened actually killed people. And then they said, you

498
00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:08,720
Speaker 3: know what, maybe we should come up with a synthetic

499
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,760
Speaker 3: substance that does basically the same thing. So they came

500
00:27:12,840 --> 00:27:18,720
Speaker 3: up with dichlorofluoromethane aka free on, and until the nineteen nineties,

501
00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:21,760
Speaker 3: freeon was the go to. And then we said, hey,

502
00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:24,240
Speaker 3: that's not so great either because of our environment in

503
00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:28,119
Speaker 3: the ozone layer, and so let's develop even newer safer

504
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:29,840
Speaker 3: chemicals did keep things cool.

505
00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:33,600
Speaker 2: Yeah, which hydrofluorocarbons are good for the ozone layer, but

506
00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:38,400
Speaker 2: they're actually horrible as greenhouse gases. There's a rating of

507
00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,920
Speaker 2: just how much of an effect, like a chemical has

508
00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:46,600
Speaker 2: on warming the atmosphere, and they use carbon dioxide CO

509
00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:49,840
Speaker 2: two as a one. That's like the baseline because we

510
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,560
Speaker 2: know how much it warms the atmosphere over one hundred years,

511
00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:56,439
Speaker 2: so it has a global warming potential or GWP of

512
00:27:56,480 --> 00:28:02,919
Speaker 2: one carbon dioxide does hydrofluor carbons have a global warming

513
00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:08,440
Speaker 2: potential of fourteen thousand, eight hundred. Wow, that's a lot

514
00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:11,360
Speaker 2: more than CO two if you really stop and think

515
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:13,880
Speaker 2: about it. And these are the refrigerants we're still using.

516
00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:17,400
Speaker 2: These are the alternatives that we developed and started using

517
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:19,760
Speaker 2: in the nineties. So it's like we go from the

518
00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:21,840
Speaker 2: frying pan into the fire. Whenever we try to do

519
00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:23,440
Speaker 2: something environmental.

520
00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:27,399
Speaker 3: It feels like, yeah, that's probably true to me. This

521
00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:30,040
Speaker 3: is where this episode gets super interesting, And this is

522
00:28:30,119 --> 00:28:31,920
Speaker 3: kind of what I was really after when it came

523
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:37,440
Speaker 3: to the assignment, which is when things started moving around.

524
00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:41,520
Speaker 3: Cooling systems started getting better and better, people were developing

525
00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:46,400
Speaker 3: this stuff, and at the same time, railroads were growing

526
00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:49,560
Speaker 3: and growing and expanding and expanding, and all of a sudden,

527
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:52,960
Speaker 3: people in the Midwest farmers could, you know, They were like, hey,

528
00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:55,200
Speaker 3: I want to be able to ship my stuff and

529
00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:58,240
Speaker 3: sell it to the East coast. So the whole food

530
00:28:58,240 --> 00:29:02,040
Speaker 3: scene was changing because of this. In the eighteen fifties,

531
00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:05,440
Speaker 3: they started, and this to me is just like super ingenious,

532
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:10,360
Speaker 3: they started keeping railroad cars cool by using ice. So

533
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,960
Speaker 3: they would they were called reefers r ee f e R.

534
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:17,320
Speaker 3: A reefer was a refrigerated you know, railcar, and they

535
00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:19,120
Speaker 3: had these big hatches in the roof they would load

536
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,880
Speaker 3: just these huge, huge blocks of ice and then fans

537
00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:26,360
Speaker 3: that were driven by you know, powered by the turning

538
00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:28,880
Speaker 3: of the axle on the train or on the train

539
00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:31,600
Speaker 3: car rather, and that just you know, it just blew on.

540
00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:34,360
Speaker 3: I'm like a breeze pasted a cool towel in your window,

541
00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:38,280
Speaker 3: and all of a sudden you had refrigerated train cars.

542
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:40,880
Speaker 3: They were lined in like flax and sawdust, like we mentioned,

543
00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:44,960
Speaker 3: sometimes dirt, sometimes cow hair. And even though people were

544
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,240
Speaker 3: a little bit at first like I don't know about this,

545
00:29:48,560 --> 00:29:52,480
Speaker 3: the meat packing industry really got on board because they said,

546
00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:56,800
Speaker 3: we've been shipping live cows across country for people to

547
00:29:56,920 --> 00:29:59,120
Speaker 3: take care of when they get there, When we can

548
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,840
Speaker 3: butcher every thing in one place and ship out this

549
00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:05,640
Speaker 3: what they call dead meat. It's disgusting, but that's what

550
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:06,520
Speaker 3: they called it, right.

551
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:09,719
Speaker 2: That's what sixth grade bullies call you too when they

552
00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:12,120
Speaker 2: tell you to meet them in the playground at three.

553
00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:14,000
Speaker 3: Did meet?

554
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,240
Speaker 2: But that changed, That changed absolutely everything. This is when

555
00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:20,320
Speaker 2: meat became like a staple of the American diet. We

556
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:22,720
Speaker 2: talked a little bit about Chicago being the epicenter of

557
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:25,400
Speaker 2: this and that what did Americans eat before the FDA

558
00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:26,560
Speaker 2: came along or something.

559
00:30:26,640 --> 00:30:28,120
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's right.

560
00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:32,000
Speaker 2: But all of a sudden, meat was much easier, much

561
00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:35,400
Speaker 2: cheaper to ship, and they could ship it further and further,

562
00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,720
Speaker 2: so they started supplying the cities with meat and people

563
00:30:39,240 --> 00:30:40,960
Speaker 2: started to be able to afford it, and that just

564
00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:44,000
Speaker 2: that was another huge change, not just for humans, but

565
00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:47,800
Speaker 2: for cows too, because apparently the cow population in the

566
00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:51,680
Speaker 2: United States more than doubled in thirty years after we

567
00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:56,640
Speaker 2: figured out how to refrigerate some meat or ship refrigerated meat.

