1 00:00:02,440 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. We talked about the Mughal Empire and the 2 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:09,080 Speaker 1: British East India Company in our recent episodes on Dean Mohammad, 3 00:00:09,160 --> 00:00:12,320 Speaker 1: and that reminded me of our previous episode on pirate 4 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:15,920 Speaker 1: Henry every who carried out a raid on a Mughal 5 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:20,000 Speaker 1: Empire convoy in sixteen ninety five. At the time, the 6 00:00:20,079 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: Mughal emperor was Arnzeb, who also came up in our 7 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:26,479 Speaker 1: episodes on Dean Mohammad. So that is today's Saturday classic. 8 00:00:26,920 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 1: This originally came out May ninth, twenty eighteen, so enjoy. 9 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, a production 10 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:47,560 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 11 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:50,720 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Pryne. Well. I don't think we've 12 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:53,159 Speaker 1: talked about pirates on the podcast in a while. It's 13 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 1: been a little bit, you know, We've they've had passing 14 00:00:55,480 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: mentions in maybe unearthed episodes or other random stuff, but 15 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,720 Speaker 1: we have not had an actual whole episode about pirates 16 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:04,600 Speaker 1: in more than a year and a half, which is 17 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:06,319 Speaker 1: a long time. I mean, I feel like if you 18 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:09,600 Speaker 1: look hard enough, any show could become about a pirate. Sure, 19 00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:14,040 Speaker 1: So today we're going to talk about Henry Every. He 20 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:17,640 Speaker 1: was also known as Henry Avery, and as Benjamin Bridgeman 21 00:01:17,880 --> 00:01:20,480 Speaker 1: and as long ben Avery. And he's been on my 22 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:23,840 Speaker 1: short list for a while. And it just said Henry 23 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,679 Speaker 1: Every and then in parentheses pirate. And I did not 24 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:29,119 Speaker 1: write any other indication of what prompted me to put 25 00:01:29,160 --> 00:01:32,200 Speaker 1: it on there. So it's a mystery why why it 26 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:34,920 Speaker 1: caught my attention in the first place. It was not 27 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 1: Uncharted four because I have not played that game, but 28 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:41,680 Speaker 1: I do know that he figures into that game. And 29 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:43,640 Speaker 1: in case folks are thinking of writing us to say 30 00:01:43,640 --> 00:01:47,640 Speaker 1: he was in Uncharted four, that was not where He did, though, 31 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: carry out what's been described as the most profitable pirate 32 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:53,080 Speaker 1: raid in history. And it was also, to be clear, 33 00:01:53,160 --> 00:01:57,120 Speaker 1: a particularly brutal and horrifying raid in its treatment of 34 00:01:57,160 --> 00:02:00,480 Speaker 1: the women and the men aboard the rated ship. But 35 00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:03,280 Speaker 1: I did not know until I got into the research 36 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: for this that it also became a massive international incident, 37 00:02:07,120 --> 00:02:10,799 Speaker 1: with Britain later trying to repair its relationship with the 38 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:14,080 Speaker 1: Mughal Empire. It's the target of this raid in a 39 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: highly publicized kind of weird series of trials. So we 40 00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:22,400 Speaker 1: know very little about Henry Every's early life, except that 41 00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:25,320 Speaker 1: he was probably English. He was born sometime in the 42 00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,160 Speaker 1: sixteen fifties. He might have spent some time in the 43 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:31,079 Speaker 1: Royal Navy, but sources conflict on whether or not that's 44 00:02:31,120 --> 00:02:34,280 Speaker 1: actually the case. But he did start working in the 45 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:37,480 Speaker 1: slave trade in the early sixteen nineties under a commission 46 00:02:37,480 --> 00:02:40,839 Speaker 1: from the British Royal Governor of Bermuda. After at least 47 00:02:40,880 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: a couple of years as a slave trader, Every was 48 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 1: hired as first mate aboard the English vessel Charles the 49 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:49,799 Speaker 1: Second in sixteen ninety three. The Charles the Second was 50 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:52,760 Speaker 1: a privateering vessel, and it had been commissioned to attack 51 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:56,640 Speaker 1: French ships and colonies in the Caribbean. If you need 52 00:02:56,639 --> 00:02:59,960 Speaker 1: a refresher on privateering, these were basically pirates, but pirate 53 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:04,920 Speaker 1: it's operating with government authority to do this piradical work. 54 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 1: By May of sixteen ninety four, though the Charles the 55 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:12,799 Speaker 1: Second still had not left the coast of Europe and 56 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:14,880 Speaker 1: the crew had not been paid for any of their 57 00:03:14,919 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: work so far. Naturally, the crew wasn't happy about this situation, 58 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: and when the ship stopped for supplies at the Spanish 59 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:25,760 Speaker 1: port of La Carugna, every let a mutiny. Afterward, the 60 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:30,440 Speaker 1: remaining crew elected him their captain. Every renamed the Charles 61 00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:33,120 Speaker 1: the second as the Fancy, which is often spelled with 62 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:36,480 Speaker 1: a pH and sometimes with an ie, and documents from 63 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,200 Speaker 1: the time they set a course for Madagascar, following a 64 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:42,680 Speaker 1: sailing route that was known as the Pirate Round, which 65 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: was popular among English pirates starting in the sixteen nineties. 66 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:49,480 Speaker 1: Most pirates came into the Pirate Round from the Caribbean 67 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:52,040 Speaker 1: and headed southeast, so they were kind of joining in 68 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:55,360 Speaker 1: with it from the coast of Europe instead. Once it 69 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:58,840 Speaker 1: approached Africa, the route shifted south to pass the Cape 70 00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:01,160 Speaker 1: of Good Hope, and then it took north again toward 71 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:05,200 Speaker 1: Madagascar before turning east to cross the Indian Ocean. The 72 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:09,160 Speaker 1: Fancy's first paradical encounter was with three English ships, which 73 00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 1: they caught near the Cape Verde Islands off the coast 74 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:15,240 Speaker 1: of West Africa. The Fancy continued down the African coast 75 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 1: from there, capturing and plundering ships from France and Denmark. 