1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:14,920 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:15,160 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. While I was working on our 5 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:22,319 Speaker 2: episode on Ricketts, I stumbled across a reference to a 6 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:26,799 Speaker 2: work I had never heard of before, by someone I 7 00:00:26,920 --> 00:00:29,720 Speaker 2: do know about, but in a different context, and that 8 00:00:29,960 --> 00:00:34,840 Speaker 2: was Fumafujim. We're just that's how we're gonna say it, Fumafujim, 9 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:37,879 Speaker 2: who knows how he wanted it to be pronounced. That 10 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:40,920 Speaker 2: was written by John Evelyn in sixteen sixty one. And 11 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 2: I knew of John Evelin mostly as a diarist. He 12 00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:49,440 Speaker 2: comes up a lot alongside his contemporary and fellow diarist, 13 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:52,600 Speaker 2: Samuel Peeps. We've covered Samuel Peeps on the show before. 14 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 2: Fumafujim was a treatise on air pollution, and it was 15 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 2: mentioned in the Ricketts research because of the possible role 16 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:04,800 Speaker 2: of air pollution in an apparent rise in rickets in 17 00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:08,600 Speaker 2: the seventeenth century. In that moment, I kind of thought, wow, 18 00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:11,559 Speaker 2: John Evelyn wrote a treatise on air pollution. I've had 19 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:14,360 Speaker 2: no idea fascinating, And then I just mentally moved on 20 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:17,800 Speaker 2: got back to my work. But the day that I 21 00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:22,040 Speaker 2: finished the Rickets outline, news broke that in the US, 22 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:26,200 Speaker 2: the Environmental Protection Agency is going to stop factoring the 23 00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:31,000 Speaker 2: economic cost of harm to human health into decisions about 24 00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:36,520 Speaker 2: air pollution regulations. A spokesperson from the agency said that 25 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:39,840 Speaker 2: they are still considering health impacts, but that there won't 26 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:45,479 Speaker 2: be a monetary estimate because those numbers are too uncertain. Okay, 27 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:49,320 Speaker 2: but like, you can't really include the impact on human 28 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:53,960 Speaker 2: health and a cost benefit analysis if you're not estimating 29 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:59,160 Speaker 2: the cost. Also, this administration has been pretty straightforwardly hostile 30 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:05,160 Speaker 2: to things like conservation and green energy. So when I 31 00:02:05,200 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 2: heard that, I immediately went back to fumafujium and the fact 32 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:10,639 Speaker 2: that people have been talking about the harms of air 33 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:12,880 Speaker 2: pollution for hundreds of years. 34 00:02:13,639 --> 00:02:16,079 Speaker 1: So we're going to start this episode by looking at 35 00:02:16,120 --> 00:02:19,960 Speaker 1: John Eveland's biography. He was born in Surrey on October 36 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,560 Speaker 1: thirty first, sixteen twenty, the fourth surviving child born to 37 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:27,800 Speaker 1: Richard and Eleanor Comer Eveland. The Eveland family held the 38 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:31,359 Speaker 1: patent on the manufacture of gunpowder, which traced back to 39 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:35,040 Speaker 1: John's great grandfather, who had brought the manufacture of gunpowder 40 00:02:35,120 --> 00:02:39,800 Speaker 1: to England. The family lived at Wooden House, which was 41 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: on a seven hundred acre estate. This is a hotel, 42 00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:47,959 Speaker 1: conference center, and wedding venue today to give you a 43 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: sense of the scale. Richard had an income of about 44 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:53,880 Speaker 1: four thousand pounds a year. In other words, this was 45 00:02:53,919 --> 00:02:57,160 Speaker 1: a wealthy family, although since he was the second son, 46 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:01,440 Speaker 1: John was not expected to inherit much of this. When 47 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:03,919 Speaker 1: he was about five, John was sent to be raised 48 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:07,920 Speaker 1: by his maternal grandparents. From a very young age, he 49 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: liked to draw and to sketch, and he started keeping 50 00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:13,640 Speaker 1: a diary at the age of eleven. He may have 51 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: started this diary by writing his notes in an almanac. 52 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: He reformatted his entries later on, and at first he 53 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: included both personal reflections and historic and newsworthy events, but 54 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:29,120 Speaker 1: eventually his diary would focus almost entirely on the latter. 55 00:03:30,080 --> 00:03:33,600 Speaker 2: John's sister, Elizabeth, died in sixteen thirty four at the 56 00:03:33,639 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 2: age of about twenty, and then his mother died a 57 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:40,960 Speaker 2: year later. Of what he described as excessive remorse over 58 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:44,160 Speaker 2: the deaths of Elizabeth and of other siblings who had 59 00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:47,600 Speaker 2: died when they were babies. John was only fifteen when 60 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:51,600 Speaker 2: his mother died. In sixteen thirty seven, John and two 61 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:54,280 Speaker 2: brothers went to the Middle Temple, one of the four 62 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 2: inns of Court of England and Wales, where people went 63 00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 2: to study law and be called to the bar. This 64 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:01,680 Speaker 2: was really more. 65 00:04:01,600 --> 00:04:04,120 Speaker 1: About social connections than law study, though. 66 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:09,080 Speaker 2: That same year he was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford. 67 00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:12,600 Speaker 2: He left this college without finishing a degree, that was 68 00:04:12,680 --> 00:04:16,040 Speaker 2: not uncommon for men of his station in the seventeenth century. 69 00:04:16,839 --> 00:04:20,679 Speaker 2: He also didn't feel like he was prepared for college, though, 70 00:04:20,960 --> 00:04:24,120 Speaker 2: both because he did not think his earlier education at 71 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 2: a free school had been very good and because he 72 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:30,880 Speaker 2: had not really applied himself to it. In sixteen forty, 73 00:04:30,920 --> 00:04:33,800 Speaker 2: when John was twenty, his father died, and at that 74 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:38,039 Speaker 2: point his older brother inherited Wooton House. The following year, 75 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 2: Eveland traveled to the continent, touring Holland and Belgium and 76 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 2: very briefly volunteering for military service before returning to England. 77 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:52,200 Speaker 2: After years of conflict between King Charles the First and parliament, 78 00:04:52,279 --> 00:04:56,360 Speaker 2: a civil war started in sixteen forty two, with Royalists 79 00:04:56,440 --> 00:05:01,560 Speaker 2: fighting against Parliamentarians, and this put Evil in a difficult position. 80 00:05:01,839 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 2: He was unquestionably a Royalist, but Wooden House was in 81 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:10,919 Speaker 2: territory controlled by the Parliamentarians. Evelin decided to return to 82 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:14,120 Speaker 2: the continent rather than becoming involved in the war on 83 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:17,800 Speaker 2: the Royalist side that would have risked the confiscation of 84 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:20,279 Speaker 2: the family estate by the Parliamentarians. 