1 00:00:05,400 --> 00:00:07,680 Speaker 1: When I was growing up in Arkansas. My mother was 2 00:00:07,720 --> 00:00:10,840 Speaker 1: a nurse and esthetist, so from an early age I 3 00:00:10,880 --> 00:00:14,160 Speaker 1: spent a lot of time in and around hospitals, which 4 00:00:14,320 --> 00:00:18,400 Speaker 1: led to a lifelong fascination with medicine, science, and public health. 5 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:23,440 Speaker 1: That's why the COVID nineteen pandemic began to unfold. It 6 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:26,560 Speaker 1: was so shocking and disheartening to see the way the 7 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:31,120 Speaker 1: federal government and many others across our society responded. From 8 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:33,720 Speaker 1: the time the first cases of the coronavirus began to 9 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:36,160 Speaker 1: be reported here in the US just around this time 10 00:00:36,280 --> 00:00:40,240 Speaker 1: last year, America found itself in a battle against two 11 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:45,200 Speaker 1: interconnected diseases. First COVID nineteen, which has now claimed hundreds 12 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:48,440 Speaker 1: of thousands of lives and up ended the way we work, live, 13 00:00:48,479 --> 00:00:52,640 Speaker 1: and interact with each other. And the second is a 14 00:00:52,720 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 1: major reason why COVID was able to claim such a 15 00:00:55,440 --> 00:01:01,280 Speaker 1: devastating toll, the malignant spreading of misinformation and downplaying of 16 00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:04,679 Speaker 1: the seriousness of the virus. There were people with any 17 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:07,800 Speaker 1: theological agenda telling the public that COVID nineteen was far 18 00:01:07,920 --> 00:01:11,720 Speaker 1: less dangerous than the flu, that different drugs or supplements 19 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:16,480 Speaker 1: could effectively treat the virus, without any supporting evidence that 20 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:20,560 Speaker 1: social distancing and the use of masks were unnecessary, long 21 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:25,199 Speaker 1: after the science had shown otherwise that the number of cases, hospitalizations, 22 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: and deaths were overblown, even said that the doctors working 23 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:31,839 Speaker 1: tirelessly on the front lines and risking their own lives 24 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:36,360 Speaker 1: to save patients were inflating numbers from monetary gain. And 25 00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,679 Speaker 1: the list goes on and on. So why am I 26 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:43,360 Speaker 1: telling you this? Because you can't effectively confront any health 27 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:48,720 Speaker 1: crisis without clear, science driven information for the public. I'm 28 00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: very grateful the new Biden administration is empowered scientists and 29 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:55,760 Speaker 1: public health experts like Dr Fauci to speak to the 30 00:01:55,760 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: American people and guide our response. And I'm very grateful 31 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: too to all those who work so hard to cut 32 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,600 Speaker 1: through misinformation so that people can stay informed and keep 33 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:09,280 Speaker 1: themselves and their families and neighbors safe. And that's why 34 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: I'm glad to have someone with me today who's been 35 00:02:11,760 --> 00:02:15,360 Speaker 1: one of America's most trusted medical sources for decades and 36 00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: especially over the last year, Dr Sanjay Gupta as CNN's 37 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 1: chief medical correspondent and an associate professor of neurosurgery at 38 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 1: Emory University Hospital in Atlanta. Throughout the pandemic. Sanjay's dispatches 39 00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:34,120 Speaker 1: have given practical tips for staying healthy and build trust 40 00:02:34,160 --> 00:02:38,440 Speaker 1: in science and medicine, including recently taking the COVID nineteen 41 00:02:38,560 --> 00:02:42,680 Speaker 1: vaccine on camera to prove its safety. He's also a 42 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:46,440 Speaker 1: prolific author whose new book, Keep Sharp is full of 43 00:02:46,480 --> 00:02:49,960 Speaker 1: ways to improve brain health, something I have always been 44 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:53,160 Speaker 1: interested in and at the age of seventy four of 45 00:02:53,360 --> 00:02:57,280 Speaker 1: now virtually obsessed by it. So Sanjay, thanks for being 46 00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,200 Speaker 1: here today. What an honor. Mr. Residents, So delighted to 47 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:03,720 Speaker 1: be with you. I can see you the listeners, cannot 48 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:07,280 Speaker 1: you look fantastic. I'll just throw that in there as well. Well, 49 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:10,160 Speaker 1: I'm trying to follow the advice in your book. Uh, 50 00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:13,960 Speaker 1: we're nearly a year end of the pandemic of what 51 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:18,360 Speaker 1: a year ago seemed to be concentrated in New York 52 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:22,160 Speaker 1: and Washington State in California has now spread across the 53 00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:27,760 Speaker 1: country and it's still claiming a couple of thousands of 54 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:33,360 Speaker 1: our citizens every day. So briefly, tell us, in broad strokes, 55 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: where are we now? What should someone listening know and do? 56 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:43,520 Speaker 1: As we continue to navigate and hope for a time 57 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: of return to a more normal life. I when when 58 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 1: I first started reporting on this, there was all these 59 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:53,400 Speaker 1: models we would we would look at, and I always 60 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,320 Speaker 1: sort of picked a mid range model to share with 61 00:03:56,720 --> 00:03:59,200 Speaker 1: the public as part of our reports. You know, I 62 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,720 Speaker 1: I justify it by looking at all the various factors. 63 00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:05,400 Speaker 1: UH didn't want to give the best case scenario because 64 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: that didn't look like it was gonna happen based on 65 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 1: what we were seeing initially, but the worst case scenario 66 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:14,760 Speaker 1: was really frightening. Um over the last couple of weeks, 67 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:19,160 Speaker 1: we have surpassed the worst case scenario model. And I'm 68 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: even careful and how I want to give that information 69 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:23,440 Speaker 1: to the public. Who, I mean, what value does it serve? 70 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:25,760 Speaker 1: But but the truth is that that is the case 71 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:28,480 Speaker 1: that even if you looked at all the worst case models, 72 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:33,279 Speaker 1: we're past those. So it's it's it's pretty it's pretty 73 00:04:33,360 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 1: dark days. There is going to be a peak and 74 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:39,159 Speaker 1: then we will come out the back side of this curve. 75 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:41,479 Speaker 1: The question is how high will be that peak, and 76 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:43,640 Speaker 1: how long will we stay there? Will we how long 77 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: will we plateau there? And and and what's happening right now? 78 00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:51,200 Speaker 1: We'll dictate that and that's all human behavior. UH, the 79 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:53,279 Speaker 1: the the The other thing I will say is that 80 00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: the vaccines are incredible. They really are. Can can I 81 00:04:57,800 --> 00:04:59,960 Speaker 1: just tell you that the story because you you probab 82 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:03,800 Speaker 1: know the story. But I am so blown away by 83 00:05:03,839 --> 00:05:05,520 Speaker 1: this story and I and I think it's also one 84 00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 1: of the brightest spots in this pandemic. Just three or 85 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,680 Speaker 1: four days after the genetic code for this virus was 86 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:17,600 Speaker 1: shared with the world, just a couple of days after that, 87 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: the vaccine platforms were set. I mean, the amount of 88 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 1: scientific develop and these were guys who took a code 89 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: and we're writing down their their platform on the back 90 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:30,719 Speaker 1: of napkins and sharing it with other scientists and doing 91 00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:34,120 Speaker 1: this over you know, over zoom calls because people were 92 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:36,160 Speaker 1: talking all over the world. They came up with the 93 00:05:36,240 --> 00:05:40,520 Speaker 1: vaccine platform really fast. And two months after that genetic 94 00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:44,200 Speaker 1: code was initially shared, trials were started, shots were going 95 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: into arms. So it's an incredible, incredible story of medical innovation. 