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Speaker 4: Hey Daniel, do you think the universe is still capable

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Speaker 4: of surprising us?

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Speaker 1: What do you mean? It's blowing my mind all the time.

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Speaker 4: That is what I mean. You're always saying that we

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Speaker 4: could discover anything out there.

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Speaker 1: I do say that, like you know, there might be

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Speaker 1: huge purple dragons out there past the edge of the

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Speaker 1: observable universe.

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Speaker 4: Okay, yeah, but then what if we actually discover huge

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Speaker 4: purple dragons. Would you be like, eh, I saw that coming.

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Speaker 1: No, I would think like, wow, so cool. I wonder

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Speaker 1: how we could talk to dragons about physics.

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Speaker 4: But you don't think there are actually dragons in space?

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Speaker 4: Do you?

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Speaker 1: Probably not? But hey, some future astronomer listening today will

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Speaker 1: discover a new kind of fiery star out there and

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Speaker 1: call it a space dragon.

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Speaker 4: I guess you could say it be in the night sky,

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Speaker 4: you know, night with a K.

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Speaker 1: Sir Jorge, that is a terrible joke.

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Speaker 4: I am Orge, I'm a cartoonist and the creator of

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Speaker 4: PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I really

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Speaker 1: do want to meet a space dragon.

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Speaker 4: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Orge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we talk about all the things that are

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Speaker 1: out there in the universe, the things that amaze us,

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Speaker 1: the things that blow our minds, the things that make

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Speaker 1: us curious, and also the things that we wonder if

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Speaker 1: they are out there, the crazy hypotheticals, the possible, the

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Speaker 1: things that will blow the minds of future generations and

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Speaker 1: explain all of them to you.

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Speaker 4: Is this Daniel where science fiction meets fantasy.

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Speaker 1: Is who has been a tight connection between science and

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Speaker 1: science fiction, and that connection is the fantasy of science

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Speaker 1: fiction authors thinking of crazy stuff we might see one day.

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Speaker 4: You mean, like dungeons and space dragons.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And I think that there's a lot of

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Speaker 1: folks out there who are scientists or read science fiction

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Speaker 1: who also appreciate fantasy and crazy dragons and magic and

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Speaker 1: wizards and all that stuff.

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Speaker 4: Do you think there's some science spaces for any of that.

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Speaker 1: No, I think it's all based in mythology, but it's

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Speaker 1: all creative and I like reading it. So we usually

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Speaker 1: talk about science fiction on this program, but I'm also

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Speaker 1: a big reader of fantasy novels.

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Speaker 4: But yeah, we talk about all the amazing things out

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Speaker 4: there in the universe, all of the weird and unexplained objects,

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Speaker 4: And there's a lot of stuff out there in the

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Speaker 4: universe and in space, floating out there. Who knows what's

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Speaker 4: out there?

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Speaker 1: Yes, And the more we look out there in space,

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Speaker 1: the more we discover that there are lots of different

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Speaker 1: kinds of things. We never even imagined, and also that

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Speaker 1: the distinctions between the categories we thought were crisp and

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Speaker 1: clear are a little fuzzier than we understood.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, there's a pretty big diversity out there, because it's

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Speaker 4: not just suns and planets out in space floating out

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Speaker 4: there and the darkness of the cosmos. But there's other

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Speaker 4: kinds of objects, and sometimes they're kind of hard to categorize.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The Solar System is more than just a

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Speaker 1: Sun and a few planets and a couple of moons.

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Speaker 1: There's a huge spectrum of stuff all the way down

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Speaker 1: from space dust up to the Sun itself and basically

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Speaker 1: everything in between. And where we draw the lines. What

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Speaker 1: we call a planet, what we call a brown dwarf,

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Speaker 1: what we call a star, what we call an asteroid,

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Speaker 1: sometimes just has like a historical basis more than a

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Speaker 1: scientific one.

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Speaker 4: So if there are dwarf planets, Daniel, are there also

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Speaker 4: elf planets?

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Speaker 1: Those have been taken over by the dwarfs. That's all

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Speaker 1: that's left.

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Speaker 4: The dwarfs won that war, they leave for the West already.

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Speaker 1: That's right. There's a whole other set of Solar systems,

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Speaker 1: deep deep in the galaxy, where the elves have retreated to.

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Speaker 4: But I mean this is sort of a continuing conversation

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Speaker 4: I feel with astronomers, like what counts as a planet,

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Speaker 4: as an asteroid, as a space rock, or even it's

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Speaker 4: a sun. It's hard to tell the difference between a

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Speaker 4: sun and a planet.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, if Jupiter was bigger, it would be right

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Speaker 1: on that threshold. Might argue like, it's a really big planet. No,

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Speaker 1: it's a failed star. No it's a brown dwarf. And

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Speaker 1: this isn't just like astronomers being picky or astronomers coming

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Speaker 1: up with silly names for things. This just reflects how

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Speaker 1: we look out at the sky and see different kind

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Speaker 1: of things and try to make sense of them. You

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Speaker 1: can't just say, hey, there's lots of stuff out there,

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Speaker 1: we can't categorize it at all. You have to try

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Speaker 1: to say, we're talking about these kinds of stuff and

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Speaker 1: that kind of stuff, And when you face a bunch

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Speaker 1: of messy observations, you have to try to find categories

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Speaker 1: and patterns.

