1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the 2 00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920 Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily 3 00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000 Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960 Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings 5 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280 Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520 Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple 7 00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800 Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by 8 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC 9 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 2: Ready for your deweyest, healthiest and most hydrated skin ever. 20 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 2: I recently discovered Biosons, an incredible science got skincare brand 21 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:09,720 Speaker 2: that has been a game changer for my skin. My 22 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:13,039 Speaker 2: number one must have the Biosance Omega Repair Cream, the 23 00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:17,000 Speaker 2: Holy Grail moisturizer e transform my giant sensitive skin into 24 00:01:17,040 --> 00:01:19,440 Speaker 2: something I'm proud to show off. What are you waiting for? 25 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:22,720 Speaker 2: Head to biosance dot com and discover your next skincare obsession. 26 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:26,320 Speaker 2: And by the way, use codepod that's pod at checkout 27 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:28,119 Speaker 2: to score an exclusive gift with any order. 28 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:39,240 Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, let's talk about acronyms. 29 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:42,679 Speaker 1: Acronyms are actually a really really important part of science. 30 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:44,800 Speaker 1: Whenever you have a good idea, you have to come 31 00:01:44,880 --> 00:01:47,160 Speaker 1: up with an acronym or it's not going to be catchy. 32 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:50,800 Speaker 3: Well, I heard there have been some pretty unfortunate acronyms 33 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:52,000 Speaker 3: in the history of science. 34 00:01:52,280 --> 00:01:55,400 Speaker 1: There are I googled for worst acronyms ever, and I 35 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:58,120 Speaker 1: came up with some that you gotta wonder like, people 36 00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,040 Speaker 1: must have known what was going on, you know. So 37 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:07,680 Speaker 1: one of my favorites is Phase one Observing Proposal System. 38 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:11,919 Speaker 1: So for those of you following along at home, that's pops. 39 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:15,079 Speaker 1: So yeah, you can put that together yourself. 40 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:18,639 Speaker 3: But I heard that one day actually grab the y 41 00:02:19,040 --> 00:02:22,520 Speaker 3: from system, like they consciously made the choice not to 42 00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:26,960 Speaker 3: be called poops but to be called poops. Well, there 43 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 3: is one acronym that's a famous acronym for a physics topic. 44 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:34,000 Speaker 3: But I think we think maybe most people don't even 45 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:35,200 Speaker 3: know it's an acronym. 46 00:02:35,320 --> 00:02:38,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, and maybe that means it's really successful, right, because 47 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,480 Speaker 1: it's become a word in its own right. You know 48 00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:41,840 Speaker 1: people actually use the word. 49 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:46,240 Speaker 3: Yeah, and that word is laser pupel. 50 00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:48,079 Speaker 1: So do you know what it stands for? Or he 51 00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:49,680 Speaker 1: don't look it up? Do you know what it stands for? 52 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:57,240 Speaker 3: Test nerd cred test I do it stands for light 53 00:02:57,720 --> 00:03:01,720 Speaker 3: amplification through stimulated emission radiation. 54 00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:04,440 Speaker 1: Being we have a winner, folks, give him a laser. 55 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 3: But I heard that the acrony could have been different. 56 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:12,320 Speaker 3: It could have been light oscillation by stimulated emission radiation. 57 00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:14,160 Speaker 1: That's right, And I don't think that one would have 58 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:16,399 Speaker 1: gone on quite as well. That would be l O 59 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:19,680 Speaker 1: s e R. Has some obvious disadvantages. 60 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:21,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, you don't want to be a loser scientist. 61 00:03:22,080 --> 00:03:38,520 Speaker 4: That would be I losed too obvious. 62 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 3: Hi'm Horehand and I'm Daniel and Welcome to our podcast 63 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:48,560 Speaker 3: Daniel and Hoorhea. 64 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:50,760 Speaker 1: Explain the Universe, in. 65 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:53,240 Speaker 3: Which we talk about all kinds of cool things about 66 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:53,720 Speaker 3: the universe. 67 00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:57,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, and we take the universe apart, we disassemble its acronyms, 68 00:03:57,320 --> 00:03:58,880 Speaker 1: and we tell you what it actually means. 69 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, all the cool things as you see in science 70 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 3: fiction movies, books, laser guns, stuff like that. 71 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:07,320 Speaker 1: We break it down and make sense of it for you. So, 72 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:09,080 Speaker 1: if you have ideas for what you'd like this to 73 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: talk about, send them in to feedback at Danielanjorge dot com. 74 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:15,360 Speaker 1: We love hearing your topic suggestions. 75 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:17,960 Speaker 3: Today on the program, we're going to be talking about. 76 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:26,720 Speaker 1: Lasers, lasers. How does a laser work? 77 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:29,200 Speaker 3: What is a laser? Who came up with a laser? 78 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:32,200 Speaker 1: Where can I get my laser death ray? These are 79 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:33,000 Speaker 1: important questions. 80 00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:34,880 Speaker 3: How can I make my living to lazer bout? 81 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 1: You're a cartoonist, you're already lasers, by which I mean 82 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:44,960 Speaker 1: you are brilliant and cutting. 83 00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:48,480 Speaker 3: That's right, and very focused. 84 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:51,799 Speaker 1: Very focused exactly. 85 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:55,520 Speaker 3: So, Yeah, lasers are. Lasers are awesome. Everyone knows what 86 00:04:55,560 --> 00:04:57,680 Speaker 3: a laser is. My kids know what lasers are. 87 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:01,919 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean they're in science fic everywhere. People have 88 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:05,240 Speaker 1: laser pens. Right, lasers there. You probably have dozens of 89 00:05:05,279 --> 00:05:08,040 Speaker 1: lasers in your house, right, lasers used for everything. 90 00:05:08,279 --> 00:05:11,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, they're in our everyday lives. Like every time you 91 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:13,800 Speaker 3: go buy something at a store, assuming you still go 92 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 3: to a physical store, but if they scan your product in, 93 00:05:17,080 --> 00:05:18,360 Speaker 3: they're using a laser. 94 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:21,000 Speaker 1: That's right. And if you still have a CD player, 95 00:05:21,040 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: that thing is read by a laser. 96 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:23,600 Speaker 3: A CD what. 97 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:27,560 Speaker 1: You're too young to understand those things or head for 98 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:30,600 Speaker 1: those of you under forty, We used to store music 99 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:32,279 Speaker 1: on these shiny little discs. 100 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:35,919 Speaker 3: Yeah, they'd use lasers, so they were they're literally everywhere. 101 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,279 Speaker 3: I mean, there are optical drives, right, anything that reads 102 00:05:39,279 --> 00:05:41,039 Speaker 3: a disc. So if you pop in a disc to 103 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:43,120 Speaker 3: your PlayStation, that's using a laser in. 104 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:46,520 Speaker 1: There, that's right. And lasers have an enormous variety of applications, 105 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:51,000 Speaker 1: you know, from tiny laser pointers to world sized lasers 106 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:54,320 Speaker 1: that people are experimenting with to try to deflect asteroids 107 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:55,799 Speaker 1: that might blow up the earth. 108 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, like in the Dead Star and in Star Wars. 109 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,200 Speaker 1: Right, that's right, that's a fiction, of course, But the 110 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:06,040 Speaker 1: group building a laser to disflect asteroids, that's real m. 111 00:06:06,720 --> 00:06:07,760 Speaker 3: They might save the planet. 112 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:11,200 Speaker 1: They might save the planet exactly. So lasers are everywhere. 113 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: They're definitely an important part of our culture and of 114 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:17,919 Speaker 1: our technology and of everything you do. But the question 115 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: we had was how do they do what they do? 116 00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:23,160 Speaker 1: What does it mean too laze? How do you build 117 00:06:23,240 --> 00:06:25,839 Speaker 1: a laser? Could you assemble one from the stuff in 118 00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 1: your kitchen? 119 00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:29,000 Speaker 3: Yeah? Can you shoot it in the movies, like to 120 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:30,360 Speaker 3: destroy other speceships? 121 00:06:30,480 --> 00:06:33,320 Speaker 1: That's right? Do they really make the pew pew pew sound? 