1 00:00:04,800 --> 00:00:07,640 Speaker 1: On this episode of Newtsworld. As I get older, I 2 00:00:07,720 --> 00:00:11,399 Speaker 1: have to confess I've become fascinated with the process of aging. 3 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,760 Speaker 1: What makes some people age quicker than others? How do 4 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:18,800 Speaker 1: we prolong our lives or encourage our bodies to age later? 5 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: I am really pleased to welcome my guest, doctor Near Barzilai. 6 00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:26,480 Speaker 1: He is a professor in the Department of Medicine and 7 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,360 Speaker 1: the Department of Genetics at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. 8 00:00:29,720 --> 00:00:33,080 Speaker 1: He's also the director of the Institute for Aging Research 9 00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:38,160 Speaker 1: in the Longevity Jean's Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. 10 00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:41,919 Speaker 1: Doctor Barzilai and his team conducted genetic research on more 11 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 1: than five hundred healthy elderly people between the ages of 12 00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:49,199 Speaker 1: ninety five and one hundred and twelve and on their children. 13 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:53,400 Speaker 1: He's also the author of the book Age Later, health Span, 14 00:00:53,840 --> 00:01:09,520 Speaker 1: Life Span, and the New Science on Longevity. You're welcome 15 00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:12,119 Speaker 1: and thank you for joining me again on news World. 16 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:15,440 Speaker 1: Thank you and thank you for your effort to have 17 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:19,080 Speaker 1: people understand that aging can be targeted and modulated and 18 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 1: we don't have to do what we've done so far 19 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,080 Speaker 1: in the last decades. Now, in fact, Joe Desantas, who 20 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:28,280 Speaker 1: I work with on health issues, who's pointed out if 21 00:01:28,319 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 1: you treated aging as a pattern the way you would 22 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:35,200 Speaker 1: treat psych cardiology or you would treat cancer, in fact, 23 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,640 Speaker 1: you eliminate a lot of other diseases by the process 24 00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:42,360 Speaker 1: of getting people to age later. Right, because the biology 25 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:46,920 Speaker 1: of aging is what drives diseases. So if we can 26 00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:50,400 Speaker 1: intervene in the aging process, will prevent not one disease 27 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:54,960 Speaker 1: or two diseases, but several age related diseases and conditions. Well, 28 00:01:55,040 --> 00:01:57,880 Speaker 1: you know you were last on in January twenty twenty 29 00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:01,600 Speaker 1: before your book Age Later came out, and I'm fashionated 30 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:04,440 Speaker 1: to catch alway because this is a very rapidly moving field, 31 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:06,920 Speaker 1: and I know you've learned a lot in the last 32 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:10,360 Speaker 1: three years. But before we talk about aging, can we 33 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:13,000 Speaker 1: talk briefly about your background. You were born in Israel. 34 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:15,680 Speaker 1: You served as a chief medic and physician in Israel 35 00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: Defense Force. You graduated from the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport 36 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:23,440 Speaker 1: Faculty of Medicine at the Technion Israel Institute of Technology 37 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:26,840 Speaker 1: in Haifa. You completed your residence and internal medicine at 38 00:02:26,919 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: Hadassa Medical Center in Jerusalem, and You've really had a 39 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:34,360 Speaker 1: remarkable career. Yes. And by the way, my early career, 40 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:38,280 Speaker 1: I was also in the war in Cambodia, you know, 41 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:41,679 Speaker 1: when North Vietnam conquered Cambodia. So I was in a 42 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:47,679 Speaker 1: third world giving first aid to young people who escaped war. 43 00:02:47,919 --> 00:02:51,320 Speaker 1: I went to South Africa during the apartheid. I was 44 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:55,799 Speaker 1: building a village in Quezulu and nutritional village, and it 45 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:59,760 Speaker 1: was about really saving young people. When I eventually got 46 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:03,400 Speaker 1: to exactly the opposite scale and realizing that it's the 47 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:06,680 Speaker 1: old people that need help more than anyone. What is 48 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: a nutritional village, Well, it's my own invention. I went 49 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 1: as a last year medical student to do a rotation 50 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:19,360 Speaker 1: in epidemiology and I was going to South Africa and 51 00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:21,800 Speaker 1: I looked for projects that I could do. And there's 52 00:03:21,800 --> 00:03:25,240 Speaker 1: a church that said we have money for a nutritional 53 00:03:25,360 --> 00:03:29,080 Speaker 1: village in Kurtu KwaZulu, and I went there and I 54 00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:32,400 Speaker 1: kind of inveted what it is, and it was basically 55 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:36,320 Speaker 1: to take mothers and children who are in the hospital 56 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:40,360 Speaker 1: to a village that I've built basically with help to 57 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: recover and teach them how to grow vegetables, how to 58 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:50,800 Speaker 1: cook vegetables, so it doesn't lose in traditional value. And 59 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: I kind of build it and created that and it 60 00:03:53,560 --> 00:03:57,280 Speaker 1: took off from there. Was very rewarding. Although you know, 61 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:00,840 Speaker 1: it's like all good intentions. The mothers were not interested 62 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 1: in growing vegetables and selling them, and they were not 63 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:09,400 Speaker 1: really interested in cooking the vegetables healthy. But at least 64 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: it gave us time to get something done. Did you 65 00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:17,920 Speaker 1: find when developing that village that you change their health patterns? 66 00:04:18,360 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: So I'll tell you a better story that demonstrates the challenge. 67 00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:26,040 Speaker 1: In order to build this nutritional village, I had in 68 00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:29,280 Speaker 1: the hospital a whole fifty people, young people who had 69 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,839 Speaker 1: to bercule losses but needed isolation to get treatment. And 70 00:04:32,920 --> 00:04:35,120 Speaker 1: I came to that and I said, I'll pay you 71 00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:38,760 Speaker 1: to build a village just outside the hospital. And I 72 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:42,760 Speaker 1: negotiated with them to realize they don't want money. They 73 00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:47,120 Speaker 1: want me to bring beer, mace beer, and I said, no, 74 00:04:47,279 --> 00:04:50,240 Speaker 1: I'm not going to bring mace beer. And they said, 75 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 1: well then we're not going to bring the village, and 76 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: I stopped the negotiation. I said they'll beg me and 77 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:59,400 Speaker 1: they didn't, and eventually I said, I'll give you truck 78 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:02,520 Speaker 1: you'll buy own beer. No, you are bringing the beer, 79 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:05,160 Speaker 1: and that's what I had to do. So there's a 80 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:09,280 Speaker 1: lot of compromise with a culture that's wild. That's a 81 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: great story. But now you also they are a fellowship 82 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,520 Speaker 1: of Yale and metabolism and at Cornell and endochronology and 83 00:05:16,600 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: molecular medicine, and yet you end up now as a 84 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:23,000 Speaker 1: world leader on the issue of how we live longer 85 