1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,600 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:18,319 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. On August twenty first of 4 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:22,599 Speaker 1: twenty twenty five, the White House website published something called 5 00:00:23,079 --> 00:00:27,040 Speaker 1: President Trump is Right about the Smithsonian. This was a 6 00:00:27,080 --> 00:00:35,680 Speaker 1: bulleted list of supposedly objectionable content from Smithsonian museums. Parts 7 00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:39,640 Speaker 1: of this list cite the conservative online magazine The Federalist, 8 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:44,280 Speaker 1: or the conservative think tank, the American Enterprise Institute, and 9 00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:47,880 Speaker 1: the American Conservatives, So like, if you try to follow 10 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:50,400 Speaker 1: the links to see what they're talking about, you're going 11 00:00:50,400 --> 00:00:54,680 Speaker 1: to these websites, not to the Smithsonian. The first thing 12 00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 1: on this list involves material from a portal called Talking 13 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,880 Speaker 1: about Race from the National Museum of African American History 14 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:07,080 Speaker 1: and Culture, which continues to be a very favorite go 15 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:11,560 Speaker 1: to source of complaints about the Smithsonian, even though it 16 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: was removed five years ago. It's like the thing that 17 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: gets trotted out every time somebody wants to complain that 18 00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:26,120 Speaker 1: the Smithsonian does not match their ideological views. A lot 19 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:28,679 Speaker 1: of what is in this list is really pulled out 20 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:31,920 Speaker 1: of context or distorted and it also includes stuff just 21 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:37,000 Speaker 1: like flying Pride flags at the museum. How Dare Right? 22 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 1: You can tune in on Friday for our behind the 23 00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:43,120 Speaker 1: scenes for my thoughts on a number of things about 24 00:01:43,120 --> 00:01:47,080 Speaker 1: this article because I have them. It won't even be 25 00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 1: all of my thoughts because there's too many. But what 26 00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:56,800 Speaker 1: is relevant to today's episode was this quote the National 27 00:01:56,880 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: Museum of the American Latino describes the post Mexican American 28 00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:07,040 Speaker 1: War California describes a Californio family losing their land to 29 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:13,440 Speaker 1: American squatters. In that quote, the words Californio and squatters 30 00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:16,240 Speaker 1: are in scare quotes, as though there's something fishy about 31 00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:19,200 Speaker 1: those words. Also, if you're thinking, Tracy, did you read 32 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,280 Speaker 1: that right? Because that did not make any sense. I 33 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,959 Speaker 1: read it exactly as it is written. Something is garbled 34 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: in it. It looks like maybe the middle part of 35 00:02:28,919 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: it was cut out. I don't know. But a Californio 36 00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:35,640 Speaker 1: family losing their land to American squatters is just a 37 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:39,919 Speaker 1: straight forward description of how When what is now California 38 00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:43,320 Speaker 1: became part of the United States, there were Spanish speaking 39 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:46,680 Speaker 1: people who already lived there. They are known as Californios. 40 00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:51,640 Speaker 1: They lost their land to newly arrived English speaking Anglos 41 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 1: who claimed that land through squatting. In other words, this 42 00:02:54,560 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: is just a deeply normal thing for a museum about 43 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:03,160 Speaker 1: American life Latinos to talk about. So when I followed 44 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: the link to see what this mangled sentence was in 45 00:03:05,919 --> 00:03:08,919 Speaker 1: reference to, it actually did go to the Smithsonian website. 46 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:11,200 Speaker 1: Unlike a lot of the other ones, it went to 47 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:14,200 Speaker 1: a page about an eighteen eighties printing press. It is 48 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:19,120 Speaker 1: referencing a caption about a novel that was printed in 49 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:22,680 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty five. That novel was called The Squatter and 50 00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:26,919 Speaker 1: the Dawn, and it was published under the name See Loyal, 51 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 1: which is a pen name of Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, 52 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:36,360 Speaker 1: who we are talking about today. Maria Amparo Ruiz was 53 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: born on July third, eighteen thirty one. According to most sources, 54 00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 1: she was born in Laredo, Mexico, but it's possible that 55 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: she was born in La Paz. At the time, these 56 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:50,960 Speaker 1: were both small communities, and the capital of Baja California. 57 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:55,760 Speaker 1: Sir or Southern Lower California, moved from Laredo to La 58 00:03:55,800 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: Pause a few years before Maria was born. The uncertain 59 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:03,560 Speaker 1: tea about her birthplace is because official records from both 60 00:04:03,640 --> 00:04:07,320 Speaker 1: towns are incomplete. Lapaz has been the site of a 61 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:10,600 Speaker 1: series of indigenous uprisings and had been abandoned at a 62 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:13,920 Speaker 1: couple of points, and the capital moved out of Laredo 63 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: after that town was hit with heavy rains and flooding. 64 00:04:17,839 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: The records held in La Pause were also damaged later 65 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 1: on during the Mexican American War. We know that Maria 66 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: lived in La Pause when she was in her teens, 67 00:04:27,760 --> 00:04:32,279 Speaker 1: but not exactly when she got there. Maria's mother was 68 00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:35,960 Speaker 1: Isabelle Ruiz Mantarana, and she had a brother named Federico. 69 00:04:36,800 --> 00:04:39,200 Speaker 1: One of the sources that I used for this episode 70 00:04:39,320 --> 00:04:42,560 Speaker 1: says that her father's last name must have been Ourango 71 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:45,919 Speaker 1: based on how Maria's name appeared on her marriage license, 72 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:49,839 Speaker 1: but another source said that her father was Jesus Mantorana. 73 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:53,880 Speaker 1: Either way, there's almost no mention of her father and 74 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:56,479 Speaker 1: her surviving correspondence, and it really doesn't seem like he 75 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:59,720 Speaker 1: was really a part of her life. The surname Maria 76 00:04:59,839 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: U until her marriage was that of her maternal grandfather, 77 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:08,159 Speaker 1: Jose Manuel Ruiz, and that name carried some prestige. The 78 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:11,360 Speaker 1: Ruises were not wealthy, but they had land and respect. 