1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:18,279 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly fry. Hey, it's 4 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:23,760 Speaker 1: time for Unearthed that because we started doing this quarterly, 5 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:29,440 Speaker 1: and it's a strange and interesting thing because it feels 6 00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:32,400 Speaker 1: a little weird to do something that's just part of 7 00:00:32,440 --> 00:00:36,040 Speaker 1: the normal calendar right now. So we're recording this just 8 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: as a random note. Stuff is moving so fast in 9 00:00:39,040 --> 00:00:43,120 Speaker 1: the world right now. We are recording this on April seven, 10 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:47,720 Speaker 1: and I don't think it's coming out until two weeks 11 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: after this approximately, So Heaven only knows what will be 12 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: discovered between now and this well, and also who really 13 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 1: knows what will be happening in the world when this 14 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: comes out on I think apod like it's it's a 15 00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:04,280 Speaker 1: it seems like a million years from now the fastest 16 00:01:04,319 --> 00:01:08,360 Speaker 1: things have been going. Um, that's aside from what I 17 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:09,880 Speaker 1: was really going to say, which is that when we 18 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: do these episodes, some of the things that we are 19 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:15,880 Speaker 1: talking about our discoveries that literally just happened. They happened 20 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:19,480 Speaker 1: just now, They were announced right away. Sometimes it is 21 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:24,080 Speaker 1: published findings from digs that happened months or years earlier, 22 00:01:24,720 --> 00:01:26,759 Speaker 1: or analysis of something that has happened a long time 23 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:30,240 Speaker 1: ago but only studied recently, just like the paper is 24 00:01:30,280 --> 00:01:35,720 Speaker 1: what has recently happened. Either way, it seems likely at 25 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 1: this point that when we get to July, our middle 26 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:41,440 Speaker 1: of the year Unearthed, which has been a two parter 27 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 1: for the last couple of years, might have a little 28 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:48,640 Speaker 1: less to report given the coronavirus pandemic. So I'm just 29 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:54,960 Speaker 1: gonna enjoy this wealth of Unearthed things while we have it. Uh. 30 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,880 Speaker 1: In today's episode, we have some stuff that was reported 31 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:00,960 Speaker 1: during the last two weeks, of which missed the cut 32 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:03,960 Speaker 1: off for the year end Unearthed episodes. We also have 33 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:08,440 Speaker 1: some episode updates, some crime, animals and games, and the 34 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: next time we're gonna have the Edibles and potables and 35 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:14,600 Speaker 1: the shipwrecks and their repatriations, along with other stuff. Kicking 36 00:02:14,600 --> 00:02:16,760 Speaker 1: off with stuff that really came from the tail end 37 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:20,720 Speaker 1: of twenty nineteen, Brian Furry, archival researcher for the Making 38 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:25,440 Speaker 1: Gay History podcast Unearthed, what maybe the oldest audio recording 39 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:29,480 Speaker 1: ever made of activists Marcia P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera. 40 00:02:29,639 --> 00:02:32,919 Speaker 1: It's an interview conducted in nineteen seventy by Liza Cowen 41 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:36,200 Speaker 1: of the New York City radio station w b AI, 42 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:40,640 Speaker 1: when Rivera was nineteen and Johnson was just. The tape 43 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:43,840 Speaker 1: containing this interview was in the basement of the Lesbian 44 00:02:43,919 --> 00:02:48,440 Speaker 1: her Story Archives in Brooklyn, New York, and the tape 45 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:53,000 Speaker 1: was just smarked STAR that stands for Street Action Transvestite Revolutionaries. 46 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:55,600 Speaker 1: That was the name of the organization that Johnson and 47 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:59,640 Speaker 1: Rivera founded in nineteen seventy. The interview was released as 48 00:02:59,639 --> 00:03:02,360 Speaker 1: a bow this episode of the Making Gay History podcast, 49 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:06,240 Speaker 1: which is an oral history podcast hosted by Eric Marcus uh. 50 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:09,639 Speaker 1: This bonus episode came out on December twenty nineteen that 51 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:13,840 Speaker 1: It also includes some conversation with Brian Frey about finding 52 00:03:13,919 --> 00:03:16,160 Speaker 1: this tape, like the actual process of the unearthing of 53 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:19,760 Speaker 1: the tape. We also did an episode on Sylvia Rivero 54 00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 1: which includes information about Johnson and their work with Star. 55 00:03:24,639 --> 00:03:29,200 Speaker 1: Underwater archaeological excavations have uncovered the remains of a seven 56 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:32,040 Speaker 1: thousand year old sea wall off the coast of Israel. 57 00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:36,240 Speaker 1: According to a paper called a submerged seven thousand year 58 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:40,160 Speaker 1: old village and sea wall demonstrate earliest known coastal defense 59 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:43,600 Speaker 1: against sea level rise. Published in December. It is the 60 00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:46,920 Speaker 1: oldest such structure ever to be discovered, so, based on 61 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:50,960 Speaker 1: this team's analysis, Neolithic villagers built this wall, which is 62 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:54,320 Speaker 1: about a hundred meters long, using boulders that had to 63 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:57,800 Speaker 1: be excavated from riverbeds as far as two kilometers away 64 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:00,400 Speaker 1: from the village itself. All of that sounds like just 65 00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: an immense undertaking to me. Unfortunately, this seems to have 66 00:04:05,200 --> 00:04:09,040 Speaker 1: offered the village only temporary protection. At some point, the 67 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: village was flooded and abandoned, although it is not clear 68 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 1: whether the villagers relocated ahead of the flooding or afterward. 69 00:04:15,560 --> 00:04:18,479 Speaker 1: And other news, that team at the University of Oregon 70 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:22,920 Speaker 1: has concluded that human migration to the Caribbean islands progressed 71 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:27,080 Speaker 1: differently than has been previously and generally thought. For a 72 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:30,839 Speaker 1: geographical refresher, you can group the islands and the Caribbean 73 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:34,240 Speaker 1: very roughly into two groups, the greater Antilles, which are 74 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: the larger islands like Jamaica, Cuba, and Hispaniola, and then 75 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 1: the lesser Antilles, which are the smaller islands that extend 76 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:46,760 Speaker 1: generally southward from those larger ones. The prevailing view among 77 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:50,200 Speaker 1: most researchers has been that people started settling in the 78 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,320 Speaker 1: southern part of the Lesser Antilles at the spots that 79 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 1: were closest to the South American mainland, and then moved 80 00:04:56,760 --> 00:05:01,080 Speaker 1: northward from there. This team came to the opposite conclusion 81 00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:04,560 Speaker 1: that they traveled to the farther away but larger Greater 82 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: Antilles first and then moved south. They came to these 83 00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:12,799 Speaker 1: conclusions after reevaluating two thousand, five hundred radio carbon dating 84 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:17,240 Speaker 1: results from fifty five Caribbean islands. They also concluded that 85 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 1: this migration probably happened in two primary waves, the first 86 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:24,320 Speaker 1: one about five thousand, eight hundred years ago and the 87 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:27,760 Speaker 1: second only two thousand, five hundred years ago. The team's 88 00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:30,760 