1 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:10,840 Speaker 1: Hey, or hey, do you know what you are made 2 00:00:10,840 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: out of? I think I'm mostly made out of bananas 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:18,920 Speaker 1: and granola and cereal. That's my main diet, all right. 4 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:21,599 Speaker 1: Well what's that stuff made out of? Right right? I 5 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:26,599 Speaker 1: think it's made out of protons, neutrons and electrons, right right, 6 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:29,800 Speaker 1: And then those are made out of those are made 7 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:34,560 Speaker 1: out of um up corks, down corks, and also electrons. 8 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:40,839 Speaker 1: All right. That's like, what's the other one percent of me? 9 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:46,680 Speaker 1: Made out of? All sorts of weird exotic particles? Now 10 00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:49,680 Speaker 1: I feel exotic. You call me exotic, Orge, I said, 11 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: I don't have any exotic tigers. Well it's not just you, 12 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:55,800 Speaker 1: it's everyone and everything. It's actually normal to be exotic. 13 00:00:56,040 --> 00:01:14,920 Speaker 1: Every tiger has exotic particles. Hi am jorhand made cartoonists 14 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:18,080 Speaker 1: and the creator of PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm 15 00:01:18,120 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: a particle of physicist, and I'm made of the same 16 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:23,679 Speaker 1: particles that you are. That I am the same, like 17 00:01:23,720 --> 00:01:26,679 Speaker 1: we share the same particle. I thought my particles were 18 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:30,160 Speaker 1: exclusive to me. Are we going to break? Your electrons 19 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:32,880 Speaker 1: and my electrons are all just different wiggles on the 20 00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:37,440 Speaker 1: same electron field. Man, Oh, we're all connected, dude. Yeah, 21 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:41,560 Speaker 1: we're all just different fluctuations in the same quantum field. Well, 22 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 1: this is me waving at you with I guess the 23 00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:46,679 Speaker 1: wave function in the same field. Yeah, you're not just 24 00:01:46,760 --> 00:01:50,360 Speaker 1: waving at me. You are a wave at me. We 25 00:01:50,440 --> 00:01:54,120 Speaker 1: are We're all waves. We are all waves exactly. But 26 00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 1: welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explained the Universe, 27 00:01:57,040 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio in which we wave 28 00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 1: our around the mysteries of the universe, talking about the deepest, 29 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:07,440 Speaker 1: biggest questions, the nature of reality, what everything is made 30 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:10,400 Speaker 1: out of, how it all works, what science has figured 31 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: out about the tiniest little particles and the largest galaxies 32 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:18,679 Speaker 1: and everything in between. We don't shy away from the biggest, deepest, scariest, 33 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:22,720 Speaker 1: most interesting questions that define the nature of human existence 34 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:25,000 Speaker 1: and the context of our lives. We dig right into 35 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:27,520 Speaker 1: them and explain all of them to you. That's right, 36 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 1: because it is an exotic and also exotic universe, full 37 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 1: of interesting mysteries and questions and lots of interesting kinds 38 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:38,400 Speaker 1: of particles and celestial bodies to think about, to wonder about, 39 00:02:38,560 --> 00:02:41,519 Speaker 1: and for us to discover. That's right. It's a crazy, 40 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:44,359 Speaker 1: beautiful universe. Out there with so many weird things, and 41 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:47,120 Speaker 1: we would like to understand all of them, not just 42 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:50,200 Speaker 1: like one or two of them, or even nine of them. 43 00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:52,639 Speaker 1: We want to figure it all out because we want 44 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:56,680 Speaker 1: to have a deep, comprehensive understanding of the entire universe. 45 00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:59,919 Speaker 1: We're greedy that way. Yeah, Physicists are just basically pulled 46 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 1: him on collector, Right, you got to catch them all. 47 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:06,000 Speaker 1: You can't leave any Pokemon ball unturned, that's right. And 48 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 1: sometimes we want to evolve our particles from the lowest, 49 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:12,200 Speaker 1: most boring particles to the weird, exotic forms that we 50 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:16,040 Speaker 1: can use to defeat our neighbors. Yeah. And in this episode, Daniel, 51 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 1: we're sort of stretching the maybe the limits of these 52 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:22,480 Speaker 1: quantum fields because we are more far apart than usual. 53 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:26,000 Speaker 1: This is an interesting international version of Daniel and Horge 54 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:28,880 Speaker 1: explaining the universe. That's right. This is late night Coast 55 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:32,000 Speaker 1: to Coast with Daniel and Jorge. Yeah, we just need 56 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:35,000 Speaker 1: that groovy jazz music maybe in the background. Can we 57 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:37,040 Speaker 1: work that in? But you're right. I'm coming to you 58 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 1: live from Copenhagen, Denmark, where I'm spending my summer on 59 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:43,960 Speaker 1: a mini sabbatical doing research at the niels Bore Institute, 60 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: Nice Neil's Bore. He's a pretty big name in physics. Right. 61 00:03:48,200 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: He discovered sort of the structure or the initial structure 62 00:03:50,840 --> 00:03:52,360 Speaker 1: of the atom. That's right. He had a big role 63 00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:55,920 Speaker 1: to play in the early derivation of quantum mechanics, which 64 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: is one reason why it's called the Copenhagen interpretation of 65 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,520 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics. And here at the niels Borg Institute is 66 00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:05,400 Speaker 1: sort of an old fashioned physics institute. Back in the day, 67 00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: if you had an institute named after you, you were 68 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:10,960 Speaker 1: also in residence there. So some of the buildings here 69 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,640 Speaker 1: at the niels Bore Institute are like his apartments, and 70 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:16,320 Speaker 1: then later they all got turned into graduate student offices, 71 00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:19,440 Speaker 1: some of which have like his bathtub in them. That's 72 00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:22,320 Speaker 1: where he yelled eurek and ran down the street naked. Right, 73 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:25,160 Speaker 1: Is that is that the famous bathtub? That's right? Am 74 00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:27,720 Speaker 1: I thinking of another discoverer? No? I think every science 75 00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:30,760 Speaker 1: story involves a bathtub and somebody yelling eureka, well naked, 76 00:04:30,920 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: every single one. And if it doesn't, it should because 77 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:37,320 Speaker 1: because why not, that's right, because you need the drama. No, 78 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: it's an exciting place to be if you've seen the 79 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:43,839 Speaker 1: play Copenhagen. That's all about Niels Born Werner Heisenberg's conversations 80 00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:47,440 Speaker 1: about vision and quantum mechanics during World War Two. It 81 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:49,719 Speaker 1: takes place here the Niels Born Institute and the park 82 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:51,800 Speaker 1: right behind it, so it's a place that sort of 83 00:04:51,839 --> 00:04:54,000 Speaker 1: steeped in history. So yeah, it's a nice place to 84 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:56,880 Speaker 1: come and do some science. So are you recording this 85 00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:00,400 Speaker 1: from Niels Boor's closet or are you actually in his bathtub? 86 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: I'm in Neil's bors podcast booth. Of course, he was 87 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:07,160 Speaker 1: a famous podcaster back in the day. That's right. You 88 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:09,560 Speaker 1: cann't shut that guy up. And she's loved to talk. 89 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:13,920 Speaker 1: He invented everything quantum mechanics, structure, the atom, podcasting. Also, 90 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,480 Speaker 1: he was the first Instagram star. I heard, the first 91 00:05:16,520 --> 00:05:19,600 Speaker 1: TikTok dancer. He definitely was not boring. He's a man 92 00:05:19,600 --> 00:05:22,400 Speaker 1: of many talents. But anyways, we're here to talk about 93 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:24,240 Speaker 1: the universe and try to explain it to you because 94 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:27,680 Speaker 1: it is a pretty interesting universe. And one of the 95 00:05:27,680 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: biggest questions in this universe that we can ask is 96 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:33,760 Speaker 1: what are we made out of? Like what are humans? 97 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:36,839 Speaker 1: What are people? What are dogs? What are watermelons? What's 98 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,320 Speaker 1: it all made out of? And Daniel, we've made a 99 00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:42,159 Speaker 1: lot of progress, not just in this podcast, but as 100 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:44,680 Speaker 1: a human species trying to figure that out, and we've 101 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:47,560 Speaker 1: broken things down pretty well upting out. Yeah, I am 102 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:50,640 Speaker 1: impressed with how far we have gotten. Several hundred years ago, 103 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:53,040 Speaker 1: we knew that things around us were made out of, like, 104 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:56,279 Speaker 1: you know, about a hundred basic elements, which is already 105 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:59,599 Speaker 1: huge progress. Right, to describe all those things you mentioned 106 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:01,960 Speaker 1: in terms of just a hundred building blocks is a 107 00:06:02,040 --> 00:06:04,359 Speaker 1: huge step. Right. It could have been an infinite number 108 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:07,040 Speaker 1: of building blocks that describe all the things around is 109 00:06:07,040 --> 00:06:09,080 Speaker 1: it could have been that every kind of thing had 110 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:11,920 Speaker 1: its own particle. Watermelons could have been made out of 111 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:15,800 Speaker 1: little water melon ETOs, for example. But in our universe, weirdly, 112 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:18,760 Speaker 1: everything can be built out of a smaller set of stuff. 