85 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:24,080 Speaker 1: Evelin spent about four years on a grand tour of 86 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:27,800 Speaker 1: France and Italy, traveling and learning about art and architecture. 87 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:32,080 Speaker 1: Then in sixteen forty seven he married Mary Brown, whose 88 00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:36,280 Speaker 1: father was Charles the First's ambassador to Paris. Although Mary 89 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:38,960 Speaker 1: was English, she had spent almost all of her life 90 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:42,560 Speaker 1: in France. Her exact birth year is unclear, but she 91 00:05:42,680 --> 00:05:45,400 Speaker 1: was still in her early to mid teens and Evelyn 92 00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 1: was twenty six. They do not seem to have lived 93 00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:52,719 Speaker 1: together until about three years after the wedding, though she 94 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:56,599 Speaker 1: is described as Evelyn's intellectual equal and as being very 95 00:05:56,680 --> 00:06:00,480 Speaker 1: kind and sweet. She also put a lot more effort 96 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 1: and care into the education of their children than John 97 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:08,400 Speaker 1: had experienced himself. King Charles the First was executed in 98 00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,920 Speaker 1: sixteen forty nine, and his son, Charles the Second fled 99 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: to France in sixteen fifty one. That effectively ended the 100 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:20,640 Speaker 1: Civil War. Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 101 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:25,360 Speaker 1: of England, Scotland and Ireland. John Eveland's loyalties were not 102 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:29,599 Speaker 1: changed at this point, and his wife's family were also Royalists, 103 00:06:29,640 --> 00:06:32,080 Speaker 1: but now that the war was over, he thought it 104 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:35,719 Speaker 1: was time to return to England. He and Mary traveled separately, 105 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:39,720 Speaker 1: and both of them arrived in sixteen fifty two. Eveland 106 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:44,159 Speaker 1: never left England after this. John and Mary lived at 107 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:47,600 Speaker 1: Sayes Court, Deptford, which had been occupied by Mary's family 108 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:52,520 Speaker 1: for generations, although since it had been confiscated by the Parliamentarians, 109 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 1: Eveland had to do a lot of work to secure 110 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,799 Speaker 1: the lease to it. The first of their eight children 111 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:01,680 Speaker 1: was born in sixteen fifty two, although only four of 112 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:04,719 Speaker 1: those children lived to adulthood and only one of them 113 00:07:04,760 --> 00:07:06,159 Speaker 1: outlived John and Mary. 114 00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:10,960 Speaker 2: The sixteen fifties were difficult for evelin he was a 115 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:15,960 Speaker 2: Royalist and publishing Royalist tracts, and England no longer had 116 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 2: a monarch. The loss of three of his children over 117 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:22,840 Speaker 2: the course of just a few years was also devastating 118 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:26,320 Speaker 2: for the whole family. Also, while John and Mary both 119 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,760 Speaker 2: had affluent upbringings, their life together was on a much 120 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:33,280 Speaker 2: smaller budget. Since John was the second son and had 121 00:07:33,320 --> 00:07:37,000 Speaker 2: not inherited most of the family's wealth, they were not 122 00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:38,640 Speaker 2: poor by any means. 123 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:41,080 Speaker 1: This was more like they had to be really. 124 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:43,960 Speaker 2: Selective about which luxuries they could afford. 125 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:48,080 Speaker 1: Eveland put some of his efforts into starting a garden 126 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 1: at Says Court, one that he aspired to turn into 127 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:55,080 Speaker 1: a paradise on earth. This sparked a greater interest in 128 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:57,720 Speaker 1: botany and garden design, and he would eventually go on 129 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:01,440 Speaker 1: to design gardens for his friends. He also did a 130 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:05,960 Speaker 1: lot of writing, including scientific writing. He translated the first 131 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:10,600 Speaker 1: book of Lucretius's didactic poem De rerum Natura into English 132 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:14,720 Speaker 1: verse with a commentary in sixteen fifty six. This book, 133 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:18,120 Speaker 1: which is composed as a hymn, lays out the basics 134 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: of the universe as composed of atoms. Evelin was connected 135 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 1: to a lot of the people who had established the 136 00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: Royal Society, and he became a member of that society 137 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: once it was established in sixteen sixty one. That's also 138 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:34,880 Speaker 1: the year he wrote Fumafujium, which we'll be talking more 139 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 1: about in a bit. Evelan wrote about thirty books over 140 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: the course of his life, and several of them were 141 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:46,160 Speaker 1: focused on conservation and the natural world. Sometimes he's described 142 00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:51,360 Speaker 1: as England's first environmentalist. Silva or a Discourse of forest, 143 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:54,760 Speaker 1: trees and the Propagation of timber in His Majesty's Dominions, 144 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:57,800 Speaker 1: was published in sixteen sixty four and it's one of 145 00:08:57,800 --> 00:09:02,880 Speaker 1: the earliest published works on tree, CON's and forestry. Soil, 146 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:06,200 Speaker 1: A philosophical discourse of Earth relating to the culture and 147 00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:09,880 Speaker 1: improvement of it for vegetation and the propagation of plants, 148 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:14,000 Speaker 1: came out in sixteen seventy six. Later editions of that 149 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:18,520 Speaker 1: book use the title Terra rather than Soil. Other works 150 00:09:18,559 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: over the course of Evelin's life included a book on 151 00:09:21,240 --> 00:09:25,560 Speaker 1: etching and engraving called Sculptura, a book on metals called 152 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:31,480 Speaker 1: Numis Mata, and Aceteria, a discourse on salads that is, 153 00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 1: of course about salads. He also wrote a biography of 154 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:39,520 Speaker 1: Margaret Godolphin, who was a maid of honor at court because, 155 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: of course, after the monarchy had been re established. Evelin's 156 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:47,480 Speaker 1: relationship with her has been framed as paternal and mentoring, 157 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:51,199 Speaker 1: but also as kind of an emotionally very intense friendship 158 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:57,079 Speaker 1: bordering on an affair, possibly manipulative on Evelin's part. Margaret 159 00:09:57,240 --> 00:10:00,760 Speaker 1: secretly married Sydney Godolphin in sixteen seve twenty six and 160 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:04,079 Speaker 1: died in childbirth two years later, and it's after that 161 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:08,679 