79 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 1: Prior to Mexico's independence from Spain, Jose Manuel Ruiz had 80 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:19,280 Speaker 1: served in the Spanish Army, and his service had earned 81 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:22,120 Speaker 1: him a land grant, which became Rancho and Senata de 82 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 1: Toro Santos. After Mexico became independent, he was appointed governor 83 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:31,479 Speaker 1: of Baja Californio sir and served for three years. The 84 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:34,719 Speaker 1: Ruizes also had connections to the Carrillo family, who were 85 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:37,960 Speaker 1: prominent landowners who helped found and lead a number of 86 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:41,640 Speaker 1: communities in what is now California. By the time Maria 87 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:44,920 Speaker 1: was born, her grandfather had retired and he died when 88 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:49,039 Speaker 1: she was about four years old. Maria was fifteen and 89 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: living in La Paz on May thirteenth, eighteen forty six, 90 00:05:52,279 --> 00:05:56,479 Speaker 1: when the United States declared war on Mexico for a 91 00:05:56,600 --> 00:06:00,600 Speaker 1: quick recap. Texas had been part of Mexico, but had 92 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:04,479 Speaker 1: declared itself an independent republic in eighteen thirty six, and 93 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:08,520 Speaker 1: then the United States had annexed Texas in eighteen forty five, 94 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 1: but the southern border of Texas was in dispute. The 95 00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:16,440 Speaker 1: United States claimed that border was at the Rio Grande, 96 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:19,600 Speaker 1: while Mexico claimed that it was farther north at the 97 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:24,560 Speaker 1: Nueces River. President James K. Polk appointed John Slidell as 98 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:28,000 Speaker 1: Minister to Mexico and sent him to negotiate with the 99 00:06:28,040 --> 00:06:30,720 Speaker 1: goal of establishing the border at the Rio Grande and 100 00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:35,240 Speaker 1: purchasing Mexican territory in what is now the southwestern United States. 101 00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:40,039 Speaker 1: When Mexican President Jose Jaquin Herrera refused to meet with Slidell, 102 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: Polk ordered troops to the disputed region. When Polk received 103 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:47,920 Speaker 1: words that those troops had been attacked by Mexican forces, 104 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:52,800 Speaker 1: he characterized it as a Mexican invasion into US territory, 105 00:06:53,560 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: even though from the Mexican perspective, that is what the 106 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:01,640 Speaker 1: US had done. Not long after that Congress declared war. 107 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:05,720 Speaker 1: A lot of the writing about the Mexican American War 108 00:07:05,839 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: is focused on places that are along what is now 109 00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:13,320 Speaker 1: the border between the United States and Mexico. That's been 110 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:16,160 Speaker 1: the case on prior episodes of our show too. But 111 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:20,680 Speaker 1: the US also wanted to capture the Baja California Peninsula, 112 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:24,400 Speaker 1: that long peninsula that's between the Pacific Ocean and the 113 00:07:24,440 --> 00:07:28,760 Speaker 1: Gulf of California, the western part of what's now Mexico. 114 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 1: A volunteer regiment from New York was dispatched as part 115 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: of this effort, traveling by sea around Cape Horn and 116 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: arriving at Urbabuena, which is now San Francisco, California, in 117 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:45,480 Speaker 1: April and May of eighteen forty seven. Two companies under 118 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:48,800 Speaker 1: the command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry S. Burton arrived in 119 00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: Lapause on July twenty first, while ranchers in the Mexican 120 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 1: Army fought back on other parts of the peninsula and 121 00:07:55,480 --> 00:07:59,040 Speaker 1: attacked the garrison at Lapause later on. At first this 122 00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:04,040 Speaker 1: was fairly peace. After taking control of Lapause, Burton handed 123 00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 1: things back over to the civil government and allowed people 124 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: to retain control of their land under the condition that 125 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: they sided with the United States. Some of the more 126 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:17,080 Speaker 1: prominent families in Lapase threw balls and other festivities to 127 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:21,920 Speaker 1: entertain the soldiers. Maria Amparo Ruiz and Henry S. Burton 128 00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: met at one of these events. The United States and 129 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:30,400 Speaker 1: Mexico fought over parts of the peninsula into early eighteen 130 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:33,520 Speaker 1: forty eight, and a lot of local people sided with 131 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: one or the other as the U. S. Army and 132 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:40,520 Speaker 1: Navy took control of different regions and settlements on the peninsula. 133 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:43,360 Speaker 1: People living there were told that it was going to 134 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,360 Speaker 1: become part of the United States and that they would 135 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:49,880 Speaker 1: have all of the rights and privileges of US citizenship. 136 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:54,480 Speaker 1: When that happened, President Polk and multiple high ranking military 137 00:08:54,559 --> 00:08:58,199 Speaker 1: leaders repeatedly said that the peninsula would be part of 138 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:01,680 Speaker 1: US territory once the war. War was over, of course, 139 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:04,320 Speaker 1: there were people who remained loyal to Mexico who did 140 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:06,880 Speaker 1: not want that at all. There were also other people 141 00:09:06,920 --> 00:09:10,320 Speaker 1: who did. But once the war ended with the signing 142 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:14,520 Speaker 1: of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the Baja California Peninsula 143 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:18,680 Speaker 1: wasn't part of the territory Mexico ceded to the United States. 144 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:22,880 Speaker 1: The US military arranged for refugees from the peninsula who 145 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:25,920 Speaker 1: wanted to become US citizens to be taken to what's 146 00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:30,480 Speaker 1: now California aboard American naval ships, with about four hundred 147 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:34,920 Speaker 1: and eighty people being transported. Of course, not everyone went. 148 00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,280 Speaker 1: Some people had been opposed to the invasion and never 149 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:40,480 Speaker 1: wanted to be part of the US in the first place, 150 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:44,400 Speaker 1: and others were sympathetic to the US but also wanted 151 00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:46,760 Speaker 1: to stay where they were because they had land or 152 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:49,680 Speaker 1: family or just some other reason that they didn't want 153 00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:53,480 Speaker 1: to go. One of the people who left the peninsula 154 00:09:53,559 --> 00:09:57,560 Speaker 1: after the Mexican American War was Maria Amparo Luiz, and 155 00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:00,040 Speaker 1: we will have more on that after a sponsor b. 156 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 1: As we mentioned before the break the war between the 157 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:16,200 Speaker 1: United States and Mexico ended with the Treaty of Guadeloupe 158 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:20,960 Speaker 1: Hidalgo in eighteen forty eight. Under the terms of that treaty, 159 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:25,480 Speaker 1: Mexico seated roughly five hundred and twenty five thousand square 160 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: miles of land to the United States, including what is 161 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:33,959 Speaker 1: now California, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico, as well as 162 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:40,000 Speaker 1: parts of Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. This session 163 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:44,760 Speaker 1: was more than half of Mexico's territory. The treaty also 164 00:10:44,920 --> 00:10:47,880 Speaker 1: established the border of Texas at the Rio Grande, which 165 00:10:47,880 --> 00:10:50,959 Speaker 1: is what the United States wanted. So all of that 166 00:10:51,679 --> 00:10:55,280 Speaker 1: seemed like an obvious win for the United States, but 167 00:10:55,440 --> 00:11:00,439 Speaker 1: there was also some controversy. US President James Capel had 168 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:04,240 Speaker 1: expected the treaty to be negotiated in Washington, d c. 169 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,800 Speaker 1: But instead Nicholas Trist, chief clerk of the State Department, 170 00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:11,720 Speaker 1: decided to handle it on his own in the town 171 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:15,760 Speaker 1: of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where the Mexican government had retreated after 172 00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:20,040 Speaker 1: the United States captured the capital of Mexico City. Among 173 00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:23,000 Speaker 1: other things, Trist thought the government in Washington, d C. 174 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:25,880 Speaker 1: Was out of touch with the realities of what was 175 00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:29,840 Speaker 1: happening in Mexico. Honestly, it's wild to me, but he 176 00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 1: was just like, I'll just negotiate this international treaty myself. 