113 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:21,080 Speaker 1: So even being able to describe the universe around you 114 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:23,840 Speaker 1: in terms of like a hundred elements is a huge deal. 115 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:25,960 Speaker 1: But we have made progress since then, Right, we have 116 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:28,160 Speaker 1: shown that those elements are made out of just a 117 00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:32,120 Speaker 1: few smaller particles from which you can make lithium and 118 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:35,840 Speaker 1: technetium and uranium, all with the same ingredients. So, yeah, 119 00:06:35,880 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: we have made a lot of progress. And as you say, 120 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:40,240 Speaker 1: it's not just about the universe around us, it's a 121 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:43,440 Speaker 1: very personal question. We are asking what we are made 122 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:45,960 Speaker 1: out of? What is the recipe for me? And I 123 00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:47,839 Speaker 1: like to think that I'm made out of the right stuff. 124 00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:50,599 Speaker 1: I don't know about you, or at least the mostly 125 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:52,440 Speaker 1: right stuff. Sometimes I feel like there's a bit of 126 00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:56,359 Speaker 1: wrong stuff in there, but mostly the right stuff, mostly 127 00:06:56,400 --> 00:06:59,880 Speaker 1: wrong right. It is a pretty interesting arc for sort 128 00:06:59,920 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: of our our journey as a human species to sort 129 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:04,360 Speaker 1: of think that there's all this stuff around is it's 130 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 1: made out of that looks really different and looks very 131 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:10,120 Speaker 1: varied and wonderfully diverse. But it turns out that as 132 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:12,840 Speaker 1: we dig down deeper and deeper, it's all sort of 133 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: made out of the same stuff. First it's made out 134 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:17,960 Speaker 1: of the same elements and there and then the same particles, 135 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,600 Speaker 1: and so right now we have a pretty good picture 136 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:23,560 Speaker 1: of where we stand in terms of what we're made 137 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:25,640 Speaker 1: out of. We do have a sort of a good picture. 138 00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:27,640 Speaker 1: We've made a lot of progress. As you say, we 139 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:29,840 Speaker 1: boil it down from like a hundred elements to just 140 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:33,080 Speaker 1: the proton, the neutron, and the electron. And now, of 141 00:07:33,080 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 1: course we know the proton and neutron are just made 142 00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:37,280 Speaker 1: out of a couple of quarks, So it sort of 143 00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 1: seems like, wow, we've really narrowed this down. Everything we 144 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:43,600 Speaker 1: are made out of has only three basic ingredients. But 145 00:07:43,880 --> 00:07:46,040 Speaker 1: you know, there's a twist to this story. As we 146 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: dig down deeper, we discover that the answer is not 147 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:52,040 Speaker 1: quite as simple as we thought, and that some of 148 00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:55,640 Speaker 1: those other weird particles we see in colliders and in 149 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:59,400 Speaker 1: strange exotic cosmic rays from space might also be playing 150 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: a role in making us up. Yeah, because I think 151 00:08:02,360 --> 00:08:04,440 Speaker 1: you know, as we've talked about in this podcast a lot, 152 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:06,360 Speaker 1: and then people who have read our books, we know 153 00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:08,560 Speaker 1: that the like the atoms and elements, they are made 154 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 1: out of protons and electrons, and protons are made out 155 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: of quarks. But you're saying some more complicated pictures than that. 156 00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:16,000 Speaker 1: That's right. It turns out the deeper you dig, the 157 00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: weirder we are to be. On the podcast, we'll be 158 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:28,760 Speaker 1: asking the question what's inside a proton? Daniel, I'll assume 159 00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:31,920 Speaker 1: I'm not going to find tigers, exotic tigers, or bananas 160 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:34,719 Speaker 1: and crenulas in there. You might just actually you might 161 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:40,400 Speaker 1: tigers and anti tigers. Oh my. But when I was 162 00:08:40,440 --> 00:08:43,360 Speaker 1: a kid, I always wondered, like, what were the particles 163 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:45,680 Speaker 1: themselves made out of? Like I had this idea that 164 00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:50,040 Speaker 1: a proton was like a scoop of particles stuff. You know, 165 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:52,280 Speaker 1: It's like a tiny little spinning ball made out of 166 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:55,280 Speaker 1: some particle stuff. And really the question was, then what 167 00:08:55,320 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: was that stuff? What is like the basic clay of 168 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:01,520 Speaker 1: the universe out of which you built these particles, Because 169 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:03,360 Speaker 1: that's more interesting than you know, like the fact that 170 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:05,040 Speaker 1: you happen to take a scoop of it to make 171 00:09:05,080 --> 00:09:07,679 Speaker 1: a proton. So to me, that was always the more interesting, 172 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 1: deeper question. Well, it's kind of interesting that, you know, 173 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:12,600 Speaker 1: we me in high school, we sort of learned about 174 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:15,520 Speaker 1: protons and electrons, and then you learned that protons are 175 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: made out of quarks. And it feels like you call 176 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:20,319 Speaker 1: these things particles, but really they're made out of smaller 177 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:23,720 Speaker 1: particles inside of them. Yeah, exactly. Everything is just shells 178 00:09:23,720 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: within shells within shells until we get down to the 179 00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:28,800 Speaker 1: smallest particles we know of, which we think of as 180 00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:31,880 Speaker 1: tiny little dots, which contain all sorts of weird energy 181 00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:35,120 Speaker 1: and interactions. So it's sort of like we are made 182 00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:37,000 Speaker 1: out of legos, and then those legos are made of 183 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:39,839 Speaker 1: smaller legos, and those legos are made of smaller legos. 184 00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:42,120 Speaker 1: So the proton is a pretty basic particle. But I 185 00:09:42,120 --> 00:09:45,040 Speaker 1: guess the question we're asking today is what's inside a proton? 186 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:47,959 Speaker 1: And as we talked about, most people think that it's 187 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: just quarks inside of them, but maybe there's more to them. 188 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:52,959 Speaker 1: So we were wondering how many people out there have 189 00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:55,840 Speaker 1: thought about what is exactly inside of a proton, whether 190 00:09:55,960 --> 00:09:58,320 Speaker 1: or not it's just quarks or not. So it's usual 191 00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: Dina went out there into the Internet to ask people 192 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:04,959 Speaker 1: what is inside a proton? So thank you to everybody 193 00:10:04,960 --> 00:10:07,359 Speaker 1: out there in the Internet who was willing to volunteer, 194 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: And if you would like to participate for future episodes, 195 00:10:10,559 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: please don't be shy right to us. It's fun, there's 196 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:15,720 Speaker 1: no pressure, you'll have a good time, and you'll hear 197 00:10:15,760 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: your voice on the podcast. So please send us a 198 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,320 Speaker 1: note to questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. So 199 00:10:22,360 --> 00:10:24,280 Speaker 1: think about it for a second, what do you think 200 00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:27,439 Speaker 1: is inside a proton? It was what people had to say. 201 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:29,840 Speaker 1: I think it was free quarks but I don't know 202 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:34,320 Speaker 1: which ones. Isn't that two plus quarks and on minus court. 203 00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: It's been a long time since I read any of 204 00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 1: the stuff, so I forgot a lot. But I think 205 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:42,119 Speaker 1: that's it. I know that there are sub atomic particles 206 00:10:42,160 --> 00:10:44,280 Speaker 1: inside a proton. I think you don't you break it 207 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:48,360 Speaker 1: open and find isn't it quarks inside? I can't remember 208 00:10:48,640 --> 00:10:53,080 Speaker 1: it's glue ones or something. There's something inside it. I 209 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:57,280 Speaker 1: don't know. I'm just gonna say in general quirks. I 210 00:10:57,360 --> 00:10:59,400 Speaker 1: know that there's some up ones and some down ones, 211 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:02,679 Speaker 1: and some strange intron's and I don't know which ones. Proton, 212 00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:08,520 Speaker 1: it's uh a particle, and well, together with neutron and 213 00:11:08,679 --> 00:11:13,480 Speaker 1: electron makeup the atom. Um, that's it. I think a 214 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:18,880 Speaker 1: proton being a sub atomic particle is just a oscillation 215 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:23,160 Speaker 1: of the electro weak force or something like that. Well, 216 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:25,679 Speaker 1: in a proton, you have three quarks. I can't remember 217 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:28,000 Speaker 1: if it's two up quarks and a down quirk or 218 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:29,920 Speaker 1: two down quirks in an up quark, but there are 219 00:11:29,920 --> 00:11:33,480 Speaker 1: three of them. And from reading I've recently read this 220 00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:37,040 Speaker 1: really amazing book called We Have No Ideas by these 221 00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:39,360 Speaker 1: guys called Daniel and Joe, maybe you've heard of them. 222 00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 1: I don't mean a name drop. There's a lot of 223 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: energy wrapped up in the bonds holding those quarks together. 224 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:48,520 Speaker 1: So I'm gonna go with three quarks and a ton 225 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:52,520 Speaker 1: of energy in the bonds. All right, some pretty consistent answers. 226 00:11:52,600 --> 00:11:55,960 Speaker 1: I feel like everyone who maybe listen to this podcast 227 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,720 Speaker 1: has this pretty basic idea that what's inside of a 228 00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: proton are basically three quarks and yeah, mostly hands down 229 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: people thought quirks and a few glue ons to stick 230 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:08,520 Speaker 1: them together. There's even a nice plug for a great 231 00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:11,040 Speaker 1: sounding book in They're called We Have No Idea that 232 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:14,200 Speaker 1: tells everybody all about the mysteries of the universe. Oh yeah, 233 00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:16,079 Speaker 1: what is this book about? And four are the two 234 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:19,559 Speaker 1: handsome gentlemen that wrote it. It was gost written by us, 235 00:12:19,679 --> 00:12:21,880 Speaker 1: but it looks like it was written by two handsome gentlemen. 