122 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:36,080 Speaker 3: That's the question I want to know the answer to 123 00:06:37,279 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 3: what sound does a laser make? Is it like pu pure. 124 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:44,640 Speaker 1: Or it's definitely one of those? 125 00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:48,400 Speaker 3: How good? I hit it on my first three tries. 126 00:06:49,760 --> 00:06:51,760 Speaker 3: But we were wondering how many people out there know 127 00:06:52,320 --> 00:06:54,800 Speaker 3: what a laser is and how it works. 128 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:57,520 Speaker 1: I walked around on campus and I asked people, do 129 00:06:57,560 --> 00:06:58,719 Speaker 1: you know how a laser works? 130 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:02,360 Speaker 3: Those of you listening about it for a second. Here's 131 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:08,599 Speaker 3: what people had to say, Absolutely no, sorry, focused light, 132 00:07:09,920 --> 00:07:13,040 Speaker 3: light gets multiplied and focused. 133 00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: Okay, cool by light? 134 00:07:15,440 --> 00:07:18,720 Speaker 3: Yeah, alright. I guess not a lot of deep knowledge 135 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:19,800 Speaker 3: about lasers out there. 136 00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:22,520 Speaker 1: I had the impression people think lasers are like you 137 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: have a light bulb and then maybe you have a 138 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:26,680 Speaker 1: lens to focus it, and that's your laser. 139 00:07:27,280 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 3: I like the person who said, how do lasers work 140 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 3: by light? Technically? You're right, you can go wrong with 141 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:34,920 Speaker 3: that answer. 142 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:38,280 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, go with a very very general answer, 143 00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:39,640 Speaker 1: how does this work? Physics? 144 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:39,920 Speaker 3: All right? 145 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:42,280 Speaker 1: You could just say physics to any question to answer. 146 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:44,640 Speaker 3: People, really even math? Can I say how does math work? 147 00:07:47,560 --> 00:07:50,360 Speaker 1: No, but that's not a topic for our podcast, right 148 00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:52,520 Speaker 1: because math is outside. 149 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,680 Speaker 3: The universe, beyond the scope of this podcast. 150 00:07:55,640 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 1: That's right. Maybe it's the only thing more fundamental than 151 00:07:58,680 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 1: physics is math. 152 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 3: Maybe. I like how you say, maybe is there is. 153 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:05,720 Speaker 1: There anything else? Maybe philosophy? I guess philosophy and math, 154 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: you know, down there at the at the down in 155 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:11,960 Speaker 1: the dirt and the roots of human intellectual exploration. 156 00:08:12,280 --> 00:08:12,440 Speaker 5: Mm. 157 00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, so lasers are pretty interesting, right, They have an 158 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:23,160 Speaker 3: interesting history, Like apparently historians don't really know who invented 159 00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 3: the laser, or they haven't settled on who invented the laser. 160 00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:29,040 Speaker 1: That's right. And I heard that one really important science 161 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 1: historian actually wrote a poem about it once. 162 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:32,600 Speaker 3: Oh really, is that true? 163 00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 1: Yeah? His name is hold On. I have it here 164 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 1: let me check my this. 165 00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:41,200 Speaker 3: Jorge cham Oh, yeah, that comic laureate of the Internet. 166 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: Should we should we read the poem? 167 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:46,440 Speaker 3: Sure, go for it. 168 00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:49,760 Speaker 1: I'm not sure if this is supposed to be set 169 00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:52,160 Speaker 1: to music or rhyme. 170 00:08:52,679 --> 00:08:55,120 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's supposed to be said to laser music. So 171 00:08:56,840 --> 00:09:03,080 Speaker 3: think eighties here and then go for it. So I 172 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,560 Speaker 3: wrote this when the laser turned fifty about eight years ago. 173 00:09:06,880 --> 00:09:08,240 Speaker 3: Was the anniversary of the laser. 174 00:09:08,760 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 1: I'll read it, and you make the pewpuw sounds a right. 175 00:09:11,360 --> 00:09:15,199 Speaker 1: The laser turns fifty this week, an important event in history. 176 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:18,760 Speaker 1: But who developed this amazing technique? That's still kind of 177 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:24,160 Speaker 1: a mystery. Was it Ted Maiman who built the first laser? 178 00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:27,960 Speaker 1: Or was it Towns in Shacklo who wrote the seminole paper? 179 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:32,760 Speaker 1: And it goes on like that, several beautifully crafted verses. 180 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 3: Oh thanks, yeah it was You know what happened? I 181 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:38,840 Speaker 3: was in Ottawa and I went to visit they have 182 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:41,600 Speaker 3: a laser institute at one of the universities there, and 183 00:09:41,679 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 3: they explained to me that the anniversary of the laser 184 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:45,960 Speaker 3: was coming up, and so they explained to me how 185 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 3: the laser works. And in fact, I think that's kind 186 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:51,199 Speaker 3: of related to how you and I started working together, right. 187 00:09:51,440 --> 00:09:54,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, you just reminded me of this today. Apparently your 188 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:56,839 Speaker 1: comic about the laser is one of the ones that 189 00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:01,520 Speaker 1: I read and induced to write you an email. 190 00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:04,280 Speaker 3: So yeah, the history is kind of funny because the 191 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:08,800 Speaker 3: Nobel Prize for the laser, the first prototype for the laser, 192 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:13,160 Speaker 3: and the first paper about the laser are all credited 193 00:10:13,200 --> 00:10:17,160 Speaker 3: to different people, Like, nobody knows who invented this really, Yeah. 194 00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:18,800 Speaker 1: It might have been one of these things where like 195 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:21,480 Speaker 1: an idea that's whose time has just come? You know, 196 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:23,560 Speaker 1: we're on the cusp is sort of the next thing 197 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: to happen, and a few people contribute bits and pieces here, 198 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 1: and some other person puts these things together first there, 199 00:10:29,600 --> 00:10:31,839 Speaker 1: and it's a bit of a mess. Yeah, it's a 200 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:34,040 Speaker 1: bit of a mess. I think it's fascinating also how 201 00:10:34,040 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: important it is to assign credit for things like we 202 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:40,160 Speaker 1: have the laser. It's awesome. Are people just fighting about 203 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:42,800 Speaker 1: the money, like who earns a penny every time they 204 00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:45,000 Speaker 1: make a laser pointer? Or is it about like the 205 00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: credit and scientific history? 206 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:47,040 Speaker 3: Right? 207 00:10:47,040 --> 00:10:49,520 Speaker 1: You know, it's it's interesting to me how how long 208 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:50,880 Speaker 1: and nasty this battle is. 209 00:10:51,080 --> 00:10:54,080 Speaker 3: You mean, you wouldn't fight to have that in your tombstone. 210 00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 3: Daniel Whitson invented the laser. Who wouldn't. 211 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:00,640 Speaker 1: Oh, I'm definitely putting that on my tombs, true or not. 212 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:02,040 Speaker 1: I mean, you can put anything that you wanted to 213 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:04,800 Speaker 1: a troomstone. Nobody fact checks toombstones, do they. 214 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:07,439 Speaker 3: It's like fake news applied to tombstones. 215 00:11:07,880 --> 00:11:12,480 Speaker 1: Fake faked tombstones. Oh, I'm taking credit for all sorts 216 00:11:12,480 --> 00:11:13,599 Speaker 1: of stuff in my tombstone. 217 00:11:13,679 --> 00:11:17,120 Speaker 3: Well, let's get into it. What Daniel is a laser? 218 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:21,920 Speaker 1: Right, So a laser is different from a flashlight. Right, 219 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:24,520 Speaker 1: It's not just a flashlight with a lens, Okay. A 220 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: laser is something that produces a bunch of light, usually 221 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:32,200 Speaker 1: of the same color. So, like, all a bunch of 222 00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:35,760 Speaker 1: photons of the same energy, and they should all be 223 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:38,920 Speaker 1: going in the same direction, right, So they're perfectly parallel. 224 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:43,199 Speaker 1: Meaning if they're like, you know, a tiny distance apart now, 225 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:46,520 Speaker 1: then one hundred meters away, or a kilometer away, or 226 00:11:46,559 --> 00:11:49,319 Speaker 1: a million miles away, they'll still be the same distance. 227 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:54,400 Speaker 6: Apart, perfectly parallel, perfectly parallel photons, right, yeah, exactly, So 228 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:58,680 Speaker 6: photons usually of the same color shot perfectly parallel and 229 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:01,160 Speaker 6: also with the same way. 230 00:12:01,440 --> 00:12:04,800 Speaker 1: Right. Remember, the photons are waves, and they're like all 231 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: other particles. They're governed by their wave equation, and waves wiggle, right, 232 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:09,960 Speaker 1: they go up and they go down, They go up 233 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,400 Speaker 1: and they go down. And if you have two waves, 234 00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:15,640 Speaker 1: if they're wiggling in opposite directions, one wiggles up and 235 00:12:15,679 --> 00:12:17,880 Speaker 1: the other one wiggles down, then they can cancel each 236 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:20,880 Speaker 1: other out, right, right, So we want our photons all 237 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:23,440 Speaker 1: wiggling the same way. So they all sort of pushed together. 