00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:27,039 Speaker 1: and healthier. What drew you to looking at aging? Well, 86 00:05:27,080 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 1: you know, my friends when I was growing up, when 87 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:35,039 Speaker 1: they looked at their grandparents, they said, we don't know 88 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:38,200 Speaker 1: where they're coming from. You know, they never saw themselves 89 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:41,520 Speaker 1: being there. And that wasn't the case for me. I said, 90 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:45,320 Speaker 1: just a minute, what's happening here? And how can I 91 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:48,560 Speaker 1: stop it? When my grandfather, when he was sixty eight, 92 00:05:48,640 --> 00:05:51,120 Speaker 1: walked with me and told me what he did with 93 00:05:51,200 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: he was young, and I was looking at this old 94 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:57,279 Speaker 1: man or be slow, I just couldn't believe it. It 95 00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:00,760 Speaker 1: was always for me the biggest biology. I put you 96 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: in the room. You don't know who has high cholesterol 97 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:05,159 Speaker 1: or hypertension or stuff, but you know it's old and 98 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:09,560 Speaker 1: who's young. It was clearly the main biology that we 99 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: needed to solve well, man, if you think of it 100 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: that way, and it's a fast enemy that the national 101 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:17,760 Speaker 1: studits are health don't invest more in this because if 102 00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:23,039 Speaker 1: you solve the challenge of aging later, you eliminate all 103 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:26,800 Speaker 1: sorts of classes of disease that are a function of aging. 104 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:30,240 Speaker 1: So you probably had the largest single improvement in the 105 00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 1: cost of healthcare by helping people live dramatically longer in 106 00:06:34,120 --> 00:06:38,040 Speaker 1: a healthy way. So you know, the example that I 107 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:40,560 Speaker 1: spend a lot of my career or not the only thing, 108 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:44,279 Speaker 1: but it's those centenarians, those hundred years old. In order 109 00:06:44,320 --> 00:06:46,360 Speaker 1: to be in my study, and I have seven hundred 110 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:48,960 Speaker 1: and fifty centenarians. In order to be in my study, 111 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: you have to leave independently at age ninety five. And 112 00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 1: the thing that was most important for me is the question, Okay, 113 00:06:58,440 --> 00:07:01,400 Speaker 1: are they getting disease when all of us are getting disease, 114 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:03,800 Speaker 1: you know, between sixty and eighty, and they just live 115 00:07:03,839 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 1: longer with disease. I don't want it? Or is their 116 00:07:06,839 --> 00:07:10,400 Speaker 1: health spend and lifespen does it go together? And the 117 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:15,040 Speaker 1: answer is that they're healthy twenty thirty years more than 118 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:18,440 Speaker 1: anyone else. So it's the health spen and lifespend that 119 00:07:18,520 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: goes together at age hundred thirty percent of my centaurions 120 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:26,920 Speaker 1: don't have any disease and don't take any drug, and 121 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,360 Speaker 1: much more important, they have a contraction of morbidity. They're 122 00:07:31,400 --> 00:07:34,239 Speaker 1: sick very little time at the end of their lives. 123 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 1: In fact, the CDC have demonstrated since nineteen ninety three 124 00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: that the medical cost in the last two years of 125 00:07:42,400 --> 00:07:45,320 Speaker 1: life of somebody who dies at hundred is third of 126 00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: those who die at seventy. And we used to call 127 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:52,440 Speaker 1: it a longevity dividend until Andrew Scott, a professor of 128 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:55,960 Speaker 1: economy from London School of Economy, he said, you're crazy, 129 00:07:56,040 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: You're totally underestimating. What are we underestimating? He said, because 130 00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:02,320 Speaker 1: it's not only that the people are not in the hospital. 131 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:06,480 Speaker 1: What are they doing. They're traveling, they're shopping, they're buying 132 00:08:06,520 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 1: things for their grandkids. So the economy value of even 133 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:13,760 Speaker 1: stopping aging for two years is like three hundred and 134 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:18,320 Speaker 1: sixty trillion dollars, you know, it's like amazing economical value. 135 00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:21,920 Speaker 1: Recently I did a podcast with Henry Kissinger, who is 136 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:24,640 Speaker 1: now ninety nine, just had a new book come out 137 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 1: with You and I were discussing, which is brilliant on 138 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: leadership and on strategy and really a remarkable work. And 139 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: he's working on his next book. So Henry doesn't fit 140 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: any model of retirement I'm aware of, absolutely true. Certainly, 141 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:43,280 Speaker 1: he's an example and very fitting of my seven hundred 142 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: and fifty centenarians of somebody whose aging has been delayed 143 00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:50,000 Speaker 1: in some parts of the body, maybe more than others. 144 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:53,360 Speaker 1: But his book shows you that he has all the 145 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:58,200 Speaker 1: capacities to be a productive member, have a great and 146 00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:02,080 Speaker 1: interesting life. And this is what we're trying to determine. Look, 147 00:09:02,640 --> 00:09:07,400 Speaker 1: maximal lifespan for humans. I'm telling you statistics now, it's 148 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:10,400 Speaker 1: about one hundred and fifteen years. It's true that there 149 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:13,480 Speaker 1: are people who lived over one hundred twenty years, maybe few, 150 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:16,160 Speaker 1: but it's about one hundred and fifteen years. And look, 151 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: in the United States, average lifespan has decreased. It's now 152 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: seventy six. So we have thirty five forty years that 153 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:27,600 Speaker 1: we can use before even talking about something that might 154 00:09:27,679 --> 00:09:32,719 Speaker 1: be relevant, and that is breaking this thing. But we 155 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:36,160 Speaker 1: have some things we can do right now in order 156 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:41,120 Speaker 1: to claim back some good, healthy life with good quality 157 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:44,160 Speaker 1: of life. Well, and I mean to emphasize how radical 158 00:09:44,559 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: changes up until relatively recent times. If you're in a 159 00:09:49,600 --> 00:09:54,199 Speaker 1: hunting gathering society, you often died in your twenties. Even 160 00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:57,559 Speaker 1: with agriculture you're still often I think by nineteen hundred, 161 00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:00,720 Speaker 1: the average age who's forty six, part affected by how 162 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:03,839 Speaker 1: many children die in childbirth and in the first five years. 163 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:09,120 Speaker 1: And with antibiotics and other things, we've rapidly eliminated early dying. 