236 00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:25,040 Speaker 1: It's all about everything we don't know about the universe, 237 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,000 Speaker 1: all the big open questions that science still has not 238 00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:31,600 Speaker 1: figured out, that scientists on the very forefront of knowledge 239 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:35,000 Speaker 1: are digging down into the minds of truth that try 240 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:37,920 Speaker 1: to understand. It's a fun book all about physics with 241 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:41,040 Speaker 1: hilarious cartoons drawn by Jorge, and you should check it out. 242 00:12:41,080 --> 00:12:43,840 Speaker 1: It's called we have no idea. Yeah, at least one 243 00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:48,520 Speaker 1: of our listeners read it, according to this sample of responses, 244 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: but most people seem to have this idea that protons 245 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 1: are made out of good three quarts. So maybe Daniel 246 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:56,280 Speaker 1: has started with that, what are the basics of what 247 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:58,800 Speaker 1: we know about what's insidet a proton? That's right. The 248 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,200 Speaker 1: first answer, this sort of best approximate answer to what's 249 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:04,880 Speaker 1: inside of proton is exactly what our listeners have said, 250 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: which is three corks. Right, you take two up corks 251 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:11,600 Speaker 1: and one down cork, and you put them together and 252 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:14,880 Speaker 1: you make a proton. And that's already sort of fascinating 253 00:13:14,920 --> 00:13:19,200 Speaker 1: and weird because you know, the proton has charge plus one, right, 254 00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:21,880 Speaker 1: is the opposite charge of the electron, which is of 255 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: course charge minus one. So how do you get three 256 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:29,440 Speaker 1: corks to add up to a charge of plus one. Well, 257 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:33,480 Speaker 1: it means that the corks themselves have weird fractional charges, 258 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:37,160 Speaker 1: like the up cork has an electric charge of plus 259 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:40,160 Speaker 1: two thirds and the down cork has an electric charge 260 00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:44,040 Speaker 1: of minus one third. So you take two up corks 261 00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:46,800 Speaker 1: for a total charge of four thirds, and then you 262 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:49,319 Speaker 1: add a down cork which has a charge of minus 263 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 1: one third, and boom, it adds up to one the 264 00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:55,880 Speaker 1: charge of the proton. And I always thought that was weird, Like, 265 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:59,440 Speaker 1: how exotic to have particles with fractional charges, you know, 266 00:13:59,520 --> 00:14:02,760 Speaker 1: two thirds words minus one third? How strange is that? Right, 267 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,720 Speaker 1: that's weird because like one third, it's it's not an 268 00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: even numbers, like it's a it's an even fraction, but 269 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:11,680 Speaker 1: it's it's one of these sort of infinite numbers. Right, Yeah, 270 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 1: it is weird. And you might think, well, you could 271 00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:17,040 Speaker 1: have just defined the charges of the proton and the 272 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: electron to be plus three and minus three, right, because 273 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:23,960 Speaker 1: then the upcork would have charged plus two and the 274 00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,680 Speaker 1: down corp would have charged minus one. So in that 275 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:30,040 Speaker 1: sends you would avoid like any fractional charges. But the 276 00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:34,440 Speaker 1: weird thing is that we don't see any other intermediate values, 277 00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:37,960 Speaker 1: Like we don't see particles that have charge one in 278 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,480 Speaker 1: two thirds or minus four thirds or something like that. 279 00:14:41,520 --> 00:14:45,040 Speaker 1: We only see integer charges sort of the macroscopic level. 280 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 1: The proton, the electron, you know, the neutron has charged zero. 281 00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:51,560 Speaker 1: But they are made out of particles that have fractional charges, 282 00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:53,800 Speaker 1: so they just seem to always add up to these 283 00:14:53,840 --> 00:14:56,360 Speaker 1: integer values, which is kind of weird. Yeah, it's weird 284 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:59,040 Speaker 1: also that it adds up to like plus one, exactly 285 00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:01,720 Speaker 1: plus one, which just happens to be the opposite of 286 00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:04,680 Speaker 1: the charge of the electron, like exactly the same exactly, 287 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:07,640 Speaker 1: because the electron is not made of quarks, right. The 288 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:09,960 Speaker 1: electron is made out of the electron as far as 289 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:12,800 Speaker 1: we know, it's not made of anything smaller. So the 290 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:16,120 Speaker 1: fact that the corks add up to exactly plus one, 291 00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:20,080 Speaker 1: which balances the electron, that's totally necessary for chemistry, right, 292 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:23,520 Speaker 1: for the hydrogen atom to form. But according to our theory, 293 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: those are very different things. You're balancing completely different ingredients, 294 00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:30,800 Speaker 1: and they happen to exactly balance, and in our theory 295 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:33,320 Speaker 1: that's sort of an accident. We have a parameter in 296 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:36,120 Speaker 1: the standard model for the electric charge and another one 297 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:38,640 Speaker 1: for the charge of the quarks, and there's no reason 298 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:41,400 Speaker 1: they have to balance, but they somehow do. And that's 299 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,040 Speaker 1: a hint, right, that's a clue that says that something 300 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:46,320 Speaker 1: is going on here that you haven't really figured out. 301 00:15:46,360 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 1: There's some connection between the corks and the leptons. The 302 00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:53,040 Speaker 1: electron that we don't understand. But that's a mystery for 303 00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: another day. But I guess maybe the basic takeaway is 304 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,520 Speaker 1: that inside of a proton, the basics of a proton 305 00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:02,720 Speaker 1: involved is having three quarts inside of him, two up 306 00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: works and one down. Right, that's the basics, and for 307 00:16:06,320 --> 00:16:08,800 Speaker 1: most things it will do. But as soon as you 308 00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: take a closer look, you realize that can't be the 309 00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:14,680 Speaker 1: whole story. There must be something else going on in 310 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:18,800 Speaker 1: the proton, because just these corks by themselves can't explain 311 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:23,200 Speaker 1: the way the proton is really it has some strange behavior. Well, 312 00:16:23,320 --> 00:16:25,560 Speaker 1: first of all, look at the mass of the proton. 313 00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:30,440 Speaker 1: Like the proton wags one giga electron voult. That's like 314 00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:34,680 Speaker 1: a billion electron volts, but it's made out of quarks 315 00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:38,080 Speaker 1: whose masses are much much smaller than like a thousand 316 00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:41,600 Speaker 1: times smaller. There are a few million electron volts. So 317 00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:44,600 Speaker 1: how do you make something out of millions of electron 318 00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:48,000 Speaker 1: volts and end up with a billion electron volts? Right? 319 00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:51,080 Speaker 1: That's pretty weird. That's like taking a few million bucks 320 00:16:51,080 --> 00:16:53,560 Speaker 1: and turning into a billion dollars. Right, there's some sort 321 00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:57,080 Speaker 1: of like stock market magic pre so the proton is 322 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:00,200 Speaker 1: much much more heavy than the things it's made out of, 323 00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:02,680 Speaker 1: which tells you something else must be going on. It 324 00:17:02,680 --> 00:17:05,199 Speaker 1: sounds like a dot com boom, which means where are 325 00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:08,879 Speaker 1: we headed for? Like a universal crash? Here Daniel with 326 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,680 Speaker 1: the particles? That's right? Can I interest you in investing 327 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:14,320 Speaker 1: in my proton fund? It's not a bubble. I promise 328 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,439 Speaker 1: you it won't collapse. The proton is stable. Yeah, But 329 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:20,200 Speaker 1: I think the basic mystery is that you know, each 330 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:23,480 Speaker 1: cork weighs a little bit, but once you put them 331 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:26,240 Speaker 1: together into a proton, suddenly the whole thing weighs a lot. 332 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:29,439 Speaker 1: And so the question, I guess the first mysteries like 333 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:31,800 Speaker 1: where does that extra mask come from? Yeah, Like, imagine 334 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:34,200 Speaker 1: it takes three lego pieces and you put them together, 335 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:36,600 Speaker 1: and all of a sudden, the thing you've made is 336 00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:39,560 Speaker 1: now like super duper heavy. It weighs a thousand pounds 337 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,040 Speaker 1: or something. You wonder like, WHOA, what's going on? And 338 00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: so already we know that there's something else in the proton, 339 00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:49,840 Speaker 1: something else that's contributing a lot to the mass of 340 00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:52,600 Speaker 1: the proton, and the number one missing element there, of course, 341 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:56,399 Speaker 1: is the thing holding those corks together. Those the gluons 342 00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:59,400 Speaker 1: and the photons that are binding these corks together. Because 343 00:17:59,440 --> 00:18:03,320 Speaker 1: remember that corks are special in a really important way. 344 00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:07,359 Speaker 1: They feel the strong nuclear force. Strong nuclear force being 345 00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:11,560 Speaker 1: the strongest, the most powerful, and also the weirdest force 346 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:14,960 Speaker 1: in the universe. And it's the source of like fusion 347 00:18:15,080 --> 00:18:17,960 Speaker 1: and fission and all those crazy sources of energy. It 348 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:21,560 Speaker 1: powers the stars. It's the dominant force in the universe, 349 00:18:21,680 --> 00:18:24,720 Speaker 1: especially at these very short distances. And so to hold 350 00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:27,680 Speaker 1: these corks together into a stable particle called the proton, 351 00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:29,879 Speaker 1: you have to have a lot of energy, and that 352 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:32,920 Speaker 1: energy is whizzing around inside the proton in the form 353 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:36,960 