238 00:12:23,520 --> 00:12:26,760 Speaker 1: It's like folks on a boat rowing at the same time. 239 00:12:26,760 --> 00:12:30,840 Speaker 1: They all push together for constructive interference to make it stronger. 240 00:12:30,840 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 3: When they hit something at the end. You want them 241 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:36,600 Speaker 3: to be perfectly synchronized. Otherwise they might cancel each other 242 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:37,839 Speaker 3: out when they hit something. 243 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:40,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, or they might you know, cancel each 244 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:42,800 Speaker 1: other out part of the way. You know, these things, 245 00:12:42,840 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: these interference effects depend on the phase. And so yeah, 246 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:49,199 Speaker 1: you want them all pushing in the same direction at 247 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:52,000 Speaker 1: the same time. And so that's what a laser produces, right, 248 00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:54,080 Speaker 1: That's that's what it means to be a laser. And 249 00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:56,319 Speaker 1: that's an important distinction for people to understand. That's not 250 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: just like a powerful flashlight or a flashlight somebody's put 251 00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:03,160 Speaker 1: as in front of. It's really a very different kind 252 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:03,920 Speaker 1: of source of light. 253 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:06,280 Speaker 3: It's not just a really bright light. It's like a 254 00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:09,920 Speaker 3: perfectly ordered, perfectly parallel beams of light. 255 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:12,760 Speaker 1: That's right. And there's two kinds of lasers. One kind 256 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:14,640 Speaker 1: is the kind we're talking about where all the photons 257 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:17,840 Speaker 1: have the same color, so it's monochromatic. Right, it's a 258 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:20,280 Speaker 1: single color of light. All the photons have the same energy, 259 00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:22,640 Speaker 1: the same color. That's the kind that you make to 260 00:13:22,679 --> 00:13:26,559 Speaker 1: produce beams. You can also produce laser pulses, right. These 261 00:13:26,559 --> 00:13:29,760 Speaker 1: are short bursts, and those require having lots of different 262 00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 1: colors so that you add the add up and cancel 263 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: out in just the right way to have a localized burst. 264 00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:38,600 Speaker 1: You can add up all the different wiggles together to 265 00:13:38,640 --> 00:13:41,079 Speaker 1: make the burst of any shape you want, right. 266 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:44,959 Speaker 3: And that's different than a flashlight, because a flashlight it's 267 00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:48,760 Speaker 3: just pumping out photons with all kinds of colors and 268 00:13:48,880 --> 00:13:52,080 Speaker 3: all kinds of phases, and they're all out of sync 269 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:54,000 Speaker 3: with each other, all these photons. 270 00:13:53,559 --> 00:13:56,400 Speaker 1: That's right. And also they go in in all different directions, right. 271 00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:00,679 Speaker 1: A flashlight usually has like a tungsten fil lament bulb 272 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:02,800 Speaker 1: or something, right, and that's just glowing and it's sending 273 00:14:02,840 --> 00:14:05,000 Speaker 1: light in every direction. Right, And even if you have 274 00:14:05,080 --> 00:14:06,559 Speaker 1: it you know, coming out of the front, so it's 275 00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:09,720 Speaker 1: a little bit shaped. You know. You can take, for example, 276 00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:12,360 Speaker 1: a flashlight and you can point it at the moon, right, 277 00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:15,199 Speaker 1: and as you get further away from the source of 278 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,680 Speaker 1: the light, the size of the beam grows. Right, flashlight, 279 00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: it makes a cone, and that cone grows with distance, 280 00:14:21,760 --> 00:14:23,160 Speaker 1: So you can point it at the moon and you 281 00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:27,040 Speaker 1: basically cover the whole moon with your flashlight, right, because 282 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:28,680 Speaker 1: by the time you get to the distance of the moon, 283 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:29,920 Speaker 1: the cone is huge. 284 00:14:29,960 --> 00:14:31,920 Speaker 3: Even if you focus it with like a lens and 285 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 3: try to get them parallel, they won't be perfectly. 286 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,920 Speaker 1: Parallel exactly right. There's always going to be some spread there. 287 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:40,960 Speaker 1: Whereas with a laser. If you take a laser and 288 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: you point it at the moon, if it's a good laser, 289 00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:46,200 Speaker 1: when it gets there should have the beam should have 290 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: the same with as is when it left. 291 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,760 Speaker 3: So that's how that's why lasers are powerful, right, because 292 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:56,600 Speaker 3: with just a few photons they can go a great 293 00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:00,200 Speaker 3: distance together, and so they can transmit that information. They're 294 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:02,440 Speaker 3: also kind of in sync, so they can deliver all 295 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:03,880 Speaker 3: that power when they get there. 296 00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 1: That's right. And that example about a laser to the 297 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:09,320 Speaker 1: Moon is not just like a made up example. I 298 00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:11,360 Speaker 1: don't know if you know, but the astronauts who visited 299 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 1: the Moon left mirrors on the surface of the Moon 300 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:16,680 Speaker 1: so that we can bounce lasers off of them and 301 00:15:16,760 --> 00:15:18,800 Speaker 1: use that to measure the distance from the Earth to 302 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:21,120 Speaker 1: the Moon. I think that's pretty cool. 303 00:15:21,280 --> 00:15:24,920 Speaker 3: The Earth's biggest selfie. You can think you can take 304 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:28,200 Speaker 3: a selfie by shooting the laser at the Moon. 305 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:31,800 Speaker 1: That's right. Even though this was decades before the concept 306 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: of selfies, it was it was prescient that way, right. 307 00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:37,880 Speaker 1: They were forwards forward looking. NASA is always looking into 308 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:38,360 Speaker 1: the future. 309 00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 3: NASA invented to selfie. We just we just give credit. 310 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:43,440 Speaker 3: We just give credit to them. 311 00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:45,600 Speaker 1: They can put it on the Actually, the first, the 312 00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:48,440 Speaker 1: first selfie comes from decades and decades before that. But 313 00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:51,640 Speaker 1: but yeah, the first astronomical selfie. 314 00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:52,760 Speaker 3: For sure, the first laser selfie. 315 00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:55,640 Speaker 1: That's right. 316 00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:02,080 Speaker 3: Okay, that's what a laser is. It's like it's like 317 00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:05,840 Speaker 3: something that makes light, that shoots light. That's perfectly in 318 00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:09,720 Speaker 3: sync and perfectly parallel, and that's really powerful. Okay, So 319 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,000 Speaker 3: what why is it called a laser? Like, what what 320 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 3: does that acronym mean? Light amplified by stimulated emission radiation. 321 00:16:17,920 --> 00:16:20,200 Speaker 1: That's right, that's break that down right. The first one 322 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:23,239 Speaker 1: is just light. Okay, So photons are light, that's obvious. 323 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:24,000 Speaker 4: Laser. 324 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:28,640 Speaker 1: The last one, the last one is radiation, right, and 325 00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:34,760 Speaker 1: radiation in this case also just means light. Yeah. I 326 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:36,360 Speaker 1: think that's because they didn't want to call it an 327 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:39,360 Speaker 1: a laser, right, laser That would have been more awkward 328 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:39,800 Speaker 1: with an l. 329 00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:41,160 Speaker 3: Or aser or an ace. 330 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: So both of those words light and radiation just refer 331 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:48,520 Speaker 1: to the photons. 332 00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:50,760 Speaker 3: Right, Okay. So it's something that makes light m m. 333 00:16:50,880 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 1: Something that makes light, and and it makes it in 334 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:58,520 Speaker 1: this special way using this process called stimulated emission. Okay. 335 00:16:58,840 --> 00:17:01,080 Speaker 1: And that's the really the guts of the laser. That's 336 00:17:01,080 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: what's going on inside, is that it's a system that 337 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:06,480 Speaker 1: creates this stimulated emission. So we should dig into that. 338 00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:10,239 Speaker 3: The A and laser means amplified, meaning you're not just 339 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:12,879 Speaker 3: making that use sort of amplifying it somehow. 