96 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: And I and I just you know, it's been so 97 00:05:50,680 --> 00:05:53,440 Speaker 1: few things to celebrate. I'll be honest with you, Mr President, 98 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:58,240 Speaker 1: that I maybe get particularly excited about this, but there 99 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:01,160 Speaker 1: are diseases that you will and I mean HIV, AIDS, 100 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:04,919 Speaker 1: forty years been trying to get a vaccine and we 101 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:10,159 Speaker 1: don't have one. To have to authorized vaccines within a 102 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 1: year by the end of two thousand twenty was truly 103 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:16,560 Speaker 1: a remarkable thing, and I think, frankly, probably has changed 104 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:21,880 Speaker 1: medical innovation forever, not just around pandemics, but just forever. 105 00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:24,400 Speaker 1: What we were able to do with our backs up 106 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:27,560 Speaker 1: against the wall. The system doesn't get pressured like that 107 00:06:27,680 --> 00:06:31,120 Speaker 1: very often during times of conflict, yes, a pandemic. Some 108 00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:34,240 Speaker 1: of our greatest medical achievements come about during these very 109 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,000 Speaker 1: dire circumstances, and that was the case here as well. 110 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:40,800 Speaker 1: A lot of just ordinary citizens do wonder if there 111 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:45,880 Speaker 1: is any chance, however, remote taking this vaccine could alter 112 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:49,160 Speaker 1: their DNA. And the answer to that is no. But 113 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: why don't you explain to him, why why can't it 114 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 1: alter my DNA? It is a genetic based vaccine, but 115 00:06:56,520 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 1: it's an messenger RNA. This isn't sort of the blueprint 116 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: for anything that would come in there and basically compete 117 00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: with your own blueprint. And if I can mispresent fight 118 00:07:08,440 --> 00:07:10,880 Speaker 1: just on the healthcare workers. So many healthcare workers who 119 00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:15,800 Speaker 1: are not getting vaccinated as well, have a distrust of 120 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:21,160 Speaker 1: the entire system because many of them who who maybe 121 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:26,920 Speaker 1: uh UM black or brown healthcare workers have seen some 122 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:30,560 Speaker 1: of these vaccine trials in the past. They've seen other 123 00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:35,000 Speaker 1: medical trials that have been outright discriminatory, and I think 124 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:39,720 Speaker 1: there is a real long standing uh hangover effect from that. 125 00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:43,320 Speaker 1: So I think that's that's driving a lot of vaccine 126 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:47,800 Speaker 1: hesitancy among African Americans. Among Latinos as well. We've seen 127 00:07:47,840 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 1: that and there's been these incredible outreach campaigns like Morehouse 128 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:53,960 Speaker 1: School of Medicine, and you've had people come and lead 129 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 1: vaccination campaigns. But I do think that that's driving it. 130 00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 1: And that's been another theme we've seen throughout this pandemic, 131 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: these these disparities based on history, but this time there 132 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 1: was an effort to make sure we had a diverse 133 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:09,920 Speaker 1: pool of people on whom the vaccine was says absolutely, 134 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:13,520 Speaker 1: it was. It was a there was there was two 135 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:16,119 Speaker 1: really interesting things. There was a commitment to really getting 136 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: that that the trial participants to to represent the burden 137 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:22,680 Speaker 1: of this disease. Right. It wasn't just saying, hey, there's 138 00:08:22,680 --> 00:08:25,600 Speaker 1: twelve percent African Americans, is this percent this, and let's 139 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:27,160 Speaker 1: do that in the trial. It's like who did this 140 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:31,200 Speaker 1: disease burden. We should have that be representative in these 141 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:34,480 Speaker 1: in the in the percentage of trial participants, and then 142 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:37,199 Speaker 1: just about every step of the way in terms of 143 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:41,520 Speaker 1: the vaccine development from the basic scientists. Uh, there's a 144 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:44,000 Speaker 1: thirty four year old woman working at the ni H 145 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:48,200 Speaker 1: named Kiszy Corbett who, first of all, she's thirty four 146 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:51,200 Speaker 1: years old, so regardless of anything else, it's incredible that 147 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: she is at the forefront of developing a vaccine in 148 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: the middle of a pandemic, this black woman. I've interviewed her, 149 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:01,440 Speaker 1: you know, several times, so improssed and had these incredible 150 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:03,800 Speaker 1: ideas about how to really make this MR and a 151 00:09:03,880 --> 00:09:06,720 Speaker 1: vaccine work. But you had all these scientists every step 152 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:08,600 Speaker 1: of the way who've been part of the process as well, 153 00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:14,440 Speaker 1: who are African American, who are Latino. But there's still hesitancy. Mr. President, 154 00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: there's still there's still this this hesitancy that exists. It's 155 00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:21,600 Speaker 1: it's improved, but it's definitely out there. You know. If 156 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:26,600 Speaker 1: Francis Collins, who he was there with me and when 157 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,360 Speaker 1: I was President when we first sequenced the human genome, 158 00:09:30,520 --> 00:09:33,959 Speaker 1: is a very devout Christian and he wrote a book 159 00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:41,000 Speaker 1: about reconciling his faith with his scientific endeavors about three 160 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:44,800 Speaker 1: years ago, and I just went back and reread it, 161 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 1: just because maybe we need to learn to speak two 162 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:52,320 Speaker 1: people for whom religion is a factor in all this, 163 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:56,079 Speaker 1: uh in a different way. And then then there are 164 00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:59,240 Speaker 1: those for whom it is, as you said, just politics, 165 00:09:59,240 --> 00:10:02,760 Speaker 1: who believe of some talk show host says something that 166 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:06,760 Speaker 1: because I agree with them politically, that they're all of 167 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,000 Speaker 1: a sudden, by definition, a greater authority than Sanjay Gupta. 168 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: I think that's absurd, and that's going to take longer 169 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:16,200 Speaker 1: to fix. But we got to figure out a solution 170 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:19,000 Speaker 1: to this. I mean the I was thinking about these 171 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 1: healthcare workers of our healthcare workforce has declined to take 172 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:28,520 Speaker 1: the vaccine. When Governor Cloma, when New York was hit 173 00:10:28,600 --> 00:10:30,360 Speaker 1: so hard to send out a call, you know, for 174 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:34,400 Speaker 1: I can't remember a hundred thousand or something retired healthcare 175 00:10:34,480 --> 00:10:38,319 Speaker 1: workers and others to come help. Thirty thou people came 176 00:10:38,360 --> 00:10:42,400 Speaker 1: from another other states to New York and risk their lives. 