Speaker 1: of gluons, right, So it's all this extra energy inside 354 00:18:36,960 --> 00:18:40,360 Speaker 1: holding the three quarts together that gives the proton. It's 355 00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:42,840 Speaker 1: extra mass. That's kind of how you explain how it 356 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:45,360 Speaker 1: has so much more mass in the three corks. Yeah, 357 00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:47,439 Speaker 1: and you have to get away from the idea of 358 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:51,280 Speaker 1: mass as just being the mass of the stuff it's 359 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:54,280 Speaker 1: made out of. When you calculate the mass of an object, 360 00:18:54,280 --> 00:18:57,879 Speaker 1: it also gets mass from the energy inside it. So 361 00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: there's energy inside and object. If you have to put 362 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:03,879 Speaker 1: energy into those legos to combine them together to make 363 00:19:03,880 --> 00:19:07,040 Speaker 1: a proton. Then that energy also contributes to the mass 364 00:19:07,119 --> 00:19:11,480 Speaker 1: of the object. Right E equals mc squared. So as 365 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:14,560 Speaker 1: you add energy to an object, it gains in mass. 366 00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:17,440 Speaker 1: And so the mass of the proton is not just 367 00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:19,600 Speaker 1: the mass of the stuff that makes it up, but 368 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:23,200 Speaker 1: also the energy of those objects, and that energy is 369 00:19:23,240 --> 00:19:27,399 Speaker 1: represented in particle form in terms of gluons, these massless 370 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:31,720 Speaker 1: but very energetic particles that are whizzing around between the corks. Yeah, 371 00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:34,600 Speaker 1: so the proton is not just a simple like three 372 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:37,360 Speaker 1: building blocks stuck together at three quarks. It's like it's 373 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:42,680 Speaker 1: got this weird sort of quantum mechanical the sea of frothing, 374 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:45,679 Speaker 1: sea of other particles also holding the whole thing together. 375 00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:48,360 Speaker 1: And so let's get into what that c is made 376 00:19:48,359 --> 00:19:51,320 Speaker 1: out of, how exotic it is, and how we know 377 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: what's going on inside of the proton. But first let's 378 00:19:54,119 --> 00:20:08,960 Speaker 1: take a quick break. All Right, we're talking about what's 379 00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:14,160 Speaker 1: inside the proton, and Daniel, I assume it's not bananas 380 00:20:14,160 --> 00:20:18,520 Speaker 1: an ice cream metaphorically speaking, yet it's kind of bananas 381 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:20,760 Speaker 1: an ice cream. I mean, we talked in the beginning 382 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:23,800 Speaker 1: of the podcast about how, yeah, mostly the proton is 383 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,720 Speaker 1: upquorks and down corks, And that's sort of conceptually true 384 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:29,359 Speaker 1: that it's mostly that, but from like an accounting point 385 00:20:29,359 --> 00:20:32,480 Speaker 1: of view, it's mostly not. Right, most of the proton 386 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:35,800 Speaker 1: is this c Most of the mass of the proton 387 00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:39,639 Speaker 1: comes from the energy of these gluons. So actually you 388 00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:42,200 Speaker 1: can sort of like ignore the upquorks and down corks 389 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:44,159 Speaker 1: and say that mostly a proton is just like a 390 00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:47,960 Speaker 1: seeding mass of gluons, right right, Well, this is kind 391 00:20:47,960 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 1: of a difficult concept, maybe for a lot of people 392 00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:52,240 Speaker 1: who might be listening to this. Is like we're saying 393 00:20:52,280 --> 00:20:55,080 Speaker 1: like that the mass of the proton is mostly the 394 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:57,480 Speaker 1: energy that it takes to bind them together. But then 395 00:20:57,480 --> 00:21:00,639 Speaker 1: you're saying that this energy sort of exists glass that 396 00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:02,760 Speaker 1: are kind of popping into and out of existence. Is 397 00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: that what you mean, or is that mass sort of 398 00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:08,480 Speaker 1: just in the potential energy of holding these courts together. Yeah, 399 00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:11,160 Speaker 1: that's sort of a deep philosophical question, and people are 400 00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:14,040 Speaker 1: divided about how to think about it. You know. One 401 00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:16,199 Speaker 1: way to think about it is that you have the 402 00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:19,199 Speaker 1: real objects, the up corks and the down corks, and 403 00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:22,159 Speaker 1: they have these strong forces between them, like strong with 404 00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:25,119 Speaker 1: the capital s, like the strong nuclear force, and those 405 00:21:25,119 --> 00:21:28,520 Speaker 1: forces can be represented in two different ways. One is 406 00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:30,800 Speaker 1: as a field. You say like, well, there's a lot 407 00:21:30,840 --> 00:21:33,919 Speaker 1: of energy stored in the quantum fields of the strong 408 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:36,720 Speaker 1: force inside the proton. So some people think of it 409 00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: as like particles and the energy is the fields. And 410 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:41,639 Speaker 1: from that point of view, you could also think of 411 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:43,760 Speaker 1: the up corks and down corks. It's just like part 412 00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: of the upcork and down cork fields. So you think 413 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:50,159 Speaker 1: of it like, it's all fields, right, the forces are fields, matters, fields, 414 00:21:50,160 --> 00:21:52,879 Speaker 1: just energy stored in quantum fields. There's another way to 415 00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:55,600 Speaker 1: think about it in terms of the particles. You say, well, 416 00:21:55,720 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: the particles are the real thing. Up corks and down 417 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:01,160 Speaker 1: corks inside the protons are particles, and then what about 418 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:03,880 Speaker 1: the forces in between them? When you can also think 419 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 1: about those forces in terms of particles. And so when 420 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:09,720 Speaker 1: we say like the energy is stored into the form 421 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:12,959 Speaker 1: of gluons, what we mean is that the strong force 422 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:17,119 Speaker 1: which holds all these particles together is exchanging gluons. Like 423 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,160 Speaker 1: the energy of the strong force is used to make 424 00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 1: these like virtual gluons which whiz back and forth. It's 425 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:26,080 Speaker 1: just like another way to think about how to account 426 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:28,480 Speaker 1: for that energy. Is it in the fields is it 427 00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:32,760 Speaker 1: in these virtual particles? Mathematically it's sort of equivalent philosophically, 428 00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:37,280 Speaker 1: makes you think about it conceptually differently because I imagine gluons, 429 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:40,120 Speaker 1: I mean, they're not theoretical, like they have a mass 430 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:42,960 Speaker 1: to them, right, Gluons have mass. Gluons are do not 431 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: have mass, but they are not theoretical there are a 432 00:22:45,359 --> 00:22:49,359 Speaker 1: real thing. But yet gluons are massless just like the photon, 433 00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:52,600 Speaker 1: but they have energy to them, right, They have energy 434 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:54,600 Speaker 1: to them, and so they move at the speed of light, 435 00:22:54,720 --> 00:22:57,880 Speaker 1: just like photons do. And just like photons, they have energy. Right, 436 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:01,040 Speaker 1: Photons canna have energy even though they have no mass, right, 437 00:23:01,080 --> 00:23:05,440 Speaker 1: But mass is energy, so I'm sort of right, sort of. Well, 438 00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:09,000 Speaker 1: it's especially complicated because photons don't have internal energy, right, 439 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:12,520 Speaker 1: Mass comes from internal stored energy, and a photon doesn't 440 00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:15,399 Speaker 1: have any internal stored energy. Like you look inside a photon, 441 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:18,320 Speaker 1: there's nothing there. All it is is the motion. So 442 00:23:18,359 --> 00:23:21,000 Speaker 1: you don't get mass from having like energy of motion. 443 00:23:21,119 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 1: You get mass from having internal stored energy, which is 444 00:23:23,840 --> 00:23:26,760 Speaker 1: why you can weirdly have a photon that has energy 445 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:28,800 Speaker 1: but no mass. And also if you want to go 446 00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:31,320 Speaker 1: there for those listeners, really into the details of the 447 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,920 Speaker 1: full equation for the equals mc squared has another term 448 00:23:34,960 --> 00:23:37,520 Speaker 1: to it equals mc square. The m there refers to 449 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:40,439 Speaker 1: the rest mass of the particle. There's another term for 450 00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:43,240 Speaker 1: adding momentum of the particle. And photons, of course have 451 00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:46,120 Speaker 1: no rest mass because they can't ever be at rest, 452 00:23:46,320 --> 00:23:49,439 Speaker 1: So there's some fine print there. So then maybe can 453 00:23:49,480 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: you give us an explanation of how these gloss or 454 00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:55,600 Speaker 1: how this kind of stored energy gives something more mass? 455 00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:57,920 Speaker 1: Like is it that if I try to push a proton, 456 00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:00,760 Speaker 1: I also have to sort of, I don't know, create 457 00:24:00,840 --> 00:24:04,600 Speaker 1: these gluons interacting between the course, and that takes some energy, 458 00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:06,600 Speaker 1: and so that's why it's harder to push the proton. 459 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:08,760 Speaker 1: You know, I wish I could, But it's not something 460 00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:12,600 Speaker 1: that physics really understands. It's just something we sort of describe. 461 00:24:13,080 --> 00:24:16,000 Speaker 1: Like we notice that if you have more energy stored 462 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:19,600 Speaker 1: inside something, it has more inertial mass, Like this is 463 00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:22,760 Speaker 1: something we observe and describe. We do experiments. We see 464 00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:25,560 Speaker 1: that if you add internal energy to something, then it 465 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,640 Speaker 1: takes a larger force to accelerate it. So somehow there's 466 00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:34,560 Speaker 1: a property of internal stored energy that it has inertia. Right, 467 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,919 Speaker 1: that energy takes a force to move it around. And 468 00:24:37,960 --> 00:24:40,320 Speaker 1: I wish we had like a deep, fundamental understanding of 469 00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:42,480 Speaker 1: why that is. But it's just something we sort of 470 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:45,960 Speaker 1: observe about our universe and describe. It's a massive mess 471 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:49,760 Speaker 1: to try to it is. You have intuitively sort of 472 00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,600 Speaker 1: an understanding of why objects that have mass take a 473 00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:55,840 Speaker 1: force to accelerate them. Right, Like, if you want to 474 00:24:55,840 --> 00:24:57,480 Speaker 1: push on a really big rock and get it going, 475 00:24:57,520 --> 00:24:59,480 Speaker 1: it takes a big force. It's sort of hard to 476 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:02,200 Speaker 1: wrap your mind and around, like why if you give 477 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:04,560 Speaker 1: that the internal energy, if you like make the rock hot, 478 00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,560 Speaker 1: why should it take a larger force to accelerate it? Right? 