Speaker 1: paper on this was published in the journal Science Advances 89 00:05:30,839 --> 00:05:34,799 Speaker 1: in December. Natalie Mueller and a team from Washington University 90 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:38,200 Speaker 1: in St. Louis has been studying ancient food crops that 91 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:41,200 Speaker 1: exist in the archaeological record but have no written or 92 00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:45,279 Speaker 1: oral histories describing how they were grown and used. In 93 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:49,360 Speaker 1: other words, we know these crops existed thanks to archaeological specimens, 94 00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:51,680 Speaker 1: but we really don't know what it took to cultivate 95 00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:55,080 Speaker 1: them properly or how people use them for food. Okay, 96 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:56,800 Speaker 1: if folks think that all you have to do is 97 00:05:56,839 --> 00:05:58,800 Speaker 1: stick a seed in the ground and it grows like 98 00:05:59,480 --> 00:06:04,560 Speaker 1: that works, some seeds definitely not all of them. Uh. 99 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:07,440 Speaker 1: And in this case, archaeologists in the nineteen thirties had 100 00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:12,160 Speaker 1: found seed caches and dried leaves and rock shelters in Arkansas, 101 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:16,400 Speaker 1: and these seeds did not represent the maze, squash and 102 00:06:16,480 --> 00:06:19,520 Speaker 1: beans that are a well known staple of indigenous cuisine 103 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:21,760 Speaker 1: in that part of North America. So that left a 104 00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:24,480 Speaker 1: whole lot of questions about exactly what kind of seeds 105 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:28,240 Speaker 1: these were and how people grew and used them before 106 00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: those other three foods became such important staples. After meticulous 107 00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:36,320 Speaker 1: efforts to get these seeds to germinate and grow, Mueller 108 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:40,120 Speaker 1: figured out how to grow to plants goosefoot and erect 109 00:06:40,279 --> 00:06:43,039 Speaker 1: not weed, and realize that these two plants have a 110 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:45,920 Speaker 1: higher yield when they're grown together than they do if 111 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:49,240 Speaker 1: one has grown separately from the other. It's possible that 112 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 1: they were as important to indigenous diets as maize eventually became. 113 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: In Mueller's words, quote, the main reason I'm really interested 114 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,799 Speaker 1: in yield is because there's a debate within archaeology about 115 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:02,960 Speaker 1: why these plants were abandoned. We haven't had a lot 116 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:05,320 Speaker 1: of evidence about it one way or the other, but 117 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:07,560 Speaker 1: a lot of people have just kind of assumed that 118 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 1: Maze would be a lot more productive because we grow 119 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:12,600 Speaker 1: Maze now and it's known to be one of the 120 00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:16,000 Speaker 1: most productive crops in the world per unit area. The 121 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:19,760 Speaker 1: paper that came from all of this is Experimental Cultivation 122 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:24,960 Speaker 1: of Eastern North America's Lost Crops Insights into Agricultural Practice 123 00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:27,960 Speaker 1: and Yield Potential, and that was published in December in 124 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:32,240 Speaker 1: the Journal of Ethnobiology. And for our last unearthed thing, 125 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:35,120 Speaker 1: that was really from December. In late December, it was 126 00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:38,440 Speaker 1: announced that a cord found near the body of Utsi 127 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:43,000 Speaker 1: the Iceman was a bowstring made from animal fibers. It's 128 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:47,240 Speaker 1: now believed to be the oldest bowstring ever found. So 129 00:07:47,520 --> 00:07:50,320 Speaker 1: that is both something from late twenty nineteen and are 130 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:53,480 Speaker 1: regularly scheduled. That's the update, because there's always something new 131 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:57,280 Speaker 1: about Utsi always uh Leutsy is the gifts that keeps 132 00:07:57,280 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: on giving. Let's take a quick sponsor b Uh and 133 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:03,520 Speaker 1: then we'll do some of the updates of previous episodes. 134 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:14,000 Speaker 1: Back in July of twenty nineteen, we did an episode 135 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:17,240 Speaker 1: on Thomas Cook and the rise of the tourism industry. 136 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: Just two months later, the Thomas Cook Group collapsed, leaving 137 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:25,400 Speaker 1: travelers stranded around the world. And a question that followed, 138 00:08:25,480 --> 00:08:27,640 Speaker 1: which is when that happens with a lot of businesses 139 00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:30,200 Speaker 1: when they go under, especially large businesses that have been 140 00:08:30,240 --> 00:08:32,880 Speaker 1: around for a really long time, was how to save 141 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:36,960 Speaker 1: the company's archive. And this wasn't just about nostalgia for 142 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:40,640 Speaker 1: old stuff. Company archives can document not only a company's 143 00:08:40,679 --> 00:08:43,560 Speaker 1: own history, but also the time and place in which 144 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:47,600 Speaker 1: the company operated and its customers and employees. They can 145 00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:51,840 Speaker 1: be truly immense sources of historical information. In the case 146 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:55,640 Speaker 1: of Thomas Cook, that archive included a wealth of written records, 147 00:08:55,840 --> 00:09:00,200 Speaker 1: passenger lists, brochures, letters, books, and other materials at the 148 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 1: company produced. So a panel was convened in November often 149 00:09:04,679 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: to figure out what to do with this archive, and 150 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 1: in January it was announced that the Thomas Cook Archive 151 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:14,840 Speaker 1: would go to the Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland. 152 00:09:15,200 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: When the announcement was made public, the collection itself had 153 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:20,200 Speaker 1: already been moved, so it was accompanied by pictures of 154 00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:25,160 Speaker 1: like where all the boxes are now? Previous hosts did 155 00:09:25,160 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: an episode on Kahokia on June eleven. The general consensus 156 00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:33,120 Speaker 1: on ka Hokia has been that the Mississippian peoples who 157 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,240 Speaker 1: built it abandoned it sometime in the mid fourteenth century, 158 00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:40,640 Speaker 1: and that it remained abandoned from that point. However, according 159 00:09:40,679 --> 00:09:43,840 Speaker 1: to a study published in the journal American Antiquity, while 160 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:46,720 Speaker 1: the Mississippian peoples who had lived on the site did 161 00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:50,200 Speaker 1: abandon it around that time, it was repopulated in the 162 00:09:50,200 --> 00:09:53,640 Speaker 1: fifteen hundreds, with people continuing to be present there for 163 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:57,400 Speaker 1: at least two hundred more years. These conclusions were based 164 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:00,679 Speaker 1: on analysis of things like fossil, pollen, char coal, and 165 00:10:00,760 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 1: fecal remnants. Particularly important to this work, we're fecal standals 166 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:08,679 Speaker 1: from the sediment at the bottom of Horseshoe Lake, and 167 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:11,080 Speaker 1: this is not the first time that we have talked 168 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:15,800 Speaker 1: about fecal remnants in Horseshoe Lake and unearthed. In July nineteen, 169 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:19,319 Speaker 1: we talked about a team that analyzed the lake's sediment layers, 170 00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:23,280 Speaker 1: including fecal components, to trace how the human population at 171 00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:26,920 Speaker 1: Cokia had changed in response to things like environmental and 172 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:30,600 Speaker 1: weather conditions. We did an episode on the Hartford Circus 173 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: fire in March, and we have done various updates since 174 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:37,800 Speaker 1: then about efforts to identify remains of some of the victims. 