568
00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, that's incredible.

569
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:02,360
Speaker 2: That cows.

570
00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's a lot of dead cows. It completely changed

571
00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:10,280
Speaker 3: Chicago as a city, and it completely changed the way

572
00:31:10,280 --> 00:31:12,240
Speaker 3: we were eating as a nation. All of a sudden,

573
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:16,880
Speaker 3: you had refrigerated cars also shipping produce. It wasn't just

574
00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:18,520
Speaker 3: about the cows and the beef, even though it was

575
00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:20,840
Speaker 3: a big part of it. But all of a sudden

576
00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:23,560
Speaker 3: you could be like, Hey, I'm growing this fruit in Florida.

577
00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:27,080
Speaker 3: And have you Have you ever had not just an

578
00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:29,320
Speaker 3: orange and your stocking for Christmas? You ever had a

579
00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:32,600
Speaker 3: big bag of oranges sitting around your house, Well, we're

580
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:36,080
Speaker 3: happy to provide that for you and us fruit. I

581
00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:39,640
Speaker 3: think it was one of the first companies to get

582
00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,280
Speaker 3: involved in like sending their good stuff all over the place,

583
00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:44,600
Speaker 3: and you know, as a result, obviously the prices really

584
00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:46,760
Speaker 3: really dropped. That was an article in the New York

585
00:31:46,840 --> 00:31:48,800
Speaker 3: Sun in eighteen ninety four that talked about the price

586
00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:52,400
Speaker 3: of pears went from forty cents to two for a

587
00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:55,720
Speaker 3: nickel in just a couple of decades thanks to refrigerated cars.

588
00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:59,120
Speaker 2: It's even more impressive when you adjust for inflation. So

589
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:03,880
Speaker 2: a single pair was eleven dollars in the eighteen seventies,

590
00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:07,160
Speaker 2: and they were two for a dollar eighty in the

591
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:12,080
Speaker 2: eighteen nineties thanks to refrigeration. Did you ever get an

592
00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:14,400
Speaker 2: orange in the bottom of your Christmas stocking? Because I

593
00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 2: never understood why until I started researching this. No, you

594
00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:21,640
Speaker 2: never did. Oh we always didn't. I was always like,

595
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:24,760
Speaker 2: why is there an orange in the bottom of this stocking?

596
00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:27,920
Speaker 2: Making it seem like stuff in here than there actually is.

597
00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:31,400
Speaker 3: I feel like I would remember that our stockings were

598
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:34,280
Speaker 3: a couple of little fun things, like a little top

599
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:36,360
Speaker 3: or some silly putty, but usually just like socks and

600
00:32:36,360 --> 00:32:36,960
Speaker 3: stuff like that.

601
00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:39,479
Speaker 2: Sure, I'm guessing that the reason I did and you

602
00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:42,440
Speaker 2: didn't is because I was raised in the north, the Midwest.

603
00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:44,760
Speaker 2: Maybe I'll bet that's why. And so it was like

604
00:32:45,720 --> 00:32:48,840
Speaker 2: a Midwestern tradition because we didn't have access to oranges,

605
00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:51,000
Speaker 2: and you could eat an orange year round, basically you

606
00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:51,960
Speaker 2: lucky duck.

607
00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:59,440
Speaker 3: Trains. Eventually, shipping wise gave way to trucks and they said, hey,

608
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:02,800
Speaker 3: now we got these trucks that we can, you know,

609
00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:05,920
Speaker 3: refrigerate as well, and so we're not you know, things

610
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:10,160
Speaker 3: were built around industries, entire industries. Separate industries were built

611
00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:14,360
Speaker 3: near rail yards because rail shipping was the only only game,

612
00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:16,440
Speaker 3: you know, for a long time. So and I think

613
00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:19,640
Speaker 3: it was in the that What Did We Eat episode

614
00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:21,640
Speaker 3: when we talked about Chicago, like the whole meat packing

615
00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:24,640
Speaker 3: area was around the rail yards because they could you know,

616
00:33:24,680 --> 00:33:26,280
Speaker 3: they wanted to have it super close. So now all

617
00:33:26,280 --> 00:33:29,160
Speaker 3: of a sudden, you could say, hey, stuff is you know,

618
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,480
Speaker 3: it's really much cheaper to raise cattle or grow vegetables

619
00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:34,680
Speaker 3: way out in the boonies. You can get cheaper labor,

620
00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:36,960
Speaker 3: cheaper land. So now we can do that and just

621
00:33:37,040 --> 00:33:39,800
Speaker 3: throw it on a refrigerated truck to get it across country. Yep.