177 00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:36,800 Speaker 1: You don't get it anyway, let me go, let me 178 00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:41,360 Speaker 1: take a ride. There was probably some truth to the 179 00:11:41,440 --> 00:11:44,600 Speaker 1: idea that Washington, d C. Wasn't super connected to the 180 00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:48,160 Speaker 1: realities of what was happening in Mexico. As an example, 181 00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:52,200 Speaker 1: it took six weeks for a message recalling Trist to 182 00:11:52,440 --> 00:11:57,040 Speaker 1: Washington to actually get to him there, but communications within 183 00:11:57,160 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: Mexico could be kind of slow as well. Courses on 184 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:04,079 Speaker 1: the Baja California peninsula took the town of Toto Santos 185 00:12:04,120 --> 00:12:08,199 Speaker 1: more than a month after the treaty was signed, at 186 00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:11,000 Speaker 1: which point the United States was officially no longer trying 187 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: to claim that territory. Many of the US military figures 188 00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 1: involved thought leaving Lower California out of the Mexican session 189 00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:23,400 Speaker 1: was an abandonment and an injustice. For example, on April fourth, 190 00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:27,320 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty eight, Lieutenant Henry W. Halleck wrote a letter 191 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:31,000 Speaker 1: to Colonel Richard B. Mason, Governor of Alta, California or 192 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: Upper California, which set in part quote, in this conflict, 193 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: some who thus sided with us lost their lives, many 194 00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:42,560 Speaker 1: their property, and all have exposed themselves to the vengeance 195 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:46,160 Speaker 1: of the Mexican government. But these losses and dangers they 196 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,240 Speaker 1: have willingly encountered in the hope of obtaining the better 197 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:53,439 Speaker 1: government of the United States. They have regarded these promises 198 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:56,000 Speaker 1: as made in good faith, and have been guided in 199 00:12:56,040 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 1: their conduct by the assurances thus held out to them 200 00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:02,960 Speaker 1: by the age of the American government. And now for 201 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:06,440 Speaker 1: the United States to voluntarily surrender this country to the 202 00:13:06,480 --> 00:13:10,440 Speaker 1: Republic of Mexico and leave these Californians exposed to the 203 00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:14,240 Speaker 1: loss of life and confiscation of property for having sided 204 00:13:14,280 --> 00:13:17,560 Speaker 1: with us under the assurances thus held out to them, 205 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:20,920 Speaker 1: would not only be itself a breach of national faith, 206 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:23,320 Speaker 1: but would make us appear in the eye of the 207 00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:28,280 Speaker 1: world guilty of the most deliberate and cruel deception. The 208 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:32,320 Speaker 1: US military effort on the Baja California Peninsula and the 209 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:37,200 Speaker 1: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had multiple direct effects on Maria 210 00:13:37,240 --> 00:13:41,240 Speaker 1: Amparo Ruiz and her family. As we've already said, they 211 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:44,560 Speaker 1: left their home. They were transported off the peninsula as 212 00:13:44,679 --> 00:13:48,680 Speaker 1: refugees after the war was over, after arriving in what's 213 00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 1: now California. Under Article nine of the treaty, they later 214 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 1: became US citizens. That article read quote the Mexicans, who 215 00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:00,000 Speaker 1: in the territories affwor said, shall not preserve the caure 216 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:04,200 Speaker 1: character of citizens of the Mexican Republic conformably with what 217 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:08,400 Speaker 1: is stipulated in the preceding article, shall be incorporated into 218 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:10,960 Speaker 1: the Union of the United States, and be admitted at 219 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:13,600 Speaker 1: the proper time to be judged of by the Congress 220 00:14:13,640 --> 00:14:16,760 Speaker 1: of the United States, to the enjoyment of all the 221 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:19,960 Speaker 1: rights of citizens of the United States, according to the 222 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:23,560 Speaker 1: principles of the Constitution, and in the meantime shall be 223 00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:27,840 Speaker 1: maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty 224 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 1: and property, and secured in the free exercise of their 225 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:36,920 Speaker 1: religion without restriction. The treaty, as negotiated by Nicholas Trust, 226 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:41,280 Speaker 1: also contained provisions regarding land grants that people had received 227 00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:45,040 Speaker 1: from the Spanish or Mexican government prior to July seventh, 228 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: eighteen forty six. Quote, All grants of land made by 229 00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:52,760 Speaker 1: the Mexican government or by the competent authorities in territories 230 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:57,000 Speaker 1: previously appertaining to Mexico and remaining for the future within 231 00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:00,000 Speaker 1: the limits of the United States shall be respected as 232 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:03,000 Speaker 1: valid to the same extent that the same grants would 233 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,200 Speaker 1: be valid if the said territories had remained within the 234 00:15:06,280 --> 00:15:11,680 Speaker 1: limits of Mexico. That language is not in the final treaty, though, 235 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:16,200 Speaker 1: when presenting the treaty to the Senate for ratification, Polk 236 00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:19,160 Speaker 1: said of this language quote to the tenth article of 237 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:23,800 Speaker 1: the treaty, there are serious objections, and no instructions given 238 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:28,840 Speaker 1: to mister Tryst contemplated or authorized its insertion. The public 239 00:15:29,040 --> 00:15:32,400 Speaker 1: lands within the limit of Texas belong to that state, 240 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:35,400 Speaker 1: and this government has no power to dispose of them 241 00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:39,720 Speaker 1: or to change the conditions of grants already made. All 242 00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:43,680 Speaker 1: valid titles to land within the other territories ceded to 243 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:47,320 Speaker 1: the United States will remain unaffected by the change in sovereignty. 244 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:50,360 Speaker 1: And I therefore submit that this article should not be 245 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:54,960 Speaker 1: ratified as part of the treaty. The US Senate struck 246 00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:58,880 Speaker 1: that language out before ratifying the treaty on March tenth, 247 00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:01,960 Speaker 1: eighteen forty eight, with a vote of thirty eight to fourteen. 