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Speaker 4: Yeah. So today we'll be talking about one such object

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Speaker 4: in the Solar System, one that has a pretty mythic

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Speaker 4: name to the On the program, we'll be talking about

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Speaker 4: what is a space centaur.

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Speaker 1: And what happens when they do battle with space dragons.

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Speaker 4: Or space unicorns. That's the one I want to right

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Speaker 4: around in.

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Speaker 1: Well, that is an ancient rivalry unicorns versus centaurs. They

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Speaker 1: do not get along really.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, can you have us centaur with a horn?

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Speaker 1: Where would the horn go? Exactly? Space un centaur would

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Speaker 1: go on the forehead of the guy or the woman.

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Speaker 4: Where else would it go?

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Speaker 1: I don't know.

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Speaker 4: I mean, I guess it could come out of their chest?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Like I have all lots of basic questions

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Speaker 1: about centaurs, like where is their belly button? You know,

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Speaker 1: is it sort of on the person part or all

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Speaker 1: the way down or like, you know, anyway, there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of interesting questions you can talk about when it

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Speaker 1: comes to centaurs.

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Speaker 4: Well, but that's a different podcast. That would be the

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Speaker 4: Dungeons and Space Dragons podcast.

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain the universe of fantasy creatures.

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Speaker 4: But yeah, there is such a thing as a space center.

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Speaker 4: Like this is actually something that physicists talk about in

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Speaker 4: conferences and in papers.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, It's something pretty awesome and it came

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Speaker 1: up on the podcast a few weeks ago. Just sort

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Speaker 1: of obliquely when we were talking about other things in

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Speaker 1: the Solar System, and we got a bunch of listeners

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Speaker 1: right in saying, what is that real? Are there actually

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Speaker 1: space centaurs? And so we thought we we dive into

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Speaker 1: it into a whole episode.

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Speaker 4: Hmmm, they thought you were kidding or so they're calling

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Speaker 4: us out.

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Speaker 1: They are calling us out, and we are stepping up

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Speaker 1: and explaining exactly what a space centaur actually is.

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Speaker 4: You didn't just make all this stuff up twenty minutes

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Speaker 4: before we started.

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Speaker 1: No, No, this is not a fiction podcast. This is real.

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Speaker 1: But you know, sometimes in science we borrow words from

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Speaker 1: other fields, We borrow them from art or from philosophy

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Speaker 1: to try to describe some relationship we see, to try

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Speaker 1: to capture something about this new kind of object that

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Speaker 1: we can't describe in any other way. And sometimes that

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Speaker 1: seems creative and clever, and sometimes it seems awkward and clunky.

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Speaker 4: To what percentage, Daniel, what percentage of physics names you

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Speaker 4: think are awkward versus right on?

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Speaker 1: Well, I would estimate that you would place at about

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Speaker 1: ninety five percent clunky. But I think there's some art

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Speaker 1: to them, you know, I think sometimes I see where

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Speaker 1: they're going, even if they didn't necessarily really hit the target.

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Speaker 4: All right, Well, as usual, we were wondering how many

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Speaker 4: people out there had heard of a space centaur or

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Speaker 4: even knew what it could possibly be. So Daniel went

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Speaker 4: out there into the wilds of the internet to ask

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Speaker 4: people what is a space centaur?

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Speaker 1: And thank you to everybody who volunteered to answer this

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Speaker 1: particularly strange question. If you are willing to put your baseless,

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Speaker 1: unresearched answers to difficult physics questions on the podcast, please

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Speaker 1: write to me at questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

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Speaker 4: So think about it for a second. If someone approached

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Speaker 4: you and asked you what a space centaur is, what

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Speaker 4: would you say. Here's what listeners had to say.

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Speaker 5: I do not know what a space centaur is, but

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Speaker 5: I know what a centaur is, so I'm guessing it's

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Speaker 5: an astrological phenomena that feels like magic, but it's actually science.

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Speaker 4: I have no idea what that is, but it sounds

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Speaker 4: like a new kind of tesla or maybe a rocket

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Speaker 4: of some kind. The Space Center is a NASA operate

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Speaker 4: to a museum where villagers can engage you with space science.

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Speaker 6: If it isn't a mythical beast that flies through the cosmos,

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Speaker 6: then I imagine it's a classification of some kind. I

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Speaker 6: have a memory of it being something to do with

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Speaker 6: maybe an unstable orbit or some kind of like collision

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Speaker 6: course in the future.

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Speaker 7: I think I heard about these things a few weeks

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Speaker 7: ago on Discovery, So I see or rocky objects between.

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Speaker 1: Jupiter and neptuned.

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Speaker 4: A space centaur sounds like a constellation, maybe in your

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Speaker 4: Alpha Centauri.

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Speaker 1: If not that, then some kind of a nebula.

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Speaker 4: Maybe A space center is a child of a human

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Speaker 4: from Earth and a human born in another planet sey Mars,

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Speaker 4: for example.

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Speaker 1: So I don't know about you, but I feel like

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Speaker 1: we got exceptionally creative answers this week.

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Speaker 4: Mm a tesla h.

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Speaker 1: I think my favorite is the child of a human

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Speaker 1: from Earth and a human born on another planet. What

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Speaker 1: a great idea to call that a space centaur.