340 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:14,800 Speaker 1: That's right. The basic principle of the laser is. You 341 00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:17,480 Speaker 1: start with one photon of a color that you want, 342 00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:20,720 Speaker 1: you know, and you amplify it. Use that to use 343 00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:22,800 Speaker 1: this system to multiply. You say, I want to start 344 00:17:22,840 --> 00:17:25,399 Speaker 1: with one photon. Then you create a chain reaction that 345 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:28,159 Speaker 1: gives you ten photons, and then one hundred photons, and 346 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:31,360 Speaker 1: then a thousand photons, et cetera, et cetera. Grows exponentially 347 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:34,440 Speaker 1: until you have a very very intense beam of photons, 348 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:37,880 Speaker 1: all the same kind. And the key is the stimulated emission. 349 00:17:38,119 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: That's the thing that basically copies the photon says, if 350 00:17:41,080 --> 00:17:43,960 Speaker 1: you have one of the right wavelength or all the 351 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:46,600 Speaker 1: right attributes, then I can make more for you. That's 352 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:48,400 Speaker 1: this process called stimulated emission. 353 00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:52,920 Speaker 3: Okay, let's get stimulated by stimulated emission. But first let's 354 00:17:52,920 --> 00:18:00,320 Speaker 3: take a quick break. With big wireless providers, what you 355 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:03,240 Speaker 3: see is never what you get. Somewhere between the store 356 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:05,200 Speaker 3: and your first month's bill. The price you thoughts you 357 00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 3: we're paying magically skyrockets. With mint Mobile, you'll never have 358 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:12,000 Speaker 3: to worry about gotcha's ever again. When mint Mobile says 359 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:14,480 Speaker 3: fifteen dollars a month for a three month plan, they 360 00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 3: really need it. I've used Mintmobile and the call quality 361 00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 3: is always so crisp and so clear I can recommend 362 00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:22,280 Speaker 3: it to you. So say bye bye to your overpriced 363 00:18:22,280 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 3: wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly bills and unexpected overages. You 364 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 3: can use your own phone with any Mint Mobile plan 365 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,040 Speaker 3: and bring your phone number along with your existing contacts. 366 00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:34,439 Speaker 3: So dit your overpriced wireless with Mint Mobiles deal and 367 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 3: get three months a premium wireless service for fifteen bucks 368 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:39,400 Speaker 3: a month. To get this new customer offer and your 369 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,800 Speaker 3: new three month premium wireless plan for just fifteen bucks 370 00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:44,480 Speaker 3: a month, go to mintmobile dot com slash universe. That's 371 00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 3: mintmobile dot com slash universe. Cut your wireless bill to 372 00:18:47,359 --> 00:18:50,160 Speaker 3: fifteen bucks a month. At mintmobile dot com slash universe, 373 00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 3: forty five dollars upfront payment required equivalent to fifteen dollars 374 00:18:53,119 --> 00:18:55,480 Speaker 3: per month. New customers on first three month plan only 375 00:18:55,560 --> 00:18:58,560 Speaker 3: speeds slower about forty gigabytes. On unlimited plan, Additional taxi 376 00:18:58,560 --> 00:19:01,159 Speaker 3: speeds and restrictions apply. In mobile for details. 377 00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:04,359 Speaker 7: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. 378 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:07,840 Speaker 7: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are 379 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:12,080 Speaker 7: being invested. So buckle up. The problem is that AI 380 00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:15,040 Speaker 7: needs a lot of speed and processing power. So how 381 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:18,200 Speaker 7: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control? It's 382 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:20,560 Speaker 7: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud. 383 00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:26,040 Speaker 7: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform 384 00:19:26,080 --> 00:19:30,960 Speaker 7: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI 385 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:33,520 Speaker 7: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, 386 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:37,399 Speaker 7: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and 387 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,600 Speaker 7: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now 388 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:42,840 Speaker 7: you can train your AI models at twice the speed 389 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:45,359 Speaker 7: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If 390 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:47,600 Speaker 7: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber 391 00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:50,400 Speaker 7: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free 392 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:54,320 Speaker 7: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. 393 00:19:54,640 --> 00:19:59,880 Speaker 7: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic. 394 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:03,080 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the 395 00:20:03,119 --> 00:20:07,000 Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily 396 00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:10,080 Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent 397 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,040 Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high yield savings 398 00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:15,919 Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the 399 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,240 Speaker 1: wallet app, subject to credit approval. Savings is available to 400 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,760 Speaker 1: Apple Card owners subject to eligibility, Apple Card and Savings 401 00:20:22,760 --> 00:20:26,200 Speaker 1: by Goldman Sachs Bank, USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC, 402 00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. 403 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:40,359 Speaker 3: Okay, so laser is something that makes light that's all 404 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:45,320 Speaker 3: the same color, the same wavelength, the same direction, the 405 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,880 Speaker 3: same wiggle, and it's all done by something called stimulated emission. 406 00:20:49,960 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 3: What does that mean? 407 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:53,399 Speaker 1: Right? So the thing that's doing the emission is just 408 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:56,240 Speaker 1: an atom. And so you have some medium in your laser. 409 00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:58,240 Speaker 1: Maybe it's a crystal, maybe it's a gas that doesn't 410 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:01,360 Speaker 1: really matter, but it's a bunch of atoms. And atoms 411 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:05,439 Speaker 1: can emit light, right, any atom, any atom can emit light. Right, 412 00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:08,560 Speaker 1: you get things hot and they glow, right, that's something 413 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:13,000 Speaker 1: emitting light. So if you pump energy into some material, right, 414 00:21:13,359 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: it'll absorb that energy, bring it internally into itself. But 415 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:20,760 Speaker 1: then sometimes it gets rid of that energy. That's called emission, 416 00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:23,560 Speaker 1: and it turns that energy into light. And the way 417 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:26,360 Speaker 1: that it does that is it has inside it. It has 418 00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:29,720 Speaker 1: these electrons. Right, So every atom has electrons whizzing around it, 419 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:33,639 Speaker 1: and those electrons have a few certain orbits that they 420 00:21:33,640 --> 00:21:36,199 Speaker 1: can use around the atom. It's like a bunch of 421 00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: different energy levels. Electrons can't just have any random energy 422 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:43,040 Speaker 1: level around it atom. Based on the shape of the 423 00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:45,800 Speaker 1: atom and the configuration of the protons, etc. There's a 424 00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:48,359 Speaker 1: few places the electrons are allowed to live, so they're 425 00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:50,800 Speaker 1: called energy levels, and you can imagine sort of a 426 00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:52,600 Speaker 1: ladder of these energy levels. 427 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:57,040 Speaker 3: And that's kind of related to the wave nature of electrons, right, 428 00:21:57,080 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 3: because there are waves. They can only fit in so 429 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,760 Speaker 3: many ways around the atom. Right, it's sort of related 430 00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:03,560 Speaker 3: to that, right. 431 00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:06,680 Speaker 1: It's very closely related. Yeah, the reason that there are 432 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:11,320 Speaker 1: discrete energy levels are quantized energy levels is precisely because 433 00:22:11,320 --> 00:22:14,040 Speaker 1: of those waves and the way the waves fit together 434 00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:16,600 Speaker 1: around the atom. So a simple way to think about 435 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:19,360 Speaker 1: it is when the electron goes around the atom, it's 436 00:22:19,359 --> 00:22:21,720 Speaker 1: going to do its wiggling, and you want it to 437 00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:24,159 Speaker 1: build on itself. You don't want it to cancel itself out. 438 00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,919 Speaker 1: So when it comes around one orbit, you need to 439 00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:29,719 Speaker 1: be in the same place and its wiggle either it's 440 00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:31,439 Speaker 1: wiggling up or it's wiggling down. 441 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:34,600 Speaker 3: It has to fit a very specific number of wiggles 442 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 3: in an orbit. It can just do like three and 443 00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:38,480 Speaker 3: a half. 444 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,919 Speaker 1: That's right. It has to wiggle once or twice or 445 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,920 Speaker 1: three times. Right, if it wiggles one and a half times, 446 00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:47,040 Speaker 1: then it's going to get out of sync with itself 447 00:22:47,080 --> 00:22:50,320 Speaker 1: and eventually cancel itself out. So those are not stable solutions. 