Speaker 1: that Evelyn wrote this biography. Although Eveland did not really 162 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:11,760 Speaker 1: care for court or public life after the restoration of 163 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:14,960 Speaker 1: Charles the Second in sixteen sixty he did serve on 164 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:18,400 Speaker 1: a series of commissions and councils which continued during the 165 00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:22,000 Speaker 1: reign of James the Seventh and Second. These included the 166 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:25,280 Speaker 1: Commission to rebuild London after the Great Fire of sixteen 167 00:10:25,360 --> 00:10:29,439 Speaker 1: sixty six, and the Council of Foreign Plantations, which governed 168 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: England's slave plantations in the colonies. King James also named 169 00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:38,440 Speaker 1: Eveland one of the Commissioners of the Privy Seal. Evelyn 170 00:10:38,559 --> 00:10:41,880 Speaker 1: also served on the Commission for Sick and Wounded Mariners 171 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:44,640 Speaker 1: and Prisoners of War during the Dutch Wars of the 172 00:10:44,679 --> 00:10:48,400 Speaker 1: sixteen sixties and seventies. This is probably when he became 173 00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:52,360 Speaker 1: friends with Samuel Peeps. Samuel PEAPs was working with the 174 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:56,439 Speaker 1: Navy at that point. In our episode about Samuel Peeps, 175 00:10:56,520 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 1: which will run as a Saturday Classic soon, we said 176 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:02,640 Speaker 1: that Peeps just found everything in the world around him 177 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:05,960 Speaker 1: really interesting and worth knowing about, and this was really 178 00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: true of Evelin as well. In sixteen ninety one, Evelyn 179 00:11:10,920 --> 00:11:14,280 Speaker 1: inherited Wooden House after the death of his older brother's 180 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:17,800 Speaker 1: last surviving son. He moved there with his wife in 181 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 1: sixteen ninety four. Evelan died in London on February third, 182 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:26,520 Speaker 1: seventeen oh six, at the age of eighty five. Most 183 00:11:26,520 --> 00:11:30,440 Speaker 1: of Evelyn's works were published posthumously, including his diary, which 184 00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 1: was published for the first time in eighteen eighteen. He 185 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:37,520 Speaker 1: also left behind a ton of correspondents in addition to 186 00:11:37,559 --> 00:11:41,600 Speaker 1: his more formal books and writings. An archive of his 187 00:11:41,679 --> 00:11:45,719 Speaker 1: personal papers is in the British Library today, although much 188 00:11:45,760 --> 00:11:49,679 Speaker 1: of his personal library, which numbered more than three thousand volumes, 189 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:52,960 Speaker 1: was broken up and sold at auction in the nineteen seventies. 190 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: Let's take a quick sponsor break and then we will 191 00:11:56,440 --> 00:12:07,599 Speaker 1: talk about fumafujium. 192 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:11,040 Speaker 2: To set the stage for our discussion of John Evelyn's fumafujium, 193 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:14,720 Speaker 2: we need to talk about coal. Historically, people in Britain 194 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:17,640 Speaker 2: have burned a range of materials for heat and fuel, 195 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:22,400 Speaker 2: including peat, dried dung wood, and charcoal, which is made 196 00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 2: with wood and other organic materials. In London in particular, 197 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:30,560 Speaker 2: the main sources of fuel for centuries were wood and charcoal, 198 00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 2: which most people just called coal. Generally speaking, people did 199 00:12:34,679 --> 00:12:37,600 Speaker 2: not find wood smoke to be all that unpleasant, and 200 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:40,560 Speaker 2: charcoal didn't produce a lot of smoke when it burned. 201 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:45,120 Speaker 2: The Romans mined and used bituminous coal in Britain, but 202 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:48,480 Speaker 2: after the end of the Roman Empire most coal mining 203 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:53,080 Speaker 2: there stopped. Then around the twelfth century people started extracting 204 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:56,439 Speaker 2: coal from along the River Tyne in Newcastle and from 205 00:12:56,480 --> 00:13:00,480 Speaker 2: cliffs around the coast of Northumberland and South Wales. It's 206 00:13:00,559 --> 00:13:03,600 Speaker 2: possible that this coastal location is the source of the 207 00:13:03,679 --> 00:13:08,000 Speaker 2: term sea coal, although there's also speculation that it's a 208 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:11,520 Speaker 2: reference to coal that was washed ashore or exposed by erosion, 209 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,800 Speaker 2: or that the name came from the coal being transported 210 00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:18,199 Speaker 2: by sea. Whatever it may be, the term sea coal 211 00:13:18,320 --> 00:13:24,600 Speaker 2: differentiated bituminous coal from charcoal. Generally speaking, coal produces more 212 00:13:24,840 --> 00:13:27,960 Speaker 2: heavier smoke than wood or charcoal, and the coal that 213 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:31,560 Speaker 2: was being burned at this time also probably contained a 214 00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:35,480 Speaker 2: lot more sulfur than what's in use today. That made 215 00:13:35,559 --> 00:13:40,440 Speaker 2: its smoke even more unpleasant. Even so, some industries started 216 00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:43,480 Speaker 2: adopting coal as a fuel source in the thirteenth century, 217 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:48,439 Speaker 2: especially brewers and metalsmiths, and some people also started using 218 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:52,560 Speaker 2: coal to heat their homes. One reason for this was 219 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:56,200 Speaker 2: that centuries of wood and charcoal use as fuel had 220 00:13:56,280 --> 00:14:00,760 Speaker 2: led to deforestation, so wood was becoming harder to get 221 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:05,800 Speaker 2: and more expensive. Blacksmiths also used bellows to make their 222 00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:09,840 Speaker 2: fires hotter, and coal did not spark as much as 223 00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:11,600 Speaker 2: other fuels did when they did this. 224 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:15,360 Speaker 1: Since the smoke from wood and charcoal had not been 225 00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,920 Speaker 1: perceived as all that noxious, people hadn't built many tall 226 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,320 Speaker 1: chimneys to try to carry it farther away from the 227 00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:25,640 Speaker 1: ground before it was released into the air. That compounded 228 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:29,000 Speaker 1: air quality problems. When people started burning more. 229 00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:32,240 Speaker 2: Coal, there's still a lot more coal smoke a lot 230 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 2: closer to the ground than there would have been had 231 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:36,880 Speaker 2: it been sent up a chimney. 232 00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: First. 233 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:42,720 Speaker 2: In the thirteenth century, Parliament started making various efforts to 234 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 2: regulate the industrial use of coal, especially from breweries. Edward 235 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:51,600 Speaker 2: the first prohibited the burning of sea coal in thirteen 236 00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:55,160 Speaker 2: oh six. People kept burning coal in spite of that, 237 00:14:55,280 --> 00:14:59,040 Speaker 2: band though, the burning of coal in Britain declined over 238 00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:02,160 Speaker 2: the latter half of the fourteenth century, but that wasn't 239 00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:05,080 Speaker 2: because of objections to the smoke. It was because so 240 00:15:05,120 --> 00:15:09,080 Speaker 2: many people died during the Black Death. The dramatic drop 241 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 2: in population and corresponding drop in demand for fuel also 242 00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:17,160 Speaker 2: meant that over the next decades Britain's forests started to regrow. 