164 00:10:10,120 --> 00:10:13,440 Speaker 1: But what at then dead is It put us a 165 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:17,199 Speaker 1: lot more people living a lot longer than historically we had. 166 00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:19,800 Speaker 1: And you raised a really interesting question which I've never 167 00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:23,719 Speaker 1: thought about much, which is, as a matter of survival 168 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:27,920 Speaker 1: for the species, why would you build in a pattern 169 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: of degenerating later in your life? Why would you have 170 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:34,600 Speaker 1: some kind of system where it began to break down. 171 00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:38,000 Speaker 1: I think you kind of answered deb and I think 172 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:40,800 Speaker 1: the time scale is important. Let's say there are one 173 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:44,320 Speaker 1: hundred thousand years of human evolution. We kind of argue 174 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:48,000 Speaker 1: about it, but one hundred thousand years and it's only 175 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:51,480 Speaker 1: in the last hundred and fifty years that we cleaned 176 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: the water, build a source and all death. So it's 177 00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:59,400 Speaker 1: a very short time. And what happened in this short 178 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:03,280 Speaker 1: time we got those diseases that we didn't have before 179 00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:06,560 Speaker 1: when we died on average age of twenty and thirty, right, 180 00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:13,160 Speaker 1: alzheimer diabetes, cardiovastor disease, cancers, It's not what people were 181 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:16,200 Speaker 1: dying from. So we made a deal with the devil. 182 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:20,080 Speaker 1: You know, we got some very bad deal as we 183 00:11:20,360 --> 00:11:24,360 Speaker 1: started crossing the age of sixty. And what our profession, 184 00:11:24,440 --> 00:11:28,520 Speaker 1: what geroscientists are saying, this doesn't have to happen. We 185 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: understand enough in the biology to target it and extend 186 00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:35,360 Speaker 1: our health, spend much more than we do now and 187 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:39,600 Speaker 1: prevent those diseases. When you look at the diseases that 188 00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:42,800 Speaker 1: are the most expensive and not often are the most painful, 189 00:11:42,840 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: whether it's cancer or diabetes, or heart disease or Alzheimer's 190 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:51,240 Speaker 1: or what have you, it's conceivable, as I understand it, 191 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:55,560 Speaker 1: that if we focused on the process of aging, you 192 00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:59,280 Speaker 1: eliminate whole classes of disease and it actually has the 193 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:03,200 Speaker 1: largest go positive impact both on quality of life but 194 00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:06,760 Speaker 1: also the cost of healthcare, no doubt. And you don't 195 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:10,800 Speaker 1: have to have a drug that's very powerful to get 196 00:12:10,840 --> 00:12:14,120 Speaker 1: a huge impact on society. And I would actually say 197 00:12:14,160 --> 00:12:16,920 Speaker 1: that some of the drugs that we can basically use 198 00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:20,920 Speaker 1: just now, should be used on the poor people, should 199 00:12:20,960 --> 00:12:24,120 Speaker 1: be used on people who survive cancer and they're aging 200 00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:28,040 Speaker 1: rapidly because we just gave them radiation and chemotherapy. People 201 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:31,880 Speaker 1: with HIV would have diseases ten years earlier. Or by 202 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:34,840 Speaker 1: the way, if we want to go to Mars, then 203 00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:37,360 Speaker 1: we have to solve aging, because we'll never get there. 204 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:40,080 Speaker 1: So there's a lot of reason to start it. And 205 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:43,160 Speaker 1: I would say the poor people who at every city 206 00:12:43,679 --> 00:12:47,240 Speaker 1: die twenty years before the reach are the one who 207 00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:51,600 Speaker 1: can enjoy this intervention most so in a sense, if 208 00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:57,240 Speaker 1: you really had a substantial investment and understanding how you 209 00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,640 Speaker 1: postpone aging, you would do more to help the poor 210 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:05,280 Speaker 1: than any other single group. Absolutely true. And yes, you know, 211 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:09,080 Speaker 1: when we talk about aging, we say you have to exercise, 212 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:11,400 Speaker 1: you have to diet, you have to sleep, you have 213 00:13:11,440 --> 00:13:13,720 Speaker 1: to be in a good mood. And you know what 214 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 1: they are drugs that are very cheap and much cheaper 215 00:13:17,880 --> 00:13:22,080 Speaker 1: than building gym and bringing fish and vegetables, and you 216 00:13:22,080 --> 00:13:26,280 Speaker 1: know there's trade offs, but there could be drugs that 217 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:30,520 Speaker 1: could really help the lifespan of poor people and they 218 00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:35,320 Speaker 1: won't break the bank in any way. Over the counter. 219 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:41,320 Speaker 1: Well know, the drugs that we can repurpose are drugs 220 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:45,000 Speaker 1: that are FDA approved, but we check them on animal 221 00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:50,200 Speaker 1: models in specific studies that are controlled studies to see 222 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,719 Speaker 1: which one of them increase health spin and lifespan of animals. 223 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: And they are about twelve such drugs. I picked one 224 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:01,000 Speaker 1: of them and I'm leading this progress that's called tame 225 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: Taming aging with midforming. That formally is a drug that 226 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:08,439 Speaker 1: is for diabetes. It's not over the counter, it's prescription, 227 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:11,920 Speaker 1: although it's really an extract of the French lilac. It's 228 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:15,760 Speaker 1: kind of a neutraceutical. It was used hundred years ago 229 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:20,320 Speaker 1: to prevent flu or malaria or arthritis, but then it 230 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:23,280 Speaker 1: was showed in diabetes to lorder glucaso. It was kind 231 00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:27,160 Speaker 1: of hijacked to diabetes. But it's what we call a gerotherapeutic. 232 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:30,920 Speaker 1: You give it to people, they die less, they have 233 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 1: less heart disease, less diabetes, less cognitive decline. So we're 234 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:40,840 Speaker 1: trying to show the FDA just what we talked about 235 00:14:40,840 --> 00:14:43,880 Speaker 1: that agent can be targeted. We're doing a control study, 236 00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:47,800 Speaker 1: a clinical studies plus CBO and the drug to show 237 00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 1: that the variety of age related disease, a cluster of 238 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:53,560 Speaker 1: them can be prevented, and we believe that once the 239 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 1: FDA understands that there are twelve other drugs that can 240 00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:19,160 Speaker 1: be repurposed and we can start making this progress. One 241 00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:22,320 Speaker 1: of the ways you're getting at this is you study superagers, 242 00:15:23,080 --> 00:15:25,360 Speaker 1: which I think is a fascinating concept, and candidly I 243 00:15:25,360 --> 00:15:27,680 Speaker 1: would love to be a superager, so I hope twenty 244 00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:29,560 Speaker 1: five years from now it could be one of your targets. 245 00:15:29,840 --> 00:15:32,360 Speaker 1: But talk a little bit about this concept of super 246 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:36,400 Speaker 1: aging and what you're learning by studying it. So I'll 247 00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:40,280 Speaker 1: give you a really good example, and I'll start with 248 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 1: just making the point of why aging is important and 249 00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,680 Speaker 1: why aging is what drives diseases. You can be born 250 00:15:48,080 --> 00:15:51,440 Speaker 1: with a genetic change in your DNA that's called Apple 251 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:54,600 Speaker 1: E four. And a lot of people heard about Apple 252 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:57,240 Speaker 1: E four because if you have Apo E four, you're 253 00:15:57,320 --> 00:16:00,280 Speaker 1: likely to get Alzheimer. When you're seventeen, you beat dead 254 00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:03,680 Speaker 1: that when you're eighty and you have this Apple E four, 255 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:06,520 Speaker 1: you're born with it, but you're not born demented, and 256 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 1: you're not demented when you're one year or ten year 257 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,800 Speaker 1: or fifty year. It takes aging. To bring this out, 258 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 1: I have centenarians who have apple E four and they're 259 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:24,560 Speaker 1: not demented. Okay, so they're both old and not demented. 