479 00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:11,040 Speaker 1: But that's because you think of the rock in terms 480 00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:14,639 Speaker 1: of like the stuff inside of it. But really, mass 481 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:16,919 Speaker 1: is not a measure of the stuff inside of it. 482 00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:19,680 Speaker 1: It's sort of more like an indicator of how much 483 00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:22,800 Speaker 1: energy there is inside something. That's really what mass is. 484 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:25,280 Speaker 1: It's like a dial that tells you how much energy 485 00:25:25,359 --> 00:25:28,160 Speaker 1: is stored inside this thing, either in terms of the 486 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:30,760 Speaker 1: masses of the particles it's made out of or the 487 00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:33,480 Speaker 1: energy between them. So then all this extra mass I've 488 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:35,760 Speaker 1: gained the summer. That's really just energy, is what you're saying. 489 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:38,240 Speaker 1: You could probably turn it into lots of energy for 490 00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:40,479 Speaker 1: it to go for a long, long jog. Yeah all right, 491 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:43,400 Speaker 1: well so but you're saying, one interpretation of this extra 492 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:47,440 Speaker 1: energy that's that's stored inside is as a sea of particles, 493 00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:51,960 Speaker 1: meaning like there's a throbbing kind of quantum sort of 494 00:25:52,119 --> 00:25:55,480 Speaker 1: volume that where particles are popping into and out of existence. Yeah, 495 00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:58,520 Speaker 1: every time two corks interact with each other, they're very 496 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,280 Speaker 1: deep inside these like on states of the strong force. 497 00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:03,440 Speaker 1: Every time they interact with each other, you can think 498 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:06,160 Speaker 1: of it like they're passing a gluon back and forth, 499 00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:08,520 Speaker 1: the same way you can imagine, like what happens when 500 00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:11,440 Speaker 1: two electrons repel each other is that they use a photon. 501 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:15,760 Speaker 1: Because a photon carries the electromagnetic force, a gluon carries 502 00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:18,800 Speaker 1: the strong force. And so when two quarks interact with 503 00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:21,639 Speaker 1: each other, they're passing a gluon back and forth. And 504 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:24,280 Speaker 1: so that means that the best picture of what's inside 505 00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:26,720 Speaker 1: a proton are like three tiny little dots and then 506 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,840 Speaker 1: a huge swarm of these luons going back and forth 507 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:32,880 Speaker 1: between and around all those corks, right, so then they're 508 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:36,280 Speaker 1: creating gluons, and then the gluons trying to other particles. Right, 509 00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:39,240 Speaker 1: that's where this weird sea of particles come from. That's right, 510 00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:42,960 Speaker 1: because gluons don't just hang out. They're very energetic, and 511 00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:45,800 Speaker 1: they fly through space, and they are quantum objects, and 512 00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:47,359 Speaker 1: when they fly through space, they have a lot of 513 00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,760 Speaker 1: options for what they can do. They can just stay 514 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:52,000 Speaker 1: a gluon do nothing. That's sort of the most boring, 515 00:26:52,119 --> 00:26:54,960 Speaker 1: most likely thing. But they can also turn in two 516 00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:57,720 Speaker 1: pairs of particles. Like the same way that a photon 517 00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:01,760 Speaker 1: flying through space can momentarily turn into an electron and 518 00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:05,000 Speaker 1: its anti particle, a gluon can do that. Also, a 519 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:08,240 Speaker 1: gluon can turn into a cork and an anti cork. 520 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:12,520 Speaker 1: It can also turn into two gluons. A Gluons feel 521 00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,280 Speaker 1: the strong force themselves as part of the reason the 522 00:27:15,359 --> 00:27:18,800 Speaker 1: strong force is so strong, because gluons make more gluons, 523 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,679 Speaker 1: which make more gluons, And so these gluons don't just 524 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:24,960 Speaker 1: fly through space simply. They create this flickering blob of 525 00:27:25,119 --> 00:27:28,399 Speaker 1: virtual other particles, quirks and antiquarks all the time. So 526 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:30,800 Speaker 1: then is the idea. Then the three quarks inside of 527 00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:34,239 Speaker 1: our proton there constantly interacting with each other even though 528 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:37,280 Speaker 1: they're just sitting there. They're constantly in a sort of 529 00:27:37,359 --> 00:27:41,720 Speaker 1: quantum mechanical virtual way, changing gluons all the time, and 530 00:27:41,720 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 1: those gluons are creating other particles, so there's like a 531 00:27:45,119 --> 00:27:48,600 Speaker 1: virtual party all the time inside of a proton, exactly 532 00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:51,439 Speaker 1: the same way that like an electron flying through a 533 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 1: field is surrounded by a swarm of photons, and those 534 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:58,040 Speaker 1: photons are turning into like other pairs of particles all 535 00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:01,280 Speaker 1: the time, So every particle is actually surrounded by a 536 00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:05,240 Speaker 1: little frothing virtual massive particles, but especially where there's a 537 00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:07,840 Speaker 1: lot of energy, And so you're exactly right. These corks 538 00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:10,760 Speaker 1: are constantly interacting the same way like a proton and 539 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:13,920 Speaker 1: an electron, which makes a hydrogen. Those two things are 540 00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:16,960 Speaker 1: bound together, which means they are interacting. They're held together 541 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:20,320 Speaker 1: by their electromagnetic force in the same way quarks are 542 00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:23,840 Speaker 1: being held together. So they're interacting constantly, and the gluons 543 00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:25,960 Speaker 1: that are passing back and forth between them don't just 544 00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:29,000 Speaker 1: stay gluons. They turn into all sorts of crazy particles 545 00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:31,040 Speaker 1: all the time, right, So then that's sort of the 546 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:33,600 Speaker 1: answer to the question of what's inside a proton is 547 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:37,840 Speaker 1: that there's quarks, two up quarks, one down cork, and 548 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 1: also a whole bunch of other particles like gluons and 549 00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: and all these other crazy particles that gluon's turned into. 550 00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:45,760 Speaker 1: That's right, and that's sort of the other side of 551 00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:49,080 Speaker 1: this story that we discovered that mostly we are made 552 00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:52,080 Speaker 1: out of a few simple particles up quirks, down corks, 553 00:28:52,080 --> 00:28:55,160 Speaker 1: and electrons, but there are other particles out there. In 554 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:58,240 Speaker 1: our collider experiments and in cosmic rays, we discovered weird 555 00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:02,720 Speaker 1: particles muons and town halls and other corks, strange quirks 556 00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:05,840 Speaker 1: and charm corks and bottom quirks and top corks. And 557 00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:07,760 Speaker 1: we thought, well, what do we need those four We 558 00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 1: don't really need those to make up ourselves, to make 559 00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:13,840 Speaker 1: up ordinary matter. But actually it turns out that those 560 00:29:13,880 --> 00:29:16,120 Speaker 1: do play a role in matter, because when the gluons 561 00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:18,880 Speaker 1: are flying around inside the proton, they can turn into 562 00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:21,480 Speaker 1: any of those particles. They can turn into a pair 563 00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:25,320 Speaker 1: of corks, right, any quarks, even bottom quarks, even top corks. 564 00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:28,320 Speaker 1: So that means that the proton has inside it not 565 00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:30,760 Speaker 1: just up corks and down corks, but a little bit 566 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:33,320 Speaker 1: of everything, a little bit of everything. Everyone's coming to 567 00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:36,160 Speaker 1: the party, that's right. It's like when you go to 568 00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:38,240 Speaker 1: the kitchen and you just sort of like take all 569 00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:40,560 Speaker 1: the spices and you put them inside your dinner. Like 570 00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:42,760 Speaker 1: that's what the burton is. It's a little bit of 571 00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:45,520 Speaker 1: every flavor. It's an international pot pourri. And I guess 572 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:47,160 Speaker 1: it's not just the proton. I mean any one of 573 00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:49,480 Speaker 1: these sort of composite particles that are made out of 574 00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:53,800 Speaker 1: multiple corks. Maybe they're also a big party in themselves. Yes, exactly. 575 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:57,320 Speaker 1: Neutrons have a very similar story, and even particles that 576 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:00,680 Speaker 1: we think are fundamental, right, like the electron on is 577 00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:03,960 Speaker 1: surrounded by a swarm of virtual particles. Even when it's 578 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,840 Speaker 1: not like bound into a hydrogen atom together with a proton, 579 00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:10,480 Speaker 1: it's still interacting. It still has an e M field 580 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:13,320 Speaker 1: around it, which means photons, and those photons are doing 581 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:15,720 Speaker 1: the same thing these gluons are doing. They're turning into 582 00:30:16,280 --> 00:30:19,280 Speaker 1: muons and towels and corks and all sorts of crazy 583 00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:22,719 Speaker 1: stuff all the time. So there's some cool consequences of that, right. 