76 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:22,120 Speaker 1: It was sixteen ninety five by the time Every and 77 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:25,440 Speaker 1: the Fancy reached Madagascar, and by then the Fancy had 78 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:28,400 Speaker 1: a crew of about one hundred and fifty men. A 79 00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:31,479 Speaker 1: whole other collection of other mostly English pirates, were in 80 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:34,200 Speaker 1: the area. When they got there, they were looking for 81 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:37,560 Speaker 1: a fleet that was reported to be nearby. This fleet 82 00:04:37,600 --> 00:04:41,239 Speaker 1: belonged to the Mughal Empire. Now the Mughal Empire ruled 83 00:04:41,279 --> 00:04:44,640 Speaker 1: parts of the Indian subcontinent from the early sixteenth century 84 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:48,400 Speaker 1: into the mid eighteenth century. Sometimes the endpoint is marked 85 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:52,040 Speaker 1: a little later than that. By sixteen ninety five, its 86 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:56,640 Speaker 1: territory covered most of what's now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, 87 00:04:56,760 --> 00:05:00,279 Speaker 1: and Nepal. The Mughal dynasty was wealthy, and its emperor 88 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:03,080 Speaker 1: in sixteen ninety five was arag Zeb, also known as 89 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: Muhi al Din Muhammad or as Emperor Alamgir. It was 90 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:10,000 Speaker 1: during arg Zeb's reign that the Mughal Empire reached its 91 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:13,840 Speaker 1: peak in terms of size and power. Rang Zeb's rule 92 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:15,760 Speaker 1: of the empire and the role he played in its 93 00:05:15,839 --> 00:05:18,719 Speaker 1: history is its own complicated story that we're not going 94 00:05:18,800 --> 00:05:21,599 Speaker 1: to get into here, but in short, he had a 95 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:25,960 Speaker 1: reputation for ruthlessness and for religious persecution of non Muslims 96 00:05:25,960 --> 00:05:29,040 Speaker 1: in the later part of his reign. The fleet that 97 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:31,680 Speaker 1: the pirates were looking for was a large one and 98 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 1: included twenty five ships, and among them were merchant vessels 99 00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:38,760 Speaker 1: and escort vessels. Several of the ships were carrying Muslim 100 00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:41,839 Speaker 1: pilgrims who were returning from the haj and some of 101 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:45,200 Speaker 1: the ships in the fleet belonged to the Emperor himself. 102 00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:48,600 Speaker 1: The fleet was far too large and powerful for any 103 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:51,120 Speaker 1: one pirate ship to take on the loan, which is 104 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: why this collection of mostly English pirates was working together. 105 00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:57,880 Speaker 1: One of the other parties involved was Thomas Two, who 106 00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:01,719 Speaker 1: was from a prominent Newport, Rhode Island family. Two is 107 00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:04,880 Speaker 1: often described as a pioneer of the pirate round, and 108 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: like Henry every he had turned pirate after some time 109 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 1: as a privateer. He had legitimately bought a share of 110 00:06:11,320 --> 00:06:14,240 Speaker 1: a ship called the Amity in sixteen ninety one, and 111 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:16,839 Speaker 1: when it was tasked with taking a French factory in 112 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:19,279 Speaker 1: West Africa, he proposed to the crew that it would 113 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:22,320 Speaker 1: be a lot more profitable to turn to piracy than 114 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:25,040 Speaker 1: to attack a factory that had no booty to plunder. 115 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:27,240 Speaker 1: It was really that simple. He was like, you know what, 116 00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:29,560 Speaker 1: this whole thing or we're supposed to be attacking this factory, 117 00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:30,880 Speaker 1: it's not going to be it's not going to make 118 00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:32,760 Speaker 1: so much money. We can make a lot more money. 119 00:06:33,040 --> 00:06:35,320 Speaker 1: We attacked other ships instead. Let's stop working for the 120 00:06:35,400 --> 00:06:39,520 Speaker 1: man was very much like and this hole, let's stop 121 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:41,120 Speaker 1: working for the man. Where this is going to come 122 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:43,520 Speaker 1: up later. It was one of the reasons that people 123 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:46,000 Speaker 1: had a lot of sympathy for pirates, not necessarily people 124 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:48,360 Speaker 1: being attacked by them, but other people had a lot 125 00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: of sympathy for pirates. So Two's turn to piracy did 126 00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:56,039 Speaker 1: not stop officials from working with him, though when this 127 00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:58,799 Speaker 1: raid on the Mughle fleet took place, he was sailing 128 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:01,520 Speaker 1: under a letter of mark from the governor of Bermuda. 129 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:05,159 Speaker 1: When the pirates finally spotted a ship from the Mughal fleet, 130 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:07,479 Speaker 1: they learned that the rest of the fleet was farther 131 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:10,200 Speaker 1: away than they had thought. The first ship they took 132 00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:12,760 Speaker 1: turned out to be part of the rear guard, so 133 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:16,200 Speaker 1: the fastest pirate ships, which included every and the Fancy, 134 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:21,160 Speaker 1: raced ahead. Every encountered the Fath Mamamadi, which was part 135 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: of the fleet's escort, and this ship surrendered after a 136 00:07:24,720 --> 00:07:27,600 Speaker 1: brief firefight, and the Fancy came away with about fifty 137 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:30,960 Speaker 1: thousand British pounds worth of gold and silver. This didn't 138 00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:33,040 Speaker 1: seem like that great of a haul once it was 139 00:07:33,040 --> 00:07:37,080 Speaker 1: divided up among the fancy's entire crew, so every decided 140 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:39,080 Speaker 1: to keep going and to try to find a bigger 141 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:41,960 Speaker 1: prize among the rest of the fleet. He and two 142 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:46,040 Speaker 1: other pirate ships spotted the Ganji Sawai on September seventh. 