248 00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:05,520 Speaker 1: The question of what would happen to land grants from 249 00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:08,760 Speaker 1: the Spanish or Mexican government in territory that became part 250 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,760 Speaker 1: of the US would later be a huge part of 251 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:15,480 Speaker 1: Maria Amparo Ruiz's life and will be getting back to it. 252 00:16:16,080 --> 00:16:18,520 Speaker 1: But the more immediate impact of all of this on 253 00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:21,320 Speaker 1: her was that after she and her mother were taken 254 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:24,800 Speaker 1: to Monterey in what is now California, she enrolled in 255 00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:28,040 Speaker 1: school to learn English in addition to the French and 256 00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:32,000 Speaker 1: Spanish that she already knew, and on July seventh, eighteen 257 00:16:32,080 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: forty nine, she married Captain Henry S. Burton. This was 258 00:16:36,360 --> 00:16:39,720 Speaker 1: a few days after her seventeenth birthday, and Henry Burton 259 00:16:39,920 --> 00:16:45,720 Speaker 1: was twenty eight. This marriage was also so controversial. It 260 00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:49,000 Speaker 1: wasn't unheard of for girls in Maria's social class to 261 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: get married in their late teens, and the difference between 262 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:56,080 Speaker 1: their ages doesn't seem to have been regarded as particularly unusual, 263 00:16:56,920 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: but marriages between Anglo men and Mexican wims men really 264 00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:03,480 Speaker 1: were not common in the aftermath of this war, at 265 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 1: least in the immediate aftermath. This was also more than 266 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:11,119 Speaker 1: just an Anglo man and a Mexican woman. Maria was 267 00:17:11,119 --> 00:17:15,120 Speaker 1: from a very prominent, respected, and well connected Mexican family, 268 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,920 Speaker 1: and Henry was one of the leaders of the US 269 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:21,840 Speaker 1: invasion of Mexico, so some people saw Maria and her 270 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:27,600 Speaker 1: family as traitors. Another issue was religion. Henry was Protestant, 271 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,640 Speaker 1: while Maria and her family were devoutly Catholic, so some 272 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:34,040 Speaker 1: people just thought a marriage between the two of them 273 00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:38,159 Speaker 1: was heresy. Also during the Mexican American War, at the 274 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:43,480 Speaker 1: request of Franciscan Padre Jose Gonzales Rubio, military Governor Richard B. 275 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:48,360 Speaker 1: Mason had issued in order that California officials not authorized 276 00:17:48,359 --> 00:17:52,199 Speaker 1: marriages in which one of the parties was Catholic. The 277 00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: Catholic Bishop of Alta and Baja California refused to sanction 278 00:17:56,480 --> 00:18:01,240 Speaker 1: Maria and Henry's marriage. One of Maria's old suitors also 279 00:18:01,359 --> 00:18:05,600 Speaker 1: went to church authorities to try to stop it. Contemporary 280 00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:09,720 Speaker 1: accounts described Maria as beautiful and Henry as in love 281 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:12,320 Speaker 1: with her, and they ultimately got married in spite of 282 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:16,639 Speaker 1: all of this, the Reverend Samuel H. Willie conducted a 283 00:18:16,680 --> 00:18:21,040 Speaker 1: Protestant ceremony at the home of General Ers Canby, who 284 00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:23,879 Speaker 1: later had to explain his actions in this to his 285 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 1: superior officers. The couple also had a private Catholic ceremony 286 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:32,920 Speaker 1: in Santa Barbara before two witnesses. In spite of all 287 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:36,560 Speaker 1: this controversy, the wedding at the Canby home was a 288 00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:41,120 Speaker 1: huge social affair. One account described Canby's wife as being 289 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:44,919 Speaker 1: at the ceremony along with nearly every Protestant in Monterey. 290 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:51,640 Speaker 1: Among Anglos, Maria was regarded as Mexican aristocracy, attractive, charming, 291 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:54,800 Speaker 1: and well educated, and there's even speculation that she was 292 00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: the inspiration for an eighteen forty eight ballad called the 293 00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:01,840 Speaker 1: Maid of Monterey, which describes the arrival of the Maid 294 00:19:01,880 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 1: of Monterey as silencing the gunfire of a battle during 295 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,960 Speaker 1: the Mexican American War and then giving comfort and aid 296 00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:13,240 Speaker 1: to the injured soldiers. That ballad ends quote, here's to 297 00:19:13,359 --> 00:19:16,720 Speaker 1: that bright beauty who drove death's pang away, the meek 298 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: eyed Seniorretta, the Maid of Monterrey. About a year into 299 00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:25,040 Speaker 1: their marriage, Maria and Henry had a daughter, Nelly, and 300 00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:27,040 Speaker 1: then a couple of years later they had a son, 301 00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:31,360 Speaker 1: also named Henry. The children grew up speaking both English 302 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:35,600 Speaker 1: and Spanish. California was admitted to the United States as 303 00:19:35,640 --> 00:19:39,760 Speaker 1: the thirty first state on September ninth, eighteen fifty, at 304 00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:42,840 Speaker 1: which point it was in the frenzy of the Gold Rush. 305 00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:45,840 Speaker 1: The elder Henry remained in the U. S. Army, and 306 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty two he was transferred to San Diego. 307 00:19:49,680 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: He purchased land that had belonged to Piopico, the last 308 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:57,160 Speaker 1: governor of Alta, California when it was Mexican territory. This 309 00:19:57,240 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: land had been granted to Piopico by the Mexican governm 310 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,119 Speaker 1: and then sold to four other men, whose rights to 311 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,480 Speaker 1: it Henry purchased. Henry started a ranch called Rancho Hamoul, 312 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:12,400 Speaker 1: which totaled more than half a million acres. San Diego 313 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:16,560 Speaker 1: was a military town, which Maria described as quote frightfully 314 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:21,560 Speaker 1: dull and dry and dusty. She became responsible for arranging 315 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: entertainment and cultural activities for the soldiers and their families. 316 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:30,160 Speaker 1: This included writing and staging an adaptation of Don Quixote, 317 00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:34,399 Speaker 1: with the soldiers playing all of the parts. Apparently Maria 318 00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:36,679 Speaker 1: had to work to convince the ones that were cast 319 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:40,119 Speaker 1: in women's roles to wear dresses for it. In eighteen 320 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:44,320 Speaker 1: fifty nine, Henry was transferred to the East Coast. Maria 321 00:20:44,359 --> 00:20:46,800 Speaker 1: and the children went with him, while her mother and 322 00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:50,159 Speaker 1: brother stayed behind to run the ranch. Maria and the 323 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,080 Speaker 1: children stayed on the East Coast for the next decade, 324 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,919 Speaker 1: including when Henry returned to California on leave before the 325 00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:59,919 Speaker 1: start of the Civil War and when he was briefly 326 00:21:00,119 --> 00:21:04,520 Speaker 1: stationed at Alcatraz Island. As long as Henry was on 327 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:07,680 Speaker 1: the East Coast, Maria seems to have moved with him 328 00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:11,440 Speaker 1: whenever he did. It's possible that during some of that time, 329 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:15,240 Speaker 1: the children were sent to a boarding