622
00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:43,680
Speaker 2: So chuck. Little by little as these like innovations in

623
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:48,120
Speaker 2: shipping stuff meat produce things that just could not make

624
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:53,080
Speaker 2: it from you know, California to oh, I don't know,

625
00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:57,720
Speaker 2: let's say Denver without rotting or something. As we got

626
00:33:57,760 --> 00:34:01,560
Speaker 2: better and better at this, something called the chain started

627
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:04,840
Speaker 2: to emerge and involve. And that was basically how we

628
00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,239
Speaker 2: move perishable items from one part of the country to

629
00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:10,440
Speaker 2: another thanks to this refrigerated stuff. And it was super

630
00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:13,480
Speaker 2: primitive and separate. I think the I don't know if

631
00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,000
Speaker 2: you said or not, but the very first private railcars

632
00:34:16,440 --> 00:34:21,200
Speaker 2: were these meat packers refrigerated cars. They just did this

633
00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:24,400
Speaker 2: on their own as like a great business move. But

634
00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:27,840
Speaker 2: these things became so invaluable and people became so hooked

635
00:34:27,880 --> 00:34:31,480
Speaker 2: on having stuff available year round that they normally wouldn't

636
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:34,799
Speaker 2: that it just became an institution, like a part of

637
00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:41,319
Speaker 2: any growing, developing country's infrastructure. There was something called the

638
00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:41,919
Speaker 2: cold chain.

639
00:34:42,280 --> 00:34:46,560
Speaker 3: Yeah. Absolutely. There was an engineer early on who did

640
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:48,920
Speaker 3: not realize his dream, but he was sort of the

641
00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:51,279
Speaker 3: first visionary in the mid nineteenth century. His name was

642
00:34:51,880 --> 00:34:58,040
Speaker 3: Charles tell ye ooh nailed it. He was the guy

643
00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:01,200
Speaker 3: that kind of envisioned this and said, hey, the cold

644
00:35:01,280 --> 00:35:03,719
Speaker 3: chain is a thing that we could make a reality

645
00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:07,759
Speaker 3: and then we can sort of reorganize rationally on how

646
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:12,200
Speaker 3: we grow food and how we ship food. And it

647
00:35:12,239 --> 00:35:17,080
Speaker 3: was his idea. He apparently died in extreme poverty because

648
00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:20,240
Speaker 3: he never realized a dream to its fullest, but he tried.

649
00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:23,920
Speaker 3: He actually got a British steamership and outfitted it with

650
00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:32,840
Speaker 3: a refrigerator. Even named it lee Les frigger Rique frigger raffete. Yeah, okay, like.

651
00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:39,680
Speaker 2: Like fantastic basically, but fantastic refrigerator is basically what it means.

652
00:35:40,480 --> 00:35:46,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, that sounds like a magnifique fantastic refrigerator concern. And

653
00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:48,680
Speaker 3: this was in eighteen seventy seven and he was bringing

654
00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:54,719
Speaker 3: beef across the ocean from Uruguay to Paris, and when

655
00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:56,520
Speaker 3: they got there, he was like, everyone's gonna love this.

656
00:35:56,640 --> 00:35:59,600
Speaker 3: And the French were like, uh, you think I'm eating

657
00:35:59,760 --> 00:36:02,800
Speaker 3: meat that's been dead for a month. Yeah, you're crazy,

658
00:36:02,920 --> 00:36:04,520
Speaker 3: and we're going to pass a bunch of laws that

659
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:07,400
Speaker 3: banned this kind of thing for the next twenty years.

660
00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:08,320
Speaker 2: And tell you're screeched.

661
00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:12,720
Speaker 3: I'm not crazy, shut up, take it back. Yeah exactly.

662
00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:15,640
Speaker 2: So, like you said, he died penniless, as you like

663
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:22,080
Speaker 2: to say, but his legacy lived on. Eventually people said like, Okay,

664
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:24,000
Speaker 2: we can get used to this. But it took some

665
00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:28,759
Speaker 2: It took some selling for sure. One of the other

666
00:36:28,880 --> 00:36:32,759
Speaker 2: major things that helped establish the cold chain was not

667
00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:35,279
Speaker 2: just shipping, but it had to like sit for a

668
00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:37,560
Speaker 2: little while when it got to where it's going. Like

669
00:36:37,960 --> 00:36:40,800
Speaker 2: it's not like the train stopped at every every house

670
00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:44,440
Speaker 2: for anyone who wanted eggs, Like it went to one

671
00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:49,399
Speaker 2: central destination and it unloaded its contents, and so as

672
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:53,080
Speaker 2: a result, cold storage had to develop. You remember Rocky,

673
00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:57,640
Speaker 2: he helped train by punching huge sides of beef that

674
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:00,840
Speaker 2: would that was part of the cold chain he worked in.

675
00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:03,560
Speaker 2: At least I guess that's where he worked, was a

676
00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:04,720
Speaker 2: cold storage place.

677
00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:09,920
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, like a meatpacker storage facility.

678
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:10,279
Speaker 2: I think.

679
00:37:11,239 --> 00:37:13,080
Speaker 3: By the way, second Rocky reference in here, there was

680
00:37:13,080 --> 00:37:15,000
Speaker 3: another very subtle one. We'll see if that listeners can

681
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:15,480
Speaker 3: pick that out.

682
00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:16,520
Speaker 2: It already happened.

683
00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:18,359
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, a little easter egg.

684
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:19,920
Speaker 2: I didn't pick it out. I want to know.

685
00:37:21,920 --> 00:37:24,080
Speaker 3: All right, I'm gonna tell you off air ready, I'll

686
00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:24,799
Speaker 3: tell you right now.

687
00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:36,200
Speaker 2: Okay, thank you for telling me.

688
00:37:37,239 --> 00:37:39,120
Speaker 3: It sounded like you were acting just then a new

689
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:40,959
Speaker 3: kind of were But I really did just tell Josh.

