1 00:00:01,040 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,080 --> 00:00:13,119 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,240 --> 00:00:18,240 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy D. Wilson. So, if you have spent some 4 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:22,120 Speaker 1: time studying Jewish history or the history of Spain, in 5 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:26,520 Speaker 1: particular the Spanish Inquisition, today's subject is probably one you 6 00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:29,880 Speaker 1: know a little bit about, at least already. It's also 7 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:33,160 Speaker 1: made a brief appearance kind of in passing in a 8 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:36,480 Speaker 1: few past stuff you missed the History class episodes, including 9 00:00:36,560 --> 00:00:39,080 Speaker 1: the one about the Spanish Inquisition that was from back 10 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:42,279 Speaker 1: in two thousand and nine, as well as the La 11 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:46,640 Speaker 1: ry Conquista and Alhambra episode from and a couple that 12 00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: kind of followed that. But when it comes to your 13 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:53,479 Speaker 1: typical American classroom, which you know, not everyone in the 14 00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:56,760 Speaker 1: listening audience, but a lot of our listeners learned about 15 00:00:56,840 --> 00:01:01,959 Speaker 1: history in a typical American classroom, it gets completely overshadowed 16 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:04,920 Speaker 1: by another event that happened in the same year. So 17 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:09,880 Speaker 1: in four Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue, and Ferdinand King 18 00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:13,480 Speaker 1: of Aragon and Isabella, Queen of Castile expelled all the 19 00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:18,319 Speaker 1: Jews from Spain. So just for the second clarity, uh 20 00:01:18,520 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: Spain as it exists today, did not exist for all 21 00:01:22,319 --> 00:01:25,320 Speaker 1: of the time that we're talking about in this episode. Uh, 22 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:28,160 Speaker 1: there's I listened to some of the ones that that 23 00:01:28,319 --> 00:01:30,720 Speaker 1: mentioned this event in passing, and there's a moment where 24 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:33,120 Speaker 1: Sarah and Doublina say Spain, and then one of them 25 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:35,160 Speaker 1: in this tone of fatigue where you can tell they 26 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:39,000 Speaker 1: got all kinds of pedantic email, was like Aragon and Castile. 27 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:43,400 Speaker 1: We are just gonna say Spain for the sake of simplicity, 28 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: because at various points that like, the place known as 29 00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: Spain was a lot of different kingdoms, So rather than 30 00:01:48,520 --> 00:01:52,240 Speaker 1: kicking through them all, we're just we know, but we're 31 00:01:52,280 --> 00:01:56,840 Speaker 1: going to call it Spain. Yeah, economy of language. Yes. 32 00:01:57,880 --> 00:02:00,240 Speaker 1: So this was not the first time in his stree 33 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:03,840 Speaker 1: that a nation had expelled its Jewish population. England did 34 00:02:03,840 --> 00:02:06,600 Speaker 1: so in the thirteenth century, France did it in the 35 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:09,880 Speaker 1: fourteenth century. Uh. In the years before this event we're 36 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 1: discussing today, Jews have been expelled from several other places 37 00:02:13,160 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: in Europe, including Vienna, Bavaria, and Milan. And this is 38 00:02:19,400 --> 00:02:21,720 Speaker 1: really even though it was not the first, it happened 39 00:02:22,280 --> 00:02:26,880 Speaker 1: towards the end, it was the last really major one. 40 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:31,680 Speaker 1: A lot of smaller kingdoms and countries did afterwards. It's 41 00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 1: become kind of the most famous Jewish expulsion. So Spain 42 00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:40,239 Speaker 1: had been for centuries home to Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 43 00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:43,480 Speaker 1: and sometimes history books paint this as kind of a 44 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:48,320 Speaker 1: peaceful coexistence among three different religious groups, or at least, 45 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:53,160 Speaker 1: if not peaceful, low conflict, But this really not true. 46 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:58,280 Speaker 1: After the Muslims drove out the Visigoths, Muslims had controlled 47 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:00,920 Speaker 1: what is now Spain for hundreds of years, and then 48 00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:06,040 Speaker 1: following Law Reconquista, which is when Christians retook Spain, um 49 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:11,200 Speaker 1: Christians were in control and both in both cases the 50 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:15,959 Speaker 1: Jews were a distinct minority and relationships among Christians, Muslims 51 00:03:15,960 --> 00:03:20,240 Speaker 1: and Jews were often uneasy at best. So if you 52 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: read accounts of Spain being kind of this golden age 53 00:03:25,160 --> 00:03:30,959 Speaker 1: of religious tolerance and harmony, uh, that's a super oversimplification 54 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 1: and and ignores that a lot of time there really 55 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:37,680 Speaker 1: was a lot of conflict going on. And for all 56 00:03:37,720 --> 00:03:41,680 Speaker 1: that time, the Safarti, the Spanish Jews, lived under a 57 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: different religion's laws than their own. Once Spain was under 58 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:52,280 Speaker 1: Christian rule, during and after Law Reckonquista, the Safarty faced 59 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:55,160 Speaker 1: a huge amount of anti Semitism, and this was from 60 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:59,160 Speaker 1: both litur liturgical and secular directions. So the Catholic Church 61 00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: taught specific qickly that Jews were responsible for the death 62 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:06,280 Speaker 1: of Jesus Christ, and also some Jews worked as money 63 00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:09,080 Speaker 1: lenders and charged