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Speaker 4: That is pretty good. It's like the right now science

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Speaker 4: fiction and fantasy right now exactly.

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Speaker 1: I hope that sparked somebody to write their whole novel.

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Speaker 4: Nobody thought it was an actual centaur. Everyone sort of

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Speaker 4: assumed it's some kind of object in space.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's such a weird thing that nobody heard

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Speaker 1: of that the guesses were pretty wide. I mean, one

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Speaker 1: person was guessing that it was a space center because

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Speaker 1: I think the idea of a centaur was so strange

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Speaker 1: they must have thought I made a typo in the question, Mmmm,

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Speaker 1: a space center does make more sense than a space centaur.

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Speaker 4: All right, well, let's jump into it, Daniel. I assume

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Speaker 4: the answer is going to be very magical and legendary,

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Speaker 4: but step us through it. What is a space centaur?

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Speaker 1: So to understand what a centaur is, you first have

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Speaker 1: to understand two other things, and that's asteroids and comets,

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Speaker 1: because that's what you were saying before. You know, you

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Speaker 1: look out into space and you see lots of really

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Speaker 1: weird stuff out there, and the deeper you look, the

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Speaker 1: more weird stuff you see, and the more we learn

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Speaker 1: that there's a lot of objects out there in space.

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Speaker 1: It's not just planets and the Sun. And if you uns,

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Speaker 1: there are zillions of asteroids, and there's lots of comets,

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Speaker 1: and then out there beyond Pluto, there's an enormous number

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Speaker 1: of frozen rocks. So astronomers are trying to come to

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Speaker 1: grift with this incredible number and variety of stuff by

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Speaker 1: giving them all names that describe roughly what they do.

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Speaker 1: Some of these names are like anchored in history because

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Speaker 1: they come from very early observations. Right, Astronomy is a

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Speaker 1: field that's hundreds or thousands of years old. So to

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Speaker 1: understand what a centaur is, you really need to understand

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Speaker 1: first what an asteroid is and what a comet is.

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Speaker 1: According to what modern astronomers say, is.

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Speaker 4: That another mythical rivalry like unicornss a centaurs asteroids versus comets.

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Speaker 1: No asteroids and comets get along. In fact, sometimes they

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Speaker 1: mix and form space centaurs or.

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Speaker 4: A space mermaids. Oh my goodness, that's the next level

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Speaker 4: pace mermaids.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. That would have been even a better name,

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Speaker 1: because it makes sense for things to swim through space

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Speaker 1: rather than gallop through space.

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Speaker 4: There with an unknown belly button location.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Maybe they can swim through the sea

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Speaker 1: of dark matter that's out there using their dark matter tails.

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Speaker 4: M and lure astronauts to their doom. All right, So

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Speaker 4: it sounds like we need to understand what asteroids and

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Speaker 4: comets are, and I'm guessing maybe centaurs. It's like a

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Speaker 4: mix of the two or somewhere in between.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So an asteroid is a really cool object.

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Speaker 1: It's basically just a big rock floating out in space

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Speaker 1: that didn't get gathered together into a moon or a planet.

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Speaker 1: But it has a really interesting history. The word asteroid

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Speaker 1: basically means not a star because it's something that early

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Speaker 1: astronomers saw out there in space. But it was too

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Speaker 1: small to look like a planet.

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Speaker 8: Right.

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Speaker 1: You couldn't like see a disk, but it moved the

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Speaker 1: way a planet did. It wasn't so far away, it

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Speaker 1: didn't move like a star. So it's this weird object

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Speaker 1: that was discovered when they say, well, it must be

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Speaker 1: nearby because it moves like a planet, but it's really

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Speaker 1: really small and it looks like a star. So they

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Speaker 1: gave you this new name.

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Speaker 4: Oh interesting. I guess I hadn't thought about it that

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Speaker 4: we would have discovered asteroids before we had powerful telescopes, right,

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Speaker 4: I guess at the beginning, it was just like a

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Speaker 4: strangely moving pinpoint of light in the night's cut exactly.

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Speaker 1: An Asteroids, like planets, don't shine light, right, They're just

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Speaker 1: big dark rocks, but they can reflect light, and so

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Speaker 1: if light goes from the Sun and bounces off it

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Speaker 1: and comes to Earth. Then we can see them, and

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Speaker 1: that's good because we'd like to know where the asteroids

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Speaker 1: are so that we know they're not going to smash

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Speaker 1: into the Earth. And we identified a few of them

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Speaker 1: very very early on. It was like in the eighteen

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Speaker 1: hundreds we had already seen ten of them. These are

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Speaker 1: the bigger ones, the shinier ones, and so we could

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Speaker 1: see that they were out there and they were floating

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Speaker 1: around the Solar System. And for a long time, people

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Speaker 1: like didn't even distinguish between a planet and an asteroid,

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Speaker 1: and science papers from like the eighteen hundreds, those two

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Speaker 1: words are used interchangeably.

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Speaker 4: It just means like a floating object in space that

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Speaker 4: reflects light.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's not a star. It's closer by, it's like

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Speaker 1: orbiting our Sun and it's reflecting light. And from that

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Speaker 1: point of view, what's the difference between Mars and a

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Speaker 1: really big asteroid. They're both just big rocks in space, right.