243 00:15:18,320 --> 00:15:21,760 Speaker 2: But then during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a combination 244 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 2: of factors led to more widespread coal use. Another was 245 00:15:26,680 --> 00:15:30,640 Speaker 2: another wave of deforestation as Britain's population and fuel use 246 00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 2: started growing again. Another is the little ice age and 247 00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:37,480 Speaker 2: the need to burn more fuel to stay warm because 248 00:15:37,480 --> 00:15:40,880 Speaker 2: it was colder and wetter. And a third is that 249 00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:44,640 Speaker 2: a lot of England's roads connecting the forests to city 250 00:15:44,760 --> 00:15:48,240 Speaker 2: like London, were in really terrible condition, and that was 251 00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:53,040 Speaker 2: only getting worse over time. Moving wood into the cities 252 00:15:53,160 --> 00:15:55,440 Speaker 2: was increasingly difficult and expensive. 253 00:15:56,440 --> 00:16:01,360 Speaker 1: England's towns and cities, especially London, became aggressively dirtier and 254 00:16:01,440 --> 00:16:04,880 Speaker 1: more polluted, leading Parliament and a series of monarchs to 255 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:08,840 Speaker 1: once again attempt to regulate the burning of coal. For 256 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:11,400 Speaker 1: the most part, this was not about the idea of 257 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:14,920 Speaker 1: public health or coal smoke being bad for people in general. 258 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:17,400 Speaker 1: It was about the health of the monarch and their 259 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:22,640 Speaker 1: family and what the monarch found unpleasant or distasteful. For example, 260 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:25,680 Speaker 1: under Queen Elizabeth the First in fifteen seventy eight, the 261 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: burning of coal was banned in London, but only when 262 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:30,960 Speaker 1: Parliament was in session. 263 00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:35,880 Speaker 2: Then, in sixteen oh three, James the sixth of Scotland 264 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:39,160 Speaker 2: was crowned as James the First of England and Ireland. 265 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:44,240 Speaker 2: Coal was more widely used in Scotland, and its acceptance 266 00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:46,960 Speaker 2: by the crown and use in the royal household helped 267 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:50,880 Speaker 2: pave the way for its use elsewhere in England. More 268 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:55,000 Speaker 2: industries started using coal as fuel. At the same time, 269 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:58,760 Speaker 2: brewers in particular were still seen as polluting the air 270 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 2: with all of their coals, and there were ongoing efforts 271 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:06,200 Speaker 2: to either regulate brewers use of coal or to move 272 00:17:06,280 --> 00:17:09,000 Speaker 2: the breweries out of London in the first part of 273 00:17:09,080 --> 00:17:11,160 Speaker 2: the seventeenth century. 274 00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:15,160 Speaker 1: Soon London was burning more coal than probably any other 275 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:19,440 Speaker 1: city in Europe, and that brings us to John Eveland's Fumafujium, 276 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:23,920 Speaker 1: written in sixteen sixty one. Eveland started on this very 277 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:27,680 Speaker 1: shortly after the restoration of Charles the Second in sixteen sixty. 278 00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,679 Speaker 1: As we've already said, Eveland didn't really like court or 279 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:34,679 Speaker 1: public life. He much preferred to work in his garden 280 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:39,280 Speaker 1: and read and write about things that interested him. I 281 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:42,320 Speaker 1: feel you, Eveland. But he also had high hopes for 282 00:17:42,359 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: what life would be like now that England had a 283 00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:48,640 Speaker 1: king again. Eveland thought he might be able to encourage 284 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:51,640 Speaker 1: the king to pursue things that would improve England as 285 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:56,080 Speaker 1: a nation. Evelan also hoped this would help him secure 286 00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:58,920 Speaker 1: some kind of royal appointment, one that would let him 287 00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,159 Speaker 1: do good work and be paid for it. And he 288 00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:04,880 Speaker 1: hoped to find a place at court for his wife. 289 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:08,399 Speaker 1: It's a little unclear how much Mary may have wanted 290 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:11,120 Speaker 1: this for herself, but she had grown up in France 291 00:18:11,280 --> 00:18:14,720 Speaker 1: in much more affluent circumstances than what she had in England. 292 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:18,600 Speaker 1: She definitely did have friends among the English nobility and 293 00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:23,280 Speaker 1: the elite. Fumafujium which the King commissioned was connected to 294 00:18:23,520 --> 00:18:27,000 Speaker 1: all of this. Eveland hoped to both impress the King 295 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:30,159 Speaker 1: and encourage him to do something about the problem of 296 00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:33,200 Speaker 1: coal smoke in London. And he thought that if the 297 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:37,199 Speaker 1: King put these recommendations into action. The results would reflect 298 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:40,000 Speaker 1: well on the monarch and elevate him in the eyes 299 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:43,520 Speaker 1: of his subjects. The issue of air pollution was also 300 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 1: a natural fit for this, given Charles the Second's focus 301 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,800 Speaker 1: on beauty and decorum at his court. 302 00:18:50,560 --> 00:18:53,960 Speaker 2: An article by Mark Jenner of the University of Yorick 303 00:18:54,119 --> 00:18:59,959 Speaker 2: argues that Fumafujium was also written partly as a political allegory. 304 00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:02,399 Speaker 2: On one level, it was definitely about the issue of 305 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:06,919 Speaker 2: air pollution and coal smoke. Like John Evelyn thought, it 306 00:19:06,960 --> 00:19:09,520 Speaker 2: was a way to maybe help the problem get taken 307 00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:11,960 Speaker 2: care of, while also making the king look really good 308 00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:15,440 Speaker 2: by taking care of that problem. But Evelin might also 309 00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:19,120 Speaker 2: have meant it at least somewhat symbolically, with the removal 310 00:19:19,160 --> 00:19:22,040 Speaker 2: of all the coal pollution in London serving as a 311 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:26,000 Speaker 2: stand in for the removal of corruption and unwanted politics 312 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,840 Speaker 2: from the British government. Of course, people had been writing 313 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:33,919 Speaker 2: about smoke, bad smells, air pollution, and the industrial burning 314 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:38,199 Speaker 2: of coal for centuries, but Fumafujium is seen as the 315 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:42,320 Speaker 2: first serious work devoted to air pollution. It's only about 316 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:45,840 Speaker 2: twenty four pages long, and its full title is Fubafujium 317 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:50,040 Speaker 2: or the inconvenience of the air and smoke of London dissipated, 318 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:54,280 Speaker 2: together with some remedies humbly proposed by j. E Esquire 319 00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:58,200 Speaker 2: to His Sacred Majesty and to the Parliament now assembled. 