school. Over the years, 330 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:19,680 Speaker 1: they lived in Rhode Island, New York, Delaware, Virginia, and Washington, 331 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:24,160 Speaker 1: d c. Maria attended the first inauguration of President Abraham 332 00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:27,320 Speaker 1: Lincoln in March of eighteen sixty one, and she later 333 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:31,119 Speaker 1: became friends with First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln. After the 334 00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 1: Civil War, Henry was stationed at Fort Monroe in Virginia, 335 00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:39,240 Speaker 1: where Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his wife Verena were 336 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:43,119 Speaker 1: being held as prisoners afore, and Maria also became friends 337 00:21:43,119 --> 00:21:47,240 Speaker 1: with Verena. Henry was promoted several times during his career 338 00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:49,920 Speaker 1: with the US Army and was eventually brevetted as a 339 00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:55,040 Speaker 1: brigadier general. Unfortunately, his military service also led to his 340 00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,399 Speaker 1: death at the age of just fifty one. He was 341 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:01,960 Speaker 1: part of the Siege of Petersborough, Virginia in eighteen sixty five, 342 00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:05,399 Speaker 1: which is where he contracted malaria, and on April fourth, 343 00:22:05,560 --> 00:22:09,159 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine, he died of a malaria related stroke. 344 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 1: He was buried at West Point with military honors. That 345 00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:17,199 Speaker 1: left Maria Emparro Ruiz de Burton as a widow with 346 00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:20,880 Speaker 1: two children at the age of thirty seven. Her only 347 00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:24,399 Speaker 1: immediate source of income was her widow's pension of thirty 348 00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:27,320 Speaker 1: dollars a month that was not enough to support the 349 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 1: three of them. She decided to return to California to 350 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:32,960 Speaker 1: try to make a living for herself and the family 351 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,200 Speaker 1: at Rancho Hamoul. We will talk more about that after 352 00:22:36,240 --> 00:22:49,359 Speaker 1: we paused for a sponsor break. When Maria Emparo Ruiz 353 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: de Burton returned to California in eighteen seventy, it had 354 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:57,000 Speaker 1: changed dramatically from when she left it had been through 355 00:22:57,080 --> 00:22:59,520 Speaker 1: the boom and the bust of the Gold Rush and 356 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: the con destruction of the Transatlantic Railroad. There had also 357 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:07,240 Speaker 1: been massive demographic shifts. At the start of the war 358 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:11,800 Speaker 1: between the United States and Mexico, the overwhelming majority of 359 00:23:11,840 --> 00:23:15,639 Speaker 1: the non indigenous residents of what's now California were of 360 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:20,360 Speaker 1: Spanish or Mexican descent. By the time California was admitted 361 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,600 Speaker 1: as a state, its Anglo population had risen dramatically and 362 00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:29,680 Speaker 1: only about fifteen percent of its non indigenous population spoke Spanish. 363 00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:32,960 Speaker 1: When the Burton family got back to Monterey after a 364 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:36,639 Speaker 1: decade on the East coast, only about four percent of 365 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 1: the population of California was Spanish speaking. The state of 366 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:44,199 Speaker 1: California and its Anglo residence had also carried out a 367 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:48,639 Speaker 1: genocide against the indigenous population. In the span of about 368 00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:52,680 Speaker 1: twenty years, about eighty percent of the indigenous population had 369 00:23:52,720 --> 00:23:56,960 Speaker 1: been murdered or died of introduced diseases or of overwork 370 00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:00,399 Speaker 1: after being enslaved and forced to work on ranch and 371 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:04,600 Speaker 1: in mines. This genocide was connected to the US effort 372 00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:08,840 Speaker 1: to seize land in California for settlements, ranches, and mines, 373 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:11,800 Speaker 1: and that circles back to those land grants that we 374 00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:16,280 Speaker 1: mentioned earlier. Although the treaty Nicholas Tryst had negotiated to 375 00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:20,080 Speaker 1: end the Mexican American War had protected grants that had 376 00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:23,960 Speaker 1: been made by the Spanish or Mexican government, the final treaty, 377 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,919 Speaker 1: as ratified by Congress did not have that language. Some 378 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:31,240 Speaker 1: of these land grants were enormous, and the United States 379 00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:34,480 Speaker 1: could not entice newcomers to move west if most of 380 00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 1: the land there was already claimed. In eighteen fifty one, 381 00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:42,240 Speaker 1: Congress passed an Act to Ascertain and Settle private land 382 00:24:42,280 --> 00:24:46,159 Speaker 1: Claims in the state of California, also called the California 383 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:50,080 Speaker 1: Land Act, and this was to assess those pre existing claims. 384 00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:53,520 Speaker 1: This process could take years, and about a quarter of 385 00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:59,040 Speaker 1: the assessed grants were ultimately invalidated. Since the land where 386 00:24:59,080 --> 00:25:02,919 Speaker 1: Henry Burton had established Rancho Jomul had been granted to 387 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:06,680 Speaker 1: Popico and then sold to other people, there were multiple 388 00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,880 Speaker 1: layers to sort through. In eighteen fifty eight, the California 389 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:15,560 Speaker 1: Land Commission had rejected the validity of Pico's claim, which 390 00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:19,800 Speaker 1: meant that those later purchases and Maria's claim as Henry's 391 00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:24,680 Speaker 1: widow were also considered invalid. Henry had tried to get 392 00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:28,520 Speaker 1: that decision overturned when it first happened, but this whole 393 00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: process had been put on hold during the Civil War. 394 00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:36,520 Speaker 1: Then Henry had died without a will while only part 395 00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: way through the process of giving a man named EFR. M. W. 396 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:43,240 Speaker 1: Morse's power of attorney so that he could act on 397 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:47,000 Speaker 1: Maria's behalf while she was still on the East Coast. 398 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:50,440 Speaker 1: This was part of Maria's decision to return to California, 399 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:53,359 Speaker 1: and she wound up an i legal battle over this 400 00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:56,560 Speaker 1: land that would go on for the rest of her life. 401 00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,840 Speaker 1: She also had an ongoing fight over land and sonata 402 00:26:00,840 --> 00:26:04,760 Speaker 1: on the Baja California Peninsula that had belonged to her grandfather. 