175 00:10:38,360 --> 00:10:42,640 Speaker 1: This included exhuming bodies from Northwood Cemetery to analyze their DNA. 176 00:10:43,640 --> 00:10:46,400 Speaker 1: In particular, the bodies of two women were exhumed to 177 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:49,480 Speaker 1: try to confirm whether either of them was Grace Dorothy 178 00:10:49,559 --> 00:10:54,439 Speaker 1: Smith Fiffield, who is still classified as missing. However, based 179 00:10:54,440 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: on a report from February, neither set of remains is 180 00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:00,920 Speaker 1: a match to Filfield's living granddaughter, so it's possible that 181 00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:05,840 Speaker 1: back in the Field's remains were misidentified and released to 182 00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:09,120 Speaker 1: the wrong family. The state of Connecticut has turned to 183 00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:11,920 Speaker 1: the DNA Doe Project to see if they can find 184 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,320 Speaker 1: a match among people who have used DNA testing services 185 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:19,160 Speaker 1: for their own DNA. Currently, there are five sets of 186 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:23,520 Speaker 1: unidentified remains buried in Northwood Cemetery, and six victims of 187 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:27,199 Speaker 1: the fire are still listed as missing. Efforts to identify 188 00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:31,320 Speaker 1: remains are still ongoing, but it is a time consuming process, 189 00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:34,480 Speaker 1: in part because those remains were so badly damaged in 190 00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:38,480 Speaker 1: the fire. Moving on to the ongoing saga of efforts 191 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:42,880 Speaker 1: to exhume John Dillinger's remains. Members of the Dillinger family, 192 00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:45,800 Speaker 1: who had taken the matter to court withdrew their lawsuit 193 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:49,520 Speaker 1: in January, so for the moment, this matter is settled 194 00:11:49,559 --> 00:11:53,680 Speaker 1: and the remains will not be exhumed. However, an attorney 195 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:57,520 Speaker 1: representing Dillinger's nephew issued a statement that this nephew could 196 00:11:57,520 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: still file a new challenge at some point in the 197 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:04,520 Speaker 1: future if he chose. Previous Hosts episode on Dillinger came 198 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:09,640 Speaker 1: out on December, We actually, in a rare set of circumstances, 199 00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:13,240 Speaker 1: do not have a standalone exhimation section in this edition 200 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:16,120 Speaker 1: of Unearthed, because those two were really the biggest stories. 201 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:18,680 Speaker 1: I think part of the reason is, at least in 202 00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:24,480 Speaker 1: the Northern Hemisphere, the months from December through March or 203 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:29,240 Speaker 1: like not as conducive to getting into the ground. During 204 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:33,559 Speaker 1: Unearthed in October, team we talked about Shamus Blackly, who 205 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,080 Speaker 1: had traveled to the Museum of Fine Arts Boston and 206 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:40,200 Speaker 1: the Peabody Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology at Harvard to 207 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:44,240 Speaker 1: collect samples of ancient yeast, and then he made bread 208 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:46,520 Speaker 1: with what he hoped was that ancient yeast and not 209 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:50,560 Speaker 1: contamination with modern yeast. He tweeted a thread on Twitter 210 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:52,800 Speaker 1: about that bread that he made that we talked about 211 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:56,200 Speaker 1: back in October. On March twenty nine of this year, 212 00:12:56,280 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: he tweeted another thread about how he had made bread 213 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:04,040 Speaker 1: to quote with leavening cultures sampled from ancient Egyptian baking vessels, 214 00:13:04,559 --> 00:13:09,000 Speaker 1: using ancient emmer wheat with an ancient Egyptian recipe, and 215 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:13,640 Speaker 1: using ancient Egyptian baking tools and no oven. He did 216 00:13:13,679 --> 00:13:17,199 Speaker 1: this under embers in a cooking pit. It was like 217 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:20,800 Speaker 1: the last bat delicious. According to Blackley's report, and DNA 218 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:24,480 Speaker 1: analysis of the yeast starter is still forthcoming to confirm 219 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:27,959 Speaker 1: whether it really is ancient yeast. That part is really 220 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:33,000 Speaker 1: really tricky. There is wild yeast around us all the time. Yeah, 221 00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:36,040 Speaker 1: I've seen several people share threads about how to try 222 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:39,319 Speaker 1: to collect wild yeast to make a starter. Yes, there 223 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:44,200 Speaker 1: have been some yeast shortages during the pandemic. I have 224 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:46,760 Speaker 1: yeast guilt related to this because I don't do a 225 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,280 Speaker 1: lot of baking. But I bought yeast just by accident 226 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: shortly before this all started, because I was wanted to 227 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:55,360 Speaker 1: try a bread recipe in a cookbook that I have, 228 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:58,160 Speaker 1: and so I have this tiny jar of yeast to 229 00:13:58,240 --> 00:14:01,760 Speaker 1: my fridge that I feel so guilty for having. Um. 230 00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:06,120 Speaker 1: I feel like immediately, we have a bread machine which 231 00:14:06,120 --> 00:14:08,880 Speaker 1: someone gave to us that we had not used in 232 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:11,440 Speaker 1: the year since moving here. And I was just at 233 00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:12,720 Speaker 1: the point where I was like, should we get rid 234 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:14,400 Speaker 1: of the bread machine? We have not used it in 235 00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:18,319 Speaker 1: a year, And then the pandemic was declared and it 236 00:14:18,360 --> 00:14:21,520 Speaker 1: was much harder to get to the store and buy bread. Um. 237 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:25,600 Speaker 1: And just coincidentally, I had bought a thing of bread 238 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:30,360 Speaker 1: machine yeast sometime earlier this year, I guess. So it's 239 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:32,240 Speaker 1: like we've been making our own bread in the machine. 240 00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:35,680 Speaker 1: I also have some yused guilt, although I am we 241 00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:37,400 Speaker 1: are making it, like at least once a week we're 242 00:14:37,440 --> 00:14:40,840 Speaker 1: making a loaf of bread. Anyway, that is not using 243 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptian techniques and tools. That's literally using a machine 244 00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:49,320 Speaker 1: that's doing it for us. Uh. So uh. This this 245 00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:51,560 Speaker 1: next thing is on a much more serious note. It 246 00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:55,320 Speaker 1: is not exactly an episode update, but the Wampanoag tribes 247 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:57,360 Speaker 1: have come up in a couple of recent episodes of 248 00:14:57,360 --> 00:15:01,880 Speaker 1: our show, including Paul Cuffey and King Phil War On March, 249 00:15:02,920 --> 00:15:06,320 Speaker 1: the U S Secretary of the Interior, David Bernhardt, issued 250 00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:09,920 Speaker 1: a decision that the mashpe Wappanog's three hundred acres of 251 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,040 Speaker 1: reservation land on Cape Cod would be taken out of 252 00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:17,120 Speaker 1: trust and the reservation would be disestablished. The federal government 253 00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:21,040 Speaker 1: had taken the land into trust in ten but afterward 254 00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:24,600 Speaker 1: to federal courts issued rulings that the government had not 255 00:15:24,720 --> 00:15:28,480 Speaker 1: had the authority to do that. The mashpe Wapanag tribe 256 00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:30,960 Speaker 1: had a separate suit file that was still pending when 257 