143 00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:50,280 Speaker 1: So you'll sometimes see the Ganja Zawi anglicized as the 144 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: guns Way in documents from the time and also in 145 00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 1: uncharted four that historical I don't expect uncharted forur to 146 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:01,400 Speaker 1: be historically accurate, by the way, so when I make 147 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:05,080 Speaker 1: that joke, I'm not criticizing. No, it was the largest 148 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:07,520 Speaker 1: ship in the fleet. It was possibly the largest ship 149 00:08:07,560 --> 00:08:10,400 Speaker 1: in the entire Mughal Empire, and it was owned by 150 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: the emperor himself. The emperor also had at least one 151 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:17,600 Speaker 1: relative aboard. All those sources disagree about whether it was 152 00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:21,240 Speaker 1: his daughter or his granddaughter. These were all relatives who 153 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:24,000 Speaker 1: were traveling back from Mecca. And we're going to talk 154 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:27,160 Speaker 1: about every's encounter with this ship. After we first paused 155 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:39,240 Speaker 1: for a little sponsor break. The Ganji Sawai was well 156 00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: crewed and well armed, with about four hundred riflemen and 157 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:45,840 Speaker 1: several cannons. It had more soldiers and armaments than the 158 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:48,680 Speaker 1: three pirate ships that were after it, possibly even more 159 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:51,720 Speaker 1: than the entire pirate fleet did before. Every and the 160 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:55,120 Speaker 1: fastest ships out distanced the rest of them, but every 161 00:08:55,280 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 1: got lucky. The Fancy fired on the Ganji Sawai and 162 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: at the very start of the destroyed its main mast. 163 00:09:02,320 --> 00:09:05,240 Speaker 1: When the Ganji Sai tried to return fire, one of 164 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:09,760 Speaker 1: its artillery pieces exploded. The resulting fire and chaos gave 165 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:12,680 Speaker 1: the Fancy time to move in and board the Ganji Sawai, 166 00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,080 Speaker 1: which was captured after some intense hand to hand combat. 167 00:09:16,559 --> 00:09:19,760 Speaker 1: So just this would have been enough to draw the 168 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:22,559 Speaker 1: ire of Emperor arn Zeb and the rest of the 169 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:26,280 Speaker 1: Mughal Empire. But after taking the ship, the crew of 170 00:09:26,320 --> 00:09:30,400 Speaker 1: the Fancy also brutalized the people on board. I cannot 171 00:09:30,520 --> 00:09:33,760 Speaker 1: exaggerate this is horrifying. They stayed with the ship for 172 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 1: about a week as they searched for as much plunder 173 00:09:36,320 --> 00:09:40,560 Speaker 1: as they could possibly holloway. During that week, the pirates 174 00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:43,320 Speaker 1: tortured the men aboard to try to get information about 175 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:46,760 Speaker 1: where their valuables were. They also assaulted and raped many 176 00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:49,719 Speaker 1: of the women aboard. A British colonial agent for the 177 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:53,000 Speaker 1: Mughal Emperor reported that several women aboard the ship took 178 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:56,200 Speaker 1: their own lives rather than be raped. Once the crew 179 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,679 Speaker 1: of the Fancy finally left the Ganji Sai, they had 180 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:03,000 Speaker 1: taken on an immense hall of gold, silver and jewels. 181 00:10:03,280 --> 00:10:05,960 Speaker 1: It had an estimated worth of three hundred twenty five 182 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,120 Speaker 1: thousand to six hundred thousand British pounds at the time, 183 00:10:09,480 --> 00:10:12,520 Speaker 1: which would be well into the millions today. And then 184 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: they followed the pirate round back to the Caribbean, where 185 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:18,200 Speaker 1: they headed for New Providence Island in the Bahamas, which 186 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 1: is home to the Bahamian capital of Nassau. They'd heard 187 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:26,280 Speaker 1: from other pirates that its governor, Cadwalader Jones would be sympathetic. 188 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:28,880 Speaker 1: When they got to New Providence Island in March of 189 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:31,720 Speaker 1: sixteen ninety six, though Jones was no longer the governor. 190 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:35,880 Speaker 1: The new governor was Nicholas Trot, and like its predecessor, 191 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,840 Speaker 1: fortunately for these pirates, he was very willing to look 192 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:42,080 Speaker 1: the other way if the price was right. So every 193 00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 1: bribed Trot to make them welcome on the island, and 194 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:47,800 Speaker 1: otherwise they didn't really advertise who they were, or what 195 00:10:47,840 --> 00:10:51,600 Speaker 1: they had done. They masqueraded as slave traders, and they 196 00:10:51,679 --> 00:10:55,160 Speaker 1: traded the fancy for a load of ivory. Trot might 197 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: have been a little less willing to deal with every 198 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:00,280 Speaker 1: if he had known what the pirates had done, or 199 00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:02,560 Speaker 1: if he had any idea that he was now caught 200 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:06,120 Speaker 1: up in an international incident, but he almost certainly didn't. 201 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:09,679 Speaker 1: Word reached the Mughal Empire long before it reached Britain 202 00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:12,800 Speaker 1: or any of its colonies. What had happened. The Ganji 203 00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:15,880 Speaker 1: Sawai struggled into harbor at Surret without most of its 204 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:19,240 Speaker 1: cargo and several of its former passengers about a week 205 00:11:19,320 --> 00:11:22,240 Speaker 1: after the pirate attack. So people in the empire were 206 00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:26,239 Speaker 1: outraged when they learned Whatevery and the other pirates had done. 207 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:30,320 Speaker 1: Riots spread throughout the city of Surret. Many of these 208 00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:33,560 Speaker 1: riots targeted the offices of the East India Company. There. 209 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:37,320 Speaker 1: A mob tried to break in and kill the forty 210 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:41,200 Speaker 1: or so EICE agents who were working inside, but the governor, 211 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:46,319 Speaker 1: It's Himad Khan, intervened and stopped them. Although the East 212 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:50,480 Speaker 1: India Company employees' lives were spared, Khan had them all arrested. 213 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:54,199 Speaker 1: He also arrested at least three captains from East India 214 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:57,080 Speaker 1: Company ships and all the other British subjects that he 215 00:11:57,120 --> 00:12:00,320 Speaker 1: could find in Surret. It's possible that he thought that 216 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:03,120 Speaker 1: the attack on the Ganji Sawai was a conspiracy and 217 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,160 Speaker 1: that the EIC was somehow behind it. He would not 218 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:07,719 Speaker 1: be the only person to think this, which we will 219 00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:10,280 Speaker 1: talk about him a little bit more in a bit so. 220 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:13,960 Speaker 1: From prison, the British captives wrote to Sir John Gehar. 221 00:12:14,520 --> 00:12:17,120 Speaker 1: Gayor was a representative of the East India Company and 222 00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:19,960 Speaker 1: the governor of Bombay, which is now known as Bumbai. 