177 00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: And and then all these volunteers, people who were in 178 00:10:47,120 --> 00:10:51,000 Speaker 1: vulnerable age groups themselves came back and to think that 179 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:56,040 Speaker 1: they are now afraid some of them to accept the 180 00:10:56,080 --> 00:11:00,439 Speaker 1: fruits of their labor, their sacrifice. I was trying to 181 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:02,880 Speaker 1: keep people alove. It's really troubling to me. One of 182 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: the things that I was so at the beginning of 183 00:11:04,760 --> 00:11:08,240 Speaker 1: the pandemic so heartened by. You remember seven o'clock every night, 184 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:11,880 Speaker 1: you'd hear people banging on their pots and pans and 185 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:14,840 Speaker 1: screaming and people pull the sirens, you know, and just 186 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:18,760 Speaker 1: it was it was a very celebratory thing. And they're 187 00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:22,679 Speaker 1: celebrating healthcare workers and and I love that. And that was, 188 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:27,520 Speaker 1: you know, spring of two thousand twenty. And now, Mr President, 189 00:11:27,679 --> 00:11:31,720 Speaker 1: I mean, things have changed, and and what has changed 190 00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 1: is that those same healthcare workers, some of them get threatened, 191 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:37,000 Speaker 1: you know, for wearing a mask. They get they get 192 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:41,520 Speaker 1: an arguments with people. I mean, it's it's really it's 193 00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: really incredible to me that that within this time period, 194 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:49,680 Speaker 1: just how much our attitudes have shifted towards healthcare workers, 195 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: these heroes, these people who we really wanted to celebrate, 196 00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:54,760 Speaker 1: and now you know, they're just these bearers of bad 197 00:11:54,840 --> 00:11:57,960 Speaker 1: news who no one wants to really hear from. It's 198 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: it's it's a real cognitive dissonance. I think for for 199 00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:04,200 Speaker 1: healthcare workers. I was in the hospital the other day. 200 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:07,160 Speaker 1: I'm still practicing, and I was up on the COVID unit. 201 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: I don't I'm I'm a neurosurgeon, so I'm not directly 202 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:13,000 Speaker 1: taking care of COVID patients. But sometimes my patients will 203 00:12:13,080 --> 00:12:15,320 Speaker 1: end up on the COVID unit because they get diagnosed 204 00:12:15,320 --> 00:12:19,880 Speaker 1: with COVID. And I was up there, and you've seen 205 00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:22,960 Speaker 1: some of these images. I'm sure Mr President's COVID units. 206 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: But first of all, they're they're jam packed. Sometimes I 207 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:28,760 Speaker 1: see use have a couple of extra beds. You're you're 208 00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: finding space wherever you can find them. And they do 209 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:36,400 Speaker 1: this thing called proning the patient. You may have heard. 210 00:12:36,440 --> 00:12:38,040 Speaker 1: It basically means to set a line on your back, 211 00:12:38,080 --> 00:12:41,360 Speaker 1: your line in your stomach, and they do this because 212 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:43,360 Speaker 1: they found that it made it a lot easier for 213 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,440 Speaker 1: people who with COVID to breathe. But they gotta then 214 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:48,960 Speaker 1: strapped the patient in with these belts and these sheets 215 00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:51,840 Speaker 1: and everything, and the patient's not the most comfortable. But 216 00:12:51,880 --> 00:12:54,079 Speaker 1: then sometimes they bring in these iPads and the person 217 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: would be talking to their family and sometimes they'd be 218 00:12:56,920 --> 00:12:59,839 Speaker 1: saying goodbye and that and that that was true. I mean, 219 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:02,120 Speaker 1: that's just I mean, I'm not trying to paint that. 220 00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 1: I saw this so proning patients looking at iPads, and 221 00:13:05,840 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: I would see this, and then I would go home 222 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 1: in my car, drive by the gas station and I'm 223 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:13,600 Speaker 1: filling my gas and I had my mask on, and 224 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:15,840 Speaker 1: some guys give me a funny look like, hey, you know, 225 00:13:15,880 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: what's up with the masks sort of thing. It was whiplash. 226 00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:22,560 Speaker 1: I just saw a guy saying goodbye to his family 227 00:13:22,559 --> 00:13:24,720 Speaker 1: on his iPad, and you know, he's around my age, 228 00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:27,840 Speaker 1: and and uh and now some guy who's altar around 229 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:29,480 Speaker 1: my age is given me a hard time about wearing 230 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:33,160 Speaker 1: a mask. That was happening, like, you know, throughout this 231 00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:35,439 Speaker 1: this pandemic. I think for a lot of healthcare workers, 232 00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:37,440 Speaker 1: how can you not take this seriously? If you can 233 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:41,200 Speaker 1: only see what I am seeing? What's your take on 234 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:45,360 Speaker 1: what we should do now and in the future, even 235 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:49,160 Speaker 1: if the hopefully knock on wood the threat of coronavirus 236 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:55,760 Speaker 1: becomes more manageable than the receides. To restore faith in 237 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,199 Speaker 1: basic scientific information, it's really hard for me to talk 238 00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:02,760 Speaker 1: to people because it's not like, you know, the people 239 00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:05,840 Speaker 1: that do this science work. It's their lives, they're dedicated, 240 00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:08,959 Speaker 1: they're good people, they have no interest in failing that 241 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:11,880 Speaker 1: have Nobody can ever give me a motive for why 242 00:14:11,920 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: people would try to do something that's dishonest. It seems 243 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: so irrational. What what do you think we should do 244 00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:27,200 Speaker 1: going forward to try to shift this in our country, 245 00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:30,120 Speaker 1: even if it's a slow process. You know, I think 246 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:33,560 Speaker 1: we can always do a better job in messaging. You know, 247 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,720 Speaker 1: I think some of the back and forth, for example, 248 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:40,000 Speaker 1: at the beginning on masks, I think we're you know, 249 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:44,840 Speaker 1: left people confused about things, um even talking about the vaccines, 250 00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:47,640 Speaker 1: you know, being very careful and specific and how we 251 00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:50,480 Speaker 1: phrase things a genetic vaccine. But here's what that means. 