320 00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:02,840 Speaker 2: Its title page includes a Latin epigraph from Lucretius's De 321 00:20:02,960 --> 00:20:07,600 Speaker 2: rerum natur, which translates approximately as how easily the heavy 322 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:12,080 Speaker 2: smoke of coal seeps into the brain. This pamphlet starts 323 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:16,360 Speaker 2: with a letter addressed to the King. Eveland describes walking 324 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:19,680 Speaker 2: in the palace at Whitehall and seeing smoke coming from 325 00:20:19,680 --> 00:20:24,560 Speaker 2: tunnels near Northumberland House. He says this smoke had invaded 326 00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:28,120 Speaker 2: the court, quote that all the rooms, galleries and places 327 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:31,600 Speaker 2: about it were filled and infested with it, and that 328 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:34,800 Speaker 2: to such a degree as men could hardly discern one 329 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:40,359 Speaker 2: another for the cloud that none could support without manifest inconveniency. 330 00:20:41,520 --> 00:20:44,360 Speaker 2: He describes this cloud as a threat to the King's 331 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:47,879 Speaker 2: health and goes on to say, quote, your Majesty, who 332 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:51,200 Speaker 2: is a lover of noble buildings, gardens, pictures, and all 333 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:55,480 Speaker 2: royal magnificences, must needs desire to be freed from this 334 00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:59,040 Speaker 2: prodigious annoyance, and which is so great an enemy to 335 00:20:59,119 --> 00:21:01,960 Speaker 2: their luster and beating beauty, that where at once enters 336 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,760 Speaker 2: there can nothing remain long in its native splendor and perfection. 337 00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:10,440 Speaker 2: He says, the king's sister, Henrietta Ann, Duchess of Orleans, 338 00:21:10,720 --> 00:21:13,240 Speaker 2: had also complained of the effects of the smoke in 339 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:17,760 Speaker 2: her breast and her lungs. Having established the effects of 340 00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:20,920 Speaker 2: the smoke on the king and his family, Eveling goes 341 00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:25,920 Speaker 2: on to say, quote evil is so epidemical, endangering as 342 00:21:26,040 --> 00:21:29,080 Speaker 2: well the health of your subjects, as it sullies the 343 00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:33,680 Speaker 2: glory of this your imperial seat. Next was a note 344 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:36,000 Speaker 2: to the reader, in which Evelin says he has been 345 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:40,000 Speaker 2: quote frequently displeased at the small advance and improvement of 346 00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:43,000 Speaker 2: public works in this nation, wherein it seems to be 347 00:21:43,119 --> 00:21:46,040 Speaker 2: much inferior to the countries and kingdoms which are round 348 00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:50,159 Speaker 2: about it, especially during these late years of our sad confusions. 349 00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:54,280 Speaker 2: But now that God has miraculously restored to us our prince, 350 00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,760 Speaker 2: a prince of so magnanimous and public a spirit, we 351 00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 2: may promise ourselves not only a recovery of our former splendor, 352 00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:05,000 Speaker 2: but also whatever any of our neighbors enjoy of more 353 00:22:05,119 --> 00:22:10,240 Speaker 2: universal benefit for health or ornament In some whatever, may 354 00:22:10,280 --> 00:22:14,920 Speaker 2: do honor to a nation so perfectly capable of all advantages. 355 00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 2: The text itself starts by discussing the importance of air, 356 00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:23,840 Speaker 2: noting that Philosophers had named the air as the window 357 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:27,440 Speaker 2: to the soul. He walks through what he sees as 358 00:22:27,520 --> 00:22:30,680 Speaker 2: some of the finest qualities of London, like its position 359 00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:34,360 Speaker 2: on good ground, with good soil, with the River Thames, 360 00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:36,840 Speaker 2: allowing goods to be brought in from the sea and 361 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:41,359 Speaker 2: the land, and when untainted by smoke, a sweet and 362 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:42,359 Speaker 2: wholesome air. 363 00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:47,040 Speaker 1: He describes the culinary fires kept in people's homes as 364 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:50,760 Speaker 1: not responsible for the problems of coal smoke, but instead 365 00:22:50,840 --> 00:22:55,080 Speaker 1: blames them on the industrial fires of quote brewers, dyers, 366 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: lime burners, salt and soap boilers, and some other private trade. 367 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: He goes on to say, quote, while these are belching 368 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:06,560 Speaker 1: it forth their sooty jaws, the city of London resembles 369 00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:10,360 Speaker 1: the face rather of Mount Etna, the court of Vulcans, Stromboli, 370 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:14,359 Speaker 1: or the suburbs of Hell, than an assembly of rational creatures, 371 00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:17,640 Speaker 1: and the imperial feet of our incomparable monarch. 372 00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 2: Later he writes, quote, it is this horrid smoke which 373 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:26,480 Speaker 2: obscures our churches and makes our palaces look old, which 374 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:29,760 Speaker 2: fouls our clothes and corrupts the waters. So as the 375 00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:33,159 Speaker 2: very rain and refreshing dews which fall in the several 376 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:38,040 Speaker 2: seasons precipitate this impure vapor, which, with its black and 377 00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:43,400 Speaker 2: tenacious quality, spots and contaminates whatsoever is exposed to it. 378 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:46,959 Speaker 2: He goes on to describe the evils of this smoke, 379 00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:51,200 Speaker 2: like yellowing pictures and hangings, ruining clothes that are left 380 00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:54,840 Speaker 2: out to dry, killing bees and flowers and gardens, and 381 00:23:54,880 --> 00:23:59,160 Speaker 2: making fruit taste bitter when fruit can grow at all, 382 00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:02,160 Speaker 2: and its affects on the body, the lungs and larynx 383 00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:05,920 Speaker 2: and throat and voice. He cites an expert physician as 384 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:10,920 Speaker 2: saying coal smoke causes consumption, disis and indisposition of the lungs. 385 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:15,920 Speaker 2: Consumption and tysis both mean tuberculosis, which is caused by bacteria, 386 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:19,920 Speaker 2: something that was not known at the time, But tuberculosis 387 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:23,480 Speaker 2: and the other lung conditions like asthma are definitely affected 388 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:27,840 Speaker 2: by air pollution. The second part of this pamphlet offers 389 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:30,439 Speaker 2: remedies for these issues, and we will get to that 390 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:39,520 Speaker 2: after a sponsor break. The second part of John Evelyn's 391 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:44,879 Speaker 2: Fomafugium offers solutions for London's smoke problems. He notes that 392 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:48,920 Speaker 2: there are not many materials that quote burn clear, and 393 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:53,280 Speaker 2: that supplying the entire city of London with wood is. 394 00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:54,359 Speaker 1: Just not possible. 