223 00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 1: Bombay was south of Surret and had been captured by 224 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:27,400 Speaker 1: Portugal in fifteen thirty four. It came under British control 225 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:30,240 Speaker 1: in sixteen sixty two when Charles the Second of England 226 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:34,720 Speaker 1: married Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza. The East India Company 227 00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:37,080 Speaker 1: was renting it from the monarch and had built its 228 00:12:37,080 --> 00:12:40,760 Speaker 1: Indian headquarters there. That came up in our tea episode 229 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,240 Speaker 1: as well it did. He could do a little Venn 230 00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 1: diagram of the overlapping stuff of this episode. In that one, 231 00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:50,400 Speaker 1: Geyor wrote to the Lords of Trade saying that British 232 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:53,119 Speaker 1: subjects had been clapped in irons and were being imprisoned 233 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:56,480 Speaker 1: in rooms with boarded up windows. He also reported that 234 00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:59,719 Speaker 1: one english Man had died of injuries he sustained in 235 00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 1: the initial melee. So it took a long time for 236 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:05,600 Speaker 1: messages to get anywhere at this point in history, and 237 00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:08,920 Speaker 1: it would be months before Heyer's communication actually got to London. 238 00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:14,200 Speaker 1: In the meantime, Emperor Auringzeb shut down four East India 239 00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: Company factories. He ordered an attack on Bombay. Now, if 240 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:20,880 Speaker 1: he had done this, an attack probably would have been 241 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:24,160 Speaker 1: disastrous for Bombay and for the East India Company as 242 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 1: a whole. The IC and the Mughal Empire had been 243 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:29,840 Speaker 1: at war just a few years before, in a conflict 244 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:33,559 Speaker 1: known as Child's War, and during that time Bombay had 245 00:13:33,559 --> 00:13:38,040 Speaker 1: been under siege and partly destroyed. Fortunately for the EIC, 246 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:42,440 Speaker 1: an official named Samuel Annesley was able to negotiate a ceasefire. 247 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,520 Speaker 1: But it was obvious that the Emperor would be more 248 00:13:45,559 --> 00:13:48,480 Speaker 1: than happy to force the British completely out of India, 249 00:13:48,920 --> 00:13:52,080 Speaker 1: which would have been catastrophic for British colonies and trading 250 00:13:52,080 --> 00:13:55,960 Speaker 1: relationships in Asia and the Pacific. So Annesley made the 251 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,280 Speaker 1: Emperor several promises. He promised that Britain would compensate the 252 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:03,000 Speaker 1: Emperor for all his lost property, and that the East 253 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: India Company would begin providing escorts for all Indian ships 254 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:10,480 Speaker 1: headed toward Mecca for the Hajj, and most importantly, he 255 00:14:10,559 --> 00:14:14,480 Speaker 1: promised that Henry Every would be brought to justice. So 256 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,160 Speaker 1: this is enough for the Emperor to agree not to 257 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:20,000 Speaker 1: attack Bombay, but he also said that he would not 258 00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:23,680 Speaker 1: allow trade with Britain by the Mughal Empire to resume 259 00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:28,160 Speaker 1: until Every was captured, which is a serious economic situation. 260 00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:34,040 Speaker 1: Extremely Sir John Gayer's letter detailing Henry Every's attack on 261 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:37,080 Speaker 1: the Mughal fleets, the riots, and the arrests of British 262 00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: subjects in surret finally reached London in December of sixteen 263 00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:45,400 Speaker 1: ninety five. Other letters from Gayer, Annesley and others arrived 264 00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: even later in January and May of sixteen ninety six. 265 00:14:49,520 --> 00:14:52,320 Speaker 1: By the time those last letters arrived, Every had already 266 00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: gotten to New Providence Island and unloaded the fancy. The 267 00:14:56,040 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: Lords of Trade had also been succeeded by the Lord's 268 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 1: Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, also known as the Board 269 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:04,640 Speaker 1: of Trade. They were faced with what to do about 270 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:07,320 Speaker 1: every in the situation with the Mughal Empire at their 271 00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:10,800 Speaker 1: very first meeting in May of sixteen ninety six. So 272 00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:13,840 Speaker 1: as Holly just said, this was a serious problem. It 273 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:15,920 Speaker 1: was more than just the fact that Henry every had 274 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:19,000 Speaker 1: attacked a ship belonging to the Mughal Emperor, or that 275 00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:21,320 Speaker 1: he and his men had plundered the ship and brutalized 276 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:25,120 Speaker 1: its passengers and the crew. It was also that Emperor 277 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:28,880 Speaker 1: Aurangzeb was well convinced that England was a nation of pirates, 278 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:32,320 Speaker 1: and histories from the time reflect that belief. In the 279 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:36,320 Speaker 1: early eighteenth century, Persian historian Kafi Khan wrote that the 280 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:40,040 Speaker 1: East India Company's holdings in Bombay were insignificant and that 281 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:43,520 Speaker 1: quote the source of the remaining unstable income of the 282 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:46,720 Speaker 1: English is the plunder and capture of the ships going 283 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:49,680 Speaker 1: to the House of God at intervals of one to 284 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:52,920 Speaker 1: two years. They attacked these ships, not at the time 285 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:56,800 Speaker 1: when loaded with grains they proceed to Mecca and Jetta, 286 00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: but when they return bringing gold, silver, ibraheim and rials. 287 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: And there was some truth to the Emperor's belief that 288 00:16:04,520 --> 00:16:07,880 Speaker 1: England was a nation of pirates. Although the British Empire 289 00:16:07,960 --> 00:16:11,440 Speaker 1: wasn't plundering the Mughal Empire's ships in an official capacity. 