403 00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:09,440 Speaker 1: The Mexican government recognized this grant, but there were multiple 404 00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:13,280 Speaker 1: people trying to claim it in addition to Maria. Maria 405 00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:16,240 Speaker 1: hired good lawyers and got familiar enough with the law 406 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:20,240 Speaker 1: to write her own briefs, and she traveled, including to Washington, 407 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:25,119 Speaker 1: d C. To advocate for herself and her family. While 408 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:29,400 Speaker 1: enmeshed in these legal battles, Maria did still have access 409 00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:31,760 Speaker 1: to that land, and she tried to support herself and 410 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,960 Speaker 1: her children on the ranch as had been true of 411 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:37,760 Speaker 1: her family in Mexico, she was often in a position 412 00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:40,560 Speaker 1: where she had land, at least in theory, but not 413 00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:44,080 Speaker 1: really any money. She was usually trying to figure out 414 00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:47,560 Speaker 1: how to manage and pay off various amounts of debt. 415 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:51,199 Speaker 1: With the help of some financial backers, she and her 416 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:55,920 Speaker 1: eighteen year old son Henry established Haamul Portland Cemit Manufacturing 417 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: Company to make lime from limestone that was on their land. 418 00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:03,680 Speaker 1: This company lasted from eighteen sixty nine to eighteen ninety one. 419 00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:07,760 Speaker 1: They also raised cattle, and they grew wheat and barley, 420 00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:12,919 Speaker 1: and rented wildflower meadows to beekeepers. Ruiz de Burton also 421 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:16,600 Speaker 1: tried to earn money by writing. Her first novel, published 422 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:20,160 Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy two by J. P. Lippencott, was titled 423 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,679 Speaker 1: Who Would Have Thought It? It was published anonymously, but 424 00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:26,840 Speaker 1: its record in the Library of Congress lists the author 425 00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:30,639 Speaker 1: as Missus Henry S. Burton. This is the first book 426 00:27:30,680 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 1: by a Mexican American author known to have been published 427 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:38,959 Speaker 1: in English. This novel wasn't exactly autobiographical, but it was 428 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:43,960 Speaker 1: deeply influenced by Ruiz de Burton's feelings and experiences as 429 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,960 Speaker 1: a Mexican woman who had lived through the Mexican American War, 430 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:51,560 Speaker 1: married an Anglo man, moved to the United States, and 431 00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:55,240 Speaker 1: spent years living on the East Coast among soldiers and 432 00:27:55,359 --> 00:28:00,199 Speaker 1: politicians and wealthy New Englanders during the Civil War. The 433 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:04,359 Speaker 1: central character of the book is Maria Dolores Medina, also 434 00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:08,040 Speaker 1: called Lola, who was captured by indigenous people as a 435 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: child and then placed in the custody of the Norval 436 00:28:11,080 --> 00:28:15,120 Speaker 1: family after being rescued. One plot line is a love 437 00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:18,959 Speaker 1: story between Lola and Julian Norval, and there's also a 438 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:22,040 Speaker 1: lot of pointed satire and criticism of the people that 439 00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:27,800 Speaker 1: Lola encounters. There are depictions of abolitionists as simultaneously self 440 00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:32,320 Speaker 1: righteous and racist and hypocritical, with some of them disparaging 441 00:28:32,359 --> 00:28:35,480 Speaker 1: Lola for her dark skin, which was dyed black by 442 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:39,800 Speaker 1: her captors, until they find out she is rich. One 443 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:43,040 Speaker 1: character is a caricature of a minister who was probably 444 00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:46,760 Speaker 1: based on the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher and accusations that 445 00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:49,680 Speaker 1: he was having an affair with Elizabeth Tilton, who was 446 00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:53,200 Speaker 1: a married member of his church. The novel also points 447 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:56,720 Speaker 1: out the irony that abolitionists were fighting to end slavery, 448 00:28:57,080 --> 00:29:00,480 Speaker 1: which had been abolished in Mexico in eighteen twenty one, 449 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:05,000 Speaker 1: decades before the US Civil War, while treating Mexican Americans 450 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:08,040 Speaker 1: as second class citizens in spite of the terms of 451 00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:12,640 Speaker 1: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This book also framed railroad 452 00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:16,120 Speaker 1: monopolies as treating the people of the Southwest as slaves. 453 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:20,760 Speaker 1: Ruiz de Burton's next publication was the text of Don 454 00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:24,120 Speaker 1: Quixote de la Mancha, a comedy in five acts taken 455 00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:27,720 Speaker 1: from Servant's novel of that name. That's the play she 456 00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:31,000 Speaker 1: had staged back in San Diego in the eighteen fifties. 457 00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:35,640 Speaker 1: It was published in eighteen seventy six. Ruiz de Burton's 458 00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:38,240 Speaker 1: second and only other known novel is the one that 459 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,800 Speaker 1: was referenced on that page on the eighteen eighties printing 460 00:29:41,840 --> 00:29:45,440 Speaker 1: press at the Smithsonian website, The Squatter and the Dawn, 461 00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:50,560 Speaker 1: a novel descriptive of contemporary occurrences in California, and that 462 00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:54,560 Speaker 1: was published in eighteen eighty five. Ruiz de Burton published 463 00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:59,560 Speaker 1: this under the name see Loyal or loyal citizen in Spanish, 464 00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:03,080 Speaker 1: that's Dana Leal, which was also a common sign off 465 00:30:03,280 --> 00:30:08,280 Speaker 1: on official correspondence in Mexico. Ruis Dea Burton had initially 466 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:11,000 Speaker 1: planned for this to be a short story, which her 467 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,760 Speaker 1: friend George Davidson suggested she write and then have published 468 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,800 Speaker 1: somewhere like a literary magazine. There was one called The Californian. 469 00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:22,360 Speaker 1: When it turned out to be a way longer narrative 470 00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:25,200 Speaker 1: than would fit in a short story, she started thinking 471 00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:28,720 Speaker 1: that it might work as a serialized novel, printed in 472 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:32,520 Speaker 1: The Californian or in some other journal. When that didn't 473 00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:35,320 Speaker 1: work out either, she worked out a deal with Samuel 474 00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:38,640 Speaker 1: Carson and Company, which was a small publisher in San Francisco. 475 00:30:39,520 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: Carson also published The Overland Monthly, which was a successor 476 00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:46,320 Speaker 1: to The Californian, but he doesn't seem to have thought 477 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:48,480 Speaker 1: this book was a good fit for the journal, otherwise 478 00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,440 Speaker 1: he might have decided to print it there. Also, he 479 00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:56,400 Speaker 1: marketed it alongside travel books about the West, which, like that, 480 00:30:56,560 --> 00:31:00,280 Speaker 1: is not the genre. This book was like the book 481 00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:02,640 Speaker 1: who would have thought it? The Squatter in the Dawn 482 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:07,200 Speaker 1: drew from Ruiz to Burton's own experiences and observations. Like 483 00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,120 Speaker 1: the name suggests, it was related to her efforts to 484 00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 1: keep control of the land her husband had purchased, and 485 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:16,480 Speaker 1: the laws that made it progressively harder for Californios to 486 00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:20,760 Speaker 1: retain control of their land, including after squatters settled on it. 487 00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:24,680 Speaker 1: We already mentioned the passage of the California Land Act 488 00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 1: of eighteen fifty one. The eighteen sixty two Homestead Act 489 