448 00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:53,600 Speaker 1: So you can't have an electron hanging out and wiggling 449 00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,240 Speaker 1: one and a half times around the atom. 450 00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:57,199 Speaker 3: So each of those is a different level. It's not 451 00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,520 Speaker 3: like the Earth going around the Sun, like if something 452 00:22:59,760 --> 00:23:02,720 Speaker 3: moves a little bit, our orbit will increase a little bit. 453 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,919 Speaker 3: That's not how electrons work. They have very specific orbits 454 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:09,040 Speaker 3: that can fit around the nucleus of the atom. 455 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,639 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's actually a really interesting deep question. Is the 456 00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:16,920 Speaker 1: Earth's orbit quantized? Right? Are there infinite number of orbits? 457 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:20,400 Speaker 1: That's not the one with a simple answer. If gravity 458 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:23,760 Speaker 1: is not quantum mechanical, then you're right, there's an infinite 459 00:23:23,840 --> 00:23:25,960 Speaker 1: number of orbits the Earth can take. However, if the 460 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:29,560 Speaker 1: gravity is quantized, then then you're wrong. And there are 461 00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:33,440 Speaker 1: energy levels around the Sun. But those energy levels would 462 00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:35,840 Speaker 1: be so tiny we could probably not even see them anyway. 463 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,240 Speaker 3: That might be a subject of a different podcast. 464 00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:42,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Yeah, so the energy, so the electron has 465 00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:44,480 Speaker 1: these energy levels it has on these ladder this ladder, 466 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:45,680 Speaker 1: it can go up and it can go down. 467 00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:49,120 Speaker 3: Yeah, people use the ladder analogy, right, Like electrons can 468 00:23:49,119 --> 00:23:50,879 Speaker 3: be here or it can go up a level or 469 00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:53,880 Speaker 3: another level. Right, it's like very discrete steps. 470 00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:56,879 Speaker 1: And just like with the ladder, what happens when you 471 00:23:56,920 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 1: go up a level, It takes some energy to do that, right, 472 00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:02,200 Speaker 1: You have to put some energy into your thigh muscle 473 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,800 Speaker 1: to push you up, and then you're storing more energy 474 00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:07,480 Speaker 1: or you have more gravitational energy because you're higher up. 475 00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:09,760 Speaker 1: The same thing happens with the electron. How does it 476 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:12,840 Speaker 1: go up a level? It needs to get energy from somewhere, right, 477 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:15,480 Speaker 1: it needs to get heated up or absorb some light 478 00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:18,240 Speaker 1: or something. So it can go up a level, right, 479 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:20,600 Speaker 1: and then it can go down a level. And what 480 00:24:20,640 --> 00:24:23,280 Speaker 1: happens when it goes down a level, Well, the energy 481 00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:25,720 Speaker 1: level it was at is fixed and the energy level's 482 00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:28,600 Speaker 1: going to is fixed, so the energy difference between them 483 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:31,960 Speaker 1: is fixed. Meaning every atom has the same levels. And 484 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:35,920 Speaker 1: if electrons jump down from one level to the lower one, 485 00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:39,720 Speaker 1: then they're going to release a photon whose energy is 486 00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:42,960 Speaker 1: exactly the difference between those two levels, right. Conservation of energy, 487 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,639 Speaker 1: So the electron loses energy, goes down a level, and 488 00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:48,760 Speaker 1: it gives off that missing that extra energy in terms 489 00:24:48,760 --> 00:24:49,400 Speaker 1: of a photon. 490 00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:52,320 Speaker 3: Okay, so if the electron goes down a level, it'll 491 00:24:52,359 --> 00:24:55,240 Speaker 3: shoot out a photon with that energy that it doesn't 492 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:55,880 Speaker 3: need anymore. 493 00:24:56,080 --> 00:24:59,000 Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. So how do you get a bunch 494 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,200 Speaker 1: of photons of all the same color in the same direction. 495 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:03,720 Speaker 1: When you get a bunch of atoms, you get them 496 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,679 Speaker 1: all to have their electrons up one level, right, you 497 00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:09,160 Speaker 1: heat them up, or you pump some energy into them somehow, 498 00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:11,680 Speaker 1: and then you get them to come down all about 499 00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:12,320 Speaker 1: the same time. 500 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:13,360 Speaker 3: You get them excited. 501 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:15,639 Speaker 1: You get them excited, right, and then you get them 502 00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:21,040 Speaker 1: the big let down yay. Oh, And it's when they 503 00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:23,840 Speaker 1: get the let down that's when they give off a photon, 504 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:27,000 Speaker 1: and each one will give off the same color photon. 505 00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:32,000 Speaker 1: Color the photon is determined exactly by its energy, which 506 00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:35,280 Speaker 1: is determined by its wavelength. Right. Those things are all connected. 507 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:36,880 Speaker 3: Right, but they don't in a laser, they don't all 508 00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:39,359 Speaker 3: give them out at the same time. It's kind of 509 00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:41,480 Speaker 3: like how you said earlier. You want to cause a 510 00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,879 Speaker 3: chain reaction that will make all the atoms in your 511 00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:48,080 Speaker 3: laser shoot all these photons perfectly insane. 512 00:25:47,720 --> 00:25:50,840 Speaker 1: Exactly, So that chain reaction is key, and you can 513 00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:53,119 Speaker 1: have an atom and you can give it energy. So 514 00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:55,720 Speaker 1: the electron goes up one level and then it's happened 515 00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:57,879 Speaker 1: to just hang out there for a while, right, But 516 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:01,440 Speaker 1: what happens when another photon of just the right energy 517 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:04,119 Speaker 1: level comes by, Like if you're an electron and you're 518 00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:07,399 Speaker 1: an excited state and there's like a ladders the step 519 00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:10,560 Speaker 1: ladder step below you, you could go down. If a 520 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:13,760 Speaker 1: photon comes by of just that right energy level, it 521 00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:16,960 Speaker 1: has exactly the energy that's between you and that lower level, 522 00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:20,200 Speaker 1: then you're more likely to emit. You get pushed sort 523 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:22,760 Speaker 1: of out of that energy level. And the reason is 524 00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,280 Speaker 1: that that photon changes the way the environment works. Right. 525 00:26:26,359 --> 00:26:30,359 Speaker 1: Photons are electromagnetic wave, so it creates a little electromagnetic 526 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:33,119 Speaker 1: field there that makes what you were doing a little 527 00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:35,560 Speaker 1: less stable, so sort of pushes you out of that 528 00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:37,879 Speaker 1: state down to a lower state and you end up 529 00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:41,840 Speaker 1: emitting another photon. So the bottom line is, if you're 530 00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:45,399 Speaker 1: capable of emitting that photon and one photon just like 531 00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:47,280 Speaker 1: that comes by, then you're going to give it up 532 00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: and emit that photon. 533 00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:51,920 Speaker 3: And that's what it's called stimulated emission. Right, Like, if 534 00:26:51,920 --> 00:26:55,840 Speaker 3: you're an excited atom, you could just spontaneously have your 535 00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:57,760 Speaker 3: electron drop and admit a photon. 536 00:26:58,160 --> 00:26:58,360 Speaker 4: Hmm. 537 00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:00,000 Speaker 1: That's called spontaneous emission. 538 00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:04,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, But stimulated emission is when you're excited and you 539 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:07,800 Speaker 3: get hit by another photon and that causes you to 540 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:10,600 Speaker 3: drop a level and admit another photon. 541 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,120 Speaker 1: Yeah. It's sort of like peer pressure and they're like, hey, 542 00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:15,640 Speaker 1: everybody's emitting that red photon. I got one, I could 543 00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:16,280 Speaker 1: admit one. 544 00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:17,239 Speaker 3: And I could admit one. 545 00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:19,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah I could, and so I will. This is 546 00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:22,080 Speaker 1: the right time, you know, And so that's what the 547 00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:25,120 Speaker 1: stimulated part is, right, it's not this is not nocturnal 548 00:27:25,119 --> 00:27:29,879 Speaker 1: emissions people. We're talking about photons stimulating electrons into a 549 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:31,520 Speaker 1: emitting war photons. 