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:34,320 Speaker 1: the Department of the Interior's decision was announced. The tribe 258 00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:39,360 Speaker 1: itself was and continues to be federally recognized. Tribal Council 259 00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:43,240 Speaker 1: Chairman Cederate Cromwell was quoted as saying, quote, it feels 260 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:45,680 Speaker 1: like we've been dropped off into a new world we've 261 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:48,600 Speaker 1: never seen before. I eat in this pandemic and the 262 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,640 Speaker 1: way my tribe is being treated with this happening now, 263 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:55,560 Speaker 1: this is a direct, hardcore blow to dissolving and disestablishing 264 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: my tribe. Cromwell and others involved also criticized the Department 265 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:03,080 Speaker 1: of the Interior for issuing this decision at four o'clock 266 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:06,720 Speaker 1: in the afternoon on a Friday during a pandemic. Representative 267 00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:10,200 Speaker 1: Bill Keating, who represents the congressional district where the reservation 268 00:16:10,320 --> 00:16:13,640 Speaker 1: is located, called the decision quote one of the most 269 00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:17,800 Speaker 1: cruel and nonsensical acts I have seen since coming to Congress. 270 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:21,560 Speaker 1: The Secretary should be ashamed. Keating is also one of 271 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:25,040 Speaker 1: the sponsors of a bill called mashp Wampanog Tribe Reservation 272 00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: Reaffirmation Act, which has passed the House but not the Senate. 273 00:16:29,120 --> 00:16:33,320 Speaker 1: That act would reaffirm the tribes reservation status. As of 274 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:36,160 Speaker 1: the moment that we are recording this, it is really 275 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,400 Speaker 1: not clear what happens next. Many of the tribe's projects 276 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:42,040 Speaker 1: had been put on hold because of the pandemic, including 277 00:16:42,080 --> 00:16:44,520 Speaker 1: the establishment of a school that's part of the effort 278 00:16:44,560 --> 00:16:47,520 Speaker 1: to revive the Wampanog language. Obviously, a lot of the 279 00:16:47,560 --> 00:16:51,840 Speaker 1: services that would have been helpful in negotiating this process 280 00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:54,800 Speaker 1: are also non essential or considered not essential and are 281 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:59,200 Speaker 1: not operating. Um. It is a deeply uncertain time for 282 00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:02,480 Speaker 1: the tribe and its reservation land. In our twenty nineteen 283 00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:06,719 Speaker 1: year End Unearthed, we talked about results of ground penetrating 284 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:09,439 Speaker 1: radar scans that were used to look for signs of 285 00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:14,400 Speaker 1: mass graves associated with the nine massacre in Greenwood, also 286 00:17:14,520 --> 00:17:17,560 Speaker 1: known as the Tulsa Race Riot. We did an episode 287 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:21,000 Speaker 1: about that massacre in and we reissued it as a 288 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:24,480 Speaker 1: Saturday Classic. Last year, during the run of HBO's Watchman 289 00:17:24,560 --> 00:17:28,360 Speaker 1: TV series, which had several connecting points to that massacre, 290 00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:32,000 Speaker 1: the city of Tulsa announced plans to do a test 291 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:36,120 Speaker 1: excavation at Oaklawn Cemetery. That was one of the locations 292 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:40,120 Speaker 1: where ground penetrating radar had revealed signs of a possible 293 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,560 Speaker 1: mass grave, something that we talked about on a previous addition. 294 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:46,560 Speaker 1: As we said of Unearthed at the last update, that 295 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,840 Speaker 1: excavation was planned to start on April one and go 296 00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:52,760 Speaker 1: on for ten days. However, the excavation has had to 297 00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,480 Speaker 1: be postponed we are not sure until when because of 298 00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:59,280 Speaker 1: the COVID nineteen pandemic. Also earlier this year, the state 299 00:17:59,320 --> 00:18:02,240 Speaker 1: of Oklahoma announced that it will require the massacre to 300 00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:07,280 Speaker 1: be taught in schools. Continuing on the more serious thread 301 00:18:07,359 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: of topics UH and Unearthed, in July twenty nineteen, we 302 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:15,680 Speaker 1: talked about a discovery made by Hannah Durkin of Newcastle University. 303 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 1: Durkin had published a paper on a woman named Ridosci, 304 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:21,600 Speaker 1: who had died in nineteen thirty seven and was believed 305 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,600 Speaker 1: to be the last survivor of the Transatlantic slave trade 306 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,760 Speaker 1: in the United States. Previously, the last known survivor had 307 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:31,200 Speaker 1: been a man named Cudjo Lewis, who died in nineteen 308 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:34,720 Speaker 1: thirty five, so two years before Ridoci did. We also 309 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:39,040 Speaker 1: previously talked about the publication of Zoraneil Hurston's book Barracoon, 310 00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:43,040 Speaker 1: which came from an interview that she conducted with Lewis. Well, 311 00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:48,080 Speaker 1: Durkin has now found that another person outlived both Rudosci 312 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:52,760 Speaker 1: and Cudjoe Lewis. That's Matilda or Career, who died in Selma, Alabama, 313 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:56,280 Speaker 1: in January nineteen forty. She was eighty three at the time. 314 00:18:57,240 --> 00:18:59,919 Speaker 1: She her mother, and her sister had all been in 315 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,200 Speaker 1: slaved in West Africa when Matilda was too and they 316 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:05,600 Speaker 1: were transported to the US on one of the last 317 00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:10,040 Speaker 1: slave ships to arrive here in eighteen sixty. Just to repeat, 318 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:11,840 Speaker 1: because I feel like it's an important thing to keep 319 00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 1: in mind, the last known survivor of the Transatlantic slave 320 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:19,280 Speaker 1: trade and the United States died in ninety We're going 321 00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:21,399 Speaker 1: to close out our updates with a couple of brief 322 00:19:21,440 --> 00:19:24,440 Speaker 1: bits that were just fun. In our two part podcast 323 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:29,399 Speaker 1: on the Lumier Brothers from we talked about their short 324 00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:34,040 Speaker 1: arrival of a train at Lasiota. YouTuber Dennis Sherriev used 325 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:37,720 Speaker 1: neural networks and algorithms to upscale that film to four 326 00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:41,159 Speaker 1: K resolution at sixty frames per second, and it is 327 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:44,719 Speaker 1: really beautiful. Uh, this is an audio podcast, so we 328 00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: can't really convey how cool it is. I will say this. 329 00:19:47,680 --> 00:19:50,640 Speaker 1: One of the cool things that I saw going around 330 00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:54,920 Speaker 1: on Twitter of people discussing this film is that we 331 00:19:55,040 --> 00:19:59,320 Speaker 1: have always kind of giggled a little bit many modern 332 00:19:59,359 --> 00:20:02,320 Speaker 1: era people about how funny it was that people of 333 00:20:02,359 --> 00:20:05,679 Speaker 1: the time were startled by this piece of footage and 334 00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:08,320 Speaker 1: they're like, oh, but seeing it like this, I totally 335 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:12,160 Speaker 1: see how that would have happened. I think we talked 336 00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: in that episode about how probably that didn't really happen, 337 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:18,120 Speaker 1: but just in case, all right, like they weren't scared 338 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:20,639 Speaker 1: and run right and run away. But even so, I 339 00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:23,920 Speaker 1: think most people were a little bit just like owed 340 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:26,760 Speaker 1: by it. It's literally looks like a train coming at you. 341 00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:29,160 Speaker 1: And when we see it, even with our modernized used 342 