interest on their loans and that was 64 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: considered to be usury under Christian law. This really became 65 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:15,520 Speaker 1: an enormous stereotype of Jewish people that was sort of 66 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: applied to everyone. Uh and in general, many Christians were 67 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:25,360 Speaker 1: distrustful of Jews. Anti Semitism tended to become worse in 68 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:29,080 Speaker 1: times where poor social and economic conditions were the case, 69 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:33,080 Speaker 1: or wars, or when there was other strife. Jews really 70 00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:37,120 Speaker 1: became scapegoats for virtually everything, including the Black Death. In 71 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:41,000 Speaker 1: the mid thirt hundreds, and in Spain specifically, there was 72 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:43,880 Speaker 1: a rumor that a Jew from Toledo had actually caused 73 00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:47,280 Speaker 1: the Black Death with a ritual that included a consecrated 74 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:50,520 Speaker 1: communion host and the heart and liver of a murdered Christian, 75 00:04:51,560 --> 00:04:53,880 Speaker 1: even though the Holy See had declared this to be 76 00:04:54,040 --> 00:04:58,000 Speaker 1: entirely false. A mob and Toledo killed thousands of Jews 77 00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:01,799 Speaker 1: in response, to what was just a ru mer and castile. 78 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:05,159 Speaker 1: In fourteen twelve, a law called the Ordinance of the 79 00:05:05,279 --> 00:05:08,799 Speaker 1: Enclosure of Jews and Moors was passed, and this law 80 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:13,320 Speaker 1: dictated that Jews wear yellow and living enclosures known as 81 00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:17,640 Speaker 1: ju darius, and these were essentially segregated towns that were 82 00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 1: locked and guarded at night. And this law also restricted 83 00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:24,719 Speaker 1: a lot of the professions that Jews could pursue, so 84 00:05:24,839 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: Jews were forbidden from being physicians and surgeons, from being 85 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:33,719 Speaker 1: spice dealers, from being money lenders, among other professions. For 86 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:37,159 Speaker 1: three years following the passage of the law, the number 87 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:41,760 Speaker 1: of conversions from Judaism to Christianity rose dramatically. The law 88 00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:44,960 Speaker 1: became even more strict in fourteen eighty and essentially forced 89 00:05:45,040 --> 00:05:49,279 Speaker 1: Jewish people into ghettos. I looked for but didn't find 90 00:05:49,440 --> 00:05:53,679 Speaker 1: clear documentation of whether the exact same rules were applied 91 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: to Moore's. Most of the articles that I found talking 92 00:05:56,680 --> 00:06:00,320 Speaker 1: about this law we're talking specifically about the Jewish community. Um, 93 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:03,680 Speaker 1: so it wasn't completely clear about how it applied to 94 00:06:03,800 --> 00:06:07,960 Speaker 1: the Moors. Additionally, UH, the reason that there were so 95 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:11,520 Speaker 1: many conversions afterwards is that laws were making life harder 96 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:14,680 Speaker 1: and harder for Jewish people. So there were certainly people 97 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: who converted because of a sincerely held religious view, but 98 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:21,560 Speaker 1: then there were others who converted because their life had 99 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:26,560 Speaker 1: become unsustainable otherwise. In fourteen thirteen, the Kingdom of Aragon, 100 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:29,599 Speaker 1: not yet unified with Castile through the marriage of Ferdinand 101 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,200 Speaker 1: and Isabella, held the Debate of Tortosa to try to 102 00:06:33,240 --> 00:06:37,000 Speaker 1: convince the Jewish population that Jesus had been the Messiah 103 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:41,080 Speaker 1: and that rabbis had lied to cover that up. And 104 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:44,080 Speaker 1: in spite of this name. This was not really a debate. 105 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:47,240 Speaker 1: It was more like a lecture which Jews were required 106 00:06:47,279 --> 00:06:50,440 Speaker 1: to attend, and the rabbis, who had been pressured into 107 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:54,919 Speaker 1: participating as sort of a panel uh basically had to 108 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:59,520 Speaker 1: limit themselves to asking extremely respectful questions in the hope 109 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:04,239 Speaker 1: of not coming targets for retribution or bringing retribution upon 110 00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:09,560 Speaker 1: their communities. Afterward, it wound up being a humiliating experience 111 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:13,160 Speaker 1: for everyone who was forced to participate in it. In 112 00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 1: fourteen sixty nine, Fernando, also known as Fernando Arragon, married 113 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:22,760 Speaker 1: isabel A ka Isabella of Castile. Together their kingdoms would 114 00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:27,360 Speaker 1: become Spain, so throughout all of this, uh Jews were 115 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: under extreme pressure to convert to Catholicism. As I mentioned earlier, 116 00:07:31,880 --> 00:07:35,600 Speaker 1: newly converted Christians were known as conversos, and it's safe 117 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:38,880 Speaker 1: to assume, as I said earlier, that sometimes this really 118 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: was a sincerely held change of religious convictions, but in 119 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:45,440 Speaker 1: other cases it was definitely an act of self preservation. 