395 00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:58,240 Speaker 2: He does argue that it is possible for London to 396 00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:00,840 Speaker 2: be supplied with a lot more wood and at better 397 00:25:00,880 --> 00:25:05,520 Speaker 2: prices by more actively planting forests and then harvesting the 398 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:10,320 Speaker 2: wood after those trees mature, and then continuing those plantings 399 00:25:10,359 --> 00:25:14,119 Speaker 2: to keep the cycle going. This has some overlap with 400 00:25:14,359 --> 00:25:16,800 Speaker 2: what he would later write in his book Silva, which 401 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:21,119 Speaker 2: we mentioned earlier. Among other things, Silver recommends a prohibition 402 00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:23,840 Speaker 2: on the cutting of trees more than quote one foot 403 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:28,040 Speaker 2: square within twenty two miles of London and encourages the 404 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:32,480 Speaker 2: intentional planting of seedlings on estates. This was both to 405 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:36,640 Speaker 2: beautify the country and provide the benefits of trees and shade, 406 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:39,760 Speaker 2: and to ensure that there was an ongoing supply of 407 00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:45,400 Speaker 2: wood for burning fuel and other uses. Fumafugium also recommends 408 00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:49,239 Speaker 2: the removal of trades that were the biggest nuisances to 409 00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:51,480 Speaker 2: the air of the city, like the brewers and the 410 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,399 Speaker 2: soap boilers, and all those other ones that he lifted off. 411 00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:58,320 Speaker 2: He proposes that they be moved five or six miles 412 00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:01,320 Speaker 2: away below the Thames, so the smoke will not be 413 00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:03,360 Speaker 2: an issue for the residents of London. 414 00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:07,800 Speaker 1: While this definitely would have improved air quality in London, 415 00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:10,960 Speaker 1: he does not really engage with what it would mean 416 00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:13,640 Speaker 1: for the people already living in the areas that these 417 00:26:13,680 --> 00:26:18,440 Speaker 1: industries would theoretically be moved to. He does, however, speculate 418 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:21,840 Speaker 1: that cold air rising from the surrounding marshes and fens 419 00:26:22,040 --> 00:26:25,800 Speaker 1: would mix with the smoke and render it less noxious. Also, 420 00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:28,520 Speaker 1: just as a note, the areas he was talking about 421 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:32,800 Speaker 1: are all considered parts of London today. Yeah, Like it 422 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:33,280 Speaker 1: sort of. 423 00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:36,080 Speaker 2: Makes it sound like he's going to send them away 424 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:40,120 Speaker 2: far far into the country, but that it is all 425 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:41,640 Speaker 2: of it is really London now. 426 00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:43,080 Speaker 1: Now those are just neighborhoods. 427 00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:48,720 Speaker 2: Yeah yeah, yeah. From there, Evelyn argues that this move 428 00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:52,480 Speaker 2: would provide jobs, since waterman would be needed to move 429 00:26:52,520 --> 00:26:54,840 Speaker 2: all those goods that were made by all those industries 430 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:58,320 Speaker 2: back into London, and he says that it would help 431 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:02,879 Speaker 2: protect London from fire, something that seems almost prophetic given 432 00:27:02,920 --> 00:27:05,560 Speaker 2: the devastation of the Great Fire of London, which took 433 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:08,960 Speaker 2: place five years after he wrote this. He notes that 434 00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:11,880 Speaker 2: laws could be passed to accomplish this, and that there 435 00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:15,359 Speaker 2: had been such laws previously. He quotes the full text 436 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:17,480 Speaker 2: of one that was passed during the reign of King 437 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:18,919 Speaker 2: James the first and sixth. 438 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:22,040 Speaker 1: He also touches on other steps that could make the 439 00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:25,760 Speaker 1: air of London more wholesome beyond the issue of coal smoke. 440 00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:30,640 Speaker 1: This includes prohibiting burials within the city. Over the course 441 00:27:30,680 --> 00:27:33,880 Speaker 1: of his life, Evelyn also wrote other work that advocated 442 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:37,600 Speaker 1: for the establishment of garden cemeteries to act as both 443 00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:42,120 Speaker 1: burial places for the dead and as beautifying public green space. 444 00:27:43,119 --> 00:27:46,159 Speaker 1: In this work, Evelan also advocates for moving some of 445 00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:49,480 Speaker 1: the stinkier occupations out of the city, although not as 446 00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:52,520 Speaker 1: far away as what he proposed for the coal burners. 447 00:27:53,359 --> 00:27:57,280 Speaker 1: That included people like butchers, fishmongers, and candle makers who 448 00:27:57,359 --> 00:28:02,800 Speaker 1: were making their candles primarily from beefed In Fumafujim's third section, 449 00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:06,320 Speaker 1: Eveland calls for all the low grounds around London to 450 00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: be planted in fields of twenty thirty or forty acres 451 00:28:10,680 --> 00:28:14,840 Speaker 1: or more. These would be separated and enclosed by fences, 452 00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:18,520 Speaker 1: or palisades, and planted quote not much unlike to what 453 00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,359 Speaker 1: his Majesty has already begun by the wall from Old 454 00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:25,480 Speaker 1: Spring Garden to Saint James's in that park. They would 455 00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:29,240 Speaker 1: be elegantly arranged and diligently kept and supplied with quote 456 00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:33,320 Speaker 1: such shrubs as yield the most fragrant and odoriferous flowers, 457 00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:36,040 Speaker 1: and are apt to tinge the air upon every gentle 458 00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:39,520 Speaker 1: emission at a great distance. We already talked about how 459 00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:43,240 Speaker 1: he loved gardening and botany and nessas where he used 460 00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:46,120 Speaker 1: that knowledge to list off a number of possible plants. 461 00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:53,320 Speaker 1: They included sweetbriar, white and yellow, jasmine, bay, juniper, lavender, rosemary, 462 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,040 Speaker 1: and hops. And then in the spaces between those fences 463 00:28:57,080 --> 00:29:02,640 Speaker 1: and palisades, he recommends planting beds of flowers, including carnations, 464 00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:07,840 Speaker 1: violets and cowslips, lilies, narcissus, and strawberries. He thought that 465 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:08,720 Speaker 1: if fields like. 466 00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:12,600 Speaker 2: This were planted all around London, then the wind would 467 00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:16,600 Speaker 2: perpetually be bringing good smells into the city. And then 468 00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:20,160 Speaker 2: in the wintertime, branches and blossoms that had been pruned 469 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:23,120 Speaker 2: or picked from the plants could be burned for their fragrance. 