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: to constant um technological advances in film and television. Seeing 343 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,560 Speaker 1: the way it's framed and the way it's filmed, it 344 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:40,960 Speaker 1: really does feel for a second like a train is 345 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,480 Speaker 1: coming right now. Yeah, it's quite striking. Yeah. As I 346 00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:46,600 Speaker 1: was typing this in here, I realized the sort of 347 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:51,040 Speaker 1: absurdity that I was typing into an audio podcast outline 348 00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:56,000 Speaker 1: video that you can watch on the internet anyway. Lastly, 349 00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,520 Speaker 1: this is a fun ending for these updates. Nearly hundred 350 00:21:00,560 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: Girl Scouts took part in an archaeological dig at the 351 00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:07,520 Speaker 1: birthplace of founder Juliette Gordon Lowe. I forgot to put 352 00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:10,200 Speaker 1: in when we did that episode. It wasn't that long ago. 353 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:12,600 Speaker 1: You can find it in our archive. The dig was 354 00:21:12,640 --> 00:21:17,120 Speaker 1: an advance of clearing the garden area at the birthplace 355 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: for some new landscaping, and some of the items that 356 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:24,600 Speaker 1: they unearthed included household objects like nails. What a cool project, 357 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,600 Speaker 1: That's what I thought. I love it. Do you want 358 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,680 Speaker 1: to take a quick sponsor break before we dig into crime. Yeah, 359 00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:41,119 Speaker 1: we're gonna have some crime after the break. There's a 360 00:21:41,160 --> 00:21:44,240 Speaker 1: lot of stuff in our unearthed episodes that you could 361 00:21:44,320 --> 00:21:47,800 Speaker 1: classify as criminal in one way or another, including some 362 00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:50,480 Speaker 1: stuff we've already talked about. But next up we have 363 00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:53,399 Speaker 1: a couple of things that fall under crime by a 364 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,359 Speaker 1: more straightforward definition, like you maybe might hear about on 365 00:21:56,359 --> 00:22:01,000 Speaker 1: a true crime podcast. First, on ninth teen sixteen, a 366 00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:05,240 Speaker 1: man named Joseph Henry Loveless escaped from custody in Idaho, 367 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:08,760 Speaker 1: where he was being held on suspicion of having brutally 368 00:22:08,840 --> 00:22:13,840 Speaker 1: murdered his wife. In January of this year, headlines broke 369 00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:17,639 Speaker 1: that his remains had been identified. The first piece of 370 00:22:17,640 --> 00:22:22,720 Speaker 1: the remains in question was found on August nine. That 371 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:25,679 Speaker 1: was just his torso, buried in a shallow grave in 372 00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:29,720 Speaker 1: a cave and found by a family looking for projectile points. 373 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:35,159 Speaker 1: His hand was found nearby, in which led authorities to 374 00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:38,639 Speaker 1: conduct a more thorough search of the cave. That search 375 00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,760 Speaker 1: unearthed other parts of the body. A part they never 376 00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:46,840 Speaker 1: found was his head. Uh In twenty nineteen, law enforcement 377 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:49,919 Speaker 1: went to the DNA dough Project and tried to construct 378 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:53,680 Speaker 1: a family tree for these remains, and that connected them 379 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:58,520 Speaker 1: to one of loveless Is living grandchildren, a likely conclusion 380 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:01,919 Speaker 1: as that Loveless was murdered and dismembered in an active 381 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:06,560 Speaker 1: retribution for the grizzly murder of his wife. Uh, there 382 00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:10,480 Speaker 1: are various ethical questions about things like the DNA Doughe 383 00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:13,320 Speaker 1: project making connections between living people and acts of crime. 384 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:16,200 Speaker 1: I feel like that's a little bit outside the scope 385 00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:17,880 Speaker 1: of what we can really talk about in the podcast, 386 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:23,000 Speaker 1: but I wanted to acknowledge there are questions. Uh, late 387 00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:26,679 Speaker 1: March twenty nine or early March, in the Hague, Netherlands, 388 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,119 Speaker 1: Vincent van Gogh's painting Spring Garden was stolen from singer 389 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:35,399 Speaker 1: Laren Museum, which was closed because of the pandemic. Seeing 390 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,639 Speaker 1: as how this happened during a pandemic and just days 391 00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:41,879 Speaker 1: before we recorded this, there is no other information at 392 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:45,720 Speaker 1: this time, including whether any other artwork from the museum 393 00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:48,399 Speaker 1: was stolen, since this was an overnight thing. If this 394 00:23:48,440 --> 00:23:50,760 Speaker 1: did happen on the morning of the thirty, that was 395 00:23:50,840 --> 00:23:53,679 Speaker 1: Van Go's birthday, can I just tell you this is 396 00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:56,040 Speaker 1: one of those news stories that just burned my butter 397 00:23:56,520 --> 00:24:00,280 Speaker 1: Like he doesn't shock me at all. There are there 398 00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:02,600 Speaker 1: are so many news stories that make me angry, but 399 00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:06,240 Speaker 1: this would just set me into fits of rage. It's like, 400 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:10,200 Speaker 1: let's just like at an insult injury, not only stealing 401 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:13,600 Speaker 1: a painting, but also stealing the painting on the artist's 402 00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 1: birthday while taking advantage of a global pandemic to do. 403 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:23,120 Speaker 1: I just I feel ways there's a lot of layers there. 404 00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:25,440 Speaker 1: It makes me so angry. We're gonna move on to 405 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:29,480 Speaker 1: some hopefully less outraging things involving animals. We have a 406 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:34,880 Speaker 1: whole collection of animal unearthed things coming up during our year. 407 00:24:34,960 --> 00:24:38,680 Speaker 1: In Unearthed in twenty nineteen we talked about Iceland's now 408 00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:43,399 Speaker 1: extinct but genetically distinct walruses, and today we have some 409 00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:48,280 Speaker 1: more walrus news. According to research from the Universities of Cambridge, 410 00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:53,600 Speaker 1: Oslo and Trondheim, it's possible that Greenland's Norse colonies disappeared 411 00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:56,200 Speaker 1: around the fifteenth century in part because they had been 412 00:24:56,320 --> 00:25:01,240 Speaker 1: over hunting the local walruses for their tusks. Walrus ivory 413 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:03,919 Speaker 1: was an important trade good in medieval Europe, and it 414 00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:07,000 Speaker 1: seems as though leading up to the fourteen hundreds, the 415 00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:10,159 Speaker 1: animals the Norse people were hunting in Greenland were getting 416 00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:13,400 Speaker 1: smaller and smaller, and we're more likely to be female 417 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:16,399 Speaker 1: rather than male, and we're also hunted from farther and 418 00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:20,359 Speaker 1: farther north on the island, suggesting that people were running 419 00:25:20,359 --> 00:25:23,399 Speaker 1: out of larger male animals to hunt closer to home, 420 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:26,520 Speaker 1: and the words of Dr James H. Barrett from the 421 00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:31,000 Speaker 1: University of Cambridge's Department of Archaeology quote our findings suggest 422 00:25:31,040 --> 00:25:33,600 Speaker 1: that Norse hunters were forced to venture deeper into the 423 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:37,800 Speaker 1: Arctic circle for increasingly meager ivory harvests. This would have 424 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:42,040 Speaker 1: exacerbated the decline of walrus populations and consequently those sustained 425 00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:46,359 Speaker 1: by the walrus trade. Barrett's co author Bastion Star, also 426 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:49,080 Speaker 1: noted that this would not have been the only factor. 