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Speaker 1: But then as you learn about these objects you start

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Speaker 1: to distinguish them. It's like, well, planets move in their

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Speaker 1: own orbit and basically have cleared a path, whereas most

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Speaker 1: asteroids are in a big belt and so you come

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Speaker 1: up with these ways of talking about things because they're related,

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Speaker 1: But they are also important differences between planets and asteroids.

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Speaker 4: It's not just a difference of size like I would

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Speaker 4: think it'd be like a size threshold that you have

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Speaker 4: to meet to be a planet. Isn't that what happened

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Speaker 4: to Pluto, Like it wasn't big enough, so it got downgraded.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that is sort of what happened to Pluto. But

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Speaker 1: it's also context. Like, Pluto we found and it's out

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Speaker 1: there and it's moving sort of like a planet, But

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Speaker 1: then we found that Pluto is actually just one example

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Speaker 1: of a lot of different objects that are deep out

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Speaker 1: there in the Solar System, and it's not even necessarily

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Speaker 1: the biggest, and so calling it a planet would mean

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Speaker 1: you have to call all those other ones a planet also.

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Speaker 1: So then yeah, they made an arbitrary distinction. They're like, sorry,

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Speaker 1: we're going to define a planet to be just bigger

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Speaker 1: than Pluto to sort of get Pluto out the door.

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Speaker 4: Is that why? Because they didn't want to admit there

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Speaker 4: were a lot of planets in the Solar System.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, they didn't feel comfortable with the idea of

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Speaker 1: having lots and lots of planets and an unknown number

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Speaker 1: of planets, because out there past Pluto there is an

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Speaker 1: enormous number of these things. These things are called trans

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Speaker 1: Neptunian objects, and some of them are called plutoids or plutinos.

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Speaker 1: But there's a huge number of these things out there.

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Speaker 1: And if you said Pluto is a planet, then you'd

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Speaker 1: have to call them all planets. And you know, planets

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Speaker 1: have a historically important name, you know, like we'd like

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Speaker 1: to think it's a special class of objects in the

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Speaker 1: Solar System that we call planets because we live on one.

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Speaker 1: So yeah, we could have gone with like there are

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Speaker 1: many many planets, but they wanted to make it special.

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Speaker 4: They wanted to reserve the name for special occasions. Yeah,

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Speaker 4: that was kind of snobby.

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Speaker 1: I guess it was like, you know, you have friends,

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Speaker 1: and you have best friends, and you could say, well,

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Speaker 1: all my friends are my best friends, or you could

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Speaker 1: acknowledge that some of your friends are actually closer than

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Speaker 1: other friends.

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Speaker 4: Right, I do have a friend who calls all of

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Speaker 4: our friends best friends. It's so confusing something there you

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Speaker 4: go exactly, So then what was the rationale or what

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Speaker 4: was the official excuse that they go by size.

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Speaker 1: The long saga of the definition Pluto I think deserves

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Speaker 1: its own episode. We can go through the details of that.

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Speaker 1: But we were saying that asteroids were discovered, you know,

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Speaker 1: in the eighteen hundreds, we have about ten of them,

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Speaker 1: and then it rapidly cranked up. We had like discovered

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Speaker 1: a thousand asteroids by the early nineteen hundreds, and by

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Speaker 1: now we know that there are many, many of these things.

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Speaker 1: They are like probably more than a million asteroids, and

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Speaker 1: a lot of them are floating in this asteroid belt,

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Speaker 1: which is this big chunk of space between Mars and Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: and some of them are actually co orbiting with Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: Like Jupiter has its orbit right, it's this big circle,

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Speaker 1: and in other places in that same orbit where Jupiter

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Speaker 1: isn't there are big blobs of asteroids, big clumps of

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Speaker 1: asteroids floating in the same path.

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Speaker 4: They can share the same orbit. Wouldn't they have a

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Speaker 4: different speed or something.

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Speaker 1: They can share the same orbit, and they have a

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Speaker 1: cool name. They're called Jupiter trojans. No, they really are

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Speaker 1: called Jupiter trojans. And they get into these weird gravitational

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Speaker 1: resonances with Jupiter because Jupiter is having a big influence

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Speaker 1: on all the stuff that's going on in the Solar

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Speaker 1: System out there, So you can't just ignore Jupiter. Jupiter

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Speaker 1: is a huge gravitational attraction. Remember that ninety nine percent

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Speaker 1: of the stuff in the Solar System is the Sun,

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Speaker 1: and of that remaining one percent, Jupiter is most of it.

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Speaker 1: Jupiter's like ninety nine percent of that one percent. So

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Speaker 1: to first approximation, the Solar System is just the Sun

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Speaker 1: and Jupiter. So if you're out there near Jupiter, it

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Speaker 1: has a huge influence on what's happening gravitationally. And some

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Speaker 1: of these rocks get tossed down into the inner Solar

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Speaker 1: System by Jupiter, they get disturbed, and some of them

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Speaker 1: found these resonances where they can stay happily in Jupiter's orbit.

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Speaker 4: All right, Well, that's an asteroid, and so that's one

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Speaker 4: half of the space centaur puzzle. The other have our comets,

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Speaker 4: which we'll get into in a short bit. But first

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Speaker 4: let's take a quick break.

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440
00:21:18,119 --> 00:21:21,399
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441
00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:24,879
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442
00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:28,360
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443
00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:37,400
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com.