550 00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 3: What's the acronym for that? One? 551 00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:44,640 Speaker 1: Leaner? So to review, Right, you start, you get some material, 552 00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:47,240 Speaker 1: you gotta pump it with energy. That's not free energy, right, 553 00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:48,800 Speaker 1: you got to pump it with energy somehow. 554 00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:51,760 Speaker 3: You're gotta get the atoms excited in your media. Yeah, 555 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:53,399 Speaker 3: like a lack of stuff. 556 00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:55,359 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like, you know, you're a comedy routine. You 557 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:57,240 Speaker 1: need somebody to go out there and warm up the crowd. Right, 558 00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,280 Speaker 1: So first you warm up the crowd, you get it's 559 00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,040 Speaker 1: called population inversion. Maybe you've heard that phrase. 560 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:04,040 Speaker 3: You buy everyone a beer. 561 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:08,560 Speaker 1: That's right. We've discovered alcohol makes people laugh at your 562 00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:13,640 Speaker 1: jokes more. And so the physics equivalent for lasers, right, 563 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:17,760 Speaker 1: is you pump the room with energy and you get 564 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,720 Speaker 1: all those electrons up at that level, and then one 565 00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:24,119 Speaker 1: of them will one of them will pop, right, and 566 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:26,800 Speaker 1: that will cause the chain reaction. Having one photon around 567 00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:29,280 Speaker 1: will make all these other atoms which you know are 568 00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 1: holding that photon inside them basically and burst didn't get 569 00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:34,639 Speaker 1: rid of it. They'll start emitting, and then more and 570 00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:35,240 Speaker 1: more will admit. 571 00:28:35,359 --> 00:28:38,000 Speaker 3: But they have to get hit by a photon for 572 00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,960 Speaker 3: them to release a photon, right, Like, it doesn't just yeah, 573 00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,840 Speaker 3: it's not because your neighbor shot out a photon that 574 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:46,920 Speaker 3: you shoot out a photon. It's like you got you 575 00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:49,080 Speaker 3: have to get hit by a photon for you to 576 00:28:49,120 --> 00:28:49,960 Speaker 3: get stimulated. 577 00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:52,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, you don't have to absorb it. But having the 578 00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:55,560 Speaker 1: photon nearby, close enough to interact with the atom will 579 00:28:55,640 --> 00:28:59,120 Speaker 1: change the electromagnetic vicinity essentially and cause it to do that, 580 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:01,960 Speaker 1: and that's why usually you also put this block of 581 00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:04,720 Speaker 1: atoms in a resonant cavity. Basically you put two mirrors 582 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 1: on either side so that you capture the photons and 583 00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:10,320 Speaker 1: you sort of bounce them around inside. It's the same 584 00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:12,920 Speaker 1: reason why you have like walls in your oven, right, 585 00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:15,240 Speaker 1: you want to reflect the energy back so that it 586 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:16,800 Speaker 1: builds on itself. Right. 587 00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:20,719 Speaker 3: But that whole process I heard is still even a 588 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:25,360 Speaker 3: mystery for physicists, Like why exactly does a stimulated atom 589 00:29:25,640 --> 00:29:29,640 Speaker 3: shootout a photon that's exactly exactly like the one that 590 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:32,400 Speaker 3: just went by closely or that hit it. Why does 591 00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:35,440 Speaker 3: it create a photon that's exactly identical to the one 592 00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:38,520 Speaker 3: that it saw with the same like wiggle in the 593 00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 3: same timing, in this exact same direction. That's still kind 594 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:42,840 Speaker 3: of a mystery, right. 595 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:47,000 Speaker 1: Well, I think there's some quantum mechanical arguments that suggested. 596 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:48,920 Speaker 1: I think there's a lot of the details are not 597 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:54,080 Speaker 1: perfectly understood. But you know, the photon creates destabilizes the 598 00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:57,240 Speaker 1: atom a tiny bit, right, and so we can understand 599 00:29:57,240 --> 00:29:59,720 Speaker 1: that that's something called Fermi's golden rule, which tells us 600 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:03,520 Speaker 1: about how things like to decay, and so Having that 601 00:30:03,560 --> 00:30:08,080 Speaker 1: photon around definitely helps us understand how the electron would 602 00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:12,040 Speaker 1: be more likely to jump down, but ye why it 603 00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:14,280 Speaker 1: comes out in exactly the same phase. For example, I 604 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:16,240 Speaker 1: think it's more likely to but not guaranteed, So I 605 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:18,480 Speaker 1: think there definitely are some open questions there. 606 00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:21,680 Speaker 3: Before we keep going, let's take a short break. 607 00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:27,960 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 608 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:31,280 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 609 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:35,360 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite, 610 00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: but the people in the dairy industry are. US dairy 611 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:42,360 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 612 00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:44,960 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working 613 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:47,320 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 614 00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,600 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 615 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:55,240 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. 616 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,680 Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, 617 00:30:58,760 --> 00:31:02,440 Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? 618 00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:05,520 Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from 619 00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:08,920 Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy. That can power farms, towns, and 620 00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:11,200 Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice 621 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that 622 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,840 Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the 623 00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:19,680 Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intents dairy 624 00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:22,360 Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us 625 00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:24,960 Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 626 00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:27,720 Speaker 8: When it comes to business, the people who succeed tend 627 00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:30,080 Speaker 8: to be the people who seek out partners with skills 628 00:31:30,160 --> 00:31:32,800 Speaker 8: or knowledge that they don't have, and that's what Lenovo's 629 00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:36,600 Speaker 8: free online membership program Lenovo Pro can do for small businesses. 630 00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:39,440 Speaker 8: If you're not a tech expert, that's where Lenovo can help, 631 00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:41,920 Speaker 8: so you can add Lenovo's team to yours and then 632 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,440 Speaker 8: lean on them for all your tech questions for free. 633 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:47,440 Speaker 8: Visit Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo Pro to sign up 634 00:31:47,480 --> 00:31:52,840 Speaker 8: for free. That's Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo Pro Lenoo. 635 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:57,240 Speaker 5: When it comes to travel bags and backpacks, colorful and 636 00:31:57,320 --> 00:32:00,160 Speaker 5: unique options are hard to come by. Luckily, Baboons the 637 00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:02,640 Speaker 5: Moon has you covered. Bab Boon to the Moon's bags 638 00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:04,800 Speaker 5: are made for going places near and far and for 639 00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:07,360 Speaker 5: making you the brightest star at baggage claim made with 640 00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,960 Speaker 5: super durable materials in a limited lifetime warranty. Your bat 641 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:12,720 Speaker 5: Boon to the moonbag will join you for all of 642 00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:17,440 Speaker 5: life's mistrains, unexpected rain showers, love it first sights and compliments. 643 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:20,640 Speaker 5: Check them out at babboon to themoon dot com. Now 644 00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:23,000 Speaker 5: get lost and make the world more colorful. 645 00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:36,200 Speaker 3: Okay, So that's the S N L A S E R. 646 00:32:36,480 --> 00:32:37,480 Speaker 1: And so that's right. 647 00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:40,720 Speaker 3: We covered all the letter. So it's light amplified by 648 00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:43,440 Speaker 3: stimulated emission radiation. 649 00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:45,560 Speaker 1: That's right. And and so you have it in this 650 00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:47,920 Speaker 1: box and you have these residents, You have a resonant cavity. 