470 00:29:24,120 --> 00:29:28,120 Speaker 2: These horticultural improvements may have been inspired by Eveland's friend 471 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:31,480 Speaker 2: John Beal, who had made some similar proposals a few 472 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:35,480 Speaker 2: years before. Beale had written a series of letters about 473 00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:38,760 Speaker 2: these ideas to Samuel Hartleb, who was also a member 474 00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:41,960 Speaker 2: of the Royal Society, and Heartleb had passed those on 475 00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 2: to evelin fibafugim ends quote and this is what I, 476 00:29:46,680 --> 00:29:50,400 Speaker 2: in short, had to offer for the improvement and melioration 477 00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:54,120 Speaker 2: of the air about London, and with which I shall 478 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:58,960 Speaker 2: conclude this discourse. Eveland delivered this proposal to the King, 479 00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:02,520 Speaker 2: and it seemed like Charles might have some interest in 480 00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,480 Speaker 2: pursuing it. For a couple of days he discussed it 481 00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:10,080 Speaker 2: at various meals and events, but none of Evelyn's proposals 482 00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:14,360 Speaker 2: were ultimately adopted, and while he was appointed to various commissions, 483 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,280 Speaker 2: this did not lead to the kind of work that 484 00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,400 Speaker 2: Evelyn had hoped to be doing or the kind of 485 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,320 Speaker 2: income he hoped to earn from it. In particular, his 486 00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:26,280 Speaker 2: role on the Commission for Sick and Wounded Mariners and 487 00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:29,440 Speaker 2: Prisoners of War was really hard work, and it was 488 00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:33,880 Speaker 2: personally expensive, and it involved his being exposed to illnesses, 489 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:38,720 Speaker 2: including the plague. However, from Aphogium went on to have 490 00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:42,480 Speaker 2: a life of its own that extended beyond Evelyn's lifetime. 491 00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:46,840 Speaker 2: It was reprinted several times during the eighteenth century in 492 00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:51,280 Speaker 2: response to rising rates of pollution and efforts to mitigate it. 493 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:55,600 Speaker 2: One of those reprintings was in seventeen seventy two by 494 00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:59,960 Speaker 2: Samuel Pegg the Younger, and his preface, Peg wrote quote, 495 00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:03,760 Speaker 2: we may observe how much the evil is increased since 496 00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:05,800 Speaker 2: the time this treatise was written. 497 00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:10,640 Speaker 1: Fumafujium has been reprinted at other points in the years 498 00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:14,600 Speaker 1: since then. For example, in nineteen thirty, during debates over 499 00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:17,920 Speaker 1: a potential new power station being built in Chelsea, the 500 00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:21,960 Speaker 1: Royal Society reprinted it quote in accordance with a general 501 00:31:22,040 --> 00:31:25,400 Speaker 1: desire reported in The Thames for November twenty ninth, nineteen 502 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:30,120 Speaker 1: twenty nine, when an extension of power stations emitting presumptuous 503 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:34,280 Speaker 1: smoke in London was under discussion. In nineteen sixty one, 504 00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 1: it was reprinted by the National Society for Clean Air. 505 00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:41,719 Speaker 2: Yeah, obviously the air of London is much cleaner than 506 00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,600 Speaker 2: it was in the seventeenth century, but it continued to 507 00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:49,000 Speaker 2: be really like very polluted for a long time. We 508 00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:53,360 Speaker 2: have episodes about some of the more modern events that 509 00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,840 Speaker 2: were tied to the levels of air pollution, like the 510 00:31:56,880 --> 00:32:01,760 Speaker 2: Great London Smog is I think the most memorable one 511 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:06,120 Speaker 2: when the atmospheric conditions led to a low lying fog 512 00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:10,560 Speaker 2: and smog layer that people literally could not see through. 513 00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:15,800 Speaker 1: Yuck. No thanks. Do you have listener mail that is 514 00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:19,120 Speaker 1: hopefully not so coded with smog you can't see it? 515 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:23,720 Speaker 1: I do have listener mail. It's from Caitlin. Caitln sends 516 00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:28,240 Speaker 1: us the greatest emails. Caitlin wrote, Dear Tracy and Holly. 517 00:32:28,280 --> 00:32:32,080 Speaker 1: I've written in many times over the years with anecdotes, connections, 518 00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:35,640 Speaker 1: or further details on various episodes, and the disability stories 519 00:32:35,720 --> 00:32:39,480 Speaker 1: always resonate deeply. I'm working on my PhD with a 520 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:43,880 Speaker 1: very historical focus on some aspects of disability studies, so 521 00:32:44,080 --> 00:32:47,760 Speaker 1: most of this episode was familiar ground. That episode was 522 00:32:47,760 --> 00:32:50,240 Speaker 1: the one that was about the five oh four sit 523 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:54,760 Speaker 1: ins from a couple of weeks ago. But I cannot 524 00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:57,360 Speaker 1: imagine the reach of this podcast when I lecture my 525 00:32:57,520 --> 00:33:01,160 Speaker 1: sixty students on five oh four EIGHTYA and other milestones 526 00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:04,440 Speaker 1: and the American disability rights movement each semester. It stays 527 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:08,120 Speaker 1: pretty local to those students. Thank you for bringing this 528 00:33:08,280 --> 00:33:10,400 Speaker 1: topic to more people who might not have had the 529 00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:13,480 Speaker 1: chance to learn about this in school. I thought some 530 00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:16,960 Speaker 1: etymology might be interesting for y'all. Why do we say 531 00:33:17,120 --> 00:33:20,960 Speaker 1: disabled and when did we stop saying handicapped? The short 532 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:23,520 Speaker 1: answer is disabled people asked us to, but the long 533 00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:28,200 Speaker 1: answer has more nuance. Handicap was actually a self identifier 534 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: used by disabled people as an alternative to crippled, which 535 00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:36,280 Speaker 1: had and has pejorative connotations of pity and shame attached. 536 00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:40,400 Speaker 1: Handicap comes from sports, where hand in cap style bets 537 00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:42,920 Speaker 1: would be used to try to compensate for horses or 538 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:48,040 Speaker 1: athletes having different skill levels. The betters would each offer 539 00:33:48,120 --> 00:33:51,040 Speaker 1: a wager of what they thought the particular advantage should be, 540 00:33:51,160 --> 00:33:54,760 Speaker 1: so better one think seabiscuit should start three links ahead 541 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:58,120 Speaker 1: of commodore, and better two think seabiscuit should start one 542 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:02,760 Speaker 1: length ahead. New arbiter would decide which of those offers 543 00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:05,680 Speaker 1: was most fair, and the parties could either agree and 544 00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,200 Speaker 1: make a bet or take their hand out of the cap. 545 00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:13,520 Speaker 1: This process quickly became metaphorical rather than using an actual cap, 546 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:17,400 Speaker 1: so for a person seeking another way to describe their 547 00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:20,200 Speaker 1: position in the world. The idea of a handicap, which 548 00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:23,920 Speaker 1: acknowledged and tried to account for a disadvantaged starting line, 549 00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:28,080 Speaker 1: was far superior to that of being crippled. Randolph Bourne, 550 00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:30,440 Speaker 1: who would be an excellent future episode, was one of 551 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:32,800 Speaker 1: the first to use the term in writing in nineteen 552 00:34:32,880 --> 00:34:37,360 Speaker 1: eleven in his