120 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:50,280 Speaker 1: And either way, conversos became targets of suspicion, both from 121 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:53,640 Speaker 1: Jews who were afraid for their own safety and from 122 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:58,240 Speaker 1: Christians who were doubtful of their sincerity. There were definitely 123 00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:03,720 Speaker 1: some conversos who were still acticing the dietary restrictions, Sabbath observances, 124 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:06,720 Speaker 1: and other requirements of the Jewish faith, as well as 125 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: some who left money to synagogues upon their deaths. This 126 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:15,200 Speaker 1: led to the perception that all conversions were hypocrites, and however, 127 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,040 Speaker 1: it's clear that different people had different reasons for converting, 128 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 1: and some were more religiously sincere than others. In a 129 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:25,280 Speaker 1: lot of cases, we're really talking about people who had 130 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:29,640 Speaker 1: spent their entire lives devotedly adhering to specific rituals and 131 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: traditions and beliefs, and many of them were trying hurriedly 132 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:37,680 Speaker 1: and without any kind of real instruction to abandon those 133 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:41,360 Speaker 1: practices and adopt new ones. And sometimes this was happening 134 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:45,120 Speaker 1: under extreme darress. So it's really to be expected that 135 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:49,160 Speaker 1: new converts to Christianity, even when that Chris, when that 136 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:54,040 Speaker 1: conversion was made genuinely out of sincere belief, would be 137 00:08:54,120 --> 00:08:59,000 Speaker 1: imperfectly practiced in the real world, which is one reason 138 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:03,000 Speaker 1: why in fourteenth seventy Ferdinand and Isabella, who were acting 139 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:05,960 Speaker 1: on suspicion that some of these conversios were really the 140 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,240 Speaker 1: so called crypto Jews, people who were pretending to be 141 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,080 Speaker 1: Christian but were in fact still practicing their Jewish faith, 142 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:16,800 Speaker 1: obtained a papal bull and established the Tribunal of the 143 00:09:16,840 --> 00:09:22,800 Speaker 1: Holy Office of the Inquisition. The inquisitions very existence stoked 144 00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: the fires of anti Semitism, particularly when it started forcing 145 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:30,920 Speaker 1: Jews to give evidence against conversos who were suspected of 146 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:35,439 Speaker 1: continuing Jewish traditions. Uh. The entire purpose for the Inquisition 147 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:40,080 Speaker 1: at this point was to seek out and expose people 148 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:44,360 Speaker 1: who had converted to Christianity, but we're actually still in 149 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:48,280 Speaker 1: quotation marks still Jewish. UH. Spain hit a tipping point 150 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:51,840 Speaker 1: in when a group of Jews and Conversos were accused 151 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,000 Speaker 1: of a horrifying crime in the city of Toledo. They 152 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:58,880 Speaker 1: were accused of crucifying a Christian child and desecrating a 153 00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:03,440 Speaker 1: consecrated host as part of a supernatural ritual. The inquisition 154 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:05,679 Speaker 1: sentenced them to be burned to death and put a 155 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:10,200 Speaker 1: lot of effort into publicizing this horrible thing that had happened. 156 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:14,360 Speaker 1: They added so much fuel to this anti Semitic fire 157 00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:18,440 Speaker 1: with all of this, and that brings us almost to 158 00:10:18,480 --> 00:10:21,360 Speaker 1: the year in question, which was four two, and we'll 159 00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:24,240 Speaker 1: talk about what happened that year after a brief word 160 00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:27,560 Speaker 1: from a sponsor, so to return to the year fourteen 161 00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: nine two. On January second, Granada, which was the last 162 00:10:32,080 --> 00:10:36,439 Speaker 1: Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, fell, and that effectively 163 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:41,160 Speaker 1: ended La Reconquista, which was Spain's effort to conquer and 164 00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 1: claim Muslim territory. Granada had been protected mostly thanks to 165 00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:49,480 Speaker 1: luck and its geography that was surrounded by mountains, which 166 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:51,680 Speaker 1: had made it easier to defend than a lot of 167 00:10:51,679 --> 00:10:55,240 Speaker 1: the other Muslim cities that had already fallen, and it 168 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:58,959 Speaker 1: had been until its fall where Muslims from other parts 169 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:02,280 Speaker 1: of the Iberian sla had chosen to migrate after their 170 00:11:02,360 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 1: own cities and kingdoms fell Grandadas residents were allowed to 171 00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:10,599 Speaker 1: stay and told that their religious freedoms would be protected. 172 00:11:11,200 --> 00:11:16,120 Speaker 1: They would just be under Christian rule, and unsurprisingly, Spain 173 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:19,640 Speaker 1: went back on this promise of religious protection later on. 174 00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:23,640 Speaker 1: It was from this moment that Spain set its mind 175 00:11:23,679 --> 00:11:26,520 Speaker 1: to becoming a nation with just one religion, and that 176 00:11:26,559 --> 00:11:30,800 Speaker 1: religion would be Catholicism, and to do this, the plan 177 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:35,319 Speaker 1: was to expel all Jews from its borders. The Edict 178 00:11:35,480 --> 00:11:38,960 Speaker 1: of Expulsion to that end was signed on March thirty one, 179 00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:42,280 Speaker 1: and it gave the Jews of Aragon and Castile four 180 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: months to either convert or leave. Thomas to Taquamata, Inquisitor General, 181 00:11:48,120 --> 00:11:50,840 Speaker 1: was instrumental in the expulsion and a text that he 182 00:11:50,880 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 1: wrote was the basis for the final