651 00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:50,440 Speaker 1: You have either mirrors right to bounce it back and forth, 652 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:53,520 Speaker 1: so the photons you emit make more photons to emit. 653 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:55,760 Speaker 1: And you know, you can have a little hole in 654 00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:57,360 Speaker 1: the side so that some of them leak out, and 655 00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:00,400 Speaker 1: that's basically your laser. That's how you produce it. But 656 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:02,760 Speaker 1: it can be a constant thing. You can be constantly 657 00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,560 Speaker 1: pumping it with energy, pushing the electrons up and then 658 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,480 Speaker 1: they come down you get photon you push them back up, right, 659 00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:11,240 Speaker 1: So it can be a continual thing. One of the 660 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:13,840 Speaker 1: most interesting lasers I ever saw was actually here on 661 00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:17,600 Speaker 1: campus at UCI as a professor here Franklin Dollar, who 662 00:33:17,640 --> 00:33:20,560 Speaker 1: does fusion research, and they're trying to create fusion by 663 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:22,840 Speaker 1: focusing a bunch of lasers all in the same place. 664 00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:25,600 Speaker 1: And he had this amazing setup where it had a 665 00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:28,680 Speaker 1: bunch of lasers all overlapping in his lab, and he 666 00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:32,840 Speaker 1: created a ball of plasma that was just floating there 667 00:33:33,080 --> 00:33:35,240 Speaker 1: in empty space. It was incredible. 668 00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:39,360 Speaker 3: Yeah, you can trap atoms with lasers basically, right. 669 00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:41,480 Speaker 1: You can do that, But here he was just basically 670 00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:44,160 Speaker 1: heating the air with a bunch of lasers. By putting 671 00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:46,920 Speaker 1: a bunch of lasers so they overlapped in one place 672 00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:49,800 Speaker 1: in space. He heated up the air hot enough to 673 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:52,360 Speaker 1: ionize and create a floating ball of plasma. It was 674 00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:55,320 Speaker 1: like looking at stable lightning. It was pretty incredible. 675 00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:58,840 Speaker 3: But these mirrors are pretty cool because they're not just 676 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:01,800 Speaker 3: any mirrors that you put it on both sides of 677 00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:04,760 Speaker 3: your stimulated stuff. It's like one of them has to 678 00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:06,200 Speaker 3: be a one way mirror. 679 00:34:06,280 --> 00:34:06,680 Speaker 1: That's right. 680 00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:09,359 Speaker 3: One of them is a regular mirror, but the other 681 00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:12,240 Speaker 3: one is like a half mirror, meaning that it reflects 682 00:34:12,239 --> 00:34:14,120 Speaker 3: some of the light but it also lets through some 683 00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:14,560 Speaker 3: of the light. 684 00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:17,000 Speaker 1: Right, that's right. If both of them were perfect mirrors, 685 00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:19,080 Speaker 1: then you would never get anything out of your laser. 686 00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:22,080 Speaker 1: You just would all stay inside the cavity. So you 687 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:23,879 Speaker 1: have to have one of them be an imperfect mirror 688 00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:24,879 Speaker 1: so that some of them leak out. 689 00:34:25,040 --> 00:34:26,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, So that that's kind of what the laser is. 690 00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:30,920 Speaker 3: It's kind of like a light echo chamber. Meaning you 691 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:33,879 Speaker 3: get you get all your atoms excited, and then you 692 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:38,080 Speaker 3: set one one of them off and then that will, 693 00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:40,680 Speaker 3: for example, go to the right, bounce off the mirror, 694 00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 3: go to the left, hit another atom, cause it to 695 00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:48,360 Speaker 3: also emit an exact copy of that photon, hit the 696 00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:50,720 Speaker 3: other mirror. Then both of them come back to the stuff, 697 00:34:50,760 --> 00:34:52,960 Speaker 3: and then they stimulate two other atoms, and then that 698 00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:56,680 Speaker 3: creates four photons and that just kind of builds and 699 00:34:56,760 --> 00:34:59,319 Speaker 3: multiplies within your echo chamber. But because one of the 700 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:03,360 Speaker 3: mirrors is one way or semi transparent, that's where the 701 00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:04,279 Speaker 3: laser shoots out. 702 00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:05,760 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, yeah, exactly. 703 00:35:05,840 --> 00:35:06,759 Speaker 3: Did I just make that up? 704 00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:13,080 Speaker 1: You should be the physicist on this podcast, man, But. 705 00:35:13,080 --> 00:35:14,879 Speaker 3: I mean that's an important part of it, right, It's 706 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,239 Speaker 3: like you want to develop an echo chamber. But you 707 00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:18,920 Speaker 3: have to let some of the light out. 708 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:21,319 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, if you don't let some of it out, 709 00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:24,759 Speaker 1: then it's pretty quickly going to get overheated. Oh, you're 710 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:26,280 Speaker 1: gonna laser your own laser. 711 00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:26,719 Speaker 3: Right. 712 00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:29,600 Speaker 1: And as for all those for all of us who 713 00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:31,759 Speaker 1: have ever built a death star, you know that you 714 00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:35,799 Speaker 1: want it to blow up your enemy's basis. You don't 715 00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:36,959 Speaker 1: want it to destroy your own. 716 00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:46,399 Speaker 3: But then stimulating the stuff in between, you can do 717 00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,120 Speaker 3: that several ways. Like your stuff can be a gas 718 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,719 Speaker 3: or it can be a crystal too, right. 719 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:55,000 Speaker 1: That's right. And if you want a laser to give 720 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:57,120 Speaker 1: you light of a certain wavelength, like you want a 721 00:35:57,160 --> 00:36:00,000 Speaker 1: red laser, a green laser, or an X ray laser 722 00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,560 Speaker 1: or something, you have to find a material that has 723 00:36:04,239 --> 00:36:07,480 Speaker 1: steps in the ladder. There's steps in their electron ladder 724 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:09,600 Speaker 1: that are just the right size. Right. You can't just 725 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,239 Speaker 1: tune it up to anything you want, right, You can't 726 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:15,200 Speaker 1: say I want photons of this frequency. You have to 727 00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:19,760 Speaker 1: find some material that has electrons that have an energy 728 00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:22,560 Speaker 1: level that has just the right size. And that's why 729 00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:24,600 Speaker 1: some of these things are easy, and some of these 730 00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:26,960 Speaker 1: things are hard, Like X ray lasers are really difficult 731 00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:28,000 Speaker 1: to build. 732 00:36:28,880 --> 00:36:31,440 Speaker 3: And they're really everywhere, right, Like I was thinking, like 733 00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 3: if you have a mouse in your computer and it's 734 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:36,400 Speaker 3: an optical mouse that has a little laser in it, right. 735 00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:40,800 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, yeah, lasers are everywhere, and it's amazing 736 00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:43,799 Speaker 1: how influential they have become. You know, And if you 737 00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:45,600 Speaker 1: look back at the history of the lasers, not only 738 00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,279 Speaker 1: is it a big mess nobody can agree about who 739 00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:51,160 Speaker 1: invented them, but in the early days there was a 740 00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:54,400 Speaker 1: lot of skepticism that it was even useful at all. 741 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:58,520 Speaker 3: Right, some scientists thought, who was impossible to make a laser? 742 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:00,520 Speaker 1: Right? Yeah? It was Neil's boor. He tried to make 743 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:03,600 Speaker 1: an argument using the Heisenbergen certainty principle. He was like, 744 00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:06,800 Speaker 1: you can't have that many atoms in a specified state. 745 00:37:07,160 --> 00:37:09,600 Speaker 1: He thought it would just be impossible. Thought quantum mechanics 746 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:11,839 Speaker 1: would make it not possible to make a laser, when 747 00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:15,000 Speaker 1: in fact, you need quantum mechanics to build a laser. Right, 748 00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:18,120 Speaker 1: So it works the other direction. So sometimes famous scientists 749 00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:18,680 Speaker 1: get it wrong. 750 00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:22,040 Speaker 3: Was his argument for saying that it was impossible. 751 00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:24,719 Speaker 1: Well, you know, the Heisenbergen certainty principle tells you that 752 00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:27,400 Speaker 1: there's a certain there's a limit to how much information 753 00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:30,680 Speaker 1: you can have, right, And so he was arguing that 754 00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:33,839 Speaker 1: having all these atoms in the same state, that you're 755 00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:39,359 Speaker 1: specifying their energy too tightly. Right, you can't the same 756 00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:41,880 Speaker 1: way the Heisenbergen certainty principle tells you that you can't 757 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:45,920 Speaker 1: know the position and momentum of a particle at the 758 00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:50,680 Speaker 1: same time. It also applies to the energy and timing information. 759 00:37:51,080 --> 00:37:53,960 Speaker 1: And so a laser is trying to isolate a bunch 760 00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:55,920 Speaker 1: of particles to have the same energy all at the 761 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:58,120 Speaker 1: same time. And so he thought that that was going 762 00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:01,000 Speaker 1: to violate the Heisenbergen certainty principle. But clearly it doesn't. 763 00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:06,080 Speaker 3: We shut that down with a laser that's right. 