essay A Philosophy of Handicap, and also 553 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:40,680 Speaker 1: published The Handicapped by one of them. It was the 554 00:34:40,719 --> 00:34:44,040 Speaker 1: preferred self identifier for other groups as well, including the 555 00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:47,280 Speaker 1: League of the Physically Handicapped, who lobbied for equal employment 556 00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:51,799 Speaker 1: assistance under the New Deal. In roughly the generation of 557 00:34:51,920 --> 00:34:55,840 Speaker 1: Judy Human, Kitty Kane, and Brad Lomax, disabled people began 558 00:34:55,920 --> 00:35:01,200 Speaker 1: to express frustration and disdain for handicapped. The reason why 559 00:35:01,320 --> 00:35:04,279 Speaker 1: varied from person to person, but one notion was that 560 00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:08,600 Speaker 1: it reinforced the idea that disability could be negated or rehabilitated, 561 00:35:09,160 --> 00:35:12,400 Speaker 1: rather than disability being an important and permanent part of 562 00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,600 Speaker 1: a person's identity. This got longer than I meant to 563 00:35:15,840 --> 00:35:18,200 Speaker 1: cons of writing about a topic I just finished pre 564 00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:21,800 Speaker 1: dissertation work on. Thank you again for your consistent dedication 565 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,480 Speaker 1: to showcasing the history of every kind of person, and 566 00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:26,799 Speaker 1: every kind of place and every kind of time just 567 00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:28,359 Speaker 1: changed the way I think about the world. Best. 568 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:32,400 Speaker 2: Caitlin ps, here are some pictures of my two cats, 569 00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:36,480 Speaker 2: Sharky Torty and Dmitri Orange, enjoying the sunbeams that light 570 00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:40,960 Speaker 2: our living room each afternoon. These cats are always so precious. 571 00:35:41,920 --> 00:35:44,840 Speaker 2: We have three cat pictures, all featuring sunbeams. 572 00:35:46,239 --> 00:35:46,680 Speaker 1: So good. 573 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:51,040 Speaker 2: So I love Caitlin's emails. They send us great emails, 574 00:35:51,719 --> 00:35:54,759 Speaker 2: many of them on these topics. I wanted to read 575 00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:59,280 Speaker 2: this one in particular because I noticed that language shift 576 00:35:59,480 --> 00:36:02,560 Speaker 2: in the five before research. I noticed that there were 577 00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:07,640 Speaker 2: people in that UH disabled activists, specifically in the five 578 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:10,680 Speaker 2: oh four episode, who were using the term handicapped to 579 00:36:10,719 --> 00:36:14,480 Speaker 2: describe themselves, and that also there were people using the 580 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:19,000 Speaker 2: word disabled and disabled seemed to be slightly more common 581 00:36:20,280 --> 00:36:23,880 Speaker 2: in the research in terms of like the first person quotes. 582 00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:30,520 Speaker 2: It was a little bit surprising to me, mostly because 583 00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:37,560 Speaker 2: I am a little bit younger than UH, like Judy 584 00:36:37,680 --> 00:36:41,000 Speaker 2: Human and Brad Lomax and Kitty Kohane. But my mom 585 00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:44,920 Speaker 2: worked with disabled people for a lot of her career, 586 00:36:47,160 --> 00:36:51,959 Speaker 2: and I was seeing the term handicapped in a lot 587 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:53,080 Speaker 2: of what she was doing. 588 00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:53,800 Speaker 1: Yeah. 589 00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:56,560 Speaker 2: Uh, you know, a couple of decades after the five 590 00:36:56,600 --> 00:37:00,200 Speaker 2: O four sentance took place, I was a little little 591 00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:04,799 Speaker 2: bit surprised at how early the word disabled and disability 592 00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,600 Speaker 2: was in like the common use of the people who 593 00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:12,080 Speaker 2: were actually disability activists at that time. I also think 594 00:37:12,120 --> 00:37:14,080 Speaker 2: this is such a good email in terms of how 595 00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:18,080 Speaker 2: language works for a lot of groups and their lot 596 00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:21,720 Speaker 2: of self advocacy. And we have talked about that before 597 00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:26,120 Speaker 2: in other contexts like the civil rights movement and whether 598 00:37:26,239 --> 00:37:30,080 Speaker 2: the preferred term has been black or before that African 599 00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:33,040 Speaker 2: American or before that Negro, and a lot of those 600 00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:38,520 Speaker 2: have been self identifiers that people adopted because it felt 601 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:43,080 Speaker 2: better and more reflective of their self and goals than 602 00:37:43,239 --> 00:37:48,200 Speaker 2: earlier terminology. But then eventually, for various reasons, a different 603 00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,799 Speaker 2: word becomes the preferred word. And that is normal, and 604 00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:58,600 Speaker 2: no one needs to have a panic about it, Uh right, 605 00:37:59,280 --> 00:38:01,960 Speaker 2: and act like it is the biggest burden in the 606 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:06,799 Speaker 2: world to update your language use. Yeah, because someone has 607 00:38:06,840 --> 00:38:07,400 Speaker 2: asked you to. 608 00:38:08,320 --> 00:38:10,400 Speaker 1: I'm super glad this came up, because I don't know 609 00:38:10,440 --> 00:38:13,279 Speaker 1: if you caught it. I caught it, and like my 610 00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:15,359 Speaker 1: brain didn't register it, and then like a week later, 611 00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:17,160 Speaker 1: my brain went, hey, that thing you were thinking, this 612 00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:20,920 Speaker 1: is what happened when we did behind the scenes, I 613 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,160 Speaker 1: referred to a parking space as a handicapped parking space, 614 00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:26,319 Speaker 1: and I all right, occurred to me later and I 615 00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,520 Speaker 1: was like, I hope nobody thought I was being a 616 00:38:29,640 --> 00:38:31,799 Speaker 1: jerk there, But that's one of those things that you 617 00:38:31,880 --> 00:38:34,440 Speaker 1: and I grew up with them being always called that, 618 00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:37,680 Speaker 1: and like it's almost hardwired saying that on the sign. 619 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:38,320 Speaker 2: Yeah. 620 00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:41,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, my brain just took like ten days to 621 00:38:41,560 --> 00:38:43,520 Speaker 1: do the math on it and be like you gotta uprate. 622 00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:46,360 Speaker 2: Yeah, and today that would more often be like the 623 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:51,000 Speaker 2: accessible parking spot. Yeah, the accessible did not even register 624 00:38:51,080 --> 00:38:55,160 Speaker 2: to me. So yeah, not intentionally thoughtless, but thoughtless just 625 00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:55,560 Speaker 2: the same. 626 00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:56,560 Speaker 1: Yeah. 627 00:38:56,680 --> 00:39:00,120 Speaker 2: So thank you again, Caitlin. You've sent us so many 628 00:39:00,160 --> 00:39:03,359 Speaker 2: great emails. I genuinely love them every time I get one. 629 00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:06,640 Speaker 2: If you would like to send us a note about 630 00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:09,160 Speaker 2: this or any other podcast or at History Podcasts at 631 00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:12,240 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio dot com, and you can subscribe to the show 632 00:39:12,520 --> 00:39:14,759 Speaker 2: on the iHeartRadio app or anywhere else you'd like to 633 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:22,600 Speaker 2: get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is 634 00:39:22,640 --> 00:39:27,000 Speaker 2: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 635 00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,480 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 636 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:33,400 Speaker 2: your favorite shows.