252 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:53,360 Speaker 1: You know, that that sort of stuff anticipating you know, 253 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,600 Speaker 1: people's concerns as opposed to ignoring or even demeaning them, 254 00:14:56,920 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: which is why I think the arrogance sort of thing 255 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:02,440 Speaker 1: comes in. But the biggest thing I think, Mr President, 256 00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:06,160 Speaker 1: is that it's just I think there's certain places in 257 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:08,480 Speaker 1: our society that just have to be the honest brokers 258 00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:11,960 Speaker 1: they can they cannot be entangled with politics at all 259 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:16,120 Speaker 1: in this regard. They have to be boring, disentangled sort 260 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:19,000 Speaker 1: of institutions, and I think doctors is a general rule. 261 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:21,120 Speaker 1: You know, people who are providing direct care to patients 262 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:23,760 Speaker 1: do that. They look, I'm not always gonna tell you 263 00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:25,440 Speaker 1: what you want to hear, but you know that I'm 264 00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:27,200 Speaker 1: being a hunter percent honest with you, and I only 265 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:29,760 Speaker 1: have your best interests in mind. Who are those people 266 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:33,200 Speaker 1: in our society? Scientists, I think you know, and doctors 267 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:35,480 Speaker 1: you know have helped that role in many and there's 268 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:37,480 Speaker 1: others as well, not not just them, but I'm saying 269 00:15:37,480 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: that they've had that role. But once this process became 270 00:15:40,280 --> 00:15:43,960 Speaker 1: so entangled politically, I think that that was That's the 271 00:15:43,960 --> 00:15:46,640 Speaker 1: major thing that you have to avoid that at all costs. 272 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:49,800 Speaker 1: People need to understand that. So I think if I 273 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 1: understood the scientific method better, that that knowledge, practical knowledge 274 00:15:55,800 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: that human beings used is always evolving. And we may 275 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:07,560 Speaker 1: see facts today which seemed to be right, but a 276 00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:11,240 Speaker 1: new paradigm could take over tomorrow, or ten years from now, 277 00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:14,680 Speaker 1: or twenty years from now. But the way humanity progresses 278 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:22,160 Speaker 1: is in these logical steps, which means you always have 279 00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,520 Speaker 1: to be prepared to meet you're wrong. We have too 280 00:16:25,560 --> 00:16:30,280 Speaker 1: many people in America today who believe that if they 281 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: ever have to admit they're wrong, they'll vanish and go away. 282 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:36,480 Speaker 1: They won't exist anymore, you know. And I think we 283 00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:40,960 Speaker 1: have to get more comfortable with that. We need. It's 284 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: now seen as political betrayal, our professional suicide. And I 285 00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:52,240 Speaker 1: think that the whole business of science sees error as 286 00:16:52,280 --> 00:16:58,440 Speaker 1: your friend. And life is much more like science or 287 00:16:58,480 --> 00:17:04,440 Speaker 1: should be a healthy life than it is about dreading 288 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:10,439 Speaker 1: error and claiming infallibility. Somehow we have to there's a 289 00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:14,639 Speaker 1: psychological key we have to unlock here. I think. I 290 00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:17,680 Speaker 1: think what you said is so is so, it's so right. 291 00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:22,080 Speaker 1: I think that um UM in in med school and 292 00:17:22,280 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: in residency training, this idea that you have to to 293 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:31,160 Speaker 1: fail in order to learn um. It's almost more like battleship, 294 00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:33,360 Speaker 1: like I'm gonna zero in on the exact right thing, 295 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:35,520 Speaker 1: but I have to make a bunch of attempts to 296 00:17:35,520 --> 00:17:38,080 Speaker 1: get there. Is sort of part of the culture. But 297 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:40,160 Speaker 1: you're right, I think in many parts of our society 298 00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:44,119 Speaker 1: it's it's um. It's really it's really hard to to 299 00:17:44,119 --> 00:17:48,560 Speaker 1: to if you admit failure, have you lost trust or 300 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:50,480 Speaker 1: is the public no longer going to trust you as much? 301 00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:53,720 Speaker 1: And if you're a scientist, that matters. So that it's 302 00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:56,720 Speaker 1: it's it makes it a very difficult situation. Science is 303 00:17:56,760 --> 00:18:03,800 Speaker 1: a process, and you don't become smaller by acknowledging error. 304 00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:08,359 Speaker 1: You become bigger and you grow more. We somehow we 305 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: got to get comfortable with that again, Yeah, I do. 306 00:18:11,280 --> 00:18:13,720 Speaker 1: Do you think it's a pendulum swing? Mr? President? I 307 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,159 Speaker 1: mean are we are? We? Has this been a trajectory? 308 00:18:16,160 --> 00:18:20,120 Speaker 1: We were less and less comfortable with admitting error. Sure, 309 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:24,760 Speaker 1: look up. What brought on the Age of reason centuries 310 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:29,880 Speaker 1: ago was, in no small measure the reaction to institutions 311 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:34,040 Speaker 1: and individuals that claimed infallibility and made decisions which had 312 00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:40,119 Speaker 1: disastrous results. So human reason the effort to think things 313 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:43,080 Speaker 1: through and work with others who are thinking things through, 314 00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:45,920 Speaker 1: and then debate with people who disagreed with you as 315 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:50,880 Speaker 1: you thought things through, we all believed it would lead 316 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:58,760 Speaker 1: to something better. Uh. Then over time, over many centuries, 317 00:18:58,920 --> 00:19:04,040 Speaker 1: most self governing institutions have ultimately failed because of the 318 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:08,320 Speaker 1: they like, the individual and collective discipline to deal with 319 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:15,119 Speaker 1: thorny problems and disappointment, and the darker size of human 320 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:19,320 Speaker 1: nature in terms of discrimination and fear of failure. So 321 00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:22,680 Speaker 1: it's it's it's a process you just have to keep going. 322 00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: Stay tuned for more of the conversation after this short break. 323 00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 1: So let me ask, let's let's shift a minute to 324 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:45,560 Speaker 1: your new book, because before we started the conversation formally, 325 00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:47,880 Speaker 1: I told you, you you know, I've reached the age now 326 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:52,520 Speaker 1: where building a better brain at any age it may 327 00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:54,800 Speaker 1: seem like a pipe brain, but it's a beautiful one 328 00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: to me. And I don't know how long I'm gonna live. 329 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:01,720 Speaker 1: I'm ust I'm the already the oldest man in my 330 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,800 Speaker 1: family for three generations. But however long I live, I'd 331 00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:07,720 Speaker 1: like to hold on to my marbles as long as 332 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:11,119 Speaker 1: I can. And you've written a book for people really 333 00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:15,600 Speaker 1: of all ages about the Can you briefly summarize what 334 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:17,520 Speaker 1: do you think the most important thing to do in 335 00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:22,160 Speaker 1: maintaining and improving the way your brain works? Absolutely? Um, 336 00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,200 Speaker 1: This starts with they what they premised that the neuroscience 337 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:28,200 Speaker 1: community is known for some time and the public is 338 00:20:28,359 --> 00:20:30,840 Speaker 1: now catching up. And that's that's part of what inspired 339 00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:32,760 Speaker 1: me to write the book, and that is that I 340 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: think for a long time, the widely held belief was 341 00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,800 Speaker 1: that when it came to your brain, when it came 342 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:42,439 Speaker 1: to neurons in your brain cells. You had a certain 343 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:45,240 Speaker 1: cash of of of these cells, and they slowly drained 344 00:20:45,320 --> 00:20:47,920 Speaker 1: sort of as life went on, wear and tear, kind 345 00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:50,359 Speaker 1: of like you see in other organs and other body 346 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:53,720 Speaker 1: systems and things like that. There's only two times in 347 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:55,680 Speaker 1: your life when you could actually grow new brain cells, 348 00:20:55,680 --> 00:21:00,280 Speaker 1: according to previously conventional wisdom, and that was in your 349 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:04,119 Speaker 1: baby and developing, you know still and and then also 350 00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:07,880 Speaker 1: after a particular injury like a stroke or traumatic brain injury, 351 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:10,640 Speaker 1: your brain might be a sort of stimulated to crown 352 00:21:10,640 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: new brain cells. Then that was it. That was the belief. 