690
00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:44,600
Speaker 3: But yes, let's leave that as an easter egg anyway. Yeah,

691
00:37:44,680 --> 00:37:48,640
Speaker 3: cold warehouses started becoming a thing again. That sawdust insulation

692
00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:54,399
Speaker 3: provided a lot of the you know insulation. I guess

693
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:58,640
Speaker 3: these were in the eighteen sixties, and you know, it

694
00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:01,280
Speaker 3: wasn't like your refriger or cold, but they were storing

695
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:04,440
Speaker 3: like fruit and produce. So it basically it was like, hey,

696
00:38:04,840 --> 00:38:07,319
Speaker 3: you don't get too warm and spoil is what they

697
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:08,799
Speaker 3: were trying to you know, accomplish there.

698
00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:11,799
Speaker 2: Yeah, it didn't have to be frozen necessarily, no, no.

699
00:38:11,840 --> 00:38:13,759
Speaker 3: No, no, But by nineteen oh four, this was a

700
00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:18,760
Speaker 3: legitimate thing. There were more than six hundred huge storage

701
00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:21,279
Speaker 3: you know cold storage facilities, I think one one hundred

702
00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:25,000
Speaker 3: and two million cubic feet and you know, mainly based

703
00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:27,719
Speaker 3: around cities. But they were holding everything from you know,

704
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:31,759
Speaker 3: produce to namely eggs because people wanted their eggs year round.

705
00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:34,359
Speaker 3: And back then, before they started breeding chickens to lay

706
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:36,920
Speaker 3: eggs y around, they were basically laying in the spring

707
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:39,520
Speaker 3: and people wanted those eggs in the winter.

708
00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:41,920
Speaker 2: Yeah, and they really did breed them chuck through selective

709
00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:45,480
Speaker 2: breeding programs. There's something called the red jungle fowl, which

710
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:49,440
Speaker 2: is a type of chicken. Wild chicken lays about ten

711
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:51,840
Speaker 2: to fifteen eggs per year, and like you said, normally

712
00:38:51,880 --> 00:38:54,719
Speaker 2: in the spring, maybe in the early summer, that's just

713
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:57,080
Speaker 2: not enough if you want eggs year round. So the

714
00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:00,279
Speaker 2: breeds that we developed, like the leg horns, which is

715
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:04,040
Speaker 2: the top egg layer, the champ, they lay about three

716
00:39:04,239 --> 00:39:07,359
Speaker 2: hundred and fifty eggs per year year round.

717
00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:09,279
Speaker 3: That's a lot.

718
00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:12,000
Speaker 2: But before that, yeah, you could just hang on to eggs.

719
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:14,279
Speaker 2: I almost said you could just sit on eggs for

720
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:16,360
Speaker 2: a while thanks to cold storage.

721
00:39:16,920 --> 00:39:19,600
Speaker 3: That's right, But you know, we said the French were

722
00:39:19,640 --> 00:39:22,720
Speaker 3: kind of grossed out by this. It wasn't just the French.

723
00:39:22,719 --> 00:39:24,680
Speaker 3: A lot of people had a hard time kind of

724
00:39:24,719 --> 00:39:27,440
Speaker 3: coming around to this idea of eating things that had

725
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:31,000
Speaker 3: been around for a while, and false rumors spread that

726
00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:32,879
Speaker 3: you know, that stuff could make you sick, it could

727
00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:37,760
Speaker 3: cause cancer. So in nineteen eleven, as a pr rebuttal,

728
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:40,560
Speaker 3: I guess, the Poultry, Butter and Egg Association had a

729
00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:44,200
Speaker 3: cold storage banquet at the Hotel Sherman in Chicago where

730
00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:47,920
Speaker 3: they served an entire meal of foods that had been

731
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:51,360
Speaker 3: preserved through refrigeration to a lot of folks, including the

732
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:53,799
Speaker 3: mayor and the health commissioner. It's sort of like, hey,

733
00:39:53,960 --> 00:39:56,279
Speaker 3: here's where we are now. You don't need to be

734
00:39:56,360 --> 00:39:58,920
Speaker 3: grossed out. And people said, okay, I may not be

735
00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:02,359
Speaker 3: grossed out, but I'm also like have to get use

736
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:05,000
Speaker 3: the idea of not buying the eggs from the farmer

737
00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:07,200
Speaker 3: down the street, or getting my milk from down the street,

738
00:40:07,320 --> 00:40:10,040
Speaker 3: or the produce from the farmer down the street. And

739
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:12,440
Speaker 3: so it took a while for people to come around

740
00:40:12,480 --> 00:40:15,560
Speaker 3: to just getting food away from a source they really

741
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:17,880
Speaker 3: sort of knew personally entrusted, yeah, and that was.

742
00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:19,919
Speaker 2: One of the roles of the FDA and the Pure

743
00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:22,080
Speaker 2: Food and Drug Act of nineteen oh six was to

744
00:40:22,160 --> 00:40:24,880
Speaker 2: basically say, Okay, we get why you don't trust some

745
00:40:24,960 --> 00:40:27,720
Speaker 2: of these people because some of them are actual total scals.

746
00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:30,759
Speaker 2: Some of the people selling food. Apparently, one technique was

747
00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,320
Speaker 2: to if you had a bunch of meat that was

748
00:40:33,360 --> 00:40:36,080
Speaker 2: about a spoil, you just froze it and shipped it

749
00:40:36,280 --> 00:40:38,239
Speaker 2: and the person wouldn't be able to tell until they

750
00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:40,160
Speaker 2: thawed the meat out and tried to sell it. Yeah,

751
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:43,120
Speaker 2: and you just rip them off. That was a big one.