444
00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:39,600
Speaker 4: All right, Dany, we're talking about space.

445
00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:43,040
Speaker 1: Mermaids, unicorns, man unicorns.

446
00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:46,800
Speaker 4: Space unicorns I guess maybe more like space vegases too.

447
00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:49,120
Speaker 4: That could be pretty cool that they're like half birds

448
00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:50,560
Speaker 4: have horses.

449
00:21:50,160 --> 00:21:52,480
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah? Or what about griffins. Are those like half

450
00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:56,280
Speaker 1: birds half lions, right? Those would be cool space griffins.

451
00:21:56,280 --> 00:21:59,640
Speaker 4: Space hippogriffs. That's the nice level.

452
00:22:00,520 --> 00:22:02,280
Speaker 1: Most of these things we just made up. But some

453
00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:04,760
Speaker 1: of these things are real and are out there in space.

454
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,560
Speaker 1: But they're also just sort of funny names that astronomers

455
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:09,880
Speaker 1: give to things to try to show us the relationships

456
00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:11,120
Speaker 1: between what they've discovered.

457
00:22:11,320 --> 00:22:14,280
Speaker 4: All right, So an asteroid is a space rock. That's

458
00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:17,760
Speaker 4: sort of the definition Somewhere between like a baseball and

459
00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:20,280
Speaker 4: what like the size of the Moon is what would

460
00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:21,560
Speaker 4: be considered an asteroid.

461
00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,199
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're like between a meter and up to like

462
00:22:24,359 --> 00:22:27,800
Speaker 1: five hundred kilometers. The biggest one called Vesta, is like

463
00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:31,640
Speaker 1: five hundred kilometers wide. And they're mostly rocks, and they're

464
00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:33,879
Speaker 1: mostly in the Inner Solar System, so they don't have

465
00:22:33,920 --> 00:22:35,879
Speaker 1: a lot of ice. So they can be pretty big

466
00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:38,280
Speaker 1: and they're mostly rock and they are in the Inner

467
00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:41,120
Speaker 1: Solar System. Those are the key points to be an asteroid.

468
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,080
Speaker 4: Really, what if you're a big rock but you're outside

469
00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:45,560
Speaker 4: of the Inner Solar System.

470
00:22:45,280 --> 00:22:47,120
Speaker 1: But bomb you might be a centaur.

471
00:22:47,359 --> 00:22:50,720
Speaker 4: Oh I see, it's like a location. It's like a

472
00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:54,400
Speaker 4: discriminating by where you're from, all right, So that's one

473
00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:57,400
Speaker 4: half of the puzzle. The other half are comets. Now,

474
00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:01,080
Speaker 4: comets are different than asteroids.

475
00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:02,760
Speaker 1: Are different from asteroids. They come from a different place

476
00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:06,159
Speaker 1: in the Solar System. They come from out beyond Neptune,

477
00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:10,240
Speaker 1: the Kuiper Belt. This is huge collection of rocky and

478
00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:14,120
Speaker 1: icy objects. So that's the second key. Comets come from

479
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,080
Speaker 1: deeper out either the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud,

480
00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:19,840
Speaker 1: and they are made of different stuff. They tend to

481
00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:22,000
Speaker 1: have a lot more ice in them. They're these big,

482
00:23:22,040 --> 00:23:25,439
Speaker 1: dirty snowballs of ice and dust. And there's a reason

483
00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:27,640
Speaker 1: for that. There's more ice out in the far edges

484
00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:30,199
Speaker 1: of the Solar System because it was colder out there. Now,

485
00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:32,760
Speaker 1: water in the inner Solar System got sort of blown

486
00:23:32,840 --> 00:23:35,119
Speaker 1: out by the pressure from the Sun out to the

487
00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:38,520
Speaker 1: outer Solar System. So rocks that coalesce out there deeper

488
00:23:38,560 --> 00:23:41,560
Speaker 1: in space tend to have more ice in them. So

489
00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:44,560
Speaker 1: comets come from the Kuiper Belt or the Ort cloud,

490
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:48,480
Speaker 1: which is this hypothetical collection of trillions of icy objects

491
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,760
Speaker 1: deep out there, and they tend to be made more

492
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:52,360
Speaker 1: of ice.

493
00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:55,240
Speaker 4: Like water ice or like methane ice, both kinds of

494
00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:57,560
Speaker 4: ice or other kinds of liquids, all kinds of ice.

495
00:23:57,680 --> 00:23:59,919
Speaker 1: And don't get me started on how planetary geologist talk

496
00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,800
Speaker 1: about ice like they talk about the ice giants of

497
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:05,920
Speaker 1: Neptune and they say these things are filled with water ice,

498
00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:08,480
Speaker 1: but they don't actually mean these things are frozen water

499
00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:11,680
Speaker 1: to them, like a water ice. It's a whole category

500
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:14,520
Speaker 1: of states of water that could be solid but could

501
00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:18,240
Speaker 1: also be technically a liquid, but are not actually frozen water.

502
00:24:18,640 --> 00:24:20,680
Speaker 1: So the whole idea of an ice is a very

503
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:24,159
Speaker 1: sort of confusing and general topic which is badly named.

504
00:24:24,600 --> 00:24:27,119
Speaker 1: But in general, there is a lot of frozen water

505
00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:30,240
Speaker 1: and a lot of various organic ices out there in

506
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:31,200
Speaker 1: the deep Solar system.