353 00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,320 Speaker 1: What we've learned over the last ten years is that 354 00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,600 Speaker 1: throughout your entire life you can go through the process 355 00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:24,320 Speaker 1: of what's called neurogenesis, which is basically the growth of 356 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:27,080 Speaker 1: new brain cells that can happen throughout your entire life. 357 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:30,639 Speaker 1: That may sound like a simple statement, but that was 358 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:34,120 Speaker 1: that was that was very transformative in the world of neuroscience. 359 00:21:34,720 --> 00:21:37,720 Speaker 1: So if you could do if it happening, you're actually 360 00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:40,560 Speaker 1: growing new brain cells throughout your life, the next obvious 361 00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:42,600 Speaker 1: question was how do you do it? You know, what 362 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:45,720 Speaker 1: do you do? And and that was that was the 363 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,600 Speaker 1: real journey so I'll tell you some of the things 364 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,359 Speaker 1: that I learned, and also prefaced by saying, there are 365 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:55,639 Speaker 1: places around the world where rates of dementia are a 366 00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,840 Speaker 1: small fraction of what they are here in the United States. 367 00:21:58,240 --> 00:21:59,960 Speaker 1: And by the way, they typically have lower rates of 368 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,480 Speaker 1: heart disease and diabetes and things like that as well. 369 00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:07,320 Speaker 1: That is true. We are all humans, and yet because 370 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:10,240 Speaker 1: of where they live, how they live things like that, 371 00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,359 Speaker 1: they have a fraction of these diseases. That's so plague 372 00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:16,600 Speaker 1: us in this country. So the idea that the lifestyle 373 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:19,800 Speaker 1: had something to do with it was was widely accepted. 374 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:23,600 Speaker 1: It wasn't just going to be therapeutics and medicines. These 375 00:22:23,720 --> 00:22:26,440 Speaker 1: people who had much lower rates of disease weren't taking 376 00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:30,040 Speaker 1: any therapeutics and medicines. They just had lower rates. The 377 00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:33,160 Speaker 1: way I sort of approached it was to say, here's 378 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:35,880 Speaker 1: the five pillars of how we live, how we move, 379 00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:38,679 Speaker 1: how we eat, how we rest, how we develop connections, 380 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:41,359 Speaker 1: how we find purpose in our lives, and then basically 381 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:45,760 Speaker 1: scientifically validate deconstruct one's life and say, here are the 382 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,639 Speaker 1: best evidence based things you should be doing if you 383 00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:52,320 Speaker 1: want to have a sharp brain. Now, if you want 384 00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:56,040 Speaker 1: to develop this process of neurogenesis and you want to 385 00:22:56,040 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: protect your brain later. That's how I sort of approached it. 386 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:01,919 Speaker 1: And and the evidence is incredible. You know, the evidence 387 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:03,479 Speaker 1: has been there. In some ways, I just acted as 388 00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:07,880 Speaker 1: a translator, you know, between the neuroscience research that's magnificent 389 00:23:07,920 --> 00:23:10,399 Speaker 1: and wonderful and what the public wants to know. What 390 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:17,920 Speaker 1: you're basically saying is exercise, appropriate risk, appropriate dot and 391 00:23:17,960 --> 00:23:24,640 Speaker 1: then having social connections and a and a purpose beyond yourself. 392 00:23:25,119 --> 00:23:28,520 Speaker 1: Those things are the five most important things. One thing 393 00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:32,000 Speaker 1: I will say is I avoided using certain words in 394 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:34,000 Speaker 1: the book. I don't know if you've noticed that exercise 395 00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:35,960 Speaker 1: is not a word I use very often. I use 396 00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,880 Speaker 1: the word movement. And and I found that in many 397 00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:43,399 Speaker 1: of these places that I was describing, where they don't 398 00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:47,720 Speaker 1: have very high rates of dementia at all, there was 399 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 1: something else they often didn't have, and that was Jim's um. 400 00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:53,879 Speaker 1: I got nothing against gems, but my point is that 401 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:57,359 Speaker 1: going to the gym wasn't really the point. The idea 402 00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 1: of sitting or lying for twenty three hours a day 403 00:24:00,119 --> 00:24:01,680 Speaker 1: and then going to the gym for an hour day 404 00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:05,120 Speaker 1: wasn't really the point. That's not how human beings were designed, 405 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:07,959 Speaker 1: so it was really all about movement. It was. It 406 00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:10,679 Speaker 1: was it was less of thinking of activity as the 407 00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:14,600 Speaker 1: cure and more like thinking of inactivity as the disease. 408 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,399 Speaker 1: Just don't be inactive. If you're about to sit, ask 409 00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:21,159 Speaker 1: can I be standing instead? If you're about to, you know, 410 00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:23,680 Speaker 1: do something that's highly convenient, can I take a few 411 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:26,840 Speaker 1: steps instead? It's a way of life, it's it's in 412 00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 1: fact they found in these studies, and my mom loved 413 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:33,639 Speaker 1: this part, but they said the intense exercise actually could 414 00:24:33,640 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 1: be actually counterproductive because in addition to releasing all these 415 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:43,600 Speaker 1: wonderful when you move, you're you're releasing these neurotrophic factors 416 00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:45,720 Speaker 1: for the brain. It's like miracle grow for the brain. 417 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:49,200 Speaker 1: That was a direct quote from a very prominent neuroscientist. 418 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:52,440 Speaker 1: In case anyone bristles at that miracle grow for the brain. 419 00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:55,159 Speaker 1: You get that from your movement, and there's plenty of 420 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:59,240 Speaker 1: evidence behind this. But if you intensely ran, you're also 421 00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:02,639 Speaker 1: releasing court saul and other stress hormones, which might actually 422 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 1: be counterproductive. So if it's your brain you're trying to 423 00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:09,560 Speaker 1: move forward, then a brisk walk is far better than 424 00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: an intense run, which again maybe some people know this. 425 00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:14,480 Speaker 1: I don't think a lot of people do. They think 426 00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:17,639 Speaker 1: the harder and faster the better, not necessarily when it 427 00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:20,480 Speaker 1: comes to the brain. So, yeah, exercise, But but if 428 00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:22,359 Speaker 1: you want to talk about your brain, here's the best 429 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:26,119 Speaker 1: way to think about exercise. Well, let me ask you 430 00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:31,640 Speaker 1: another related question of are there any exciting neuroscience developments 431 00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,680 Speaker 1: in terms of brain