290 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:14,240 Speaker 1: A lot of the pirates that were plundering in the 291 00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:17,680 Speaker 1: Caribbean and along the Pirate round were English and for 292 00:16:17,720 --> 00:16:21,480 Speaker 1: the most part, those pirates left English ships alone. On 293 00:16:21,560 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: top of that, multiple British colonial governors had made a 294 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:28,560 Speaker 1: habit of either tolerating pirates or actively working with them. 295 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: So authorities in Britain needed to figure out not only 296 00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: how to repair their relationship with the Mughal Empire, but 297 00:16:34,920 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 1: also how to send a signal to the rest of 298 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:40,600 Speaker 1: the world that the nation would not tolerate piracy. So 299 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:43,960 Speaker 1: and then all of this was tied together in the 300 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:48,240 Speaker 1: dire economic consequence of the Emperor not allowing the East 301 00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:53,280 Speaker 1: India Company to operate in his territory anymore. So Britain 302 00:16:53,320 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 1: couldn't do anything as dramatic as, for example, summarily executing 303 00:16:57,480 --> 00:17:01,600 Speaker 1: people suspected of piracy. That probably would have satisfied some 304 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:05,840 Speaker 1: of the criticism, but that would also violate British law. 305 00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:09,359 Speaker 1: So they started with a proclamation issued by the Lord 306 00:17:09,520 --> 00:17:13,879 Speaker 1: Justices of England on July seventeenth, sixteen ninety six. This 307 00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:18,399 Speaker 1: proclamation stated that they had received information that Henry every Quote, 308 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:22,240 Speaker 1: under English colors, acted as a common pirate and robber 309 00:17:22,440 --> 00:17:26,280 Speaker 1: upon the high seas, and hath presumed under such colors 310 00:17:26,359 --> 00:17:29,399 Speaker 1: to commit several acts of piracy upon the seas of 311 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:33,159 Speaker 1: India or Persia, which may occasion great damage to the 312 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:36,280 Speaker 1: merchants of England trading into these parts. That's the end 313 00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:39,560 Speaker 1: of the quote. This proclamation went on to say that 314 00:17:39,640 --> 00:17:42,840 Speaker 1: every had stolen the ship known as the Charles from 315 00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:48,520 Speaker 1: the port in Spain, and the proclamation commanded admirals, captain's 316 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:51,920 Speaker 1: governors and the like to capture him, offering a reward 317 00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:56,359 Speaker 1: of five hundred pounds. Another proclamation followed on August tenth, 318 00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:59,480 Speaker 1: which included a lot of the same information and also 319 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:01,840 Speaker 1: said that every may now be going under the name 320 00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 1: Henry Bridgeman. The second proclamation named a number of other 321 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:08,320 Speaker 1: alleged pirates as well, and it said that the men 322 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:12,080 Speaker 1: may have left the Caribbean and come to Ireland. Yet 323 00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:16,359 Speaker 1: another proclamation followed on August eighteenth, sixteen ninety six, this 324 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:18,879 Speaker 1: one from the monarch William the Third, also known as 325 00:18:18,920 --> 00:18:23,280 Speaker 1: William of Orange. It was a proclamation quote for apprehending 326 00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:28,080 Speaker 1: Henry every alias Bridgeman and sundry other pirates. It called 327 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:33,320 Speaker 1: Every and those sundry other pirates quote open and villainous transgressors, 328 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:37,040 Speaker 1: and it ordered essentially every sort of law enforcement and 329 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:41,480 Speaker 1: military in existence to seek out and apprehend them. The 330 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:44,800 Speaker 1: bounty offered for Every was still five hundred pounds sterling, 331 00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:47,679 Speaker 1: and for the other pirates named it was fifty pounds. 332 00:18:48,280 --> 00:18:52,639 Speaker 1: This proclamation also indemnified all royal subjects from any quote 333 00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:55,639 Speaker 1: hazard of slaughter, mutilation, or other acts of violence that 334 00:18:55,680 --> 00:18:59,119 Speaker 1: they might commit against Avery and his accomplices, and it 335 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:03,320 Speaker 1: advised to anyone sheltering or assisting any of the pirates 336 00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:08,120 Speaker 1: was doing so upon their highest peril. These proclamations made 337 00:19:08,119 --> 00:19:11,159 Speaker 1: it a point of naming colonial governors among the people 338 00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:14,520 Speaker 1: compelled to seek out and capture Every, because although it 339 00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:16,920 Speaker 1: was well known among pirates that a number of colonial 340 00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:19,680 Speaker 1: governors could be bribed or would otherwise work with them, 341 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:23,479 Speaker 1: authorities in London were only starting to become fully aware 342 00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:27,719 Speaker 1: of how extensive this problem was. The proclamations did, not, however, 343 00:19:27,840 --> 00:19:31,120 Speaker 1: name Thomas tu As one of the wanted pirates. Apart 344 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:33,480 Speaker 1: from the amity being too slow to keep up with 345 00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:36,440 Speaker 1: the ships, that assaulted the Ganji Sawai, meaning he was 346 00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:39,000 Speaker 1: not involved with that. He had been shot and killed 347 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,240 Speaker 1: while trying to take a different ship in that same 348 00:19:41,359 --> 00:19:45,200 Speaker 1: Mughal convoy. A handful of men from Every's crew were 349 00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:48,600 Speaker 1: captured in Ireland, and even though every wasn't among them, 350 00:19:48,680 --> 00:19:51,679 Speaker 1: this at least gave the Crown someone to put on trial. 351 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:54,399 Speaker 1: We're going to talk about that trial after we pause 352 00:19:54,440 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: for a sponsor break. Henry Every's captured crew members were 353 00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:08,879 Speaker 1: tried at the Central Criminal Court aka the Old Bailey 354 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: in October of sixteen ninety six, and this trial was 355 00:20:12,119 --> 00:20:15,399 Speaker 1: weird Number one. Even though it was being tried at 356 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:17,879 Speaker 1: the Old Bailey, which is the place that has come 357 00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:20,359 Speaker 1: up before when we've been talking about criminal activity and 358 00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 1: written during this point, it wasn't being tried under English 359 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:27,320 Speaker 1: common law. It was being tried under the jurisdiction of 360 00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:30,320 Speaker 1: the Admiralty and this is because common law didn't really 361 00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:34,879 Speaker 1: cover nautical piracy. Number two. The reason they decided to 362 00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: hold a trial under the jurisdiction of the Admiralty at 363 00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:41,040 Speaker 1: the Old Bailey rather than through the Admiralty Court was 364 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:43,560 Speaker 1: so that the British citizenry would have the same access 365 00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,480 Speaker 1: to the proceedings as they would for any other criminal matter. 366 00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:49,760 Speaker 1: Since part of the purpose was to send a message 367 00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:53,359 Speaker 1: that the British Empire would not tolerate piracy, they needed 368 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:57,040 Speaker 1: public proceedings and public interest, not a closed door session 369 00:20:57,080 --> 00:21:00,560 Speaker 1: of the Admiralty Court. They also needed the Mughal Emperor 370 00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:03,159 Speaker 1: to hear all of the details of the conviction and 371 00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:08,040 Speaker 1: execution of the pirates. Even with the Admiralty's involvement, though, 372 00:21:08,080 --> 00:21:11,320 Speaker 1: everything was operating a lot like any other trial at 373 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:15,040 Speaker 1: the Old Bailey. The prosecutors were all legal professionals, but 374 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:18,560 Speaker 1: the defendants were all on their own in terms of representation. 