507
00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:33,840
Speaker 4: All right, we won't get you started. I'm not Daniel.

508
00:24:34,160 --> 00:24:37,159
Speaker 4: Although ice giants also sounds like a mythological creature.

509
00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:40,440
Speaker 1: Well, Neptune is real and it's out there, and it's

510
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:42,920
Speaker 1: called an ice giant, even if it has a lot

511
00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:46,720
Speaker 1: of water and no ice. But these comets, they also

512
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,320
Speaker 1: tend to be smaller, like, you know, they're not up

513
00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:52,879
Speaker 1: to five hundred kilometers wide. They're like five to twenty

514
00:24:52,920 --> 00:24:55,360
Speaker 1: five miles wide. And you can tell that they're made

515
00:24:55,359 --> 00:24:57,560
Speaker 1: of different stuff because when they plummet to the inner

516
00:24:57,640 --> 00:25:00,679
Speaker 1: Solar system, they get a coma and they get a tail,

517
00:25:01,080 --> 00:25:03,359
Speaker 1: like their edges tend to be burned off by the

518
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:06,680
Speaker 1: sun the solar pressure, it's frying the outside, and you

519
00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:09,920
Speaker 1: get this long tail of material that's basically coming off

520
00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:12,720
Speaker 1: of the comet. So they're not like as densely packed

521
00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:15,320
Speaker 1: that they tend to be more susceptible to the Sun.

522
00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:18,840
Speaker 4: I guess further out there, away from the Sun, it's

523
00:25:18,880 --> 00:25:22,959
Speaker 4: more likely for molecules to form into solids because it's colder,

524
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:25,800
Speaker 4: and so there's just more things you can make rocks

525
00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:28,359
Speaker 4: out of, whereas maybe closer to the Sun, you know,

526
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:31,360
Speaker 4: there are certain things like water or methane that evaporate.

527
00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:33,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Your distance to the Sun definitely changes

528
00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:37,159
Speaker 1: the composition of materials in the solar system, which are

529
00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:40,159
Speaker 1: the basic building blocks of everything we're talking about. And

530
00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:43,200
Speaker 1: it's really fascinating. And you know, we've only until recently

531
00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:46,720
Speaker 1: seen one example of a solar system, ours, and now

532
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:49,320
Speaker 1: we're starting to see other solar systems and we're looking

533
00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:51,520
Speaker 1: at those and we're saying, hey, are the patterns that

534
00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,600
Speaker 1: are in our solar system also present in those? And

535
00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:58,200
Speaker 1: we're finding really surprising things, like we're finding huge planets

536
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:01,040
Speaker 1: like the size of Jupiter really really close to the Sun,

537
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:03,200
Speaker 1: not just in the outer Solar system. These are called

538
00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:06,520
Speaker 1: hot Jupiters. We actually did a whole fun podcast episode

539
00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,280
Speaker 1: about this is our Solar system weird and all the

540
00:26:09,320 --> 00:26:12,240
Speaker 1: things we're learning about our solar system by looking at others.

541
00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:15,000
Speaker 1: But in general, what you say is corrected. That tend

542
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:17,159
Speaker 1: to be different kinds of things deeper in the Solar

543
00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:20,240
Speaker 1: system than closer in, and this affects how these objects

544
00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:23,359
Speaker 1: come together. And it's one reason why comets are different

545
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:26,560
Speaker 1: from asteroids because they're made of different stuff, because they

546
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:28,560
Speaker 1: come from further app interesting.

547
00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:32,720
Speaker 4: Can we see asteroids and comets and other solar systems yet?

548
00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:35,720
Speaker 4: And B wouldn't it be cool to have a novel

549
00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:39,199
Speaker 4: about big space war between our centaurs and there are

550
00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:43,359
Speaker 4: unicorns and another solar systems mermaids. That would be epic.

551
00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:45,560
Speaker 1: I want to read a book called exo Mermaids.

552
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,000
Speaker 4: That would be pretty cool. Mermaids.

553
00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:52,680
Speaker 1: No, we think we have seen a comet from another

554
00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:55,720
Speaker 1: solar system, but we can't see them in their solar system.

555
00:26:56,119 --> 00:26:59,399
Speaker 1: We think that Omuamua, that weird cigar shaped object that

556
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:01,040
Speaker 1: came through our solar system.

557
00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:02,960
Speaker 4: A couple of years ago, was an exomrmaid that.

558
00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:06,520
Speaker 1: Was probably a lost comet from another solar system, but

559
00:27:06,680 --> 00:27:09,080
Speaker 1: we don't know. It came through really fast, and we

560
00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:11,439
Speaker 1: only spotted it when it was halfway through the solar system,

561
00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:13,879
Speaker 1: so we only got good pictures as it was on

562
00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:16,000
Speaker 1: its way out. So there's still a lot of questions

563
00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:19,600
Speaker 1: about what exactly O Mua Mua was, But most likely

564
00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:22,800
Speaker 1: it was something from another solar system's equivalent of the

565
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:25,919
Speaker 1: Ort cloud that got lost and ejected into space and

566
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:28,960
Speaker 1: drifted over here. But we can't see these things from

567
00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:31,920
Speaker 1: other solar systems because they're so small, Like if you

568
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:35,280
Speaker 1: wanted to point your telescope at another star, we could

569
00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:38,480
Speaker 1: just barely detect the planets which are these huge masses.