764 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:08,799 Speaker 1: With our fully operational battle station. 765 00:38:10,239 --> 00:38:13,040 Speaker 3: So there's it's interesting that there are all kinds of 766 00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:15,759 Speaker 3: different kinds of laser right, Right, Like your mouse can 767 00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:17,759 Speaker 3: have a laser on it, but you can also use 768 00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:21,120 Speaker 3: a laser to cut through steel, right, Like, what's the 769 00:38:21,160 --> 00:38:24,360 Speaker 3: difference between the laser and my mouse and the laser 770 00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:25,680 Speaker 3: that can cut through things? 771 00:38:25,960 --> 00:38:28,200 Speaker 1: Nothing? Your mouse laser can cut through steel. Whoorhea, you 772 00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:32,799 Speaker 1: just never try it. Now. The difference is just the intensity, right, 773 00:38:32,840 --> 00:38:36,640 Speaker 1: the number of photons per second. Photons have energy, and 774 00:38:36,880 --> 00:38:39,120 Speaker 1: when something is hit by a laser, they deposit their 775 00:38:39,239 --> 00:38:41,719 Speaker 1: energy into whatever is hit by it. If it's not 776 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,880 Speaker 1: a very bright laser, then you're not I don't have 777 00:38:43,880 --> 00:38:46,400 Speaker 1: a whole lot of photons per second, then you're not 778 00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:48,680 Speaker 1: depositing a lot of energy. Right. So that's why you 779 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:52,399 Speaker 1: can shine you know, a simple laser pointer and as 780 00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:55,080 Speaker 1: your skin and it doesn't burn. Right, But if you 781 00:38:55,160 --> 00:38:58,279 Speaker 1: had ten thousand laser pointers and you hit them all 782 00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:00,799 Speaker 1: the same place in your skin, be the same as 783 00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:03,839 Speaker 1: having one really powerful laser, and yeah, you could cut 784 00:39:03,840 --> 00:39:07,000 Speaker 1: a hole in yourself. So cutting lasers are just lasers 785 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:10,680 Speaker 1: with a higher intensity, and they can have more photons per. 786 00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:13,200 Speaker 3: Second and they do that. How do you create more intensity? 787 00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,920 Speaker 3: Do you just pump the material more? Or do you 788 00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:17,880 Speaker 3: do you know what I mean? Like, what's the difference 789 00:39:18,080 --> 00:39:19,640 Speaker 3: If I had the same material, how do I get 790 00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:21,279 Speaker 3: more laser out of it? 791 00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:23,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, you can pump the material more, you can have 792 00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:27,360 Speaker 1: more material, you can you must be must also have 793 00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:29,520 Speaker 1: to do with how you tune the one wayeness of 794 00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:30,560 Speaker 1: your one way mirror? 795 00:39:30,719 --> 00:39:30,919 Speaker 4: Right? 796 00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:33,600 Speaker 1: How much energy? And that's that's some fraction of the 797 00:39:33,680 --> 00:39:36,479 Speaker 1: energy out per second, so there's probably lots of ways 798 00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:36,839 Speaker 1: to do it. 799 00:39:37,080 --> 00:39:40,160 Speaker 3: Well. Lasers are everywhere in our lives. But I heard 800 00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:43,560 Speaker 3: somebody once told me that the biggest impact lasers have 801 00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:47,760 Speaker 3: had is in science, helping us make instruments to measure 802 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:50,920 Speaker 3: things so that we can expand our knowledge about the universe. 803 00:39:52,200 --> 00:40:00,000 Speaker 1: Yeah. Uh, lasers role everywhere. I thought you were gonna 804 00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:03,239 Speaker 1: say something about like laser lithography, like we can all 805 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:06,320 Speaker 1: design our own cutting board logos and have the lasers 806 00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:07,240 Speaker 1: burn them out. 807 00:40:07,560 --> 00:40:11,200 Speaker 3: Yeah. No, the maker movement is very grateful for lasers, 808 00:40:11,280 --> 00:40:14,000 Speaker 3: but in the sense that you know, like that's how 809 00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,279 Speaker 3: we know for example, or initially that's how we kind 810 00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:20,120 Speaker 3: of figured out that the gravitational waves measurement that depends 811 00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:21,000 Speaker 3: on lasers. 812 00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:25,320 Speaker 1: Right absolutely. Yeah. That uses two lasers in two different directions, 813 00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:27,839 Speaker 1: and then you shoot them away and they bounce back 814 00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:29,680 Speaker 1: and use that as a way to measure the distance. 815 00:40:29,680 --> 00:40:32,360 Speaker 1: You count the number of wiggles the laser has had. Yeah. 816 00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:34,400 Speaker 3: Yeah, and that's how they do a lot of like 817 00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:40,080 Speaker 3: DNA studies, and you can use lasers to figure out 818 00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:43,160 Speaker 3: what materials are made out of. So it's kind of 819 00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:46,799 Speaker 3: in scientific instrumentation has been a huge it's lasers I've 820 00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:49,840 Speaker 3: had had a huge impact, not just in like consumer 821 00:40:49,880 --> 00:40:54,600 Speaker 3: products and death rays that were never made, it's in science, right, 822 00:40:54,640 --> 00:40:58,680 Speaker 3: it's in Lasers have really kind of boosted and amplified 823 00:40:59,080 --> 00:40:59,920 Speaker 3: what science can do. 824 00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:03,560 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, we're all emitting more papers thanks to lasers. 825 00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:07,399 Speaker 1: We're stimulated to emit more papers. Yeah. Lasers also play 826 00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:09,800 Speaker 1: a big role in fusion research. As we were mentioning earlier. 827 00:41:10,680 --> 00:41:13,319 Speaker 1: You know, it's a powerful device, right, you have you 828 00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:15,920 Speaker 1: have light with a specific wavelength, you can focus at 829 00:41:15,920 --> 00:41:19,600 Speaker 1: a very specific spot, and so it that's what scientists do, 830 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:21,800 Speaker 1: you know, they think, how can I answer this question 831 00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:25,520 Speaker 1: with the tools I have? And that's a very specific tool. 832 00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:28,960 Speaker 1: It's like a tiny little science scalpel, right, and that 833 00:41:29,080 --> 00:41:32,160 Speaker 1: lets you sometimes cut problems open that you otherwise couldn't. Yeah. 834 00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:35,440 Speaker 3: So the next time you are at the grocery store 835 00:41:35,480 --> 00:41:38,840 Speaker 3: and are checking out and you hear that beep, that 836 00:41:38,840 --> 00:41:41,720 Speaker 3: that's a laser at work there. There's a little tiny 837 00:41:42,160 --> 00:41:46,760 Speaker 3: death ray death rays to scan your your bananas. 838 00:41:47,280 --> 00:41:51,680 Speaker 1: That's right, Your fully operational grocery store uses lasers. 839 00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:55,600 Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, Well, I hope this discussion stimulated you 840 00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:59,920 Speaker 3: and made you focus with laser precision. 841 00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:02,759 Speaker 1: And if you have any questions, you can emit them 842 00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:04,360 Speaker 1: to us. We'd love to hear them. 843 00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:05,520 Speaker 3: See you next time. 844 00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:15,560 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 845 00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:18,840 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 846 00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:21,280 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 847 00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:25,040 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Orge that's one word, or 848 00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:37,880 Speaker 1: email us at feedback at danielandorhe dot com. When you 849 00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:39,960 Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably 850 00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:43,080 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in 851 00:42:43,120 --> 00:42:46,240 Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every 852 00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,640 Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 853 00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:53,240 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy 854 00:42:53,280 --> 00:42:57,399 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn 855 00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:01,920 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 856 00:43:01,960 --> 00:43:05,239 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last 857 00:43:05,239 --> 00:43:06,880 Speaker 1: sustainability to learn more. 858 00:43:09,040 --> 00:43:12,000 Speaker 2: Ready for your Dewey's healthiest and most hydrated skin ever. 859 00:43:12,280 --> 00:43:16,400 Speaker 2: I recently discovered biosons, an incredible science backskincare brand that 860 00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:18,919 Speaker 2: has been a game changer for my skin. My number 861 00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:22,280 Speaker 2: one must have the Biosance Omega Repair Cream, the Holy 862 00:43:22,320 --> 00:43:26,160 Speaker 2: Grail moisturizer EA transform my giant sensitive skin into something 863 00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:28,319 Speaker 2: I'm proud to show off. What are you waiting for? 864 00:43:28,520 --> 00:43:31,600 Speaker 2: Head to biosance dot com and discover your next skincare obsession. 865 00:43:31,760 --> 00:43:35,160 Speaker 2: And by the way, use codepod that's pod at checkout 866 00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:37,000 Speaker 2: to score an exclusive gift with any order. 867 00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:45,080 Speaker 4: Proger brand products have the great taste you'll celebrate. That's 868 00:43:45,120 --> 00:43:48,520 Speaker 4: why over forty million people choose Kroger brand products, making 869 00:43:48,560 --> 00:43:49,920 Speaker 4: them a true crowdpleaser. 870 00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:55,480 Speaker 3: Add with quality guaranteed you'll love your choice or get 871 00:43:55,480 --> 00:44:00,839 Speaker 3: your money back. Score Kroger brand products with savings you 872 00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:07,240 Speaker 3: can cheer for and great taste you can't resist. Proger 873 00:44:07,520 --> 00:44:08,680 Speaker 3: Fresh for everyone