edict. Three different 183 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:59,520 Speaker 1: versions of that final edict exists today. So there's Torquamata's version, 184 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:03,960 Speaker 1: a Stillian version, and an Aragonese version, and there are 185 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:07,080 Speaker 1: differences among the three of them, including differences in the 186 00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:11,440 Speaker 1: deadline that was set uh and in Torquamada's version references 187 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:16,160 Speaker 1: to usury is an offense. Otherwise they all walked through 188 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:20,920 Speaker 1: the same basic pieces that the edict walked through. All 189 00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 1: the steps that Spain had needed to take, I'm putting 190 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:27,839 Speaker 1: needed in quotation marks to deal with its Jewish population 191 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,440 Speaker 1: before this point, including setting up these separate neighborhoods and 192 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,439 Speaker 1: establishing the Inquisition Tribune. All it was sort of like, here, 193 00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 1: all these things we have had to do because of you, 194 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:40,480 Speaker 1: all that it's leading to this edict. And it then 195 00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:44,839 Speaker 1: set down how the expulsion should happen. All Jewish men 196 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:47,719 Speaker 1: and women were to leave all of Ferdinand and Isabella's 197 00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:52,960 Speaker 1: kingdoms and never return. There were also to be no exceptions, 198 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,079 Speaker 1: and the deadline was set for the end of July, 199 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:58,520 Speaker 1: which gave the Jewish community four months to to comply, 200 00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,080 Speaker 1: although the office so announcement of this edict actually didn't 201 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:04,720 Speaker 1: come out until mid April, which cut the time down 202 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:08,480 Speaker 1: by a couple of weeks. Jews could sell their possessions 203 00:13:08,520 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 1: to fund their journey. They could not take any gold, silver, 204 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:15,880 Speaker 1: or coins out of the country. Jews could, however, obtain 205 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:19,480 Speaker 1: letters of credit for the value of their sole property, 206 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: and the only way to avoid being expelled was to 207 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:28,360 Speaker 1: convert to Catholicism. So after the edicts. Announcement. Baptisms, of course, 208 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:32,319 Speaker 1: happened as people converted to try to make UH situation 209 00:13:32,520 --> 00:13:35,800 Speaker 1: equitable for them to stay, and sometimes these baptisms happened 210 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:38,600 Speaker 1: on mass, so at one point there were one hundred 211 00:13:38,679 --> 00:13:41,760 Speaker 1: people in one morning that were baptized in the town 212 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:45,360 Speaker 1: of Tariel and Aragon. People sold as much as they 213 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:49,199 Speaker 1: could for whatever price they could get, sometimes taking enormous 214 00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:52,640 Speaker 1: losses as the deadline got closer and closer. There are 215 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:56,640 Speaker 1: stories about people selling their homes for far, far less 216 00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: than they were worth, just because that it was almost 217 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:02,880 Speaker 1: time to go and they had no other options. The Alhamas, 218 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:06,199 Speaker 1: which were the leaders of Jewish communities within Spain, were 219 00:14:06,240 --> 00:14:10,080 Speaker 1: supposed to sell things like synagogues and community land to 220 00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:13,040 Speaker 1: pay the way of the poorest Jews, but in some 221 00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:18,319 Speaker 1: places Christian governments prohibited the purchases of these UH properties, 222 00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:22,200 Speaker 1: leaving the Alhamas with no way to dispose of their 223 00:14:22,320 --> 00:14:25,720 Speaker 1: properties properly, and the poorest people who needed to travel 224 00:14:25,920 --> 00:14:30,720 Speaker 1: consequently had no funds to do so. Laws on the 225 00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,200 Speaker 1: sides of Christians also made it next to impossible for 226 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:37,520 Speaker 1: Jews to collect any money that they were legitimately owed 227 00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:41,560 Speaker 1: before they left. Although the deadline was the end of July, 228 00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:44,800 Speaker 1: the last ships carrying Jews from Spain left on the 229 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:48,440 Speaker 1: second of August. This extension was the work of Don 230 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:52,640 Speaker 1: Isaac Abravino, who had served Ferdinand and Isabella for eight years. 231 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:55,280 Speaker 1: He had been trying to get the edict revoked, and 232 00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:58,640 Speaker 1: he and other affluent Jews had offered the king gold 233 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:01,520 Speaker 1: in exchange for the expulsion to be lifted. In a 234 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:05,160 Speaker 1: Bravenell's words, quote thrice on my knees, I besought the 235 00:15:05,240 --> 00:15:09,600 Speaker 1: King regard us. King used not thy subjects so cruelly. 