570
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:40,720
Speaker 1: So we're very far from being able to see exo

571
00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:43,440
Speaker 1: asteroids or exocomets or exo mermaids.

572
00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:46,400
Speaker 4: All right, So those are comets. And now do comets

573
00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:49,120
Speaker 4: have sized restrictions too? Or do they also range from

574
00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:50,480
Speaker 4: like small to gigantic.

575
00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:53,320
Speaker 1: They tend to be smaller than asteroids, and that's because

576
00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:55,639
Speaker 1: they formed deeper out and they just haven't gathered together

577
00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:59,440
Speaker 1: into larger objects, and Neptune tends to keep these things small.

578
00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:03,040
Speaker 1: Neptune is also a really big planet, and so its

579
00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:06,080
Speaker 1: gravity tends to break stuff up because of tidal forces,

580
00:28:06,359 --> 00:28:08,440
Speaker 1: and so anything in the Kuiper Belt that would gather

581
00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:11,960
Speaker 1: together into a larger object generally gets torn apart by Neptune.

582
00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:14,200
Speaker 1: It's like the big bully on the playground out there

583
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:18,000
Speaker 1: and doesn't want anything to challenge its supremacy. So they

584
00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:20,520
Speaker 1: tend to be up to about like twenty five miles wide.

585
00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:23,439
Speaker 4: We think, wow, so there's an active effort not to

586
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:24,240
Speaker 4: have more planets.

587
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:27,560
Speaker 1: That's right. It's a good old boys club you know,

588
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:30,160
Speaker 1: and it's only worth something if it's exclusive. You can

589
00:28:30,240 --> 00:28:31,000
Speaker 1: keep people out.

590
00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:37,159
Speaker 4: Neptune's the bouncer, it's the enforcer exactly, all right. So

591
00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,240
Speaker 4: that those are asteroids and commets, And now I'm guessing

592
00:28:40,280 --> 00:28:42,920
Speaker 4: that a space centaur is like a mix of the two.

593
00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:46,520
Speaker 4: Is it like half asteroid half comet, Like the top

594
00:28:46,560 --> 00:28:48,320
Speaker 4: half is one, the bottom half is another.

595
00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,520
Speaker 1: Where do you put the horn on the space centaur exactly?

596
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:54,920
Speaker 4: Or the belly button right and the asteroids half belly buttons.

597
00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:57,680
Speaker 1: Daniel depends on how they are born a deep mystery

598
00:28:57,680 --> 00:28:58,600
Speaker 1: of science.

599
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:00,240
Speaker 4: Or do they have multiple belly button.

600
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:05,040
Speaker 1: Well, you're sort of right. A space centaur is half

601
00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:07,440
Speaker 1: asteroids half comet, but not in the sense that a

602
00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:10,080
Speaker 1: centaur is. It's not like you take an asteroid, cut

603
00:29:10,120 --> 00:29:12,240
Speaker 1: it in half and slap it onto the half of

604
00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:14,920
Speaker 1: a comet and this weird hybrid object you would call

605
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:16,800
Speaker 1: a centaur. That would be pretty cool.

606
00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:18,920
Speaker 4: But like the tail trailing, that would be like a

607
00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:20,440
Speaker 4: pretty killer comet. There.

608
00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:22,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's sort of like punk, you know, like shave

609
00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:25,360
Speaker 1: half your head and have the other half long or something,

610
00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:26,840
Speaker 1: or maybe it's like a mullet.

611
00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:29,880
Speaker 4: This is in the front rocking the front party in

612
00:29:29,920 --> 00:29:30,200
Speaker 4: the back.

613
00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:34,200
Speaker 1: Anyway, a centaur is not an actual mix of an

614
00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:37,120
Speaker 1: asteroid and a comet. It's an object which has some

615
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:40,920
Speaker 1: of the characteristics of both, so it doesn't fall neatly

616
00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:44,600
Speaker 1: into either category. And this is what I was saying earlier,

617
00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:46,960
Speaker 1: is that as we look deeper into the Solar System

618
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:49,080
Speaker 1: and catalog more and more stuff, we find that the

619
00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:52,640
Speaker 1: transitions between our categories are kind of fluid and fuzzy

620
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,560
Speaker 1: and in the end kind of arbitrary. You know, we

621
00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:58,200
Speaker 1: have to make categorizations so we can talk about stuff.

622
00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:00,120
Speaker 1: You know, when you go to a meeting of astronom

623
00:30:00,280 --> 00:30:02,840
Speaker 1: and you say, I'm studying the planets, you don't want

624
00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:05,080
Speaker 1: to every time have to define what you mean by

625
00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:07,080
Speaker 1: a Planet's that you got to have words we can

626
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:10,120
Speaker 1: all agree on, even if they are arbitrary. So what

627
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:13,560
Speaker 1: we've discovered is that there is a population of rocks

628
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:16,960
Speaker 1: out there which don't fall nicely into either the category

629
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,120
Speaker 1: of asteroid or of comet.

630
00:30:19,840 --> 00:30:23,040
Speaker 4: So the solution was give it a cool name, and

631
00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:24,040
Speaker 4: now everyone's happy.