260 00:16:24,720 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 1: Why because they have genes that slows their aging so 261 00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: much that it's not going to catch up with them. 262 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:36,000 Speaker 1: And this is kind of the promise that we have 263 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:40,440 Speaker 1: already two drugs that were developed by companies and had 264 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:44,400 Speaker 1: successful Phase three trials, and we have many other drugs 265 00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:48,840 Speaker 1: coming up the pipeline. They're forty billion dollars investment in 266 00:16:48,920 --> 00:16:54,440 Speaker 1: longevity biotech technology with the promise that we can really 267 00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:59,000 Speaker 1: make advance and target aging from different points of view 268 00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:03,520 Speaker 1: incombination and be healthier for much longer. I think people 269 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,679 Speaker 1: would be surprised how many centenarians there are. What's the 270 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:10,520 Speaker 1: oldest age person you've studied? One hundred and twelve. One 271 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:15,920 Speaker 1: hundred and twelve years old. She actually was a stalin survivor. 272 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:21,000 Speaker 1: She was in Siberia for sixty years until she was 273 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:23,360 Speaker 1: released and went to the United States and had a 274 00:17:23,359 --> 00:17:26,919 Speaker 1: whole other career. A lot of her centenarians, it's not 275 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,400 Speaker 1: that they had easy life. I'm always mentioning my uncle 276 00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,639 Speaker 1: who's hundred years old. He lives in Houston now, but 277 00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:36,520 Speaker 1: he went to the Holocaust, and he said, when he 278 00:17:36,560 --> 00:17:39,399 Speaker 1: was sixteen, the Germans gave me the Grand Tour. I 279 00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:43,159 Speaker 1: went through five concentration camps. They paid for everything. Not 280 00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:46,200 Speaker 1: enough food, but they paid for everything. So he's looking 281 00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:49,800 Speaker 1: at it like that. He barely survived. He lost half 282 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:53,760 Speaker 1: of his weight. My grandfather sending to medical school. He 283 00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,520 Speaker 1: was in Prague and he was an activist anti communist 284 00:17:56,600 --> 00:18:00,760 Speaker 1: activist in nineteen sixty seven the Spring of Prague to escape, 285 00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:04,040 Speaker 1: so he's again escaping. He went to Vienna. Yet to 286 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:07,359 Speaker 1: go out from Vienna, he went to Montreal. The separatists 287 00:18:07,359 --> 00:18:09,640 Speaker 1: in Quebec blew the house next to him. He went 288 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:14,000 Speaker 1: to Houston, and now in Houston he already built two 289 00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:18,440 Speaker 1: houses after they were destroyed in hurricanes. So this guy 290 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,520 Speaker 1: is like, you can bring on whatever you want, but 291 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:24,720 Speaker 1: some of it is really the resilience of the people 292 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:29,040 Speaker 1: who have the biology of aging. And maybe actually this 293 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,920 Speaker 1: resilience is what brings them to be. How old is 294 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: he now, he's a hundred years old. He just celebrated 295 00:18:35,720 --> 00:18:39,760 Speaker 1: remarkable And so part of this, you think, is that 296 00:18:39,840 --> 00:18:43,960 Speaker 1: in fact, there are genetic patterns that we can begin 297 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:48,640 Speaker 1: to identify by studying the superagers, and that then leads 298 00:18:48,680 --> 00:18:51,560 Speaker 1: us to a better understanding of how we want to 299 00:18:51,680 --> 00:18:55,080 Speaker 1: encourage everybody and try to find a way to trigger 300 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,440 Speaker 1: those behaviors in our genetic system. I mean, is that 301 00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:02,680 Speaker 1: a fair summary. It's a fair summary. People are hearing genetics. Okay, 302 00:19:02,720 --> 00:19:04,959 Speaker 1: So you have a gene for centarian. What does it 303 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:07,520 Speaker 1: mean for us? It means that we can develop drug. 304 00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,480 Speaker 1: It doesn't mean that we need to do a genetic intervention. 305 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,760 Speaker 1: The gene tells us where is the place that we 306 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:17,199 Speaker 1: can design drug too. Okay, so don't be intimidated. If 307 00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:19,240 Speaker 1: you have longevity gene, you don't need us. If you 308 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:22,880 Speaker 1: don't have we can make it happen. Given everything people 309 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:24,719 Speaker 1: have said over the years about what you need to 310 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:29,280 Speaker 1: do and your studies. Nearly fifty percent of the centenarians 311 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:33,439 Speaker 1: are overweight or obese, Nearly fifty percent smoke, and fewer 312 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:36,760 Speaker 1: than fifty percent to even moderate exercise. I mean that 313 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:41,480 Speaker 1: sort of blows apart the whole last half century investment. Okay, 314 00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:48,200 Speaker 1: it was totally misinterpret for those people, it didn't matter. Look, 315 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:51,399 Speaker 1: I had Helen Riiker is a woman who died at 316 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,680 Speaker 1: one hundred and ten. I met her when she was 317 00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:57,240 Speaker 1: hundred years old and in a New York apartment, and 318 00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:00,199 Speaker 1: she was smoking, and I said, Helen, nobody told you 319 00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:03,240 Speaker 1: to stop smoking. And she said, all the four doctors 320 00:20:03,280 --> 00:20:07,119 Speaker 1: that told me to stop smoking, they died. They didn't 321 00:20:07,160 --> 00:20:11,280 Speaker 1: need it because they had longevity genes. We don't have 322 00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:15,840 Speaker 1: longevity genes, so we need to interact with the environment. 323 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:19,440 Speaker 1: So it just happened that the proof of concept on 324 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:23,360 Speaker 1: them has been not that they did anything with the environment. 325 00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:27,040 Speaker 1: It's in spite of what they did wrong for the environment. 