584 00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:26,440 Speaker 1: It means that these particles don't just have matter in them, 585 00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:28,720 Speaker 1: because when a gluon turns into corks. They can't just 586 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,239 Speaker 1: like create corks out of nothing. It has to at 587 00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:35,200 Speaker 1: the same time create antiquarks, or like a gluon can 588 00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:39,320 Speaker 1: become up anti up or bottom anti bottom or top 589 00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,640 Speaker 1: anti top. So what that means is that inside every 590 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:48,160 Speaker 1: proton there's also antimatter. Whoa then wouldn't then antimatter touch 591 00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:51,280 Speaker 1: regular matter and then explode It does exactly. So what 592 00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:53,480 Speaker 1: happens is the gluon is flying along and it turns 593 00:30:53,520 --> 00:30:57,360 Speaker 1: into a particle anti particle pair, and then very quickly 594 00:30:57,360 --> 00:31:00,600 Speaker 1: those to annihilate back into a gluon. And that's what 595 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:04,200 Speaker 1: happens when matter meets antimatter turns into a gluon or 596 00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:08,560 Speaker 1: photon or some other kind of energy carrying force particle. 597 00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:10,600 Speaker 1: If you have a lot of it around that it 598 00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:12,720 Speaker 1: very quickly turns into a lot of energy, and that's 599 00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:15,800 Speaker 1: very dangerous. Here they're just turning sort of back into 600 00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 1: the gluon or back into the original photon they came from. 601 00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:20,960 Speaker 1: I see what you're saying is that it's a pretty 602 00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:24,360 Speaker 1: good party inside of it is definitely stuff happening. All right, Well, 603 00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:27,160 Speaker 1: let's get into how we actually know what's going on 604 00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:29,880 Speaker 1: inside the proton and what it could all mean for 605 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:33,160 Speaker 1: our understanding about particles and what we're made out of. 606 00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:48,760 Speaker 1: But first, let's take another quick break. All right. Then 607 00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,640 Speaker 1: we're talking about what inside of a proton, and it's 608 00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:54,720 Speaker 1: a lot. It's not just a couple of quarks. It's 609 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:56,440 Speaker 1: not just two up corks and a down cork. It's 610 00:31:56,480 --> 00:32:00,080 Speaker 1: also this virtual sea of quantum particles popping into and 611 00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:04,000 Speaker 1: out of existence, gluons turning into antimatter and other kinds 612 00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:06,480 Speaker 1: of particles. I guess a big question then that a 613 00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:08,440 Speaker 1: lot of people might have is how do we know 614 00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:10,800 Speaker 1: this thing? Is this something like we know out of theory, 615 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,760 Speaker 1: or how we actually observed this crazy party inside of 616 00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:17,160 Speaker 1: the proton? Yeah, we have actually observed this crazy party. 617 00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:20,000 Speaker 1: We know that you and I are all made out 618 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:23,200 Speaker 1: of all this stuff, including antimatter. And you know, I 619 00:32:23,240 --> 00:32:26,720 Speaker 1: remember learning this fact that, like WHOA, I'm partially made 620 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:29,360 Speaker 1: out of antimatter. It made me sort of feel different 621 00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:31,840 Speaker 1: about like who I am and you know what I 622 00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:34,120 Speaker 1: made out of I really thought myself as solidly in 623 00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:36,840 Speaker 1: the matter category. Now I felt like, oh, those lines 624 00:32:36,880 --> 00:32:38,520 Speaker 1: are blurred a little bit. It's like when you grow 625 00:32:38,560 --> 00:32:41,840 Speaker 1: up and you start to have more conservative values and leadings. 626 00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:45,080 Speaker 1: You're like, whoa, what's going on? What's going on inside 627 00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:47,360 Speaker 1: of me? Yeah? Exactly. I won't say which political side 628 00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:49,400 Speaker 1: of the spectrum is matter and which side is antimatter, 629 00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,120 Speaker 1: but exactly everything turns out to be more complicated when 630 00:32:52,120 --> 00:32:54,760 Speaker 1: you grow up. Welcome to adulthood. You're partially made out 631 00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:58,240 Speaker 1: of antimatter. But yes, exactly. There's a long series of 632 00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:01,720 Speaker 1: experiments here dating back to the early nineteen hundreds that 633 00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:05,200 Speaker 1: have allowed us to probe what's going on inside our bodies. 634 00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:07,280 Speaker 1: And as usually, you have to be really careful with 635 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:09,760 Speaker 1: the question you are asking, like, what do we mean 636 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:13,479 Speaker 1: when we say we're made out of this stuff? You know, 637 00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,480 Speaker 1: because in science you can only do experiments. You can't 638 00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:19,160 Speaker 1: talk about like what's there when you're not looking at it? 639 00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,320 Speaker 1: You can only talk about what are the results of 640 00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:24,600 Speaker 1: experiments you can do, And here, specifically, there's only one 641 00:33:24,680 --> 00:33:27,520 Speaker 1: kind of experiment we really can do, which is basically, 642 00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:30,640 Speaker 1: shoot particles at something and see what it bounces off. 643 00:33:31,120 --> 00:33:34,120 Speaker 1: So when we say, for example, what's inside a proton, 644 00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:37,320 Speaker 1: what we really mean is what happens if we shoot 645 00:33:37,320 --> 00:33:40,280 Speaker 1: particles out of proton? What does it bounce off of. 646 00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:43,280 Speaker 1: And we know that mostly it bounces off of up 647 00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:46,040 Speaker 1: corks because there's two of those in there, and sometimes 648 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:47,840 Speaker 1: it bounces off of a down cork. And when we 649 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:50,600 Speaker 1: say there are gluons and top corks and towels and 650 00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:52,520 Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff inside the proton, what we mean 651 00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:55,400 Speaker 1: is that sometimes when you shoot a particle out of proton, 652 00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,080 Speaker 1: it bounces off of a top cork or bounces off 653 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:00,160 Speaker 1: of a towel. And so this comes from a long 654 00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:04,280 Speaker 1: line of really fascinating experiments, beginning with Ernest Rutherford, who 655 00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:06,600 Speaker 1: did this kind of experiment in the early nineteen hundreds. 656 00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:09,440 Speaker 1: He was the one that discovered that like the atom 657 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:12,479 Speaker 1: has something inside of it called the nucleus. He shot 658 00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,640 Speaker 1: alpha particles at a sheet of gold and saw that 659 00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:19,200 Speaker 1: occasionally these things bounce right back, meaning that he found 660 00:34:19,239 --> 00:34:23,520 Speaker 1: like something hard inside the nucleus to bounce these particles 661 00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:26,160 Speaker 1: off of. And everything we've been doing in particle physics 662 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,960 Speaker 1: for the last hundred years is basically an extension of 663 00:34:29,040 --> 00:34:32,120 Speaker 1: that one experiment, but zoomed in a little bit. So 664 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:34,759 Speaker 1: like in the nineteen sixties we did these experiments called 665 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,840 Speaker 1: deep in elastic scattering, where we shot electrons into the proton, 666 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:41,000 Speaker 1: and what we saw there was that there were sort 667 00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: of three hard nuggets you could bounce off of, and 668 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:46,040 Speaker 1: those were the corks. That's how we know that there 669 00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:49,279 Speaker 1: are corks inside the proton. If you shoot really high 670 00:34:49,320 --> 00:34:52,000 Speaker 1: energy electrons inside them, the sort of bounced back from 671 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:54,960 Speaker 1: three specific points for real, like you can take a 672 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:57,680 Speaker 1: picture of inside of a proton kind of right, Like 673 00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:00,319 Speaker 1: you you shoot a bunch of particles electron at it 674 00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:02,080 Speaker 1: and you sort of get an image. On the other side, 675 00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:04,960 Speaker 1: you're saying that you can actually see these hard nuggets 676 00:35:04,960 --> 00:35:06,799 Speaker 1: of the corps inside of it. Yeah, it's sort of 677 00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:09,920 Speaker 1: like taking an image. Unfortunately, you can only shoot one 678 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:12,719 Speaker 1: particle at an individual proton, so to really image it 679 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:14,759 Speaker 1: the way you're describing, you would have to shoot like 680 00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:17,520 Speaker 1: a lot of particles at a specific proton, like hold 681 00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:19,879 Speaker 1: it in place or something. We can't do that because 682 00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:22,240 Speaker 1: once you shoot one electron at a proton, it blows 683 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:25,160 Speaker 1: it up. You just get one measurement. But statistically we 684 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,440 Speaker 1: can do it many many times over many protons and 685 00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,080 Speaker 1: just like count the number of electrons that bounce back, 686 00:35:31,440 --> 00:35:33,719 Speaker 1: you know, they indicate they hit something hard versus the 687 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:36,560 Speaker 1: number of electrons that like went right through the indicates 688 00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:38,720 Speaker 1: that they sort of missed all the good stuff inside 689 00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:41,320 Speaker 1: the proton. And from all those calculations, so then we 690 00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:44,920 Speaker 1: can calculate like how many hard points are there inside 691 00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:46,960 Speaker 1: the proton. And so that's the same basic thing that 692 00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:49,960 Speaker 1: Rutherford was doing basically a hundred years ago, but now 693 00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:52,080 Speaker 1: we're just like doing it with higher energy and we're 694 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:54,000 Speaker 1: doing it to the proton instead of doing it to 695 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:56,000 Speaker 1: the atom. So it's it's sort of almost like an 696 00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:57,840 Speaker 1: X ray of the proton, but you have to do 697 00:35:57,880 --> 00:35:59,960 Speaker 1: it in bulk. Yeah, you have to do it involved. 