375 00:21:19,520 --> 00:21:22,600 Speaker 1: The trial opened on October nineteenth, and Henry Every was 376 00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:25,440 Speaker 1: named in the indictment, even though he was still at large. 377 00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:29,560 Speaker 1: Two witnesses, who were former members of Every's crew, provided 378 00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 1: extensive detail about the incident, but the questioning also went 379 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:36,320 Speaker 1: well beyond just what had happened with the Mughal fleet. 380 00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:40,080 Speaker 1: This trial was an opportunity for authorities to learn more 381 00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:42,680 Speaker 1: about the practice of piracy, and a lot of the 382 00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:46,119 Speaker 1: testimony was more about that than about the Ganji Sawai. 383 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:48,119 Speaker 1: It was basically like they said, Okay, you know what 384 00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:51,080 Speaker 1: would be great is if we could get a better 385 00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:53,879 Speaker 1: handle on what all's going on with these pirates. So 386 00:21:54,320 --> 00:21:56,879 Speaker 1: let's try to establish a whole narrative of the pirate 387 00:21:56,960 --> 00:22:02,080 Speaker 1: situation rather than just investigating this one thing. So this 388 00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:06,159 Speaker 1: testimony demonstrated unequivocally that the men on trial had all 389 00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,840 Speaker 1: committed piracy. But when the jury returned a verdict they 390 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:14,119 Speaker 1: acquitted all of them. That didn't go how they were hoping. Nope, 391 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:16,639 Speaker 1: not at all. This was a problem and it was 392 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:21,080 Speaker 1: a complete shock to the various authorities involved. On top 393 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:23,600 Speaker 1: of failing to deliver a guilty verdict to try to 394 00:22:23,640 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: satisfy the Mughal Emperor, the proceedings also publicly aired a 395 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:31,520 Speaker 1: lot of evidence that multiple British colonial governors were actively 396 00:22:31,560 --> 00:22:36,240 Speaker 1: working with and harboring pirates. So this whole, carefully choreographed 397 00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:39,200 Speaker 1: trial at the Old Bailey just something of a pr move. 398 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,199 Speaker 1: Had done the opposite of what it was supposed to do. 399 00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,920 Speaker 1: It did not send the message that Britain wouldn't tolerate pirates. 400 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:48,520 Speaker 1: It created a public record that in fact they did. 401 00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:51,159 Speaker 1: It was also a good example of how the people 402 00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:54,040 Speaker 1: were responsible for this proceeding were pretty out of touch 403 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:58,600 Speaker 1: with the ordinary British citizenry. Basically, people really liked pirates. 404 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:01,840 Speaker 1: Some of this was because of privateers like Sir Francis 405 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:04,960 Speaker 1: Drake and Sir Henry Morgan, who had official and unofficial 406 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:07,760 Speaker 1: support of the Crown and their harassment and plundering of 407 00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:11,440 Speaker 1: Spanish ships and colonies. Spain considered both of these men 408 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:13,960 Speaker 1: to be pirates, but in Britain both of them had 409 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:17,280 Speaker 1: been knighted, Drake by Queen Elizabeth the First and Morgan 410 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 1: by King Charles the Second. In the public eye, they 411 00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:24,560 Speaker 1: had set an example of pirates as noble patriots who 412 00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,320 Speaker 1: only targeted Britain's enemies. But it wasn't just about people 413 00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:31,720 Speaker 1: like Drake and Morgan. Henry Every himself had also become 414 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:35,240 Speaker 1: a folk hero. Not long after he commandeered the Charles 415 00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:38,239 Speaker 1: the Second, someone had written a broadside ballad about it, 416 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:42,199 Speaker 1: first published by Theophilis Lewis in sixteen ninety four. The 417 00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:45,320 Speaker 1: ballad was framed as something that every had written himself 418 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:47,960 Speaker 1: and then sent back to shore with one of the mutineers. 419 00:23:48,320 --> 00:23:52,159 Speaker 1: That is certainly a fanciful fabrication, but the details in 420 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,000 Speaker 1: the ballad are close enough to the historical record that 421 00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:57,560 Speaker 1: it's likely that whoever wrote the ballad heard about the 422 00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:01,480 Speaker 1: mutiny from someone who was actually therease ballad was not obscure. 423 00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:05,000 Speaker 1: Some of the wives of sailors aboard the Charles A 424 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:09,320 Speaker 1: Second had filed a complaint against James Holblin, the merchant 425 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:11,520 Speaker 1: who owned the ship. This was way back before it 426 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,439 Speaker 1: was turned into a pirate ship. They claimed that he 427 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:18,639 Speaker 1: was traitorously enslaving their husbands, and in the case that 428 00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:21,320 Speaker 1: came up before the Privy Council on August sixteenth of 429 00:24:21,359 --> 00:24:26,280 Speaker 1: sixteen ninety four, Hobland submitted a copy of this broadside 430 00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:29,159 Speaker 1: ballad as part of the documents in his defense. Like 431 00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:31,679 Speaker 1: this was not a thing nobody had ever heard of, 432 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:35,720 Speaker 1: people were singing the song a lot. It was also 433 00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:39,240 Speaker 1: a pretty clear sign of how popular opinion viewed Henry Every. 434 00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:42,960 Speaker 1: In a sixteen ninety four printing, it's titled a copy 435 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:47,000 Speaker 1: of Verses composed by Captain Henry Every Lately gone to 436 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:50,439 Speaker 1: sea to seek his fortune, And it starts, Come, all 437 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: you brave boys whose courage is bold? Will you venture 438 00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:57,040 Speaker 1: with me? I'll glut you with gold. Make haste unto Corona. 439 00:24:57,119 --> 00:25:00,560 Speaker 1: A ship you will find that's called the Fancy Pleasure. 