752
00:40:43,320 --> 00:40:46,480
Speaker 2: Or if you had a cold storage facility, if you're

753
00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:49,239
Speaker 2: storing something for months, you need to keep it cold

754
00:40:49,280 --> 00:40:51,400
Speaker 2: for months. There can't be like a week where everything

755
00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:53,640
Speaker 2: breaks down and you just hang on to that stuff

756
00:40:53,719 --> 00:40:57,520
Speaker 2: and sell it anyway after things get back online. And

757
00:40:57,640 --> 00:41:00,239
Speaker 2: this was the kind of thing that like people in

758
00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:02,880
Speaker 2: the US, we're having to worry about. So thanks to

759
00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:06,120
Speaker 2: the Pure Food and Drug Act of nineteen oh six

760
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:09,000
Speaker 2: and then later on actual laws that gave it teeth,

761
00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:12,200
Speaker 2: that kind of helped set the stage for people to

762
00:41:12,239 --> 00:41:14,440
Speaker 2: finally relax and be like, Okay, I can deal with

763
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:18,759
Speaker 2: frozen food. Because it was like the GMOs of its day,

764
00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:21,359
Speaker 2: like people were just like, it'll give you cancer if

765
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:24,080
Speaker 2: you eat frozen food. Like it was like people did

766
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:26,360
Speaker 2: not trust food that had been frozen.

767
00:41:27,640 --> 00:41:30,920
Speaker 3: That's right. We should take our second break here at

768
00:41:30,960 --> 00:41:33,680
Speaker 3: minute forty two, and we're gonna come back finally with

769
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:35,800
Speaker 3: home refrigeration right after this.

770
00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:41,720
Speaker 2: Stop.

771
00:41:50,960 --> 00:41:57,279
Speaker 1: Lately, I've been learning some stuff about insomnia or alumnia.

772
00:41:58,320 --> 00:42:03,160
Speaker 5: How about the one on border like disorder, that cht

773
00:42:03,239 --> 00:42:07,160
Speaker 5: north border, that one being worn. But it was so

774
00:42:07,760 --> 00:42:12,560
Speaker 5: nice I learned, except body, listen.

775
00:42:15,960 --> 00:42:24,799
Speaker 4: Shot, stop, stop, stop, all right.

776
00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:28,319
Speaker 3: So, iceboxes had been a thing since you know, at

777
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:31,160
Speaker 3: least in nineteenth century. Uh, they started to become more

778
00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:34,200
Speaker 3: and more common. And this is you know, a big

779
00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:39,040
Speaker 3: wooden sort of cabinet in your kitchen usually would and

780
00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:41,200
Speaker 3: it was lined with something like a tin lining or

781
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:44,160
Speaker 3: zinc maybe, and the iceman would come around deliver a

782
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:46,880
Speaker 3: big block of ice to your house. And that's how

783
00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:49,800
Speaker 3: things were kept cool in the icebox. And if you

784
00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:54,040
Speaker 3: are a gen xer or older, your grandparents may have

785
00:42:54,120 --> 00:42:58,000
Speaker 3: even said the word icebox. My grandmother certainly did, because

786
00:42:58,040 --> 00:43:00,040
Speaker 3: she lived to be one hundred and was around and

787
00:43:00,080 --> 00:43:02,439
Speaker 3: then when they called them ice and when they were icebox.

788
00:43:02,239 --> 00:43:04,000
Speaker 2: Right, and not just call them. Yeah, there's also that

789
00:43:04,120 --> 00:43:10,160
Speaker 2: whole excellent subgenre of desserts that are icebox like icebox cakes.

790
00:43:11,320 --> 00:43:14,840
Speaker 3: Yeah yeah, lemon icebox pie yeh. But finally, in nineteen fourteen,

791
00:43:14,960 --> 00:43:18,320
Speaker 3: we get our first mechanical refrigerator in the house. The

792
00:43:18,520 --> 00:43:23,400
Speaker 3: domestic electric refrigerator or the dome E l Re fridge

793
00:43:24,360 --> 00:43:28,840
Speaker 3: made its debut. And this was still not a fully

794
00:43:28,880 --> 00:43:31,440
Speaker 3: integrated refrigerator. It was a device that you got to

795
00:43:31,480 --> 00:43:34,520
Speaker 3: put in your ice box to keep things cool and

796
00:43:34,600 --> 00:43:36,040
Speaker 3: to keep that ice from melting.

797
00:43:36,080 --> 00:43:39,880
Speaker 2: Yeah. So, yeah, it didn't take off. They weren't super reliable,

798
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:43,440
Speaker 2: they were pretty expensive. But not too long later, a

799
00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:48,160
Speaker 2: decade or so later, nineteen twenty seven, GE introduced its refrigerator.

800
00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:52,200
Speaker 2: It's nicknamed the monitor top because there's a big round

801
00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:56,719
Speaker 2: turret on top of the refrigerator that gives it a

802
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:59,480
Speaker 2: very distinctive look. It looks like a robot fashioned by

803
00:43:59,560 --> 00:44:03,680
Speaker 2: like a six Yeah, but monitor refers to the Civil

804
00:44:03,719 --> 00:44:10,560
Speaker 2: War ironclad USS monitor and that's just that was the nickname.

805
00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:12,800
Speaker 2: I was looking all over for what General Electric called it,

806
00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:14,719
Speaker 2: and they seem to have just called it refrigerator.

807
00:44:15,520 --> 00:44:17,160
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's kind of cool looking if you want to

808
00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:21,879
Speaker 3: look up a photo, I mean, it looks as described leftovers.

809
00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:24,719
Speaker 3: And this was something I was really curious about that

810
00:44:25,120 --> 00:44:28,600
Speaker 3: had been a thing. It was eighteen seventy eight, I

811
00:44:28,640 --> 00:44:34,000
Speaker 3: think when that term was coin. But leftovers back then

812
00:44:34,160 --> 00:44:36,239
Speaker 3: meant like you got to eat this stuff the next

813
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:38,359
Speaker 3: day because people didn't want their food to go bad.