698 00:36:00,080 --> 00:36:02,840 Speaker 1: And what we can do are specific calculations for like 699 00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:05,640 Speaker 1: what would happen if there were also a little bit 700 00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:08,120 Speaker 1: of bottom cork inside the proton, and what would it 701 00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:11,480 Speaker 1: look like if there was occasionally how particles inside the proton, 702 00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:14,480 Speaker 1: Because these particles are all different, they all would give 703 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:18,160 Speaker 1: like a different reaction spectrum from the electrons you're using 704 00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,719 Speaker 1: to shoot inside there. So that's like one way we 705 00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:23,600 Speaker 1: can get a sense for what's inside the proton or 706 00:36:23,680 --> 00:36:26,279 Speaker 1: like X raying it with electrons, as you said, all right, 707 00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:28,680 Speaker 1: so that was in the sixties. So what's sort of 708 00:36:28,680 --> 00:36:30,800 Speaker 1: the cutting edge right now in terms of looking inside 709 00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:33,200 Speaker 1: of the proton. So people really want to understand in 710 00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:36,279 Speaker 1: detail what's going on inside the proton in terms of 711 00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:39,560 Speaker 1: how much anti matter is there. It's really sort of 712 00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:42,920 Speaker 1: exciting and cool to think that there is antimatter inside 713 00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:44,840 Speaker 1: of us, and we want to understand how much anti 714 00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:48,560 Speaker 1: matter is there and what kind is it specifically and 715 00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:51,560 Speaker 1: mostly interesting people want to know, like is there more 716 00:36:51,719 --> 00:36:55,560 Speaker 1: anti up corks or anti down corks inside the proton 717 00:36:55,920 --> 00:36:58,680 Speaker 1: or are there the same number? We figure like, you know, 718 00:36:58,719 --> 00:37:01,680 Speaker 1: a gluon has the same chance to turn into an 719 00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,759 Speaker 1: up anti up pair as it does to turn into 720 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:07,560 Speaker 1: a down anti down pair, so there should be the 721 00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:12,120 Speaker 1: same amount of anti downs and anti ups inside the proton. 722 00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:14,200 Speaker 1: So those are the kind of questions people are asking now. 723 00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:16,360 Speaker 1: And there's a new experiment being going off for the 724 00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:19,920 Speaker 1: last couple of decades that's trying to understand exactly the 725 00:37:19,960 --> 00:37:24,400 Speaker 1: anti matter component of this sea of gluons and stuff 726 00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:27,800 Speaker 1: inside the proton. And so the experiment is called c Quest. 727 00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,440 Speaker 1: That's a pretty cool name. Sounds like a TV show 728 00:37:30,640 --> 00:37:33,080 Speaker 1: or the nineties cartoon. It is the name of a 729 00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:35,880 Speaker 1: TV show, And I don't know if the experiment or 730 00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:38,480 Speaker 1: the TV show came first. But this has nothing to 731 00:37:38,520 --> 00:37:41,640 Speaker 1: do with the ocean of water, right, It's like thinking 732 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:44,440 Speaker 1: about the ocean of gluons, and so this is a 733 00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:48,920 Speaker 1: very different kind of sea than like underwater science fiction adventure. Right, 734 00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:52,359 Speaker 1: although technically water is made out of protons, which has 735 00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:56,239 Speaker 1: a sea of particles to really, all quests are sequence. 736 00:37:56,280 --> 00:37:58,960 Speaker 1: You're right, we're all from the ocean originally, and so 737 00:37:59,239 --> 00:38:01,560 Speaker 1: this experiment, it's a little bit different from the ones 738 00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:03,960 Speaker 1: they did in the sixties. Here, what they're doing is 739 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:07,800 Speaker 1: they're taking the proton itself and they're smashing it into 740 00:38:07,920 --> 00:38:10,319 Speaker 1: other stuff. One reason for that is that they're doing 741 00:38:10,360 --> 00:38:13,600 Speaker 1: this experiment at Fermulab, and Fermulab is a place that's 742 00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:17,239 Speaker 1: good at accelerating protons. We used to have the largest 743 00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:20,959 Speaker 1: particle accelerator in the world. They're called the Tevatron, where 744 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,479 Speaker 1: the top cork was discovered in So they're very good 745 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,799 Speaker 1: at making protons and accelerating them. So they decided to 746 00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:31,640 Speaker 1: sort of reuse that and smash protons into stuff to 747 00:38:31,680 --> 00:38:33,960 Speaker 1: see is sort of what they turned into. The original 748 00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:37,080 Speaker 1: experiment was like X ray the proton by shooting electrons 749 00:38:37,120 --> 00:38:39,560 Speaker 1: at it. Here, it's like, take the proton and smash 750 00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:41,919 Speaker 1: it into stuff and see what comes out, and try 751 00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:45,600 Speaker 1: to deduce from what comes out what's inside the proton, right, 752 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:47,359 Speaker 1: and so what have they found. So they've been doing 753 00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:51,280 Speaker 1: these experiments where they shoot protons at two different kinds 754 00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:54,600 Speaker 1: of stuff. One is a target just of hydrogen, which 755 00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:58,879 Speaker 1: is basically pure protons, and another is a target with deuterium, 756 00:38:58,880 --> 00:39:02,680 Speaker 1: which is a combination of photons and neutrons. And now 757 00:39:02,719 --> 00:39:06,160 Speaker 1: neutrons have a different mix of up corks and down corks, right, 758 00:39:06,160 --> 00:39:09,319 Speaker 1: they have more down corks than up corks, whereas the 759 00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:12,400 Speaker 1: proton has more up corks and down corks. So by 760 00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:15,200 Speaker 1: shooting it at hydrogen and then shooting it deterium, you 761 00:39:15,239 --> 00:39:17,920 Speaker 1: can get a sense by looking at the ratios for 762 00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:20,319 Speaker 1: like how much down corks there are and how many 763 00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:23,040 Speaker 1: up corks there are. So they smash protons into these 764 00:39:23,080 --> 00:39:27,200 Speaker 1: two different targets, and sometimes a cork in the proton 765 00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,200 Speaker 1: in your beam interacts with an anti cork in the target. So, 766 00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:34,200 Speaker 1: for example, maybe an up cork in the proton you're 767 00:39:34,239 --> 00:39:37,960 Speaker 1: shooting from your beam interacts with an anti upcork inside 768 00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:40,720 Speaker 1: the neutron or inside the proton and when that happens, 769 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:44,160 Speaker 1: you can tell because it creates a photon because they annihilate, 770 00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:47,760 Speaker 1: and that photon sometimes creates like a muon anti muon, 771 00:39:48,040 --> 00:39:50,040 Speaker 1: And that's what this experiment looks for. It looks for 772 00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:52,960 Speaker 1: these pairs of muans and anti muons coming out of 773 00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:56,240 Speaker 1: these collisions, and by looking at those muans and their energies, 774 00:39:56,400 --> 00:39:58,080 Speaker 1: they can get a sense for like, oh, did we 775 00:39:58,160 --> 00:40:00,280 Speaker 1: hit an anti upcork or did we hit an anti 776 00:40:00,320 --> 00:40:04,200 Speaker 1: down cork? And so people expected to see the same 777 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:07,320 Speaker 1: amount of anti down corks and anti upcorks inside the proton, 778 00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:10,520 Speaker 1: but what they found is that there's actually a lot 779 00:40:10,640 --> 00:40:14,520 Speaker 1: more anti down corks than anti up works. There's like 780 00:40:15,600 --> 00:40:19,000 Speaker 1: more anti down corks than anti upquorks inside every proton. 781 00:40:19,120 --> 00:40:21,279 Speaker 1: I think this is where it gets confusing, because you're 782 00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:24,120 Speaker 1: saying anti ups and I'm thinking anti up is just down. 783 00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:29,440 Speaker 1: But that's that's different than anti down, which is not up. Yeah, exactly, 784 00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:32,320 Speaker 1: it's anti in a different way. That's the sort of 785 00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:35,080 Speaker 1: confusing but also awesome thing about particle physics is that 786 00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:37,680 Speaker 1: there are all these reflections. Right, You're right that the 787 00:40:37,760 --> 00:40:40,360 Speaker 1: up and down are reflections of each other. But in 788 00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:43,879 Speaker 1: sort of like a different direction than the anti particle way. 789 00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:46,960 Speaker 1: And there's other reflections, right, Like the charm is like 790 00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:50,240 Speaker 1: another reflection of the up but in terms of particle flavor. 791 00:40:50,320 --> 00:40:53,640 Speaker 1: So there's like this multi layers, many faceted symmetries, and 792 00:40:53,680 --> 00:40:56,239 Speaker 1: particle physics can be hard to keep track of, right, 793 00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:58,800 Speaker 1: But I think what you're saying is that this experiment 794 00:40:58,840 --> 00:41:02,400 Speaker 1: sequence is trying some smashing protons and it's trying to 795 00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:05,960 Speaker 1: determine to the amount of antimatter inside of these protons. 796 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:09,239 Speaker 1: And the weird thing is that you're seeing a lot 797 00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:12,120 Speaker 1: more antimatter of the kind that comes from down course 798 00:41:12,160 --> 00:41:14,759 Speaker 1: then from the antimatter that comes from up corks. And 799 00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:17,799 Speaker 1: that's weird. That's weird. It's not what we expected. Yeah, 800 00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:20,040 Speaker 1: we expected sort of a balance there, because you know, 801 00:41:20,080 --> 00:41:22,839 Speaker 1: where's the anti matter come from. It comes from gluons 802 00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:27,280 Speaker 1: and photons flying around inside the proton. It only exists briefly, 803 00:41:27,640 --> 00:41:29,799 Speaker 1: and we think that those luons should have the same 804 00:41:29,880 --> 00:41:33,479 Speaker 1: chance to create down cork type antimatter as upcork type 805 00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:35,920 Speaker 1: anti matter. Why would they prefer one to the other. 806 00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:39,040 Speaker 1: That's really strange, and it's a clue that something else 807 00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:42,239 Speaker 1: might be going on something we don't yet understand. So 808 00:41:42,280 --> 00:41:44,480 Speaker 1: it's a nice little like thread to pull on to 809 00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:47,400 Speaker 1: try to unravel some of the other mysteries of particle physics. 810 00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:49,319 Speaker 1: Guess that the weird thing is that it likes one 811 00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,040 Speaker 1: kind of antimatter and not another kind of antimatter. Is 812 00:41:52,040 --> 00:41:54,120 Speaker 1: that what you're saying. Yeah, it likes them both, but 813 00:41:54,160 --> 00:41:58,400 Speaker 1: it likes on more. And so that's a pretty interesting mystery. 814 00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:00,760 Speaker 1: But what does it all mean? What that tells about 815 00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:03,480 Speaker 1: what's inside of the proton? Well, it's interesting because the proton, 816 00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:07,840 Speaker 1: is we learned, is mostly gluons, right, mostly this energy 817 00:42:07,920 --> 00:42:09,760 Speaker 1: from the strong force. So if you want to understand 818 00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:12,440 Speaker 1: what's inside the proton, meaning what you and I are 819 00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:15,439 Speaker 1: made out of, you really have to understand the strong force. 