440 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,800 Speaker 1: Your mind Captain Evrey is in her and calls her 441 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,320 Speaker 1: his own. He will box her about boys before he 442 00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:10,879 Speaker 1: is done. French, Spaniard and Portuguese. The heathen likewise, he 443 00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:13,600 Speaker 1: has made a war with them until that he dies 444 00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:17,919 Speaker 1: after ten more, versus of very high spirited promises of 445 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:20,440 Speaker 1: all the far off places that every plans to see 446 00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:24,560 Speaker 1: and plunder if necessary. It ends quote, Now this is 447 00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:27,639 Speaker 1: the course I intend for to steer my false hearted 448 00:25:27,720 --> 00:25:30,440 Speaker 1: nation to you. I declare I have done thee no wrong. 449 00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:35,080 Speaker 1: Thou must meet forgive. The sword shall maintain me as 450 00:25:35,160 --> 00:25:38,720 Speaker 1: long as I live. So with all that in mind, 451 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,919 Speaker 1: in hindsight, it is not really all that surprising that 452 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:45,240 Speaker 1: the jury acquitted Every's crew members. They were pirates, and 453 00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:47,800 Speaker 1: in the public eye, pirates were somewhere on a spectrum 454 00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: between folk hero and noble patriot. There's also some romanticism 455 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:55,680 Speaker 1: in the whole thing I have. The jury also was 456 00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:58,879 Speaker 1: not particularly sympathetic to the Mughal Emperor, who was a 457 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:02,679 Speaker 1: Muslim foreigner on the other side of the world. So 458 00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:05,800 Speaker 1: the Admiralty, the British East India Company, and the British 459 00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:08,480 Speaker 1: government were all terrified that the Emperor was going to 460 00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:10,639 Speaker 1: learn about the pirate's acquittal and that it would just 461 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,520 Speaker 1: confirm his suspicion that England was a nation of pirates. 462 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: So they turned to Sir Charles Hedges, chief Justice of 463 00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:21,840 Speaker 1: the High Court of the Admiralty, to arrange another trial 464 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:25,560 Speaker 1: on a second set of charges, this time relating to 465 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,919 Speaker 1: the mutiny aboard the Charles the Second rather than the 466 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,720 Speaker 1: attack on the Mughal fleet. This was great because he 467 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:34,679 Speaker 1: would allow them to try the men again, but it 468 00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:38,199 Speaker 1: was not ideal because the Emperor definitely wasn't going to 469 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,280 Speaker 1: be satisfied with a conviction for mere mutiny, of which 470 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:44,159 Speaker 1: he was not the victim. So in this second trial, 471 00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 1: the prosecution, again in a very carefully choreographed proceeding, tried 472 00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:52,719 Speaker 1: to establish the legal idea that mutiny was theft, and 473 00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 1: that theft on the high seas was piracy, so therefore 474 00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:59,640 Speaker 1: mutiny was piracy, but that the men were being tried 475 00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:02,520 Speaker 1: for me utiny, not piracy, so this was not an 476 00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:06,760 Speaker 1: issue of double jeopardy. This was some mental gymnastics, and 477 00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:09,639 Speaker 1: it's even reflected in the official court record from this 478 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:14,240 Speaker 1: second trial, which ends the summation of the previous trial 479 00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:17,439 Speaker 1: with quote the jury, contrary to the expectation of the 480 00:27:17,480 --> 00:27:21,159 Speaker 1: court brought in all prisoners not guilty, whereupon the session 481 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:24,119 Speaker 1: was adjourned to Saturday, the thirty first of October, and 482 00:27:24,240 --> 00:27:27,680 Speaker 1: the prisoners were committed upon a new warrant for several 483 00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:32,480 Speaker 1: other piracies. In the second trial, the prosecution talked to 484 00:27:32,520 --> 00:27:35,639 Speaker 1: the jury a lot about how bad piracy was and 485 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:37,720 Speaker 1: how Britain looked to the rest of the world. In 486 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:41,679 Speaker 1: that moment. Chief Justice Hedges also described what would happen 487 00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:45,399 Speaker 1: if the pirates were acquitted once again. Quote, the barbarous 488 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:49,159 Speaker 1: nations will reproach us as being a harbor, receptacle and 489 00:27:49,240 --> 00:27:52,439 Speaker 1: a nest of pirates, and our friends will wonder to 490 00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:55,920 Speaker 1: hear that the enemies of merchants and of mankind should 491 00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:59,800 Speaker 1: find a sanctuary in this ancient place of trade. Nay, 492 00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:04,000 Speaker 1: we ourselves cannot but confess that all kingdoms and countries 493 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,960 Speaker 1: who have suffered by English pirates, may, for want of redress, 494 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:11,600 Speaker 1: in the ordinary course, have the pretense of justice and 495 00:28:11,640 --> 00:28:14,240 Speaker 1: the color of the laws of nations to justify their 496 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:18,520 Speaker 1: making reprisals upon our merchants wheresoever they shall meet them 497 00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:21,200 Speaker 1: upon the seas. In case you missed it, the Chief 498 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,680 Speaker 1: Justice just called the Mughal Empire a barbarous nation in court, 499 00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:31,080 Speaker 1: And even after this whole speech that was clearly designed 500 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:33,359 Speaker 1: to sway the jury, he went on to say that 501 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:35,479 Speaker 1: he was in fact not trying to sway the jury. 502 00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:40,160 Speaker 1: So this time the jury convicted all of the men 503 00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:43,520 Speaker 1: and they were all hanged on November fifteen, sixteen ninety six. 504 00:28:43,640 --> 00:28:47,640 Speaker 1: And with that done, and with a lot of reparations paid, 505 00:28:47,840 --> 00:28:51,880 Speaker 1: the Emperor of the Mughal Empire reluctantly allowed the East 506 00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:56,200 Speaker 1: India Company to resume its activities in its territory. The 507 00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:59,160 Speaker 1: proceedings of the trials were collected and printed at seven 508 00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,120 Speaker 1: Stars of Luodgar, which was owned by one of London's 509 00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:06,160 Speaker 1: largest printers and booksellers, the Everinghams. There are still copies 510 00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:09,080 Speaker 1: of it in more than forty libraries. Although it was 511 00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:12,440 Speaker 1: very widely distributed and widely read, it did not really 512 00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:15,840 Speaker 1: shift public opinion on Henry every or in fact of 513 00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:19,040 Speaker 1: pirates in general. Having this thing printed and widely distributed 514 00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:21,080 Speaker 1: was part of the plan from the beginning. They were like, Okay, 515 00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: we're gonna have this trial. It's gonna be very public trial. 