236 00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:12,400 Speaker 1: But as the adder closes its ear with dust against 237 00:15:12,440 --> 00:15:15,200 Speaker 1: the voice of the charmer, so the King had hardened 238 00:15:15,240 --> 00:15:20,000 Speaker 1: his heart against entreaties of his supplicants. The morning that 239 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:23,160 Speaker 1: the last ship's bearing Jews left the shores of Spain, 240 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,720 Speaker 1: Christopher Columbus has been took communion to ready themselves for 241 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:30,640 Speaker 1: their own departure, and they set sail on the following day. 242 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:35,080 Speaker 1: In Columbus's journals that talk about his first voyage, he 243 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:39,960 Speaker 1: mentions the expulsions and literally the same sentence as his 244 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:43,560 Speaker 1: own directive to sail for India. And we'll talk about 245 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:46,760 Speaker 1: some of the ramifications of the expulsion and some of 246 00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:50,720 Speaker 1: the theories into really exactly why it happened. After we 247 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:53,120 Speaker 1: take another break for a word from a sponsor, if 248 00:15:53,160 --> 00:15:56,680 Speaker 1: that is cool with Racy. So to return to sort 249 00:15:56,720 --> 00:15:59,520 Speaker 1: of the mindset of Ferdinand and Isabella daring all of this, 250 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:03,640 Speaker 1: we really have documents or journals from the two of 251 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:07,560 Speaker 1: them that explained their mindset or their intentions when it 252 00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:11,080 Speaker 1: came to this expulsion. When people appealed to each of 253 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:14,120 Speaker 1: them to try to repeal the edict, each of them 254 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: kind of implied that it was the other who really 255 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:21,480 Speaker 1: wanted it. So, like, we know what happened, we can 256 00:16:21,560 --> 00:16:25,240 Speaker 1: draw some conclusions about probably why, but you know, we 257 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:28,240 Speaker 1: don't have a diary or something from either of them 258 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:31,680 Speaker 1: explaining what really was going through their minds at this point. 259 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:33,960 Speaker 1: And as we said at the top of the episode, 260 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:36,000 Speaker 1: it was not as though Spain was the first place 261 00:16:36,040 --> 00:16:39,480 Speaker 1: in Europe to expel Jews from its borders, and this 262 00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:42,960 Speaker 1: expulsion came late enough in that order, it had already 263 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: had so much precedent, uh that it's raised questions, is 264 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:50,480 Speaker 1: that just why it happened? Yes, So it's like, if 265 00:16:50,680 --> 00:16:53,200 Speaker 1: if this was going to happen, why did it happen 266 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 1: now instead of earlier. Um. One theory is that Ferdinand 267 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:04,960 Speaker 1: and Isabella, while probably misguided by today's standards, certainly were 268 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:08,879 Speaker 1: benevolent in their core motives for what's going on, that 269 00:17:08,960 --> 00:17:13,119 Speaker 1: their real goal wasn't actually to expel anyone, but to 270 00:17:13,240 --> 00:17:16,639 Speaker 1: convert the Jews to Christianity. So, following that train of thought, 271 00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:20,840 Speaker 1: by offering conversion as an alternative to expulsion and the 272 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:24,480 Speaker 1: consequent loss of all of their possessions, people would really 273 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:28,360 Speaker 1: have their souls saved by converting to the correct religion, 274 00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:32,560 Speaker 1: even if it's under duress. Even if it's under duress. 275 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:35,760 Speaker 1: That's why there's so many reasons why today we would 276 00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:41,359 Speaker 1: be like, that's horrible, But in this fifteenth century Spanish 277 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:45,880 Speaker 1: Catholic mindset, that might make a lot more sense. We'll 278 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:48,840 Speaker 1: make the alternative so horrible that of course you will 279 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:52,359 Speaker 1: be saved to our religion and that will rescue your 280 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:56,560 Speaker 1: soul from damnation. In theory, this would also be good 281 00:17:56,560 --> 00:17:59,960 Speaker 1: for the other conversos. Without a Jewish population to lead 282 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,960 Speaker 1: them back to their faith caused them to stray from Catholicism, 283 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:06,760 Speaker 1: that they converted to, life would be better for everyone 284 00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:09,199 Speaker 1: who had converted from the Catholic point of view at 285 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:12,399 Speaker 1: the time, this would have been best for everyone. So again, 286 00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:18,119 Speaker 1: very benevolent in theory, and I'm but maybe not was 287 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:20,560 Speaker 1: so great. Yeah. There was also a fair amount of 288 00:18:20,720 --> 00:18:25,520 Speaker 1: social pressure as Jews had started converting to Christianity, some 289 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:29,400 Speaker 1: had moved into pretty prestigious and affluent positions in their 290 00:18:29,440 --> 00:18:33,160 Speaker 1: communities and even in the court, and so other Christians 291 00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:37,600 Speaker 1: whose you know, families are more historically Christians were sort 292 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:42,680 Speaker 1: of feeling threatened by these newcomers to their social order. So, uh, 293 00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 1: that surely played a factor. We haven't really talked about 294 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:51,480 Speaker 1: it until now. So that's the benevolence theory. Yeah. So 295 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:55,760 Speaker 1: another theory is that Ferdinand and Isabella were just racist. 296 00:18:56,000 --> 00:19:00,200 Speaker 1: That's like the most obvious thing that I think people 297 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:03,840 Speaker 1: might argue today. But there are some pretty valid counterpoints 298 00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: that people offer to this idea, which is one of them, 299 00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,879 Speaker 1: in their courts conversos and their children were allowed to 300 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,880 Speaker 1: hold office and to enter marry with Catholics, and that's 301 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:16,160 Speaker 1: something that wasn't allowed in a lot of the other 302 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:20,439 Speaker 1: parts of Europe that had already expelled their Jewish populations. Uh. 303 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:23,280 Speaker 1: I do want to point out that that's an awfully 304 00:19:23,359 --> 00:19:28,040 Speaker 1: low bar for quote not racist. Right. Fernand and Isabella 305 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,120 Speaker 1: also publicized some of the high ranking Jews who had 306 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:34,679 Speaker 1: converted as sort of case studies of how great this was. 307 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,080 Speaker 1: So raises at least some doubts that you can just 308 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:42,160 Speaker 1: write off the entire thing is racism with no further examination, right. 