820 00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:18,240 Speaker 1: And this is something we've been struggling with for decades 821 00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:21,560 Speaker 1: since we discovered the strong force. It's very weird and 822 00:42:21,719 --> 00:42:25,279 Speaker 1: very hard to understand. And one reason is because it's 823 00:42:25,320 --> 00:42:28,799 Speaker 1: so strong and it couples to itself, right, Like gluons, 824 00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:32,520 Speaker 1: they feel the strong force themselves. So every time you 825 00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:35,640 Speaker 1: create a gluon, you're creating the chances for more gluons, 826 00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:38,000 Speaker 1: and then those gluons can create more gluons and more 827 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:40,960 Speaker 1: glue ones. The same is not true for photons, Like 828 00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:45,239 Speaker 1: photons do not feel electromagnetic forces right because they do 829 00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:48,279 Speaker 1: not have a charge. It's sort of like if the 830 00:42:48,320 --> 00:42:51,920 Speaker 1: photon had plus one or minus one electric charge and 831 00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:55,160 Speaker 1: it like created its own electromagnetic fields and crazy stuff 832 00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:57,480 Speaker 1: like that. So the strong force is very difficult to 833 00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:00,800 Speaker 1: deal with because anytime you do a calculation, you instantly 834 00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:04,320 Speaker 1: have to account for like infinities and infinities of gluons. 835 00:43:04,320 --> 00:43:06,960 Speaker 1: So we don't really know how to do calculations using 836 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:11,000 Speaker 1: the strong force. It's much harder than calculations for electromagnetism. 837 00:43:11,080 --> 00:43:13,960 Speaker 1: So we can't answer simple questions about what would happen 838 00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,680 Speaker 1: if you put together quirks into a proton, Which means 839 00:43:16,920 --> 00:43:18,880 Speaker 1: that we need to look into nature to see what 840 00:43:19,080 --> 00:43:22,080 Speaker 1: actually happens and use that as a guide to say, well, 841 00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:24,920 Speaker 1: how should we build our theory what's going on with 842 00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:27,279 Speaker 1: the strong force. So to get a better understanding of 843 00:43:27,280 --> 00:43:29,239 Speaker 1: the strong force, we can't just like think about it 844 00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:32,200 Speaker 1: inside our heads and do computer simulations. We need to 845 00:43:32,239 --> 00:43:34,840 Speaker 1: actually go out into the universe and see what it's doing. 846 00:43:35,040 --> 00:43:37,240 Speaker 1: I think you're saying that looking inside of the proton 847 00:43:37,280 --> 00:43:41,720 Speaker 1: and discovering all these virtual particles and these gluons turning 848 00:43:41,760 --> 00:43:44,680 Speaker 1: into other things. It's sort of our window into how 849 00:43:44,719 --> 00:43:47,840 Speaker 1: these basic forces behave, and it's kind of our in 850 00:43:47,840 --> 00:43:51,680 Speaker 1: into understanding how they actually work. Yeah, we are watching 851 00:43:51,719 --> 00:43:54,000 Speaker 1: them at work because we don't understand how they work, 852 00:43:54,040 --> 00:43:56,800 Speaker 1: and so by watching them, hopefully we can get ideas 853 00:43:56,840 --> 00:43:59,840 Speaker 1: and glimmers for what's going on and how to just 854 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:02,680 Speaker 1: gribe these things. You know, we have a mathematical tool 855 00:44:02,760 --> 00:44:05,839 Speaker 1: for describing the strong force, but it doesn't work very well. 856 00:44:06,040 --> 00:44:08,759 Speaker 1: We can't use it to make predictions and calculations. It's 857 00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,560 Speaker 1: sort of like impossible to use. It's like if somebody 858 00:44:11,560 --> 00:44:13,759 Speaker 1: told you how to calculate something, but there was like 859 00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:15,880 Speaker 1: an infinite number of steps. You say, well, that's not 860 00:44:15,960 --> 00:44:18,680 Speaker 1: very useful. I can't use that to do any calculations. 861 00:44:19,160 --> 00:44:21,120 Speaker 1: And so if we want to understand these things, You're right, 862 00:44:21,120 --> 00:44:22,960 Speaker 1: we have to look at them in action. We have 863 00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:26,440 Speaker 1: to watch them actually happen and hope to observe some trends, 864 00:44:26,440 --> 00:44:28,600 Speaker 1: some ideas which can help us come up with a 865 00:44:28,640 --> 00:44:30,880 Speaker 1: better model. When we can actually use to play with 866 00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:34,600 Speaker 1: theoretically and understand how these things work, well, then what's 867 00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:37,040 Speaker 1: on the on the horizon? I know, this experiment found 868 00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:39,879 Speaker 1: an interesting mystery, but are there any other experiments sort 869 00:44:39,880 --> 00:44:42,560 Speaker 1: of looking into what's inside of the proton? Yeah, so 870 00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:45,719 Speaker 1: these guys found interesting mystery. And I love this experiment 871 00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:48,600 Speaker 1: because they're sort of like a scrappy bunch. They don't 872 00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:51,000 Speaker 1: have a lot of money, so they like repurposed stuff 873 00:44:51,040 --> 00:44:54,520 Speaker 1: from other experiments, you know, like they used old scintillators 874 00:44:54,560 --> 00:44:57,480 Speaker 1: left over from another lab, and old particle detectors left 875 00:44:57,480 --> 00:45:00,640 Speaker 1: over from another experiment, and iron slab is used from 876 00:45:00,680 --> 00:45:03,000 Speaker 1: the fifties in the Colombia, And so they sort of 877 00:45:03,040 --> 00:45:05,759 Speaker 1: like build this experiment from spare parts, which is really 878 00:45:05,760 --> 00:45:08,600 Speaker 1: pretty cool. And they're doing it again. They're making a 879 00:45:08,640 --> 00:45:12,279 Speaker 1: new experiment called spin Quest. Spin Quest is going to 880 00:45:12,400 --> 00:45:15,279 Speaker 1: reuse most of the same parts, but it's gonna pro 881 00:45:15,520 --> 00:45:18,919 Speaker 1: even deeper and try to understand another basic question about 882 00:45:18,920 --> 00:45:22,319 Speaker 1: the proton, which is why does the proton spin have 883 00:45:22,480 --> 00:45:25,360 Speaker 1: the value that it does. We can't understand the spin 884 00:45:25,440 --> 00:45:27,880 Speaker 1: of the proton from the spin of the corks, the 885 00:45:27,920 --> 00:45:30,640 Speaker 1: same way we can't understand the mass of the proton 886 00:45:31,040 --> 00:45:32,840 Speaker 1: just from the mass of the corks. This is the 887 00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:35,879 Speaker 1: same kind of question about the protons spin. So they're 888 00:45:35,880 --> 00:45:38,319 Speaker 1: gonna do an experiment to try to understand where the 889 00:45:38,360 --> 00:45:40,760 Speaker 1: spin of the proton comes from with the same people 890 00:45:40,760 --> 00:45:43,319 Speaker 1: in the same re used parts. Interesting, So, like, the 891 00:45:43,360 --> 00:45:45,719 Speaker 1: spin of the proton is like the sum of all 892 00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:47,520 Speaker 1: of the spins of all the things inside of it, 893 00:45:47,560 --> 00:45:49,799 Speaker 1: which is a lot, which is a big party. Yeah, 894 00:45:49,840 --> 00:45:51,680 Speaker 1: it's not just from the spins of the upcork and 895 00:45:51,680 --> 00:45:55,200 Speaker 1: down corks. Those gluons and photons also contribute to the 896 00:45:55,239 --> 00:45:57,920 Speaker 1: spin of the proton. So if we can measure the 897 00:45:57,920 --> 00:45:59,920 Speaker 1: spin of the proton really accurately, we can try to 898 00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:03,239 Speaker 1: get another handle for what the proton is made out of. 899 00:46:03,320 --> 00:46:05,600 Speaker 1: What this mystery cake that we're all built out of, 900 00:46:05,719 --> 00:46:07,879 Speaker 1: how it was actually cooked? Right? What are all these 901 00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:11,160 Speaker 1: exotic flavors and tasting that's right? I thought I was 902 00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:13,480 Speaker 1: pretty vanilla. It turns out from a little spicy, it's 903 00:46:13,480 --> 00:46:16,200 Speaker 1: a lot of tiger flavors in there. And I like 904 00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:19,680 Speaker 1: how you're like sitting on top of your LHC multibillion 905 00:46:19,680 --> 00:46:23,560 Speaker 1: dollar experiment and looking at these other experimenters coupling together 906 00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:27,520 Speaker 1: with spare parts and calling them cute. Yeah, you know 907 00:46:27,840 --> 00:46:29,800 Speaker 1: this thing only costs a couple of tens and millions 908 00:46:29,840 --> 00:46:32,120 Speaker 1: of bucks. What a fun little experiment, just like a 909 00:46:32,120 --> 00:46:35,239 Speaker 1: Saturday project. All right, Well, I think the main takeaway though, 910 00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:38,120 Speaker 1: is that we are not as simple as we thought 911 00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:41,400 Speaker 1: we were are. Even though we're only made out of 912 00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:45,040 Speaker 1: quarks and electrons, those corks that make up the proton, 913 00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:47,080 Speaker 1: there's a lot going on in there. It's not just 914 00:46:47,160 --> 00:46:50,439 Speaker 1: quarks inside of our protons and neutrons. It's also all 915 00:46:50,440 --> 00:46:54,200 Speaker 1: these crazy exotic particles, virtual particles popping into an out 916 00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:57,600 Speaker 1: of existence, influencing how much we weigh and how much 917 00:46:57,640 --> 00:47:00,560 Speaker 1: mass we have. And there's also a lot of antimatter 918 00:47:00,640 --> 00:47:03,640 Speaker 1: inside of us. Yeah, so these exotic particles that we 919 00:47:03,719 --> 00:47:06,600 Speaker 1: discovered in cosmic rays and in colliders are not just 920 00:47:06,719 --> 00:47:11,120 Speaker 1: an intellectual curiosity. They're not just clues about the organization 921 00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:14,440 Speaker 1: of the universe. They are also part of me and you. 922 00:47:15,040 --> 00:47:17,040 Speaker 1: They are part of the definition of what it means 923 00:47:17,080 --> 00:47:19,320 Speaker 1: to be a proton, which is the basic building block 924 00:47:19,360 --> 00:47:23,160 Speaker 1: of everybody and everything and every dinner you have ever had. 925 00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:26,800 Speaker 1: So exotic is a new normal. That's right. We're all exotic, 926 00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:30,040 Speaker 1: so nothing is exotic. Yeah, Well, we have all enjoyed 927 00:47:30,080 --> 00:47:32,880 Speaker 1: eating antimatter, for example. So I don't know if that 928 00:47:32,960 --> 00:47:35,560 Speaker 1: counts as exotic. I'll give it an anti review. I'll 929 00:47:35,560 --> 00:47:37,520 Speaker 1: give it an up review, which is really an anti 930 00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:42,040 Speaker 1: down review, which is actually a good thing. Right. That's 931 00:47:42,080 --> 00:47:46,240 Speaker 1: if particle physicists had built YELP, there would be up down, 932 00:47:46,680 --> 00:47:50,399 Speaker 1: anti up, pro down, all all of them. I'm down 933 00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:52,400 Speaker 1: with that, if you're up for it. Yeah, and you 934 00:47:52,440 --> 00:47:55,919 Speaker 1: can give it five to an infinite number of stars, yeah, 935 00:47:56,040 --> 00:47:58,400 Speaker 1: fractional stars. All right. Well, we hope you enjoyed that 936 00:47:58,440 --> 00:48:00,200 Speaker 1: and got you to think a little bit more by 937 00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:02,399 Speaker 1: what we're made out of, what you're made out of, 938 00:48:02,480 --> 00:48:05,120 Speaker 1: what that banana you're eating is made out of, what 939 00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:07,120 Speaker 1: the stars are made out of. Because it's a much 940 00:48:07,160 --> 00:48:10,719 Speaker 1: more interesting story than we think it is, and the 941 00:48:10,760 --> 00:48:13,920 Speaker 1: story continues. In this arc of understanding what we are 942 00:48:13,960 --> 00:48:16,719 Speaker 1: made out of. We have discovered many surprises along the way, 943 00:48:16,760 --> 00:48:19,440 Speaker 1: and I'm sure there are many more to come. I'm 944 00:48:19,480 --> 00:48:22,359 Speaker 1: just glad this podcast wasn't boring, even though you're at 945 00:48:22,360 --> 00:48:26,120 Speaker 1: the meals board exactly. I hope that it's annealed your 946 00:48:26,239 --> 00:48:30,520 Speaker 1: understanding of the non boring nature at the oh Man, 947 00:48:30,640 --> 00:48:34,359 Speaker 1: that was an extra I tried to put a little 948 00:48:34,440 --> 00:48:37,000 Speaker 1: Danish on it, all right, Well, enjoy your bath there 949 00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:39,279 Speaker 1: in the bathtub. Daniel, we'll talk to you next time 950 00:48:39,719 --> 00:48:50,320 Speaker 1: you hope you enjoyed that. Talk to you later. Thanks 951 00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:53,000 Speaker 1: for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained. The 952 00:48:53,040 --> 00:48:56,160 Speaker 1: Universe is a production of I Heart Radio or more 953 00:48:56,239 --> 00:48:59,600 Speaker 1: podcast For my heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, 954 00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:03,320 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.