repair? One of the things I've learned, 432 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:38,640 Speaker 1: even in just writing this book just and I want 433 00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:40,200 Speaker 1: to answer your question, but one thing I've learned is 434 00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:42,679 Speaker 1: that we do take a lot of things as preordained 435 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,920 Speaker 1: as part of aging. We just sort of accepted that's 436 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,800 Speaker 1: that's just, that's just me getting older. And I just 437 00:25:49,960 --> 00:25:52,520 Speaker 1: keep coming back to these stories. You know that I 438 00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:55,080 Speaker 1: that I've have people that I've met around the world 439 00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,800 Speaker 1: who you know, live in these other cultures. Who I 440 00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:00,679 Speaker 1: met this guy when I was in I lived in 441 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:03,280 Speaker 1: the rainforest. For part of the story I was doing 442 00:26:03,320 --> 00:26:06,520 Speaker 1: a few years ago in the Bolivian rainforest, the Amazon, 443 00:26:07,560 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 1: and I was visiting with this group of this tribe 444 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:14,400 Speaker 1: called the Chimani indigenous tribe. And I wanted to visit 445 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:17,760 Speaker 1: with them because they had hardly any any any issues 446 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:19,760 Speaker 1: with heart disease, and I was very intesitting heart disease, 447 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:21,680 Speaker 1: as you know you and I've spent some time talking 448 00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:26,080 Speaker 1: about heart disease in the past. And when when I 449 00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:29,600 Speaker 1: got there, I met up with these men who I 450 00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:31,240 Speaker 1: couldn't tell how old they were, and it was fun 451 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:33,040 Speaker 1: to ask them how old they were. And we were 452 00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:35,840 Speaker 1: having double translation because it was Spanish to Chimani and 453 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:39,760 Speaker 1: then backed Chimani to Spanish to English. And they basically 454 00:26:39,920 --> 00:26:42,520 Speaker 1: said to me they didn't know how old they were, 455 00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:45,399 Speaker 1: and but they they had they had been born, and 456 00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:47,439 Speaker 1: they would die and they were they were simply in 457 00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:50,719 Speaker 1: that in between time right now. That's how they described 458 00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:53,959 Speaker 1: their age. But one of the guys took me fishing, 459 00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:56,520 Speaker 1: and we guessed, you know, based on various things, that 460 00:26:56,520 --> 00:26:59,640 Speaker 1: he was probably in his middle late seventies. He took 461 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:03,080 Speaker 1: me fishing. We got on this little rowboat and he 462 00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:05,920 Speaker 1: he um, took off his shirt and he was really 463 00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:08,200 Speaker 1: he was really buff, you know, for for a guy 464 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:09,800 Speaker 1: in his mid to late seventies, I was it was 465 00:27:09,880 --> 00:27:12,800 Speaker 1: kind of incredible. And then he perched on each on 466 00:27:12,840 --> 00:27:14,480 Speaker 1: the side of the boat, so one ft on on 467 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:16,600 Speaker 1: one side of the boat is a small little rowboat. 468 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:19,359 Speaker 1: And he was balanced there, and he was crouched down, 469 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,360 Speaker 1: and he was spear fishing, and and his balance was perfect, 470 00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:27,359 Speaker 1: and he had no eyeglasses on, and and he was 471 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,639 Speaker 1: listening to this guy very faintly calling out on the 472 00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:32,640 Speaker 1: shore about where the fish were, and he was trying 473 00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:37,080 Speaker 1: to spear them. Hearing sight everything. Now, I'm not saying 474 00:27:37,119 --> 00:27:40,119 Speaker 1: everybody is like that. All I'm saying is that it's possible. 475 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:44,359 Speaker 1: It is possible. It is not preordained for us to 476 00:27:44,359 --> 00:27:46,880 Speaker 1: to have this gradual wear and tear phenomena that are 477 00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:49,840 Speaker 1: that our senses become increasingly blunted as we get old. 478 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,760 Speaker 1: It's not preordained that we lose our memories and and 479 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:56,120 Speaker 1: and all that sort of stuff. But we do count 480 00:27:56,160 --> 00:27:59,280 Speaker 1: on science too. There's there's incredible work going on with 481 00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:05,199 Speaker 1: trying to regenerate new parts of the brain um also 482 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:08,119 Speaker 1: teach other parts of the brain how to take over function. 483 00:28:08,480 --> 00:28:10,800 Speaker 1: If someone has lost function after a head injury or 484 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:14,720 Speaker 1: something like that, or a stroke, that's neural plasticity. So 485 00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,240 Speaker 1: those hearing neurons are not going to be responsible for sight. 486 00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:19,840 Speaker 1: I'm making that up, but I'm saying that you you 487 00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:23,119 Speaker 1: get that sort of that sort of recruitment within the 488 00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: brain that that's happening, and that's that's pretty fascinating. Overall 489 00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:29,800 Speaker 1: research that's happening. We are still they're still doing a 490 00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:34,399 Speaker 1: lot with stem cell research UM, something that you've you've 491 00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:37,080 Speaker 1: known quite a bit about and you've you know, and 492 00:28:37,119 --> 00:28:40,040 Speaker 1: we're talking early nineties and some of the work that 493 00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: you first helped the fund that's ongoing and some of 494 00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:46,400 Speaker 1: it's being used for things like a LS research and 495 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 1: still diabetes research, which is I think one of the 496 00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:51,200 Speaker 1: first things that really interested you. And some of the 497 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:54,560 Speaker 1: stem cell work, it's all ongoing, uh, and it's UM 498 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:59,480 Speaker 1: and it's it's fascinating things that have changed neuroscience in 499 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:05,080 Speaker 1: informative ways. Our air bags and seatbelts because head injuries 500 00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:08,320 Speaker 1: have dramatically been reduced as a result of that. So, 501 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,080 Speaker 1: you know, we have all these sort of all these 502 00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:14,800 Speaker 1: sort of colliding factors when it comes to how neuroscience 503 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:20,680 Speaker 1: is going to to continue its upward trajectory. We'll be 504 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 1: right back. You had some interesting stuff in your book 505 00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:35,920 Speaker 1: about how well doing a crossword puzzles or math problems 506 00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:40,840 Speaker 1: oru or whatever. That's interesting, but you actually it's better 507 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:46,719 Speaker 1: for your brain health if you have diverse contacts. And uh, 508 00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,200 Speaker 1: every day here we not do this bumble bee word 509 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:55,800 Speaker 1: fuggle in the New York Times. And uh, what we 510 00:29:55,920 --> 00:29:58,240 Speaker 1: do is we do it on our own. Then we meet. 511 00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:03,000 Speaker 1: And I'd do it in part because we have about 512 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:07,160 Speaker 1: the same levels of education and size vocabulary, you know, 513 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:11,600 Speaker 1: and we see reality different. I mean, here's someone I'm 514 00:30:11,640 --> 00:30:14,840 Speaker 1: so close to, but like if a puzzle, let's say 515 00:30:14,840 --> 00:30:19,640 Speaker 1: he's got sixty words, there are times when I've had 516 00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:21,880 Speaker 1: as many as five words she didn't, and she's had 517 00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:24,960 Speaker 1: a five or six I didn't. And it's fascinating to 518 00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:29,920 Speaker 1: me just as a