00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:32,320 Speaker 1: allowed homesteaders to receive one hundred and sixty acres of 490 00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,760 Speaker 1: government land if they lived on and improved it, which 491 00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 1: prompted millions of people to move west with the hopes 492 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:42,360 Speaker 1: of staking acclaim. Since it could take years or even 493 00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:46,040 Speaker 1: decades for a Californio landowner to get their claims recognized 494 00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:49,480 Speaker 1: by the United States. If the US recognized them at all, 495 00:31:50,320 --> 00:31:52,840 Speaker 1: it was possible to lose most or all of it 496 00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:56,480 Speaker 1: to squatters while the legal process was being carried out. 497 00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:01,240 Speaker 1: Squatters were also known to harass, intimidate, and in some cases, 498 00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:06,680 Speaker 1: even kill landowners. The novel also depicts how this influx 499 00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:10,800 Speaker 1: of newcomers to the West sparked tensions between ranchers who 500 00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:14,960 Speaker 1: raised cattle and farmers who grew crops, and who was 501 00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:19,320 Speaker 1: responsible for building and maintaining the fences that were needed 502 00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:23,400 Speaker 1: to separate the crops from the cattle. The Trespass Act 503 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:26,800 Speaker 1: of eighteen fifty required the farmers to do it, but 504 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:29,600 Speaker 1: that was changed under the No Fence Law of eighteen 505 00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:33,760 Speaker 1: seventy four, which instead required it of ranchers. After the 506 00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:36,600 Speaker 1: passage of the No Fence Law, a lot of people 507 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:40,719 Speaker 1: turned from ranching to farming rather than trying to fence 508 00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:44,280 Speaker 1: in their cattle. The Squatter in the Dawn is set 509 00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:48,040 Speaker 1: between eighteen seventy two and eighteen seventy six, and it 510 00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:52,480 Speaker 1: focuses on the Californio family of Don Mariano Alamar and 511 00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:54,920 Speaker 1: their efforts to retain their land in the face of 512 00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:58,960 Speaker 1: an influx of squatters and the demands of the incoming railroads. 513 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:04,440 Speaker 1: Our faces continual obstacles both to remove or negotiate the 514 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:07,320 Speaker 1: squatters and to work with the railroad to try to 515 00:33:07,360 --> 00:33:12,520 Speaker 1: benefit from its construction. In Ruez de Burton's experience, Anglos 516 00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:17,000 Speaker 1: often perceived Californios as backward and unable to keep up 517 00:33:17,080 --> 00:33:20,320 Speaker 1: with the changes to the law and the culture, and 518 00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:24,680 Speaker 1: to developments and things like agriculture and ranching, But she 519 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:28,960 Speaker 1: depicts Don Mariano Alamar as smart and savvy, and as 520 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:32,760 Speaker 1: trying to work with newcomers and educate them. On farming 521 00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:37,360 Speaker 1: and ranching techniques that would work in the Southwestern geography 522 00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:40,160 Speaker 1: and climate, which of course were not at all the 523 00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:43,240 Speaker 1: techniques that these folks were used to in the East. 524 00:33:43,880 --> 00:33:47,160 Speaker 1: This shift in land use would eventually be part of 525 00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:50,280 Speaker 1: things like the California water wars that we've talked about 526 00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:52,720 Speaker 1: on the show before, including in our episode on Mary 527 00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:55,400 Speaker 1: Hunter Austin that came out in March of this year, 528 00:33:56,480 --> 00:33:58,440 Speaker 1: Like who would have thought it? The Squatter in the 529 00:33:58,520 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: Dawn has a love story which is between an Anglo 530 00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:04,680 Speaker 1: man named Clarence Daryl and a Mexican American woman named 531 00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:09,440 Speaker 1: Mercedes A Lamar. Their marriage has a tinge of idealism. 532 00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:12,800 Speaker 1: It helps resolve some of the novels racial and ethnic 533 00:34:12,880 --> 00:34:17,799 Speaker 1: tensions by uniting these two sides. This novel ends with 534 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:22,040 Speaker 1: a really straightforward criticism of laws like the Homestead Act 535 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:24,880 Speaker 1: and the California Land Act and the impact that they 536 00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:29,759 Speaker 1: were having on Californios. Quote our representatives in Congress and 537 00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:33,480 Speaker 1: in the state legislature, knowing full well the will of 538 00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:37,160 Speaker 1: the people, ought to legislate accordingly. If they do not, 539 00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:40,400 Speaker 1: then we shall, as Channing said, kiss the foot that 540 00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:44,960 Speaker 1: tramples us. And in anguish of spirit, must wait and 541 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:48,840 Speaker 1: pray for a redeemer who will emancipate the white slaves 542 00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:55,240 Speaker 1: of California. So white slaves. So much nineteenth century writing 543 00:34:55,400 --> 00:35:00,359 Speaker 1: characterizes injustice in terms of slavery, which is what's happening here. 544 00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:03,920 Speaker 1: But to be clear, Ruiz de Burton's focus was on 545 00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:08,200 Speaker 1: Californios and their loss of land to Anglo squatters, not 546 00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:12,319 Speaker 1: on the rest of the Mexican population of California. She 547 00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:15,440 Speaker 1: also was not really focused on the Chinese laborers who 548 00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:18,359 Speaker 1: were building the railroads, or on the indigenous peoples who 549 00:35:18,440 --> 00:35:21,480 Speaker 1: had been forced off their land and killed. As Spanish 550 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:25,279 Speaker 1: colonists and conquistadors started arriving in what is now the 551 00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: United States and after California became a state at the 552 00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,440 Speaker 1: same time, Ruiz de Burton's writing and the way she 553 00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:37,600 Speaker 1: lived her life are often seen as assimilationist. She saw 554 00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:41,600 Speaker 1: the best way forward for Californios as acceptance into the 555 00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:46,640 Speaker 1: more affluent, more influential class of Anglos in California while 556 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:51,360 Speaker 1: also retaining their land. While she's the only Mexican American 557 00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:55,200 Speaker 1: woman known to have published novels in English in the 558 00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:59,480 Speaker 1: nineteenth century, what she was writing about was also at 559 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:02,680 Speaker 1: odd with a lot of middle and working class Mexican 560 00:36:02,719 --> 00:36:06,000 Speaker 1: Americans who were way more focused on preserving their own 561 00:36:06,160 --> 00:36:10,040 Speaker 1: culture while trying to attain the equal rights that they 562 00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:14,680 Speaker 1: had been promised under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo rites 563 00:36:14,719 --> 00:36:17,120 Speaker 1: that they were not being given at all. They were 564 00:36:17,120 --> 00:36:21,719 Speaker 1: not so focused on the idea of assimilation with Anglos. Conversely, 565 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:25,759 Speaker 1: while moving within Anglo circles, Ruez de Burton clearly saw 566 00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:29,560 Speaker 1: herself as different from them. She had strong connections to 567 00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:32,480 Speaker 1: her ancestry and culture and her home on the Baja 568 00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:37,440 Speaker 1: California Peninsula. She made and maintained friendships with other Latinos 569 00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:39,719 Speaker 1: wherever she lived, and she kept up with what was 570 00:36:39,719 --> 00:36:43,400 Speaker 1: happening in Mexico, everything from what was going on with 571 00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:46,880 Speaker 1: friends and family members who were still there two major events, 572 00:36:46,920 --> 00:36:50,000 Speaker 1: like the Reform War over the Mexican Constitution of eighteen 573 00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:54,160 Speaker 1: fifty seven. While her published work was in English, much 574 00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:58,720 Speaker 1: of her personal correspondence was in Spanish. Maria Amparo Ruiz 575 00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:02,600 Speaker 1: d Burton ultimately lost her fight for land in both 576 00:37:02,719 --> 00:37:07,800 Speaker 1: Mexico and in the United States. After decades of legal battles. 