326 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:30,479 Speaker 1: It's like the example of this Appoe four genotype. Right, 327 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:33,480 Speaker 1: you have a very strong generotype, everybody else gets Alzheimer, 328 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:37,680 Speaker 1: and you don't get alzhemer because something slows you're aging 329 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: or make you resilient to disease in a way that 330 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: it doesn't matter anymore. Basically, you wrote that demographers estimated 331 00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 1: for most people, genetics are responsible for about twenty to 332 00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:53,800 Speaker 1: twenty five percent of aging and the environment is responsible 333 00:20:53,840 --> 00:20:58,119 Speaker 1: for the rest. But for centenarians, their genes are about 334 00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:01,280 Speaker 1: seventy to eighty percent response for how they age, and 335 00:21:01,359 --> 00:21:04,719 Speaker 1: the environment accounts only for about twenty So in that sense, 336 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,720 Speaker 1: there are patterns you're beginning to identify where you could 337 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:12,040 Speaker 1: almost take like a genetic test at twelve and have 338 00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:14,240 Speaker 1: a pretty good sense of I can do what I want, 339 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:18,440 Speaker 1: or I better find some drugs which offset the fact 340 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:21,159 Speaker 1: that I don't have this genetic pattern. Well, I like 341 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:24,240 Speaker 1: to say what I told to Hell and two, there 342 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:30,520 Speaker 1: is a benefit to exercise, diet, sleep, and having good 343 00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:35,080 Speaker 1: mood in addition to everything that we might be doing 344 00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:38,800 Speaker 1: in drugs. We believe it's synergistic. It adds up when 345 00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:42,280 Speaker 1: you're studying people between one hundred and one hundred and twelve, 346 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:46,439 Speaker 1: what tends to be the average age of life that 347 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:50,840 Speaker 1: one of those superagers can expect to live too. If 348 00:21:50,880 --> 00:21:55,600 Speaker 1: they're hundred, their mortality is thirty percent a year. And 349 00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:58,760 Speaker 1: it's actually an important question from US scientists, and that's 350 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:03,199 Speaker 1: why very interested in the genetic discovery in centenarians. But 351 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:07,480 Speaker 1: in order to understand it, I'm studying their offspring. Okay, 352 00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:12,200 Speaker 1: their offspring are in their seventies and we're longitually looking 353 00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:16,399 Speaker 1: at the offspring to see how their aging is really 354 00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: slowed from variety of tests that we can do and 355 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:24,280 Speaker 1: not just across sectional one time with a centenarian, and 356 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:28,600 Speaker 1: to what degree are centenarians likely to pass that genetic 357 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:32,240 Speaker 1: structure on to their children and grandchildren. Well, so it's 358 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:36,040 Speaker 1: not one gene, it's composition of gene. But we basically 359 00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:38,919 Speaker 1: say half. I'll give you an example. We take the 360 00:22:39,080 --> 00:22:43,440 Speaker 1: children of centenarians and the people who they are married to. Okay, 361 00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:47,560 Speaker 1: so they're sharing the environment pretty much. In fact, we 362 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,879 Speaker 1: show that they're sharing the environment because we take questionnaires 363 00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:54,159 Speaker 1: and we see what's their food and their exercise and 364 00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:58,280 Speaker 1: their BMI and everything that's important. They're the same. And 365 00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:03,080 Speaker 1: although they're the same, they have half of the heart disease, 366 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:07,480 Speaker 1: they have half of the cognitive decline, and they have 367 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:11,679 Speaker 1: half of the mortality. So being a child of a 368 00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:16,280 Speaker 1: centenarians is very high risk for you to basically leave 369 00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:20,320 Speaker 1: healthier for ten years longer. Pretty much. But you've also 370 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,359 Speaker 1: commented you think we're at the early stages of potentially 371 00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:28,000 Speaker 1: living to be substantially longer than one hundred and twelve. 372 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:31,720 Speaker 1: You explain why you think there's potentially another say thirty 373 00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:35,240 Speaker 1: years or thirty five years. I'll repeat what I said before. 374 00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:38,960 Speaker 1: Our lifespan as a specie is one hundred and fifteen years. 375 00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,720 Speaker 1: So whatever we do to reach that might be very 376 00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:46,080 Speaker 1: much different than what we need to do in order 377 00:23:46,119 --> 00:23:49,000 Speaker 1: to pass that. And I would say one of the 378 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:53,600 Speaker 1: scenarios is the Peter Penn scenario. It's when you're twenty, 379 00:23:54,480 --> 00:23:58,080 Speaker 1: let's take your body and give you a treatment where 380 00:23:58,119 --> 00:24:02,040 Speaker 1: we erase your aging and will repeat this treatment every 381 00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 1: few months or every year so that you won't actually 382 00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 1: get old, which probably is going to happen in fifty years, 383 00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:13,280 Speaker 1: and even when you do it, it might make you 384 00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 1: leave over a hundred years. But in the meantime, we 385 00:24:17,119 --> 00:24:20,320 Speaker 1: have another problem, and that's what I call the fountain 386 00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: of youth problem. How can we take an old person 387 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:26,640 Speaker 1: and make him young again? And this is a big challenge, 388 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,640 Speaker 1: but we know that we can take an old person 389 00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:35,200 Speaker 1: and give them some treatments and make them healthier. They 390 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:37,479 Speaker 1: are not going to live longer, but they're going to 391 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:42,119 Speaker 1: live healthier. So those are all things that are in 392 00:24:42,240 --> 00:24:47,160 Speaker 1: experiments in animal models, some of that in humans. And 393 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,440 Speaker 1: so there's a lot that's happening now and essentially goes 394 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:52,840 Speaker 1: back to a comment you've made earlier that if you 395 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:55,720 Speaker 1: could have the perfect life, you would live up until 396 00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:58,679 Speaker 1: when you didn't, but you would be healthy until that 397 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:03,719 Speaker 1: last weekend. It's healthy, healthy, healthy, and dead. Thirty percent 398 00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:06,919 Speaker 1: of my centenarians don't wake up in the morning. Okay, 399 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,560 Speaker 1: that's all. And they have interesting and full life. And 400 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:14,959 Speaker 1: when you're sick, you want to die. When you're suffering, okay. 401 00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:18,159 Speaker 1: If you're healthy, if you do things, if you go 402 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:20,440 Speaker 1: to the theater, if you enjoy a movie, if you're 403 00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:23,840 Speaker 1: a family, if you're friends, you don't want to die. 404 00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:26,640 Speaker 1: That's sorry. I always figure later on there was a 405 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:29,880 Speaker 1: famous philosopher of healthcare who was born in Scotland. He said, 406 00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:32,200 Speaker 1: when he grew up in Scotland, he assumed that life 407 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,199 Speaker 1: would be short and death would be brutal. And when 408 00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:37,520 Speaker 1: he moved to Canada, he thought that life would be 409 00:25:37,560 --> 00:25:40,919 Speaker 1: long and pleasant and death would be gradual and acceptable. 410 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:43,360 Speaker 1: And when he moved to southern California, he realized, there's 411 00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,000 Speaker 1: no reason to give up life. There's a cultural pattern there. 412 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:49,240 Speaker 1: I have to read one thing you wrote, and I 413 00:25:49,320 --> 00:25:52,080 Speaker 1: want you to comment, because it's self fascinating you write that. 414 00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:55,879 Speaker 1: Madame k who died at age one twenty two, became 415 00:25:55,920 --> 00:25:58,160 Speaker 1: a celebrity of sorts. She started a lot of interest 416 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:01,240 Speaker 1: in centenarian studies because she was known for being young 417 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:04,919 Speaker 1: well into her later years. Kama was born in eighteen 418 00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:08,040 Speaker 1: seventy five in Arla, France, and lived there for her 419 00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: entire life. Arla is known for inspiring Vincent van Go's paintings, 420 00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:16,480 Speaker 1: and met van Go when she was twelve. Her husband 421 00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:19,159 Speaker 1: died in nineteen forty two when she was sixty seven, 422 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:22,720 Speaker 1: but that didn't slow her down. She continued to participate 423 00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:25,560 Speaker 1: in all the activities she'd enjoyed with her husband for decades, 424 00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,680 Speaker 1: including riding her bike around Arla until she was one hundred. 