814
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:40,279
Speaker 3: People didn't waste stuff like they do now and just

815
00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:43,680
Speaker 3: throw stuff away. They didn't eat it, so dinner went

816
00:44:43,719 --> 00:44:45,879
Speaker 3: into the breakfast or the lunch, or it went into

817
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:48,400
Speaker 3: a big pot the next day that was on the stove,

818
00:44:48,520 --> 00:44:50,719
Speaker 3: and you just had these big sort of stews of

819
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:56,520
Speaker 3: leftover things. Now that you had the mechanical electric refrigerator,

820
00:44:57,239 --> 00:44:59,080
Speaker 3: all of a sudden, you could preserve stuff and you

821
00:44:59,120 --> 00:45:01,680
Speaker 3: could serve You didn't have to transform something. You could

822
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:04,560
Speaker 3: like warm up and serve the same meal that you

823
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:07,840
Speaker 3: ate a few days ago. And that was a pretty

824
00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:09,520
Speaker 3: radical thing at the time.

825
00:45:09,719 --> 00:45:12,840
Speaker 2: Oh yeah, for sure. Again though people were kind of like,

826
00:45:13,239 --> 00:45:17,520
Speaker 2: I don't know about this. I was about to say, fortunately,

827
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:22,000
Speaker 2: but related to that scarcity during World War two and

828
00:45:22,120 --> 00:45:26,360
Speaker 2: World War One, but also the Great Depression, basically said hey, everybody,

829
00:45:26,440 --> 00:45:28,800
Speaker 2: you can't just like be throwing food away, like we

830
00:45:28,920 --> 00:45:31,439
Speaker 2: need to be very thrifty with food, and that really

831
00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,880
Speaker 2: kind of gave leftovers a big boost also because the

832
00:45:34,960 --> 00:45:37,960
Speaker 2: government came in and created propaganda campaigns to kind of

833
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:42,560
Speaker 2: persuade people to start eating leftovers more because again, thanks

834
00:45:42,640 --> 00:45:45,800
Speaker 2: to your new handy ge refrigerator, you can do that

835
00:45:45,960 --> 00:45:46,400
Speaker 2: kind of thing.

836
00:45:47,560 --> 00:45:51,000
Speaker 3: That's right, it's pretty great, you know. The cold chain

837
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:55,120
Speaker 3: is what really changed the game early on. But it

838
00:45:55,280 --> 00:45:59,480
Speaker 3: also changed like not just availability, but like literally creating

839
00:45:59,560 --> 00:46:03,840
Speaker 3: news of foods, like inventing new foods. Iceberg lettuce is

840
00:46:03,920 --> 00:46:07,120
Speaker 3: so named because it could hold up to being shipped

841
00:46:07,160 --> 00:46:12,000
Speaker 3: on ice and it is an iceberg. Hey man, I'll

842
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:15,560
Speaker 3: go to bad for iceberg l really really yeah. I

843
00:46:15,640 --> 00:46:21,840
Speaker 3: think it's unfairly labeled as as junk and like iceberg

844
00:46:22,080 --> 00:46:25,360
Speaker 3: in with some arugula and a little romaine and some

845
00:46:25,560 --> 00:46:27,680
Speaker 3: leafy greens that went a little iceberg because it's so

846
00:46:27,880 --> 00:46:30,759
Speaker 3: crunchy and you don't get that kind of texture from

847
00:46:31,360 --> 00:46:33,160
Speaker 3: I mean maybe a little bit, but it's the crunchiest

848
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:35,680
Speaker 3: lettuce to me, So I think it gets a very

849
00:46:35,760 --> 00:46:39,320
Speaker 3: snobby sort of people look down on it for for

850
00:46:40,080 --> 00:46:43,040
Speaker 3: bad reasons. My is my take. But I like a

851
00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:43,680
Speaker 3: little iceberg.

852
00:46:43,840 --> 00:46:46,480
Speaker 2: Tell them what John Waters called iceberg lettuce.

853
00:46:46,480 --> 00:46:51,319
Speaker 3: I thought that was great, the polyester of lettuce. Yeah.

854
00:46:51,480 --> 00:46:54,439
Speaker 3: But I was also raised a you know, lower middle

855
00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:57,239
Speaker 3: class kid who grew up eating iceberg lettuce, and so

856
00:46:59,560 --> 00:47:00,960
Speaker 3: it has a fun place in my heart.

857
00:47:01,040 --> 00:47:04,200
Speaker 2: For that reason, I understand I hated salad, So maybe

858
00:47:04,280 --> 00:47:07,000
Speaker 2: that's why I hate iceberg lets, because that's all that's

859
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:09,480
Speaker 2: all we got was iceberg as well, and like French

860
00:47:09,640 --> 00:47:12,920
Speaker 2: dressing or something like that, or ranch, and that was it,

861
00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:14,560
Speaker 2: and you ate it and you liked it, and you

862
00:47:14,680 --> 00:47:15,480
Speaker 2: shut up about it.

863
00:47:16,880 --> 00:47:19,760
Speaker 3: I would party on an old school eighties iceberg salad

864
00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:20,520
Speaker 3: so hard for.

865
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:22,200
Speaker 2: Real, like even when you were a kid, you would

866
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:22,440
Speaker 2: eat that.

867
00:47:23,680 --> 00:47:25,759
Speaker 3: Uh yeah, I mean that's the only kind of you know.