lesson in perception much less we're 519 00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:34,720 Speaker 1: not getting into psychology and feeling and all that that. E. O. Wilson, 520 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:38,520 Speaker 1: the great microbiologists, first made this impression on me. But 521 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:43,000 Speaker 1: he said, you know, diverse groups make better decisions than 522 00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:51,160 Speaker 1: homogeneous ones. Are loan geniuses. And uh Wilson's ninety and 523 00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:55,400 Speaker 1: sounds like he's forty. So you know, I do believe 524 00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:59,520 Speaker 1: that we need to keep striving for human connection as 525 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:01,480 Speaker 1: long as a little bit. We're more likely to keep 526 00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:05,200 Speaker 1: vigorous and alert and relevant if we do well you know, 527 00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:07,920 Speaker 1: no surprise, Mr President, you've taken it a step further 528 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:10,400 Speaker 1: even than I had considered in my book. I mean, 529 00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:13,840 Speaker 1: you're absolutely right, you know. I I think in some 530 00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:18,080 Speaker 1: ways what I was trying to get at in the 531 00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:23,200 Speaker 1: book was that we are not nearly nearly optimized enough 532 00:31:23,240 --> 00:31:26,480 Speaker 1: when it comes to our brains. Um And I'm talking 533 00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:30,040 Speaker 1: about individuals here, I'll meant, I'll I want to comment 534 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:32,000 Speaker 1: on what you just said about the collective because I 535 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:35,480 Speaker 1: think that's so interesting. But the the idea that individuals 536 00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:38,880 Speaker 1: are not yet optimized to be the best contributors to 537 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:42,960 Speaker 1: the collective, I think it's also true, um and and 538 00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:45,080 Speaker 1: and in large parts because we didn't think we could 539 00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:48,320 Speaker 1: do it right. I think, with the heart, okay, yeah, run, 540 00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:50,480 Speaker 1: you know, do this, and I'll eat this kind of diet. 541 00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:53,120 Speaker 1: And and that was I'll keep my cholesterol below a 542 00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:55,280 Speaker 1: certain amount. All that sort of stuff was very true. 543 00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,280 Speaker 1: With the brain was like, it's in this black box, right, 544 00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:02,000 Speaker 1: I can't even see it. It's immutable, it's untouchable, it's impenetrable. 545 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:04,760 Speaker 1: It is a black box measured only by its inputs 546 00:32:04,760 --> 00:32:06,800 Speaker 1: and its outputs. I don't even know how to measure it. 547 00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:11,960 Speaker 1: And so how do I change it? Right? In medicine, 548 00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:15,680 Speaker 1: things are more important because they are measurable, which makes 549 00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:18,680 Speaker 1: no sense. Why are you? Why are you more important? 550 00:32:18,680 --> 00:32:21,800 Speaker 1: Because I can measure you. There's things that are really important. 551 00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:24,680 Speaker 1: I just can't quite I have no context to give 552 00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:27,640 Speaker 1: you a measure of that, and therefore we ignore it. 553 00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:29,520 Speaker 1: And I think that's that has been true of the 554 00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:32,320 Speaker 1: brain for a long time. So most people don't even 555 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:35,000 Speaker 1: try to optimize their brains, and you find that in 556 00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:40,520 Speaker 1: such simple ways you can dramatically improve your brain function. 557 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:42,640 Speaker 1: And I'm not I'm not talking about memorizing a list 558 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:46,440 Speaker 1: of ten disparate words, because that has no real relevance 559 00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:50,479 Speaker 1: for memory. Memory exists to serve you. Yes, it'll tell 560 00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:52,240 Speaker 1: you that an oven's hot, and tire your combine and 561 00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:54,280 Speaker 1: all that sort of stuff, But it mostly is just 562 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:58,160 Speaker 1: your life narrative. It's your it's the story of us, 563 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:03,360 Speaker 1: story of you. And so it's totally changeable, totally malleable. 564 00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:06,440 Speaker 1: Based on an experience you had today, a memory from 565 00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:10,000 Speaker 1: two days ago will change. And that's okay. That's how 566 00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:12,960 Speaker 1: memory works, and that's how it's supposed to work. It's 567 00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:15,360 Speaker 1: it's only there to serve you. And I think that 568 00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:17,840 Speaker 1: once you understand that, and you understand that you can 569 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:21,640 Speaker 1: optimize your brain in pretty simple ways, then I can 570 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:25,800 Speaker 1: dramatically improve people's level of of sharpness. I I use 571 00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:29,160 Speaker 1: that word, you know, colloquially, but you know they're of 572 00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: all brain function. Now I can improve that, I think 573 00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:35,440 Speaker 1: with this, but also help protect that same brain for later, 574 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:39,080 Speaker 1: so that that that that I think is is the 575 00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:41,080 Speaker 1: is the crux of it. And then all those people 576 00:33:41,120 --> 00:33:44,240 Speaker 1: can can add to a better collective, as you were describing, 577 00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:48,120 Speaker 1: a diverse collective that will generate knowledge for a society. 578 00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:50,920 Speaker 1: A few years ago, I wrote a report of a 579 00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:53,960 Speaker 1: study on one of the medical journals that I said, 580 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:56,360 Speaker 1: we can form new neural networks and the brains that 581 00:33:56,600 --> 00:34:01,240 Speaker 1: much greater ages than we previously thought. And it said 582 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:06,760 Speaker 1: that basically the most important thing you could do is 583 00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:11,919 Speaker 1: something new. So that if let's say you had made 584 00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:15,879 Speaker 1: a career as a physicist, instead of taking one last 585 00:34:15,920 --> 00:34:20,440 Speaker 1: stab at you know, funding the answers to the unified theory, 586 00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:26,480 Speaker 1: which requires an massive amount of brain power and knowledge, 587 00:34:27,280 --> 00:34:31,640 Speaker 1: the person in it his or her sixties or older 588 00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:35,120 Speaker 1: would be better off going with their grandchild. The Suzuki 589 00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:39,400 Speaker 1: piano if they've never played a piano before, and do 590 00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:42,080 Speaker 1: you agree with that that they're doing different things makes 591 00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:47,760 Speaker 1: a bigger difference. This idea that just doing something new 592 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:54,319 Speaker 1: is building new roads in your brain. I this is 593 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:58,040 Speaker 1: the thing, Mr President. You you we spent our brains 594 00:34:58,120 --> 00:35:00,560 Speaker 1: right now, and somebody's are operating like our COVID lives 595 00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:03,120 Speaker 1: are operating. At the house. You may know how to 596 00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:06,360 Speaker 1: get directly to the to the foundation, to the office, 597 00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:09,000 Speaker 1: to the grocery store. You know, you could do that 598 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:11,319 Speaker 1: stuff with your eyes closed. You're really good at it. 599 00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:14,200 Speaker 1: And that's no problem. That's great as long as all 600 00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:17,319 Speaker 1: those roads and those buildings stay open and everything. But 601 00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:20,360 Speaker 1: if you start to build new roads in your brain 602 00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:24,719 Speaker 1: by doing some of these things, uh, you a have 603 00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:27,120 Speaker 1: new roads in your brain, which is kind of fun 604 00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:29,439 Speaker 1: because you can go take a drive and you'll see 605 00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:32,359 Speaker 1: patterns that you may have otherwise missed because you know 606 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:36,319 Speaker 1: you have this new destinations. But also if the road 607 00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:40,160 Speaker 1: that you're used to traveling does become blocked or has 608 00:35:40,239 --> 00:35:43,719 Speaker 1: some construction needed because of an amyloid plaque, you've got 609 00:35:43,719 --> 00:35:46,399 Speaker 1: ten other roads now to choose from. So someone who 610 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,799 Speaker 1: develops dementia later in life. On their brain scans, that 611 00:35:49,880 --> 00:35:52,799 Speaker 1: person looks like they have dementia, may not have any 612 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:56,440 Speaker 1: cognitive symptoms because they've built up all this cognitive reserve. 