427 00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: Other things like the Little Ice Age and unsustainable farming 428 00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,280 Speaker 1: methods and the Black Death also would have played a 429 00:25:55,359 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: part in tighten A restoration project was completed on the 430 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:03,040 Speaker 1: altar piece at the Basilica Cathedral in Kaska Viejo, Panama, 431 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:06,440 Speaker 1: which is part of Panama City today, not far from 432 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:10,040 Speaker 1: the southern end of the Panama Canal. While doing this work, 433 00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:12,760 Speaker 1: it was discovered that orchid bees had built their nest 434 00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:15,320 Speaker 1: in the altar piece more than two hundred years ago. 435 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:21,119 Speaker 1: This is a very solitary shy bee species. Typically, females 436 00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: build their nests far away from each other, and that 437 00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:26,919 Speaker 1: can make it really tricky for scientists to study them like. 438 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:30,280 Speaker 1: The nests are by themselves hard to find and far apart, 439 00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:34,200 Speaker 1: but during this work, restorers found at least a hundred 440 00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:38,119 Speaker 1: and twenty clusters of or could be nests in this altarpiece. 441 00:26:38,680 --> 00:26:41,320 Speaker 1: Some of them pre dated a fire that happened in 442 00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy because they had been covered with gilding when 443 00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 1: the altar piece was restored after that fire. Scientists analyzed 444 00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:51,480 Speaker 1: the pollen that had been preserved in these nests, and 445 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:54,919 Speaker 1: they found that they represented forty eight different plant species, 446 00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 1: which gave them a much clearer sense of the plant 447 00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:01,560 Speaker 1: life around Panama City in the nineteenth century. Moving on, 448 00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:06,119 Speaker 1: researchers studying twenty eight thousand, five hundred year old fossils 449 00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,359 Speaker 1: in the Czech Republic have found evidence that supports the 450 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:14,200 Speaker 1: idea of early dog domestication. There. They used dental microware 451 00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 1: texture analysis, and doing that they sorted the dogs or 452 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,560 Speaker 1: dog like animals into two categories, the more wolf like 453 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,280 Speaker 1: and the more dog like. The more wolf like teeth 454 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,399 Speaker 1: had microware patterns that suggested that they had been eating 455 00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:33,040 Speaker 1: mostly soft foods, like meat from mammoths. The more dog 456 00:27:33,119 --> 00:27:35,480 Speaker 1: like teeth, on the other hand had marks that suggested 457 00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:38,080 Speaker 1: that their diet was a lot harder and more brittle, 458 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,840 Speaker 1: so things like bones and hard scraps that people fed 459 00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:46,199 Speaker 1: to them. The researchers called the more dog like animals protodogs, 460 00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 1: which is a very fun and cute name. I liked it. 461 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:52,200 Speaker 1: I don't I don't mean to make their research sound 462 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:55,320 Speaker 1: not important, but that's adorable. Yeah, I really liked the 463 00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:58,760 Speaker 1: protodog moniker, which is a very normal thing to call 464 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:02,679 Speaker 1: an animal in this text, but it's still delighted me. Um. 465 00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,359 Speaker 1: Something else that delights me as middens. We have talked 466 00:28:05,359 --> 00:28:08,200 Speaker 1: about middens a lot on the show. These are basically 467 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:11,440 Speaker 1: trash heaps where people have thrown their various cast off 468 00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:15,560 Speaker 1: broken stuff, and they often contain a wealth of information 469 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:19,400 Speaker 1: when archaeologists start studying them. But I do not think 470 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:23,359 Speaker 1: we have ever talked about ancient pac rat middens, which 471 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,400 Speaker 1: can preserve plant and animal materials for thousands or even 472 00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:29,760 Speaker 1: tens of thousands of years. In the words of Michael Tesler, 473 00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:33,399 Speaker 1: a postdoctoral fellow at the American Museum of Natural History, quote, 474 00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:38,360 Speaker 1: rodent middens are powerful tools in paleoecology. We wanted to 475 00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:40,800 Speaker 1: see how we could take this in valuable resource and 476 00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:43,400 Speaker 1: expand its use to give us a big picture view 477 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: of what life in the America's was like one thousand, 478 00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:50,040 Speaker 1: ten thousand, or even thirty thousand years ago and measure 479 00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:52,760 Speaker 1: how it has changed in the time since then. And 480 00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: this particular study, researchers examined twenty five pack rat and 481 00:28:56,960 --> 00:29:00,640 Speaker 1: middens that were between three hundred and forty eight thousand 482 00:29:00,760 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: years old the big span. Some of them were from 483 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:07,400 Speaker 1: Ohio and some of them were from northern Baja California, Mexico. 484 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:10,880 Speaker 1: And this was not a paper that was really meant 485 00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:15,080 Speaker 1: to draw conclusions about human activity or impact in these 486 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:18,280 Speaker 1: two areas that were studied, at least not yet In 487 00:29:18,320 --> 00:29:20,880 Speaker 1: a lot of ways, this paper was more about what 488 00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:23,800 Speaker 1: people are capable of doing now with this research and 489 00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:26,760 Speaker 1: what could be possible with better technology and methods in 490 00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: the future. So in the future researchers could use these 491 00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:33,240 Speaker 1: kinds of pack rat middens to get a sense of 492 00:29:33,280 --> 00:29:36,960 Speaker 1: all kinds of things, including how humans have influenced the 493 00:29:37,080 --> 00:29:40,320 Speaker 1: environment over tens of thousands of years and vice versa. 494 00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:44,240 Speaker 1: That paper is called Paleo Meta Genomics of North American 495 00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:49,000 Speaker 1: fossil pack rat middens passed bio diversity revealed by ancient DNA. 496 00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:53,720 Speaker 1: Now we have a quartet of game related things to 497 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:58,360 Speaker 1: talk about. First up, a very pretty glass game piece 498 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:02,480 Speaker 1: has been unearthed on the island of Lynda's Farn in Northumberland. 