425 00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:33,679 Speaker 1: She reportedly ate two pounds of chocolate every day and 426 00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:37,920 Speaker 1: credited her olive oil rich diet for her calm disposition 427 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:42,680 Speaker 1: and her long life. I mean, that is an amazing story, right, 428 00:26:42,840 --> 00:26:46,000 Speaker 1: And I'll tell you, you can eat chocolate and olive 429 00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:48,680 Speaker 1: oil and you're not going to be hundred and twenty two. 430 00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:51,600 Speaker 1: So it's not all the faults of her diet. She 431 00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:56,000 Speaker 1: definitely had longevity jeans. I have to ask you, Iceland 432 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,040 Speaker 1: is a place I really like. It's a very unusual 433 00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:02,960 Speaker 1: kind of place with volcanoes and whether people don't realize 434 00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:05,640 Speaker 1: Iceland's weather's about the same as New York City because 435 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:08,639 Speaker 1: of the Gulf Stream, but it's very isolated. And you 436 00:27:08,760 --> 00:27:12,440 Speaker 1: make the assertion that Icelanders, they are a little fewer 437 00:27:12,480 --> 00:27:15,480 Speaker 1: than a half million Icelanders, and they are the sentence 438 00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 1: of five Viking men and four Irish women. Is that 439 00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:22,200 Speaker 1: really true? Yes? And that's why they're all kind of 440 00:27:22,680 --> 00:27:26,720 Speaker 1: between brothers and cousins, right, second degree cousins. And that's 441 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:31,480 Speaker 1: why Iceland became the hub of genetic testing because if 442 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:33,080 Speaker 1: you know, I'm in New York. If I would go 443 00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:35,600 Speaker 1: to the streets of New York and take the genes 444 00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:38,400 Speaker 1: of everybody, there would be so much noise. I wouldn't 445 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: be able to figure out what's disease, what's longevity. But 446 00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,240 Speaker 1: when you have a population like that, you find a 447 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:48,720 Speaker 1: lot of things. Another example, are they Amish? Okay, they 448 00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:53,119 Speaker 1: have twelve founders. And the population that I'm doing, and 449 00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:57,640 Speaker 1: this is the Ashkenazi Jews, who also because of a 450 00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:03,120 Speaker 1: bad history bottlenecks, our genome is much more homogeneous than 451 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:08,320 Speaker 1: otherwhite population. And that's why I need between twenty and 452 00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:11,760 Speaker 1: fifty times less people in order to discover pretty much 453 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,960 Speaker 1: the same genes. You say about forty percent of today's 454 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:19,879 Speaker 1: Ashkenazi population came from just four founding mothers right where 455 00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:23,119 Speaker 1: you know, we get our mitochondria, this organelle that is 456 00:28:23,280 --> 00:28:27,600 Speaker 1: important for our energy. We get this genome only from 457 00:28:27,640 --> 00:28:31,560 Speaker 1: our mothers. Okay, this is the mitochondria. The sperm doesn't 458 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:35,040 Speaker 1: bring the mitochondria, only the egg as the mitochondria. And 459 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:38,640 Speaker 1: so when you look at the genetics of the Ashkenazi Jews, 460 00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:43,240 Speaker 1: you find four mothers. It's almost biblical, and that's a 461 00:28:43,280 --> 00:29:02,640 Speaker 1: good marker. I want to divide this into sort of 462 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:05,840 Speaker 1: three parts. Given everything you're learning, which is I think 463 00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:10,320 Speaker 1: amazing and enormous contribution to the future of the human 464 00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:12,520 Speaker 1: race and our ability to break out of the current 465 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:15,760 Speaker 1: cost structure, and frankly the whole current model what we 466 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 1: think of is aging and retiring because that really came 467 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:22,320 Speaker 1: out of an industrial era model where people work physically, 468 00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:24,360 Speaker 1: whether it was plowing behind a mule or working in 469 00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:28,440 Speaker 1: a steel plant, and may not have any relevance, may 470 00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:32,400 Speaker 1: in fact be contraindicated for an age of knowledge, at 471 00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 1: an age of people who have a totally different wear 472 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:37,240 Speaker 1: and tear on their bodies. I want to ask about 473 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:40,840 Speaker 1: three different things. One is what should individual people learn, 474 00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:44,200 Speaker 1: Second is what should the medical and health professions learn. 475 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:47,960 Speaker 1: And third is for public politicians who are worried about 476 00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,440 Speaker 1: the cost of healthcare and worried about all these major diseases. 477 00:29:51,640 --> 00:29:53,280 Speaker 1: What should they learn? I know I'm throwing a lot 478 00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:56,160 Speaker 1: at you, but you're very smart. What was the first? 479 00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:58,280 Speaker 1: As an individual, I'm listening to you and I want 480 00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:00,320 Speaker 1: to know how do I live longer and better? What 481 00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:04,360 Speaker 1: should I learn? So one thing is just get the 482 00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 1: right information because there's a huge revolution that's coming, okay, 483 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:10,680 Speaker 1: and you should be part of the revolution. But in 484 00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:16,240 Speaker 1: the meantime I mentioned it before, there's exercise. Exercise is good. 485 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:18,960 Speaker 1: It's number one. It's good at every age, every sex. 486 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,520 Speaker 1: It really changes the projection of disease, of cognitive decline. 487 00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:26,160 Speaker 1: Number one. You should do it. I'm doing it an 488 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,400 Speaker 1: hour a day, no matter what. Second is nutrition. Nutrition 489 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:33,400 Speaker 1: is harder to give advice, but I'll tell you what 490 00:30:33,480 --> 00:30:37,160 Speaker 1: I do because what I do is based on my research. 491 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:40,280 Speaker 1: In my research, starting thirty years ago, I had two 492 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:44,040 Speaker 1: groups of animal. Half of them made whatever they want 493 00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:47,440 Speaker 1: and their brothers got sixty percent of that, so they 494 00:30:47,440 --> 00:30:53,719 Speaker 1: were calorically restrict, and the colorically restricted animal lived forty 495 00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:57,520 Speaker 1: percent longer, but also much healthier. You know, like the centenarians, 496 00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:02,080 Speaker 1: they lived lived than they died one day, and it 497 00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:05,680 Speaker 1: was translated to mean you should have less for breakfast, lunch, 498 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:09,000 Speaker 1: and dinner. But that's not what we've done. What we've 499 00:31:09,040 --> 00:31:11,120 Speaker 1: done is we would come in the morning and give 500 00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:14,360 Speaker 1: the animals their food for the day, and they were hungry, 501 00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:17,880 Speaker 1: so they would eat this food in twenty minutes and 502 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:20,720 Speaker 1: then they would be fasting for twenty three more hours. 