309 00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:45,200 Speaker 1: And there's also a fair amount of debate about exactly 310 00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:49,159 Speaker 1: how the expulsion affected Spain's development and growth. On the 311 00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:51,359 Speaker 1: one hand, are people who say that the departure of 312 00:19:51,359 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: one to two of its population and that's a rough 313 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,720 Speaker 1: estimate of how many Jews departed was a huge detriment 314 00:19:57,760 --> 00:20:01,560 Speaker 1: to Spain's economy and culture. And even though the numbers 315 00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,280 Speaker 1: are estimates and they very wildly, in the upper tens 316 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:09,119 Speaker 1: of thousands, seems like a pretty common average. So it 317 00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,440 Speaker 1: was a significant part of their economy. Yeah, So while 318 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:14,600 Speaker 1: there are some people who go, well, obviously, when you 319 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:16,560 Speaker 1: have that many people leaving, that's going to have a 320 00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:20,960 Speaker 1: catastrophic effect on the population. Others point out that for 321 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:23,880 Speaker 1: the most part, although there were some Jews who had 322 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:27,359 Speaker 1: risen into the more upper classes in Spain, most of 323 00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: the people we were talking about our artisans and crafts 324 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:34,520 Speaker 1: people who lived in the kingdom's more remote and rural areas, 325 00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:38,119 Speaker 1: so that impact both culturally and financially would have been 326 00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:40,320 Speaker 1: a lot smaller, because we were talking about people who 327 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:44,119 Speaker 1: had a much smaller overall effect on the economy and 328 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:47,840 Speaker 1: on the culture where they lived, especially since a lot 329 00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:51,360 Speaker 1: of the Jewish communities had already been put into sort 330 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:55,880 Speaker 1: of ghetto eyes enclosed communities, like the departure of that 331 00:20:55,960 --> 00:21:02,679 Speaker 1: community from the surrounding location not necessarily a gigantic, you know, 332 00:21:02,960 --> 00:21:07,800 Speaker 1: shakedown on the economy of that community. However, we have 333 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:11,240 Speaker 1: to point out that the impact on the Safarti was catastrophic. 334 00:21:11,840 --> 00:21:14,479 Speaker 1: They lost their homes, they lost their possessions, and they 335 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:18,680 Speaker 1: lost their livelihood. Some who were better off managed to 336 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:21,160 Speaker 1: hang onto at least some of their wealth and secure 337 00:21:21,160 --> 00:21:24,600 Speaker 1: passage to North Africa or to the America's where they 338 00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:28,800 Speaker 1: could continue to maintain their religion and their traditions, But 339 00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:32,440 Speaker 1: most of the Safarti wound up traveling by land to 340 00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:35,840 Speaker 1: neighboring kingdoms that at that point still allowed Jews within 341 00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:41,720 Speaker 1: their borders. But the expulsions continued. Um. You know, the 342 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:45,600 Speaker 1: the biggest countries in Europe had already done this and 343 00:21:46,119 --> 00:21:50,240 Speaker 1: Jews were forced to leave Sicily in fourteen, Florence in 344 00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:54,359 Speaker 1: fourteen ninety four, Portugal in fourteen seven, and Province in 345 00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:58,399 Speaker 1: four So most of the Jews who had gone somewhere 346 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:01,359 Speaker 1: else in Europe and hope to live there wound up 347 00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:04,159 Speaker 1: being faced with the choice of either leaving or converting 348 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:07,439 Speaker 1: again after they got there. Yes, so this almost feels 349 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:10,560 Speaker 1: like a second wave domino effect, like there had been 350 00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:12,800 Speaker 1: that big gap and then Spain did the expulsion, and 351 00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:15,080 Speaker 1: then it kind of kept happening throughout Europe as those 352 00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:18,800 Speaker 1: people were trying to find new places to be. Yes. Uh, 353 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:22,639 Speaker 1: many of them did end up converting. In seven, another 354 00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:26,119 Speaker 1: decree allowed Jews who had converted to Christianity after leaving 355 00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:29,960 Speaker 1: Spain to return to Spain and buy back their property. 356 00:22:30,280 --> 00:22:33,840 Speaker 1: Not long after that, Muslims who were still living in 357 00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:36,680 Speaker 1: Spain were faced with the same choice of either being 358 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:39,760 Speaker 1: converted or expelled. That is discussed in more detail in 359 00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:41,959 Speaker 1: some of the past episodes that we talked about at 360 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:46,560 Speaker 1: the top of the of this episode. Jews really did 361 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:49,720 Speaker 1: not begin to return to Spain until the eighteenth century, 362 00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:53,719 Speaker 1: and the edict was officially overturned in nineteen sixty eight. 