499 00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:05,840 Speaker 1: It is about the size and shape of a gum drop, 500 00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:09,880 Speaker 1: made of glass dark blue, with these swooping white accent 501 00:30:09,960 --> 00:30:14,320 Speaker 1: lines and five white balls on the top like oversized 502 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,560 Speaker 1: sugar sprinkles. Uh. Those five little balls on the top 503 00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:20,200 Speaker 1: may meant that the piece is meant to represent a king. 504 00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:23,400 Speaker 1: The game in question was probably the board game Toffel, 505 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:26,720 Speaker 1: and while various wood and bone Toffel pieces have been 506 00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:30,080 Speaker 1: found from Britain and Ireland, there is only one other 507 00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:34,160 Speaker 1: glass Toffel piece from there on record. This particular piece 508 00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:37,400 Speaker 1: is about twelve hundred years old and although Toffel is 509 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,959 Speaker 1: associated with the Vikings, it was played all over Northern Europe, 510 00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:45,240 Speaker 1: and researchers believe this particular piece is actually of British origin, 511 00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:49,920 Speaker 1: predating the Viking invasion of Linda's Barn. Moving On, a 512 00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:53,480 Speaker 1: paper published in the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology has examined 513 00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,120 Speaker 1: a Senate board that has previously been in a collection, 514 00:30:57,160 --> 00:31:00,040 Speaker 1: but nothing has been published about it. The game's in 515 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:02,160 Speaker 1: it was played in ancient Egypt for at least two 516 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:05,160 Speaker 1: thousand years. It is a little like backgammon, and its 517 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:09,000 Speaker 1: rules stayed pretty consistent during all that time. There's been 518 00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:11,560 Speaker 1: some variations in the game board, though. Some of the 519 00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,960 Speaker 1: spaces contain decorative elements that signify special functions, like if 520 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:17,760 Speaker 1: you land on this space, you have to go back 521 00:31:17,760 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: to the beginning, kind of like games that we would 522 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:22,840 Speaker 1: play today. This particular board is the size and shape 523 00:31:22,840 --> 00:31:25,600 Speaker 1: of a small table like probably would have been used 524 00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:29,360 Speaker 1: as a table playing space. It's been in the collection 525 00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,760 Speaker 1: of a museum in San Jose, California since nineteen forty seven, 526 00:31:32,840 --> 00:31:36,680 Speaker 1: but it was not included in recent comprehensive catalogs of 527 00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:39,360 Speaker 1: senate boards that have been found around the world. There's 528 00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:43,400 Speaker 1: also very little known about exactly where this came from 529 00:31:43,480 --> 00:31:46,760 Speaker 1: or who owned it. It just it has no documented 530 00:31:46,840 --> 00:31:50,680 Speaker 1: history before that. The most recent person to buy it 531 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:53,880 Speaker 1: in like the nineteenth century, so they have had to 532 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:56,800 Speaker 1: study this board in comparison to other boards that we 533 00:31:56,840 --> 00:31:59,560 Speaker 1: know about, and it's possible that this one dates back 534 00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:02,480 Speaker 1: to the eighteenth dynasty before the reign of hot steps 535 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:05,000 Speaker 1: it and if that's correct, this would be the only 536 00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:10,000 Speaker 1: board conclusively dated to that period. In a team at 537 00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:13,480 Speaker 1: searts Boscher Mound in Turkey found a game set made 538 00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:16,479 Speaker 1: of colored stones, but some of the pieces were missing. 539 00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:19,960 Speaker 1: They dated the pieces to five thousand years ago, with 540 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:22,120 Speaker 1: the team that made the fine describing it as the 541 00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:26,600 Speaker 1: world's oldest figurative game set. There are older games, but 542 00:32:26,680 --> 00:32:29,320 Speaker 1: this may be the oldest one whose game pieces are 543 00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:33,160 Speaker 1: clearly meant to represent real objects such as pigs, dogs, 544 00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:36,600 Speaker 1: and pyramids. So the missing pieces from this set were 545 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:40,440 Speaker 1: found in a recent excavation. There is very little where 546 00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:43,200 Speaker 1: on the pieces, so the team has concluded that this 547 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:45,960 Speaker 1: was possibly a grave gift instead of something that was 548 00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,920 Speaker 1: actually played with. And one thing that they still don't 549 00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:51,000 Speaker 1: have is the board that these pieces would have been 550 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,880 Speaker 1: played on. That probably would have been made of wood 551 00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:56,280 Speaker 1: and it might have just rotted away. At this point, 552 00:32:56,560 --> 00:33:00,320 Speaker 1: I feel this strange sense of bliss reading of out this, 553 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:03,600 Speaker 1: because have you ever had that time where you find 554 00:33:03,640 --> 00:33:07,160 Speaker 1: the missing pieces of a game? Yep now project that 555 00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:11,080 Speaker 1: across thousands of years of history, um and last up 556 00:33:11,120 --> 00:33:14,000 Speaker 1: for games, ball games, were a big part of the 557 00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:17,320 Speaker 1: Maya and Aztec societies, and continue to be so among 558 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:21,320 Speaker 1: their descendants. A team excavating an archaeological site called at 559 00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:24,160 Speaker 1: La Tongo in southern Mexico say they have found the 560 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:27,360 Speaker 1: second oldest ball court ever found in that part of 561 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: the world. Up until this point, archaeologists have generally associated 562 00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:36,400 Speaker 1: the earliest Mesoamerican ball games with communities living along the 563 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,640 Speaker 1: Gulf of Mexico and in the coastal lowlands, but at 564 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:42,440 Speaker 1: La Tongo is in the Wahaka Mountains, and that suggests 565 00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:45,240 Speaker 1: that ball was actually being played in the highlands earlier 566 00:33:45,280 --> 00:33:49,160 Speaker 1: than previously thought. This team also found figurines at the 567 00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:52,280 Speaker 1: site that may represent ball players, and their paper on 568 00:33:52,360 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: the find was published in the March edition of Science Advances. 569 00:33:56,800 --> 00:33:58,640 Speaker 1: UH and now we just have a little cool thing 570 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:02,160 Speaker 1: at the end. A little door was rediscovered during a 571 00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:05,959 Speaker 1: renovation of the British House of Commons this year. Behind 572 00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:09,400 Speaker 1: it was a lost three hundred sixty year old passageway 573 00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:12,920 Speaker 1: created for the coronation of Charles the Second When it 574 00:34:12,960 --> 00:34:15,640 Speaker 1: was first built. This passage was meant to allow coronation 575 00:34:15,719 --> 00:34:19,359 Speaker 1: guests entry into a banquet, but from there various people 576 00:34:19,440 --> 00:34:21,960 Speaker 1: used it to get into the House of Commons, including 577 00:34:22,120 --> 00:34:26,440 Speaker 1: Samuel Peeps. But eventually this door was walled over. This 578 00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:28,799 Speaker 1: door and the passage that it led to had been 579 00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:32,200 Speaker 1: uncovered one other time in the last century, and that 580 00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:34,600 Speaker 1: was while repairing bomb damage from World War Two. But 581 00:34:34,719 --> 00:34:37,160 Speaker 1: then folks just kind of forgot about it until just now, 582 00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:40,160 Speaker 1: in the words of Dr Hallam Smith quote, as we 583 00:34:40,200 --> 00:34:43,040 Speaker 1: looked at the paneling closely, we realized there was a 584 00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:46,120 Speaker 1: tiny brass keyhole that no one had really noticed before, 585 00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:49,560 Speaker 1: believing it might just be an electricity cupboard. This is 586 00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:53,080 Speaker 1: just like my childhood dream where you realized the little 587 00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:55,480 Speaker 1: panel has a has a little keyhole in it, and 588 00:34:55,480 --> 00:34:59,239 Speaker 1: there's something secret behind there. Um. Once they got back there, 589 00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:03,080 Speaker 1: they found a small chamber leading into that hallway, and 590 00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:07,760 Speaker 1: part of part of the chamber was covered in various 591 00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:11,879 Speaker 1: graffiti left by Masons who had enclosed that particular room 592 00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:16,480 Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty one. Um. Apparently these Masons were Chartists. 