613 00:35:56,760 --> 00:35:59,680 Speaker 1: That's the beauty of of of the neuro genesis and 614 00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:01,719 Speaker 1: build thing a new road. I mean, I know you're 615 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:04,960 Speaker 1: left handed, Mr. President. Tonight when you have dinner, try 616 00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:07,400 Speaker 1: eating with your right hand instead of your left. Just 617 00:36:07,440 --> 00:36:09,600 Speaker 1: eat the entire meal with your right hand being the 618 00:36:09,640 --> 00:36:13,399 Speaker 1: dominant one, and you'll see things change. You'll first of all, 619 00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:16,359 Speaker 1: it's it's gonna be a lot harder than than than 620 00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:18,360 Speaker 1: you realize. And you're so used to eating. Putting a 621 00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:21,520 Speaker 1: fork to your mouth, cutting with your knife, try flipping it. 622 00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:24,600 Speaker 1: Tie your shoes, try flipping the loops the other way. 623 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: You know, you have to visualize that. But just little 624 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:30,879 Speaker 1: things like that, get outside your comfort zone a little bit. Uh, 625 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,400 Speaker 1: do something that scares you. As one of the adages 626 00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:37,239 Speaker 1: that a neuroscientist told me. Uh, And you're building new 627 00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:40,279 Speaker 1: roads in your brain and it's fun and it makes 628 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:43,480 Speaker 1: you happy and it helps protect your brain later on. 629 00:36:44,120 --> 00:36:46,520 Speaker 1: That's that's what I think is so exciting. Well, let's 630 00:36:46,520 --> 00:36:51,080 Speaker 1: give me something to think about. Let's close coming back 631 00:36:51,080 --> 00:36:55,279 Speaker 1: to COVID just a moment. Uh. I personally believe that 632 00:36:55,360 --> 00:37:02,160 Speaker 1: reluctance to take the vaccine will go down dramatically as 633 00:37:02,239 --> 00:37:05,360 Speaker 1: evidence of its working goes up and as more people's 634 00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:09,160 Speaker 1: friends and neighbors do it. But tell people why it's 635 00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:12,400 Speaker 1: important to keep wearing their masks even after they've been vaccinated. 636 00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:16,440 Speaker 1: This is a really interesting thing and and it speaks 637 00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:19,680 Speaker 1: to understanding how the vaccine works. When they did these trials, 638 00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:23,759 Speaker 1: they you had people who basically within the tens of 639 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:26,880 Speaker 1: thousands of people, they raised their hand if they got sick, 640 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:29,600 Speaker 1: and then they were tested, and what they found was 641 00:37:29,640 --> 00:37:33,800 Speaker 1: that this vaccine was really good effective at keeping people 642 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:36,879 Speaker 1: from getting sick, which is great. What they don't know 643 00:37:37,840 --> 00:37:40,520 Speaker 1: is how effective it is it keeping people from getting infected, 644 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:43,680 Speaker 1: And they don't know how well the vaccine works at 645 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:47,200 Speaker 1: keeping people from transmitting the virus. So important that it 646 00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:50,520 Speaker 1: keeps people from getting sick, but you could still carry 647 00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:54,040 Speaker 1: the virus. You could still transmit the virus even after 648 00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:57,120 Speaker 1: being vaccinated. That's why you still gotta wear a mask. Ultimately, 649 00:37:57,120 --> 00:38:00,200 Speaker 1: we'll get to enough people who won't get sick, then 650 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:04,279 Speaker 1: maybe we can start to to gradually sort of lower 651 00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:06,640 Speaker 1: our defenses. But but that's why we have to do 652 00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:09,920 Speaker 1: it for now. Thank you very much. I love this conversation. 653 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,920 Speaker 1: I'm very grateful to you. What an honor. Don't forget 654 00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:16,480 Speaker 1: the book. Keep sharp and goodbye, Sanji, good luck, goodbye, 655 00:38:16,520 --> 00:38:22,200 Speaker 1: Miss President. Thank you. Why Am I Telling You This 656 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:24,840 Speaker 1: is a production of our Heart Radio, the Clinton Foundation 657 00:38:25,120 --> 00:38:29,600 Speaker 1: and at Will Media. Our executive producers are Craig Manascian 658 00:38:30,040 --> 00:38:34,880 Speaker 1: and Will Malnady. Our production team includes Mitch Bluestein, Jamison 659 00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:38,920 Speaker 1: cat Sufis, Tom Galton, Sarah Harrowoods, and Jake Young, with 660 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:43,800 Speaker 1: production support from Tyler Scott and O'tavia Young. Original music 661 00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:49,000 Speaker 1: by What White. Special thanks to John Sichs, Tina Finois, 662 00:38:49,120 --> 00:38:53,640 Speaker 1: John Davidson on Hell Arena, Corey Gantley, Oscar Flores, Kevin 663 00:38:53,680 --> 00:38:56,719 Speaker 1: Thurm and all our dedicated staff and partners at the 664 00:38:56,719 --> 00:39:01,359 Speaker 1: Clinton Foundation. If you have an ideare suggestion for the show, 665 00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:04,520 Speaker 1: we'd love to hear from you, so please visit Clinton 666 00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:08,640 Speaker 1: Foundation dot org slash podcast to share your thoughts with us. 667 00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:11,840 Speaker 1: If you like the show, tell someone else about it. 668 00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:14,640 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to Why Am I Telling You This? 669 00:39:15,239 --> 00:39:18,080 Speaker 1: On the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcast, or wherever 670 00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:22,120 Speaker 1: you get your podcast. By listening to this podcast, you're 671 00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:33,719 Speaker 1: helping support the work of the Clinton Foundation. So thank you. Hi. 672 00:39:34,360 --> 00:39:38,200 Speaker 1: I'm Stephanie Street, executive director of the Clinton Foundation, where 673 00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:41,560 Speaker 1: we work every single day to advance President Clinton's commitment 674 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:45,160 Speaker 1: to public service and improve lives across the country and 675 00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:48,680 Speaker 1: around the world. President Clinton often reminds us that we're 676 00:39:48,719 --> 00:39:52,160 Speaker 1: all in this together, that we rise or fall together. 677 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:55,480 Speaker 1: That's why, in the face of crisis, we answer the 678 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:59,520 Speaker 1: call we act. At the Clinton Presidential Center, we've been 679 00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:02,520 Speaker 1: proud to work together with partners to serve hundreds of 680 00:40:02,560 --> 00:40:05,120 Speaker 1: thousands of meals to those struggling, to put food on 681 00:40:05,120 --> 00:40:09,239 Speaker 1: the table, to get books, early learning and educational resources 682 00:40:09,239 --> 00:40:12,480 Speaker 1: into the hands of parents, families, and educators who are 683 00:40:12,560 --> 00:40:15,680 Speaker 1: navigating the realities of remote learning and need it most. 684 00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:19,279 Speaker 1: And the Center continues to serve as an educational and 685 00:40:19,320 --> 00:40:23,760 Speaker 1: cultural institution focused on cultivating the next generation of leaders 686 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:27,440 Speaker 1: to make our future brighter than ever. Learn more about 687 00:40:27,480 --> 00:40:30,120 Speaker 1: this work and see how you can get involved visit 688 00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:34,759 Speaker 1: www dot Clinton Foundation dot org. Slash Podcast