363 00:22:53,960 --> 00:23:00,160 Speaker 1: Is that true? Yes, Holy smokes, Yes. This year, which 364 00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:04,840 Speaker 1: is Spain offered Sephardic Jews who were descended from those 365 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,680 Speaker 1: who had been expelled the chance to claim Spanish citizenship 366 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:12,879 Speaker 1: with sort of a fast track, uh, which would be 367 00:23:12,920 --> 00:23:16,120 Speaker 1: easier than than you know, what a non Jewish person 368 00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,920 Speaker 1: might need to go through to become a Spanish citizen. 369 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:22,959 Speaker 1: This actually builds on an initiative that started in it's 370 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,080 Speaker 1: it's as of right now when we were recording, which 371 00:23:26,119 --> 00:23:28,920 Speaker 1: is towards the end of totally up in the air. 372 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:31,080 Speaker 1: How many people might decide to do this or go 373 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:36,120 Speaker 1: this route. I did read a fascinating article on the 374 00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: code switch blog and NPR, which is the blog where 375 00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:45,959 Speaker 1: people at NPR talk about race and culture, about people 376 00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:52,040 Speaker 1: with with Mexican and South American heritage kind of realizing 377 00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:58,120 Speaker 1: after putting the pieces together, uh, that there apparently Christian 378 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:03,520 Speaker 1: grandmothers and grand great grandparents or grandparents and great grandparents 379 00:24:04,119 --> 00:24:07,439 Speaker 1: had actually had Jewish ancestry by kind of putting together 380 00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:11,920 Speaker 1: context clues from around their homes and realizing that this 381 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:16,400 Speaker 1: is like the family had had migrated and then sort 382 00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:18,719 Speaker 1: of adopted a new identity to try to blend in 383 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:25,560 Speaker 1: simultaneously fascinating and heartbreaking. Um. Yeah, I mean anytime we 384 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:28,280 Speaker 1: talked about kind of people erasing their path to try 385 00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:32,400 Speaker 1: to like find a way into a future. I mean, 386 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:35,400 Speaker 1: because we both love history, it's it's hard to hear 387 00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:39,159 Speaker 1: that like they're just erasing a big thing that like 388 00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:43,960 Speaker 1: we would value just in terms of record. Yeah. Well, 389 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:46,960 Speaker 1: and this was all discovering that you had a whole 390 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:50,720 Speaker 1: secret history you didn't know about. Yeah, and this episode 391 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:53,119 Speaker 1: in particular. You know, We've had lots of episodes where 392 00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:56,199 Speaker 1: I have gotten into the topic and thought, wow, I 393 00:24:56,240 --> 00:25:00,639 Speaker 1: had no idea. Um, and this is and where I 394 00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:03,480 Speaker 1: had no idea. And I'm sure we have many many 395 00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:07,040 Speaker 1: less listeners who know this story in huge detail because 396 00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:11,199 Speaker 1: of their own ancestry. And Uh. That was one of 397 00:25:11,240 --> 00:25:14,560 Speaker 1: the more surreal things of of working on this, was 398 00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:21,000 Speaker 1: the my realization of my own ignorance. Yeah. And then 399 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,399 Speaker 1: a conversation with some of my friends who were Jewish 400 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:26,320 Speaker 1: on Facebook in which I was talking about a typo 401 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,360 Speaker 1: I made while making this the outline for this episode, 402 00:25:29,359 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: which combined the word history with an expletive, and how 403 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:34,520 Speaker 1: I wish we could swear on this podcast because I 404 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:36,840 Speaker 1: would use that word whenever we're talking about an event 405 00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:41,880 Speaker 1: like this in which people were just clearly, clearly discriminated 406 00:25:41,880 --> 00:25:44,879 Speaker 1: against and face something horrible. And we got into a conversation, 407 00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:48,200 Speaker 1: kind of conversation about Jewish history and how much of 408 00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:53,320 Speaker 1: Jewish history has just huge amounts of oppression and discrimination 409 00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:57,440 Speaker 1: and massacres and expulsions and as just heartbreaking to look at. 410 00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:00,640 Speaker 1: And I was like, genuine question, friends, help me out here. 411 00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:04,760 Speaker 1: Are there happy things? Please tell me? I want I 412 00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:07,239 Speaker 1: want to hear a happy story from Jewish history. And 413 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:09,840 Speaker 1: my my friend Jude was like, I think the happy 414 00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 1: part is the perseverance that in spite of all of 415 00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:15,639 Speaker 1: these events, we have so many of us maintained our 416 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:18,679 Speaker 1: culture and traditions over these thousands of years. And I 417 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:21,919 Speaker 1: was like, I don't know if I can convey that 418 00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:26,360 Speaker 1: accurately in in one episode of a you know, half 419 00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,080 Speaker 1: hour long podcast. So I'm just gonna borrow. I'm just 420 00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:30,960 Speaker 1: gonna borrow what you said to me, just now to you, 421 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:36,879 Speaker 1: thank you? Uh so. Yeah. On a lighter note, do 422 00:26:36,920 --> 00:26:39,320 Speaker 1: you have a listener mail? I originally, as I was 423 00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:42,600 Speaker 1: getting listener mail together for this episode, I originally had 424 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:47,000 Speaker 1: tagged one that was somebody's um sort of family story 425 00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:50,119 Speaker 1: about the cultural revolution in China, and then I was like, 426 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:54,680 Speaker 1: I can't have this depressing episode, then have depressing listener mail. 427 00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:57,320 Speaker 1: So I went on the hunt for something a little lighter. 