868
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:29,720
Speaker 3: I mean it's probably not even vegetable, but I considered

869
00:47:29,719 --> 00:47:32,000
Speaker 3: it a vegetable. I didn't like a lot of vegetables,

870
00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:32,920
Speaker 3: but I would eat a salad.

871
00:47:33,360 --> 00:47:36,319
Speaker 2: So that's funny. I hated salad so much. I would

872
00:47:36,360 --> 00:47:39,480
Speaker 2: refuse to be served anything except for some iceberg lettuce

873
00:47:39,520 --> 00:47:41,960
Speaker 2: and some carrots. And I wouldn't even eat that. No

874
00:47:42,040 --> 00:47:45,480
Speaker 2: salad dress in nothing like whenever everyone else was finished.

875
00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:47,320
Speaker 2: If I was still eating my salad, I had to

876
00:47:47,320 --> 00:47:49,319
Speaker 2: stay at the table and finish it. And so at

877
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:51,879
Speaker 2: that time I would just start slowly putting it bye

878
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:55,560
Speaker 2: by bye under the credenza behind me. But then I

879
00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:58,000
Speaker 2: was shortsighted enough I didn't go back and clean it out.

880
00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:00,680
Speaker 2: So every few months, like the credit we get moved

881
00:48:00,719 --> 00:48:03,680
Speaker 2: and there'd be a pile of like desiccated iceberg, lettuce

882
00:48:03,719 --> 00:48:04,360
Speaker 2: and carrots.

883
00:48:05,480 --> 00:48:07,200
Speaker 3: The other thing I like to use iceberg for now

884
00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:09,839
Speaker 3: is like, if you're making something in a lettuce cup,

885
00:48:09,960 --> 00:48:13,000
Speaker 3: iceberg works really well. Okay, oh yeah, yeah for sure,

886
00:48:13,120 --> 00:48:14,160
Speaker 3: like chicken larb.

887
00:48:13,960 --> 00:48:16,400
Speaker 2: Or something like that. Totally I'll agree with you on that.

888
00:48:17,560 --> 00:48:20,560
Speaker 3: So frozen foods obviously wasn't a thing for a long

889
00:48:20,560 --> 00:48:23,560
Speaker 3: long time, but finally in the nineteen fifties they said, hey,

890
00:48:23,680 --> 00:48:26,399
Speaker 3: you know what, we can cool things, we can freeze things.

891
00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:30,040
Speaker 3: We can freeze meals, and we can freeze orange juice.

892
00:48:30,480 --> 00:48:32,560
Speaker 3: And I know we've already talked about TV dinners and

893
00:48:32,880 --> 00:48:37,359
Speaker 3: concentrated frozen concentrate orange juice, but those were two really

894
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:42,680
Speaker 3: big game changers, only made possible for advances in refrigeration

895
00:48:42,800 --> 00:48:43,840
Speaker 3: and freezing and chipping.

896
00:48:44,280 --> 00:48:46,319
Speaker 2: Yeah, and while we're on it, I believe in our

897
00:48:48,360 --> 00:48:51,719
Speaker 2: Food Origins episode, I don't remember what it was, but

898
00:48:51,840 --> 00:48:56,200
Speaker 2: we talked about the TV Dinner and we totally credited

899
00:48:56,360 --> 00:49:00,320
Speaker 2: Jerry Thomas as salesman for Swanson is coming up with

900
00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:05,000
Speaker 2: the idea. And since then it's become much clearer that

901
00:49:05,160 --> 00:49:08,160
Speaker 2: Jerry Thomas might have had almost nothing to do with this,

902
00:49:09,040 --> 00:49:11,880
Speaker 2: and that the real hero was a twenty one year

903
00:49:11,920 --> 00:49:15,719
Speaker 2: old bacteriologist named Betty Cronin, who was the one who

904
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:18,080
Speaker 2: not only she might not have come up with the idea,

905
00:49:18,080 --> 00:49:20,160
Speaker 2: I think she said one of the Swanson sons did,

906
00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:21,920
Speaker 2: but she was the one who figured out how to

907
00:49:22,040 --> 00:49:25,239
Speaker 2: make it work and to make these meals that are

908
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:28,080
Speaker 2: different foods entirely that all cook at the same time

909
00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:30,640
Speaker 2: and come out the way that they're supposed to. That

910
00:49:30,840 --> 00:49:31,279
Speaker 2: was all her.

911
00:49:32,040 --> 00:49:38,359
Speaker 3: That's right. Betty Cronin unsurprisingly not forgotten, but doesn't get

912
00:49:38,440 --> 00:49:40,120
Speaker 3: nearly the accolades she should have gotten.

913
00:49:40,280 --> 00:49:41,560
Speaker 2: No, she does now though.

914
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:46,760
Speaker 3: Yeah, way to correct the record, friend. So yeah, TV Dinners,

915
00:49:46,760 --> 00:49:48,120
Speaker 3: I mean I would go listen to that episode. It

916
00:49:48,160 --> 00:49:50,960
Speaker 3: was pretty great, but it definitely you know, it came

917
00:49:51,040 --> 00:49:53,920
Speaker 3: along as TV was coming along. And it was a

918
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:56,120
Speaker 3: big deal. And even though I mean there are still

919
00:49:56,239 --> 00:49:59,080
Speaker 3: TV dinners sort of like that. But if you go

920
00:49:59,160 --> 00:50:00,759
Speaker 3: in the frozen fe I mean, I don't get any

921
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:02,680
Speaker 3: of this stuff, But if you go the frozen food section,

922
00:50:03,480 --> 00:50:05,520
Speaker 3: I mean you can get almost any kind of meal

923
00:50:05,680 --> 00:50:06,760
Speaker 3: frozen these days.