577 00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:11,200 Speaker 1: She was awarded the title to some of her grandfather's 578 00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:14,440 Speaker 1: land in Mexico, but then her mother, Isabelle sued her 579 00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:18,440 Speaker 1: over it. Isabel claimed that she had been given paperwork 580 00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:20,880 Speaker 1: to sign that had been written in English, so she 581 00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:24,000 Speaker 1: didn't understand it well, and she had thought that paperwork 582 00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:27,680 Speaker 1: would give Maria a power of attorney, not rights to 583 00:37:27,760 --> 00:37:32,800 Speaker 1: the land. The Supreme Court of Mexico eventually overturned Maria's 584 00:37:32,840 --> 00:37:37,200 Speaker 1: claim to her grandfather's Rancho and Sonata. Maria's claim on 585 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:41,319 Speaker 1: Rancho Hamoul also went through a series of reversals and 586 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:45,280 Speaker 1: then reversals of those reversals, and more than one hundred 587 00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:49,400 Speaker 1: squatters made claims on it and challenged Maria's title. In 588 00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:54,360 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety one, she finally lost nearly all of Rancho Hamoul, 589 00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:59,400 Speaker 1: aside from Henry Burton's original homestead there. She did not 590 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:02,320 Speaker 1: give up, though, and when she died on August twelfth 591 00:38:02,320 --> 00:38:05,440 Speaker 1: of eighteen ninety five, she was in Chicago on a 592 00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:10,239 Speaker 1: trip that was connected to these ongoing legal disputes. In 593 00:38:10,280 --> 00:38:13,640 Speaker 1: the years after her death, Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton's 594 00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:17,560 Speaker 1: work was largely forgotten. It started getting more attention in 595 00:38:17,560 --> 00:38:20,160 Speaker 1: the early two thousands, when new editions of her work 596 00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:23,040 Speaker 1: were printed along with collections of her letters and books 597 00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:26,239 Speaker 1: about her. Today, she is known as one of the 598 00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:30,040 Speaker 1: earliest Mexican American authors and a rare example of a 599 00:38:30,040 --> 00:38:34,160 Speaker 1: first person Mexican perspective on things like the Mexican American War, 600 00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:38,080 Speaker 1: the tumultuous and violent establishment of California as a state. 601 00:38:38,560 --> 00:38:43,160 Speaker 1: Written in English for an English speaking audience, that is, 602 00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:46,920 Speaker 1: Maria Imparo Ruiz de Burton, do you have listener mail? 603 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:49,160 Speaker 1: I do I have a quick listener mail? I meant 604 00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:52,320 Speaker 1: to read this a while ago. It's correcting something from 605 00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:54,400 Speaker 1: an episode that has been out for a bit at 606 00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:57,680 Speaker 1: this point, but I mislaid this email. This is from Amy, 607 00:38:57,960 --> 00:39:01,480 Speaker 1: and Amy wrote, Ladies, I started listening to you less 608 00:39:01,520 --> 00:39:03,759 Speaker 1: than a year ago when I had to unplug from 609 00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:07,880 Speaker 1: the news as an ally pediatrician and staunch vaccine proponent. 610 00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:11,200 Speaker 1: When the world brings me down, you are my rainbow. Thanks, 611 00:39:11,480 --> 00:39:14,840 Speaker 1: thank you for all you do. The recent Beatrice Kenner 612 00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:18,120 Speaker 1: and Mildred Smith episode made me smile, as my office 613 00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:21,320 Speaker 1: manager is a Kenner. Smith. When telling her about the 614 00:39:21,360 --> 00:39:23,760 Speaker 1: podcast the next day. To share the smile, she recalled 615 00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:27,080 Speaker 1: hearing about a great ant bee growing up her daughter 616 00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:29,160 Speaker 1: is a history major, and we'll be starting down that 617 00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:32,960 Speaker 1: genealogic rabbit hole soon. I did a double take when 618 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:35,920 Speaker 1: you spoke about the Bush Gardens traffic, as I only 619 00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:40,080 Speaker 1: live one exit away and know that traffic well. Beatrice 620 00:39:40,239 --> 00:39:43,520 Speaker 1: likely lived in the King's Mill not Hill area, though 621 00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:46,799 Speaker 1: betting this was a transcription error from an interview based 622 00:39:46,840 --> 00:39:50,480 Speaker 1: on some of the other discrepancies you found for pet tax. 623 00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:53,600 Speaker 1: I have attached two pictures of my Izzy. She is 624 00:39:53,680 --> 00:39:57,759 Speaker 1: an Amstaff Hittie Pound rescue. The first is shortly after 625 00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:00,440 Speaker 1: joining our family several years ago, the other a more 626 00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:04,520 Speaker 1: recent shot of her preferred cinnamon bun sleeping pose, love 627 00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,279 Speaker 1: and light, Amy, Thank you so much. Amy. When I 628 00:40:07,320 --> 00:40:12,839 Speaker 1: got this email, I have been to Busch Gardens. I've 629 00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:15,960 Speaker 1: been to that part of Virginia aside from going to 630 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:19,560 Speaker 1: Bush Gardens. As soon as I saw the word King's Mill, 631 00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:22,480 Speaker 1: I was like, obviously it's King's Mill. Why would it 632 00:40:22,560 --> 00:40:25,120 Speaker 1: have said Hill? And I actually think that was just 633 00:40:25,360 --> 00:40:31,239 Speaker 1: my typo that I didn't catch and like, I don't know, 634 00:40:31,360 --> 00:40:33,879 Speaker 1: I just uh. The second that I saw King's Mill, 635 00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:36,560 Speaker 1: I was like, yes, obviously that's what it's called. Why 636 00:40:36,560 --> 00:40:39,040 Speaker 1: would I have said anything else. I don't know, so 637 00:40:39,360 --> 00:40:42,279 Speaker 1: I apologize for that typo however it came to be. 638 00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:46,440 Speaker 1: And then we have such a cute little puppy dog. 639 00:40:46,719 --> 00:40:49,719 Speaker 1: Oh my goodness. One of the pictures doesn't want to 640 00:40:49,760 --> 00:40:54,720 Speaker 1: load for me at the moment, but in the first one, 641 00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:58,880 Speaker 1: this puppy dog has gotten into the shrubbery and she 642 00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:04,400 Speaker 1: is peeking out from all the foliage with that smiling, 643 00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:11,319 Speaker 1: panting mouth that pities do. Very cute. One ear is 644 00:41:11,360 --> 00:41:14,040 Speaker 1: flopping over and the other ear is like kind of 645 00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:18,399 Speaker 1: almost inside outed, flopping around anyway, so cute. Thank you 646 00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:21,000 Speaker 1: for that email and for that correction that I meant 647 00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:24,400 Speaker 1: to read like a month ago. If you would like 648 00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:27,000 Speaker 1: to send us some notes about this or any other podcast, 649 00:41:27,040 --> 00:41:30,920 Speaker 1: where you're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com, and 650 00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:34,279 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app 651 00:41:34,280 --> 00:41:42,280 Speaker 1: and anywhere else you like to get your podcasts. Stuff 652 00:41:42,280 --> 00:41:45,080 Speaker 1: you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 653 00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:50,000 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 654 00:41:50,120 --> 00:41:52,160 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.