503 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:24,560 Speaker 1: So it's not only the caloric restriction, it's the fasting. 504 00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:29,800 Speaker 1: And when we gave the food to the animals during 505 00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:33,640 Speaker 1: the day, they were still thinner, but they didn't live long. 506 00:31:34,040 --> 00:31:38,240 Speaker 1: So fasting is very important for longevity. So me and 507 00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:41,720 Speaker 1: my friend what we do, almost all of us, is 508 00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,480 Speaker 1: we fast for sixteen hours a day. You know, usually 509 00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:48,920 Speaker 1: you eat something sixteen hours and then you sleep. We're 510 00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:53,240 Speaker 1: doing the opposite. We skip breakfast pretty much. For example, 511 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:56,760 Speaker 1: I finished food last night at eight, and I'm not 512 00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:59,360 Speaker 1: going to eat before twelve. Usually I go to seventeen hours. 513 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: It's not hard anymore. So fasting is one of the 514 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:06,920 Speaker 1: important things. And when people start doing that, and lots 515 00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:09,160 Speaker 1: of people it's easy for them to do. Some people 516 00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:12,160 Speaker 1: they cannot do it. But those people who do that 517 00:32:12,920 --> 00:32:16,160 Speaker 1: see the benefit immediately. I lost a lot of weight, 518 00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:18,920 Speaker 1: I lost this hunger that I had during the day. 519 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:24,600 Speaker 1: My concentration is better, my energy and exercise capacity of increased. 520 00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:28,040 Speaker 1: People are doing fasting in different ways. They do a 521 00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:31,520 Speaker 1: fast twenty four hours once a week. There are people 522 00:32:31,520 --> 00:32:35,200 Speaker 1: who are fasting for five days three times a year. 523 00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:39,080 Speaker 1: There's a lot of how people do that. We've been 524 00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:43,120 Speaker 1: focusing on what's healthy, but I think much more important 525 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:47,360 Speaker 1: for aging is to include fasting in what you're doing. 526 00:32:47,640 --> 00:32:50,400 Speaker 1: And I'll tell you I never did a three months diet. 527 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,600 Speaker 1: I think I would break if I had three months, 528 00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:56,440 Speaker 1: but I never break if I had one hour more 529 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:58,840 Speaker 1: to go, and then I can eat whatever I do. 530 00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:03,280 Speaker 1: Sleep is also something that's hard to tell you sleep. 531 00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:06,800 Speaker 1: But one thing is if you can go to a 532 00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:09,840 Speaker 1: dark room for eight hours, close all your machines and 533 00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:13,120 Speaker 1: beeps and stuff, and sleep six and a half hours 534 00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:16,440 Speaker 1: of that, it's going to make a major impact. So 535 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:19,000 Speaker 1: sleep is really important because if you don't sleep, it 536 00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:24,160 Speaker 1: drags everything away. You cannot exercise. Your diety's ruin and 537 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:26,560 Speaker 1: good mood is also something. It's just you have to 538 00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:30,320 Speaker 1: find a purpose in life or not be lonely. So 539 00:33:30,720 --> 00:33:34,280 Speaker 1: those are things that if you prioritize, they get you 540 00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:37,160 Speaker 1: over the age of eighty. Matform and shame should be 541 00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:39,680 Speaker 1: a very promising breakthrough, but could you explain that for 542 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:44,000 Speaker 1: lay people. Yes. So, matforming is a drug, kind of 543 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,160 Speaker 1: a neutraceutical drug, but it's modulated and so it needs 544 00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:52,000 Speaker 1: a prescription that has been used for hundred years, a 545 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:56,000 Speaker 1: lot of it in diabetic patients. And what we've learned 546 00:33:56,120 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: using that in different studies. It prevents heart disease, it 547 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:06,040 Speaker 1: prevents diabetes, it prevents cancer, it prevents alzheimer and cognitive decline, 548 00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:11,080 Speaker 1: and prevents mortality in different studies. And the reason it 549 00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:13,840 Speaker 1: does it because it's what we call it gerotherapeutic. It 550 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:17,960 Speaker 1: actually targets all the hallmarks of aging. So it takes 551 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,799 Speaker 1: an old cell or an old organ, or an old 552 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:23,680 Speaker 1: body and makes it young again. And this is the 553 00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:26,280 Speaker 1: drug that we're using to show the FDA that aging 554 00:34:26,360 --> 00:34:30,680 Speaker 1: can be targeted. This is the flagship of the drug 555 00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:34,399 Speaker 1: that proves our concept. If you ask diabetologies, they say 556 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:36,719 Speaker 1: no, no no, no, it's for diabetes, but they are wrong. 557 00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,640 Speaker 1: It was always a drug that was really targeting the 558 00:34:40,719 --> 00:34:44,319 Speaker 1: biology of aging. That's wow. So second, what should the 559 00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:47,960 Speaker 1: medical profession and the health systems be learning from what 560 00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:53,160 Speaker 1: you're doing with superaters? Yeah, so you mentioned the National 561 00:34:53,280 --> 00:34:56,480 Speaker 1: Institutes of Health. When I hear it, I laugh. There's 562 00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:00,719 Speaker 1: no National Institutes of Health. Their institutes of disease. They're 563 00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:04,560 Speaker 1: the National Cancer Institute, okay, their diseases. The only institute 564 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:08,240 Speaker 1: that is really interested in health is the Aging Institute. 565 00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:10,360 Speaker 1: That they're trying to see how we can stop aging. 566 00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:14,680 Speaker 1: And I think this is more of political because you 567 00:35:14,719 --> 00:35:18,359 Speaker 1: can understand that those institutes wants to stop or treat 568 00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:22,960 Speaker 1: their diseases, but they're not ready to give in for 569 00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:26,920 Speaker 1: some other ideas. In fact, we've been trying to go 570 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:30,879 Speaker 1: to these institutes and we made several strides to sell them. 571 00:35:31,320 --> 00:35:36,960 Speaker 1: For example, most of the studies to study cardiovascor disease 572 00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,080 Speaker 1: are on animals that are two months old. It's not 573 00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:44,520 Speaker 1: on the same platform at all. It's a totally different biology. 574 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:47,719 Speaker 1: And then they wonder that what they discover is not 575 00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:50,600 Speaker 1: relevant for treatment. By the way, if you're a mice, 576 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:52,960 Speaker 1: you'd be okay, we know what to do with you. 577 00:35:53,320 --> 00:35:55,959 Speaker 1: But you know, we cure mice and we don't cure 578 00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,520 Speaker 1: human of course, because you're not using the right model. 