593 00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:18,719 Speaker 1: They were part of a working class movement that called 594 00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:21,320 Speaker 1: for voting in parliamentary reforms. And it just cracks me 595 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:27,080 Speaker 1: up that they left this graffiti within this little secret 596 00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:33,520 Speaker 1: chamber in parliament. Um about the chartist movement cracked me up. 597 00:35:33,719 --> 00:35:36,400 Speaker 1: I love it. We when we have done renovations on 598 00:35:36,440 --> 00:35:38,920 Speaker 1: our house, we always leave secret messages and things that 599 00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:43,760 Speaker 1: are going to get walled over. So good. Uh. Sometimes 600 00:35:43,760 --> 00:35:46,719 Speaker 1: I'll have dreams that like we realize, oh, there's a 601 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:51,480 Speaker 1: door that we never opened in the house, what's back here? 602 00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:53,680 Speaker 1: I kind of like that. This one is like, oh, yeah, 603 00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:57,640 Speaker 1: we knew about that, we just forgot. Yes, I don't 604 00:35:57,640 --> 00:36:00,520 Speaker 1: know that. The articles they got shared are kind of 605 00:36:00,520 --> 00:36:04,000 Speaker 1: spectacular because there's a photo in that was in a 606 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:07,040 Speaker 1: lot of them of somebody coming through the little door. 607 00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:09,879 Speaker 1: And it's not a small enough door to be kind 608 00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:12,120 Speaker 1: of creepy, but it is a small enough door to 609 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:16,120 Speaker 1: be charming in my opinion. Um, it's not like when 610 00:36:16,120 --> 00:36:19,320 Speaker 1: we were looking at houses and we opened a little 611 00:36:19,360 --> 00:36:22,360 Speaker 1: door in an attic and there was a creepy, creepy 612 00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:26,799 Speaker 1: teddy bear back. I love it. I love it. Uh. 613 00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:30,200 Speaker 1: Do you have creepy or non creepy listener mail? I 614 00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:34,800 Speaker 1: have non creepy listener mail? Um. It is from Caitlin 615 00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:37,479 Speaker 1: and I have have a specific reason that I picked 616 00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:39,920 Speaker 1: this one to read. Um. The title of the email 617 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,439 Speaker 1: is cats and Sewing and Caitlin says, Hi, Tracy and Holly, 618 00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:47,160 Speaker 1: I teach preschool, and I'm currently furloughed because tiny germ 619 00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:50,600 Speaker 1: factories and chronic illness is a dangerous combo without adding 620 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:53,600 Speaker 1: a pandemic into the mix, I'm going a little stir 621 00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:56,920 Speaker 1: crazy in the house without spending my days refereeing my kiddos. 622 00:36:57,040 --> 00:37:00,480 Speaker 1: So I impulse bought a sewing machine. Her name is 623 00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:03,920 Speaker 1: Rose Berton. I learned to sew and made cool stuff 624 00:37:03,920 --> 00:37:06,560 Speaker 1: as a theater major, but paused after graduation when I 625 00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:09,960 Speaker 1: didn't have access to the costume shop anymore. My first 626 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,279 Speaker 1: project was a felt sharktopus for my cat, named Sharktopus, 627 00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:18,040 Speaker 1: also known as Sharky see photo photos were great. Sharky 628 00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:20,759 Speaker 1: is eight months old, and her favorite activities include trying 629 00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:23,200 Speaker 1: to catch birds to the window, sleeping under the couch 630 00:37:23,239 --> 00:37:25,880 Speaker 1: where I can't bother her as easily, and stealing nibbles 631 00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:28,840 Speaker 1: of taryaki sauce from my plate. She's fuzzy and sweet 632 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:31,040 Speaker 1: and has a white spot honor tummy from where she 633 00:37:31,120 --> 00:37:35,400 Speaker 1: got shaved for her spay. In regards to Emily Dickinson 634 00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:37,960 Speaker 1: poems having a cadence, the first time I ever heard 635 00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,000 Speaker 1: that was from my dad, and I thought he was 636 00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:43,160 Speaker 1: a genius. His other favorite trick was to swap the 637 00:37:43,239 --> 00:37:46,160 Speaker 1: lyrics of Amazing Grace, Yellow Rows of Texas and House 638 00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:49,280 Speaker 1: the Rising Sun. Eight year old me was suitably impressed 639 00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:54,719 Speaker 1: and entertained. Please keep staying safe and healthy, Caitlin UM. 640 00:37:54,960 --> 00:37:58,200 Speaker 1: Caitlin also has some episode topic ideas in there. Thank 641 00:37:58,239 --> 00:38:00,840 Speaker 1: you so much, Caitlin for this email all. I wanted 642 00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:03,200 Speaker 1: to read it for so many reasons besides the one 643 00:38:03,200 --> 00:38:05,319 Speaker 1: that I thought of at first. I love that the 644 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:09,880 Speaker 1: sewing machine is named rose Bert Tam. I love the 645 00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:13,440 Speaker 1: trick of swapping the lyrics of these different songs UM 646 00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:17,239 Speaker 1: I have before before I moved away from Atlanta, UM, 647 00:38:17,280 --> 00:38:20,120 Speaker 1: I had a friend who did open mics and would 648 00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:25,320 Speaker 1: like riff on UM old songs and hymns like that, 649 00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:29,000 Speaker 1: just seamlessly move in and out with each other's like 650 00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:31,320 Speaker 1: key and meter and all of that, and it was 651 00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,440 Speaker 1: delightful and I loved it. But also I have also 652 00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:38,040 Speaker 1: gotten out my sewing machine recently to make some masks 653 00:38:38,160 --> 00:38:40,960 Speaker 1: because there's a pandemic happening and we are now being 654 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,600 Speaker 1: advised to cover our faces when we go out in public, 655 00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:49,000 Speaker 1: and I forgot how challenging it can be to sew 656 00:38:49,080 --> 00:38:54,719 Speaker 1: things with cats around. Oh yeah, I'm just used to it. Yeah, 657 00:38:54,760 --> 00:38:59,480 Speaker 1: I because I do still have a sewing table, but 658 00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:01,520 Speaker 1: like there's it's not a great place in our house 659 00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:04,240 Speaker 1: to put it. I thought about making like a sewing 660 00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:06,239 Speaker 1: corner in our basement, and that has not worked out 661 00:39:06,239 --> 00:39:08,680 Speaker 1: for various reasons. So I'm I. I brought the sewing 662 00:39:08,719 --> 00:39:12,719 Speaker 1: machine to the table that we eat on, and there's 663 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:15,520 Speaker 1: not a way to close that off from any cats. 664 00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:21,800 Speaker 1: So it was just like constant cat wrangling while making masks. Anyway, 665 00:39:21,840 --> 00:39:24,359 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Caitlin for that email. It really 666 00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:28,000 Speaker 1: delighted me in a lot of ways. UM. As always, 667 00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:31,600 Speaker 1: we hope folks and their loved ones are as safe 668 00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:35,799 Speaker 1: and healthy as as as possible. UM, regardless of of 669 00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:37,640 Speaker 1: what's happening in your life right now, I really hope 670 00:39:37,640 --> 00:39:40,160 Speaker 1: people are able to take as much care with themselves 671 00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:42,080 Speaker 1: and to be as gentle with themselves as possible. I 672 00:39:42,120 --> 00:39:43,560 Speaker 1: know it's a really hard time and a lot of 673 00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:48,120 Speaker 1: folks are really struggling. UM, So our thoughts are with everyone. 674 00:39:49,080 --> 00:39:50,480 Speaker 1: If you'd like to send us a note or some 675 00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:53,279 Speaker 1: cat pictures or anything like that, we're History podcast that 676 00:39:53,320 --> 00:39:55,839 Speaker 1: I heart radio dot com. We're all over social media 677 00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:58,360 Speaker 1: at miss in History and that's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, 678 00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:01,560 Speaker 1: kinsers on Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show 679 00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:04,400 Speaker 1: in Apple podcasts, the I heart radio app, and anywhere 680 00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:11,799 Speaker 1: else you get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History 681 00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:14,560 Speaker 1: Class is a production of I heart Radio. For more 682 00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:17,640 Speaker 1: podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 683 00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:20,920 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.