428 00:26:58,040 --> 00:27:01,400 Speaker 1: And this is from Doug Dougs says uh. He said, 429 00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:03,119 Speaker 1: it's a big fan of the show, has been listening 430 00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,199 Speaker 1: for years, and he says, listening to your recent and 431 00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,359 Speaker 1: fantastic episode on the Beast of Jeffadon. I remembered an 432 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,480 Speaker 1: old book I came across years ago while doing some research. 433 00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:15,280 Speaker 1: It was called The Book of Werewolves, and it was 434 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:18,040 Speaker 1: written by a priest named Sabine Baring Gould in the 435 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:22,679 Speaker 1: mid eighteen hundreds, documenting his study of likecan therapy. Throughout 436 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:25,000 Speaker 1: the book there are various stories he had collected through 437 00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:28,520 Speaker 1: the years from people in smaller villages. While the basis 438 00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:31,560 Speaker 1: of the book is founded more in science and psychology 439 00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:34,919 Speaker 1: than mysticism, it still contains some moments that make me 440 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:38,120 Speaker 1: check under my bed during a full moon. Even though 441 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,840 Speaker 1: actual werewolves are the stuff of fantasy, the stories of 442 00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:43,480 Speaker 1: people living alone in the woods, covered in wolf pelts 443 00:27:43,520 --> 00:27:47,000 Speaker 1: and attacking travelers are quite compelling. It's more than a 444 00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:49,560 Speaker 1: study of lore. In fact, it proved to be a 445 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:53,720 Speaker 1: very forward thinking approach to using psychology in criminal analysis 446 00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:59,000 Speaker 1: and profiling serial killers. Uh. He kind of proposes this 447 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:00,680 Speaker 1: as a topic to discus us, but I wanted to 448 00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:03,119 Speaker 1: read it in an email because you can read this 449 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: online for free at good at the UH Project, Gutenberg, 450 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,679 Speaker 1: and other places, and we'll put a link to it 451 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:12,480 Speaker 1: in our share notes so that other folks can read 452 00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:15,520 Speaker 1: it online for free. If you would like to write 453 00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:17,679 Speaker 1: to us about this or any other subject. We are 454 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:20,440 Speaker 1: at history Podcasts at how stuff Works dot com. We're 455 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:23,320 Speaker 1: also on Facebook at facebook dot com slash miss in 456 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,400 Speaker 1: history and on Twitter at miss in History. Are tumbler 457 00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:29,240 Speaker 1: is missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and we're 458 00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,600 Speaker 1: on Pinterest at pinterest dot com slash missed in History. 459 00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:35,520 Speaker 1: We have a spread shirt store where you can buy 460 00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:39,560 Speaker 1: t shirts and phone cases all kinds of other stuff. Uh. 461 00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:41,240 Speaker 1: Do we have hoodies? I think I might need to 462 00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:45,000 Speaker 1: go get a hoodie because winter is on the way. 463 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:47,720 Speaker 1: That is at missed in History dot spreadshirt dot com. 464 00:28:48,120 --> 00:28:49,960 Speaker 1: You would like to learn a little bit more about 465 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:51,640 Speaker 1: what we've talked about today, you can come to our 466 00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:54,000 Speaker 1: parent company's website, which is how Stuff Works. Put the 467 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,400 Speaker 1: words Spain in the search bar and you will find 468 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:58,840 Speaker 1: all kinds of various articles about the history of Spain. 469 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:01,920 Speaker 1: You can and also come to our website, which is 470 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:05,200 Speaker 1: missed in History dot com, and you will find show 471 00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:08,320 Speaker 1: notes for all our episodes, all of the episodes themselves, 472 00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:12,000 Speaker 1: ah an archive of every episode. And I just wrote 473 00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:14,600 Speaker 1: a blog post recently about how to find old episodes 474 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:17,480 Speaker 1: because we are now getting requests about whether we have 475 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:22,160 Speaker 1: episodes on particular subjects, so many of them that we 476 00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:25,720 Speaker 1: cannot look up the answer and replies to everyone anymore. 477 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:29,080 Speaker 1: So I just put together a blog post about how 478 00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: to do that, so you can do all that and 479 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:33,000 Speaker 1: a whole lot more at how stuff works dot com 480 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:39,280 Speaker 1: or missed in History dot com. For more on this 481 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics, is it how stuff works 482 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:54,640 Speaker 1: dot com.