579 00:35:58,560 --> 00:36:01,880 Speaker 1: There's a biology that's Miller in all animals and humans, 580 00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:05,680 Speaker 1: and that's the biology you have to consider. So I 581 00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:10,279 Speaker 1: think the internal politics of our health is very resistance 582 00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:14,120 Speaker 1: to change. And although we advance so much, we get 583 00:36:14,160 --> 00:36:17,960 Speaker 1: the best papers in nature and science, and we have 584 00:36:18,040 --> 00:36:22,200 Speaker 1: proof of concepts of drugs in everything, the medical community 585 00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:26,600 Speaker 1: doesn't rally that fast. It's very frustrating, but it takes 586 00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:30,839 Speaker 1: decades sometimes to say hey, we can do better. One 587 00:36:30,880 --> 00:36:33,759 Speaker 1: of the things we're doing at English three six years 588 00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:37,160 Speaker 1: we work with the Alliance for Longevity Initiatives, which is 589 00:36:37,239 --> 00:36:40,480 Speaker 1: run by Dylan Livingston, which frankly, we're trying to educate 590 00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:44,040 Speaker 1: lawmakers about the importance of aging research and to develop 591 00:36:44,120 --> 00:36:48,200 Speaker 1: special pathways for healthy aging medicines at the FDA. As 592 00:36:48,239 --> 00:36:50,400 Speaker 1: you know, it's not the way either the FDA or 593 00:36:50,520 --> 00:36:52,920 Speaker 1: NIH is currently set up. But one of the things 594 00:36:52,920 --> 00:36:55,200 Speaker 1: we're going to do is take this podcast and get 595 00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:58,080 Speaker 1: it out as widely as possible to decision makers and 596 00:36:58,120 --> 00:37:01,439 Speaker 1: implementers and people to get them to understand that there's 597 00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:05,760 Speaker 1: an enormous opportunity here and if we follow the right research, 598 00:37:06,120 --> 00:37:07,680 Speaker 1: twenty or thirty years from now, we're gonna be in 599 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:10,840 Speaker 1: a totally different environment in terms of length of life, 600 00:37:10,920 --> 00:37:15,640 Speaker 1: quality of life, costs of healthcare, and frequency of disease. Absolutely, 601 00:37:15,719 --> 00:37:19,760 Speaker 1: I totally agree. The third point is, you know, and okay, 602 00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,919 Speaker 1: now I'm outside of my profession, but I'm in all 603 00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:26,040 Speaker 1: those panels. I was just in the Milking Institute, all 604 00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:29,359 Speaker 1: those panels that are saying, okay, but you know, if 605 00:37:29,360 --> 00:37:32,480 Speaker 1: people are going to live longer and healthier, what do 606 00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:34,080 Speaker 1: we do? What do we do with them? What do 607 00:37:34,120 --> 00:37:36,319 Speaker 1: we do with the social services? What do we do 608 00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:40,560 Speaker 1: with retirement age? And I totally agree this has to 609 00:37:40,680 --> 00:37:44,080 Speaker 1: move somewhat in parallel. Look, the sad news for me, 610 00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:48,120 Speaker 1: We're not going to leave from seventy six to eighty 611 00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:52,759 Speaker 1: six overnight. Okay, It'll be a process, and I think 612 00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:55,480 Speaker 1: this process will make people realize that they have to 613 00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:57,959 Speaker 1: do other planning. But I want to give you two 614 00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:03,160 Speaker 1: examples for the listeners who would kind of understand how 615 00:38:03,239 --> 00:38:08,440 Speaker 1: things can change. One is an effort in the United 616 00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:16,560 Speaker 1: States to take retired people and assign them individual keys. 617 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:20,000 Speaker 1: I wouldn't say tutor, but kind of mentor. So you 618 00:38:20,080 --> 00:38:22,600 Speaker 1: have a kid, and you have an older person that 619 00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:26,400 Speaker 1: has time and he helps you with your homework, but 620 00:38:26,440 --> 00:38:30,040 Speaker 1: he also tells you his stories and his lessons of life, 621 00:38:30,840 --> 00:38:37,680 Speaker 1: and those studies, those efforts have been translated. There's outcomes, 622 00:38:37,719 --> 00:38:40,440 Speaker 1: and you can see that those kids have been doing 623 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:44,520 Speaker 1: really well. In other words, there's a way to make 624 00:38:44,640 --> 00:38:50,840 Speaker 1: life interesting for retired person and also influence the young society. 625 00:38:50,960 --> 00:38:54,960 Speaker 1: That's one. The second is a wonderful effort called eighty 626 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:58,239 Speaker 1: on four when you take four year old kids to 627 00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:01,920 Speaker 1: old age home and take eighty year old people and 628 00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:08,279 Speaker 1: you let them interact, and two things happens. On one hand, 629 00:39:08,320 --> 00:39:12,640 Speaker 1: the elderly people are getting better in everything because they 630 00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:15,600 Speaker 1: have to start running after the kids and they do 631 00:39:15,640 --> 00:39:21,520 Speaker 1: games together. But they start improving both physically and mentally, 632 00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:24,719 Speaker 1: and their moods are becoming better. But even more important, 633 00:39:25,239 --> 00:39:27,640 Speaker 1: the parents of the four years old saying, you know, 634 00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:31,719 Speaker 1: our kids developed something that they didn't have before. Empathy. 635 00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:35,080 Speaker 1: You know, they love those people. They understand that they 636 00:39:35,080 --> 00:39:39,520 Speaker 1: cannot run without actually holding their hands, and they develop 637 00:39:39,719 --> 00:39:43,480 Speaker 1: all these relationship that is good for the elderly and 638 00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:47,399 Speaker 1: good for the kids. So it's private examples, but I'm 639 00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:50,000 Speaker 1: saying there are lots of good people out there. There's 640 00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:52,879 Speaker 1: lots of people who are thinking about it and implementing 641 00:39:53,560 --> 00:39:57,120 Speaker 1: and so this is for the elderly, but social services 642 00:39:57,200 --> 00:40:00,319 Speaker 1: have to change and adapt accordingly to look a lot 643 00:40:00,320 --> 00:40:02,120 Speaker 1: of people who are listeners are going to be fascinated 644 00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:05,360 Speaker 1: and if they wanted to sign up for your longevity study, 645 00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:07,640 Speaker 1: is there a website? What can they do to come 646 00:40:07,680 --> 00:40:12,000 Speaker 1: and interact with you and learn about this? Yes, thank you. 647 00:40:12,080 --> 00:40:16,040 Speaker 1: We have a registry at the page of the American 648 00:40:16,120 --> 00:40:20,480 Speaker 1: Federation for Aging Research AFAR that's called the super agr 649 00:40:20,480 --> 00:40:25,920 Speaker 1: Initiative where we're getting ten thousand centenarians and their families 650 00:40:25,960 --> 00:40:29,000 Speaker 1: across the United States. So if you know a centenarians, 651 00:40:29,520 --> 00:40:32,200 Speaker 1: go to the American Federation of Aging Research and register 652 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:35,240 Speaker 1: and we learn a lot and it's for your health. 653 00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:38,120 Speaker 1: It's amazing. I want to thank you for joining me. 654 00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:40,839 Speaker 1: We're going to have a link to your website so 655 00:40:40,880 --> 00:40:44,359 Speaker 1: people can learn more about your Longevity Jeans project at 656 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:47,279 Speaker 1: Albert Einstein College of Medicine. We're also going to have 657 00:40:47,280 --> 00:40:49,840 Speaker 1: a link so they can buy your book Age Later, 658 00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:53,560 Speaker 1: health Span, Lifespan, and the News Science of Longevity on 659 00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:56,520 Speaker 1: our show page at newsworld dot com. And I want 660 00:40:56,520 --> 00:40:58,799 Speaker 1: to thank you for coming back once again. Thank you, 661 00:41:02,120 --> 00:41:05,080 Speaker 1: Thank you to my guest doctor Neier bars Ali. You 662 00:41:05,120 --> 00:41:07,680 Speaker 1: can get a link to buy his book Age Later, 663 00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:11,920 Speaker 1: health Span, Lifespan and the News Science of Longevity on 664 00:41:11,920 --> 00:41:15,680 Speaker 1: our show page at newtsworld dot com. News World is 665 00:41:15,680 --> 00:41:20,400 Speaker 1: produced by Gingwide three sixty and iHeartMedia. Our executive producer 666 00:41:20,840 --> 00:41:24,600 Speaker 1: is Garnsey Sloan, our producer is Rebecca Howell, and our 667 00:41:24,680 --> 00:41:28,799 Speaker 1: researcher is Rachel Peterson. The artwork for the show was 668 00:41:28,840 --> 00:41:32,560 Speaker 1: created by Steve Penley. Special thanks to the team at 669 00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:36,120 Speaker 1: Gingwidge three sixty. If you've been enjoying Newtsworld, I hope 670 00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:39,000 Speaker 1: you'll go to Apple Podcast and both rate us with 671 00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:42,400 Speaker 1: five stars and give us a review so others can 672 00:41:42,520 --> 00:41:45,560 Speaker 1: learn what it's all about. Right now, listeners of news 673 00:41:45,640 --> 00:41:49,040 Speaker 1: World can sign up for my three free weekly columns 674 00:41:49,280 --> 00:41:53,799 Speaker 1: at Gingridge three sixty dot com slash newsletter. I'm newt Gingridge. 675 00:41:53,880 --> 00:42:00,520 Speaker 1: This is Newtsworld.