924
00:50:07,239 --> 00:50:14,719
Speaker 2: Yeah, even a iceberg lettuce is he Oh yeah, that's

925
00:50:14,840 --> 00:50:16,080
Speaker 2: not what that means anymore.

926
00:50:16,920 --> 00:50:21,280
Speaker 3: Oh no, I'm not going to let someone ruin hawking

927
00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:25,440
Speaker 3: up a loogie for everybody. That's one of life's great pleasures, sir.

928
00:50:26,360 --> 00:50:28,200
Speaker 2: There's one other thing I wanted to mention. So the

929
00:50:28,360 --> 00:50:31,319
Speaker 2: cold chain is now so diverse and there's so many

930
00:50:31,400 --> 00:50:34,839
Speaker 2: different versions of it all working together. It's now called

931
00:50:34,840 --> 00:50:39,200
Speaker 2: the cold web. And Olivia gives a great example of

932
00:50:39,320 --> 00:50:41,600
Speaker 2: what we can do now. We can catch a fish

933
00:50:41,719 --> 00:50:44,800
Speaker 2: in Norway, send it off to China for processing, and

934
00:50:44,840 --> 00:50:47,680
Speaker 2: then send it from China to the United States for eating,

935
00:50:48,960 --> 00:50:50,080
Speaker 2: all within a half an hour.

936
00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:51,680
Speaker 3: That's amazing.

937
00:50:52,880 --> 00:50:55,400
Speaker 2: Well maybe longer than that, but still it is still amazing.

938
00:50:56,560 --> 00:50:59,799
Speaker 3: Anything else, you should do an episode on gullibility.

939
00:51:00,760 --> 00:51:02,600
Speaker 2: Nice idea? You got anything else?

940
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:03,799
Speaker 3: I got nothing else.

941
00:51:03,960 --> 00:51:06,279
Speaker 2: I got ten twelve more minutes worth the material. Do

942
00:51:06,280 --> 00:51:07,200
Speaker 2: you mind just sitting there.

943
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:08,600
Speaker 3: No, let's do it.

944
00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:11,640
Speaker 2: Since Chuck said let's do it, I think it's time

945
00:51:11,680 --> 00:51:12,399
Speaker 2: for listener mail.

946
00:51:16,120 --> 00:51:20,359
Speaker 3: This is about the Pink House. Hey, guys, I can't

947
00:51:20,400 --> 00:51:22,200
Speaker 3: believe there is finally a subject I can share some

948
00:51:22,280 --> 00:51:25,120
Speaker 3: information about. Every year I would visit my cousins who

949
00:51:25,160 --> 00:51:28,319
Speaker 3: live about twenty minutes away from Plumb Island, and heading

950
00:51:28,360 --> 00:51:30,480
Speaker 3: to the beach was a yearly activity. As we all

951
00:51:30,640 --> 00:51:33,240
Speaker 3: grew and we had our own families, the yearly gathering

952
00:51:33,239 --> 00:51:35,560
Speaker 3: at Plumb Island got bigger and better, and passing the

953
00:51:35,640 --> 00:51:37,799
Speaker 3: Pink House has always been to tell that you were

954
00:51:37,880 --> 00:51:40,319
Speaker 3: just a few minutes away from the beach. I grew

955
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:42,080
Speaker 3: up hearing the same story you guys shared about that

956
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:45,440
Speaker 3: being a spite house, and believed it to be true,

957
00:51:45,480 --> 00:51:47,799
Speaker 3: as it truly sits alone on the Salt March. It's

958
00:51:47,880 --> 00:51:50,400
Speaker 3: pretty weird looking. Just last month, though, being a new

959
00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:53,160
Speaker 3: homeowner on the island, I was sent a town newsletter

960
00:51:53,239 --> 00:51:54,719
Speaker 3: in which a tribute to the Pink House gave a

961
00:51:54,760 --> 00:51:57,319
Speaker 3: different history. I've attached the article for you to read.

962
00:51:58,040 --> 00:52:01,120
Speaker 3: While it wasn't quite built with spite, there seems to

963
00:52:01,280 --> 00:52:04,560
Speaker 3: have been some spite in the story. Our family loves

964
00:52:04,640 --> 00:52:07,560
Speaker 3: the show and even flew to Boston to take our

965
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:09,839
Speaker 3: two adult girls who live in Boston to see you live.

966
00:52:10,960 --> 00:52:13,759
Speaker 3: Thanks to you, we are walking local experts on the

967
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:18,160
Speaker 3: biosphere too. And that is from Amy Sandy, who is wonderful.

968
00:52:18,360 --> 00:52:20,840
Speaker 2: Yeah, thanks a lot, Amy. Number one, thank you for

969
00:52:20,960 --> 00:52:24,480
Speaker 2: coming to see our show. And number two, congratulations on

970
00:52:24,600 --> 00:52:25,200
Speaker 2: your new house.

971
00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:26,640
Speaker 3: Yeah for sure.

972
00:52:27,080 --> 00:52:29,800
Speaker 2: And number three, thank you for sending us a delightful email.

973
00:52:30,160 --> 00:52:32,319
Speaker 2: And if you want to be like Amy, you can

974
00:52:32,360 --> 00:52:35,919
Speaker 2: send us an email too. To stuff podcasts at iHeartRadio

975
00:52:36,040 --> 00:52:36,520
Speaker 2: dot com.

976
00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:42,640
Speaker 3: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

977
00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:46,920
Speaker 3: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

978
00:52:47,080 --> 00:52:48,880
Speaker 3: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.