516 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,040 Speaker 1: They're going to totally condemn all of these pirates, and 517 00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:28,320 Speaker 1: then we're going to print all of the stuff from 518 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,520 Speaker 1: the trial so that everyone can read it whenever they want. 519 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:35,120 Speaker 1: It didn't really go quite as planned. Instead of everybody 520 00:29:35,160 --> 00:29:38,160 Speaker 1: deciding that Henry every was a terrible, notorious pirate that 521 00:29:38,240 --> 00:29:41,320 Speaker 1: had brutalized a whole lot of people on a ship 522 00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:43,960 Speaker 1: that he had rated, he continued to be the hero 523 00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,200 Speaker 1: in a number of works of fiction. There was The 524 00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:51,240 Speaker 1: Life and Adventures of Captain John Avery by a pseudonymous 525 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:56,000 Speaker 1: Captain Adrian von Brooke in seventeen oh nine. Seventeen thirteen 526 00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:59,360 Speaker 1: saw the play The Successful Pirate, written by Charles Johnson 527 00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: and performed in London for several years. The King of Pirates, 528 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,640 Speaker 1: being an account of famous enterprises of Captain Avery, the 529 00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,080 Speaker 1: mock King of Madagascar with his Rambles and Piracies, wherein 530 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,560 Speaker 1: all the sham accounts formerly published of him are Detected, 531 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:18,000 Speaker 1: was written in seventeen nineteen. It's often attributed to Daniel Dafoe. 532 00:30:18,560 --> 00:30:24,160 Speaker 1: Snappy title. Avery is also unsurprisingly a prominent feature in 533 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,200 Speaker 1: a General History of Pirates, which came out in seventeen 534 00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:30,400 Speaker 1: twenty four under the name Captain Charles Johnson, but is 535 00:30:30,440 --> 00:30:34,360 Speaker 1: also often attributed to either Daniel Dafoe or Nathaniel Misst. 536 00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:38,560 Speaker 1: This colossally popular book on pirates is cited in many 537 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:42,200 Speaker 1: biographies and histories, but it is definitely not an authoritative 538 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,480 Speaker 1: work of nonfiction. We talk a little bit more about 539 00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:48,360 Speaker 1: it in our past episode on Anne Bonnie and Mary Reid. 540 00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,719 Speaker 1: Henry Avery is the first pirate that's discussed in it, 541 00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,560 Speaker 1: and that ballad that we talked about and read parts 542 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:59,120 Speaker 1: of earlier survived through oral folks singing for more than 543 00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:01,680 Speaker 1: two hundred years. I mean there were print copies of 544 00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:04,480 Speaker 1: it still. You can still find very old copies of 545 00:31:04,520 --> 00:31:07,160 Speaker 1: that original broadside. But the way that people were passing 546 00:31:07,160 --> 00:31:12,200 Speaker 1: it was by singing for two hundred years. In spite 547 00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:15,920 Speaker 1: of an international manhunt, Henry Every was never seen again. 548 00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:19,760 Speaker 1: No one knows exactly what happened to him. Most of 549 00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:22,400 Speaker 1: these works of fiction contend that he married the Mughal 550 00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:26,960 Speaker 1: emperor's daughter and established his own kingdom in Madagascar. It's 551 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:28,880 Speaker 1: more likely that he made his way back to England 552 00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:32,120 Speaker 1: to try to hide himself from that international manhunt and 553 00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:36,240 Speaker 1: died there in poverty. And Britain's very public announcements of 554 00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,200 Speaker 1: a crackdown on piracy didn't have that much of an 555 00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:43,200 Speaker 1: effect on piracy either. The Golden age of piracy, which 556 00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:46,280 Speaker 1: this incident happened kind of in the middle of, continued 557 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:49,080 Speaker 1: on for more than thirty years, and this was also 558 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:52,640 Speaker 1: a temporary blip in the East India Company's activities in 559 00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:56,240 Speaker 1: what's now India. The EIC went on to seize huge 560 00:31:56,320 --> 00:31:58,959 Speaker 1: amounts of territory on the Indian sub continent, and it 561 00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:02,760 Speaker 1: operated until eighteen seventy four. A bunch of those later 562 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:05,400 Speaker 1: events have come up in other podcasts on the show, 563 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,240 Speaker 1: most recently and are one about the East India Company 564 00:32:08,320 --> 00:32:12,680 Speaker 1: stealing tea secrets from China to then grow the tea 565 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:17,880 Speaker 1: in India. Oh, East India Company. Yeah, in the middle 566 00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:21,760 Speaker 1: of a lot of problems, a lot a lot of problems. 567 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:24,320 Speaker 1: When I started this whole thing with the idea of 568 00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:26,600 Speaker 1: litt we'll do a pirate. We haven't talked about a 569 00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:29,920 Speaker 1: pirate in a while. I was not expecting a weird, 570 00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:35,200 Speaker 1: convoluted legal pr move to be in the third act 571 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:37,200 Speaker 1: of the show. Yeah, that's kind of the best part 572 00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:39,840 Speaker 1: of the story. I mean, the whole It's tragic because 573 00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 1: I want to acknowledge that horrible things were done, but 574 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:45,160 Speaker 1: I love the idea that they cooked up this whole thing, 575 00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:48,720 Speaker 1: not thinking for a minute that people would behave counter 576 00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:51,040 Speaker 1: to how they anticipated. Right, Like, there was no plan 577 00:32:51,160 --> 00:32:53,320 Speaker 1: be there. They were totally away. We're going to believe 578 00:32:53,360 --> 00:32:55,960 Speaker 1: we're going to convict these pirates, and the cherry was 579 00:32:56,040 --> 00:33:05,840 Speaker 1: going to be like you guys, thanks so much for 580 00:33:05,920 --> 00:33:09,000 Speaker 1: joining us on this Saturday. Since this episode is out 581 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:10,960 Speaker 1: of the archive, if you heard an email address or 582 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,560 Speaker 1: a Facebook RL or something similar over the course of 583 00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:17,240 Speaker 1: the show, that could be obsolete now. Our current email 584 00:33:17,240 --> 00:33:22,600 Speaker 1: address is History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can 585 00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:26,080 Speaker 1: find us all over social media at missed Indistory, and 586 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:29,960 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, 587 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:33,440 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts. 588 00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:39,360 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 589 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:44,360 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, 590 00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:46,719 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.