632
00:30:24,640 --> 00:30:25,880
Speaker 1: And now everyone's happy.

633
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:28,240
Speaker 4: But now everyone said arguing about whether or not accounts

634
00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:29,560
Speaker 4: as a space center or not.

635
00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:33,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And so these things are fun because they're

636
00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:36,960
Speaker 1: sort of like comets because we think they come from

637
00:30:37,040 --> 00:30:39,680
Speaker 1: deeper in the Solar System than asteroids. They're on these

638
00:30:39,680 --> 00:30:43,280
Speaker 1: sort of longer elliptical orbits. Their orbits go out to

639
00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,320
Speaker 1: like between Jupiter and Neptune. All the asteroids are in

640
00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:49,360
Speaker 1: the inner Solar System, but these space centaurs they go

641
00:30:49,480 --> 00:30:53,000
Speaker 1: out all the way to Neptune sometimes. So they're sort

642
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,360
Speaker 1: of like comets because they also they have some of

643
00:30:55,360 --> 00:30:58,680
Speaker 1: these comas, like you can see these sort of fuzz

644
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:01,920
Speaker 1: around them that's getting blown off by the Sun. So

645
00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:04,160
Speaker 1: they seem sort of like comets because they come from

646
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,160
Speaker 1: deeper in the Solar System and they have this fuzz.

647
00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:11,360
Speaker 1: But they're also like asteroids because they're really really big.

648
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:14,880
Speaker 1: Some of them are way too big to be considered comets.

649
00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:18,320
Speaker 1: And they also they cross the paths of these giant

650
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:22,200
Speaker 1: planets like comets and unlike asteroids. So there really are

651
00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:24,720
Speaker 1: sort of a mix of the characteristics of the two

652
00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:25,400
Speaker 1: different things.

653
00:31:26,240 --> 00:31:28,960
Speaker 4: So these are objects that they have like a tail

654
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,120
Speaker 4: like comets, like they have you know, like a trail

655
00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:34,800
Speaker 4: of stuff facing away from the Sun of like melted

656
00:31:35,280 --> 00:31:36,480
Speaker 4: water or liquid.

657
00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:38,480
Speaker 1: They don't have a tail to have a coma.

658
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:39,960
Speaker 4: What's the difference.

659
00:31:40,040 --> 00:31:42,240
Speaker 1: So a tail usually comes if you have like stuff

660
00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:45,080
Speaker 1: that can be vaporized, like water or other things which

661
00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:47,800
Speaker 1: can be vaporized, and a dusk coma is more like,

662
00:31:48,080 --> 00:31:50,719
Speaker 1: you know, the little bits of stuff on it are

663
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:53,560
Speaker 1: sort of floating around it. These things are big enough

664
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:55,520
Speaker 1: that they can have their own gravity, so they can

665
00:31:55,560 --> 00:31:58,400
Speaker 1: sort of hold onto these things. In fact, one of

666
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:00,880
Speaker 1: them is so big it has its own rings system,

667
00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:02,680
Speaker 1: like you know Saturn has rings.

668
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:03,240
Speaker 4: Who.

669
00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:07,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's this one centaur. It's called Chariklo and it's

670
00:32:07,720 --> 00:32:11,720
Speaker 1: three hundred kilometers wide. It's the biggest known centaur and

671
00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:14,840
Speaker 1: it orbits between Saturn and Urinus and it has rings

672
00:32:14,880 --> 00:32:16,680
Speaker 1: around it. That's how big it is. It's has its

673
00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:17,600
Speaker 1: own gravity.

674
00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:19,800
Speaker 4: Wow, what do you call the moon of a centaur?

675
00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:24,600
Speaker 1: Daniel, I'm gonna asked to defer to the official astronomy

676
00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:25,800
Speaker 1: naming department.

677
00:32:25,480 --> 00:32:28,680
Speaker 4: Like a space ferry, I think so, yes, a nymph

678
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:32,160
Speaker 4: maybe a space nymph ego? All right, So it's like

679
00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:34,640
Speaker 4: it has an entourage. It's not just the rock. It's

680
00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:36,760
Speaker 4: like a rock with some fuzz.

681
00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:38,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, And that tells you a little bit about what

682
00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:41,040
Speaker 1: it's made out of that. There's a big component of

683
00:32:41,080 --> 00:32:43,760
Speaker 1: sort of space dust in there, not just like big

684
00:32:43,840 --> 00:32:47,160
Speaker 1: deposits of metal and rock like an asteroid, more like

685
00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:50,600
Speaker 1: space dust like a comet. And so that makes it

686
00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:52,520
Speaker 1: more like a comet and less like an asteroid.

687
00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:54,760
Speaker 4: It doesn't have ice, or does it.

688
00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:57,200
Speaker 1: Some of them may be icy. These things are much

689
00:32:57,240 --> 00:32:59,400
Speaker 1: more rare than the other ones, and so they're not

690
00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:02,280
Speaker 1: as well. There's only like two hundred and fifty of

691
00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,160
Speaker 1: them that have actually been identified, but you know, we

692
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:08,120
Speaker 1: can only really see the bigger ones. So the estimates

693
00:33:08,240 --> 00:33:10,680
Speaker 1: range from like forty thousand of these things too. There

694
00:33:10,760 --> 00:33:12,840
Speaker 1: might be ten million of these things out there in

695
00:33:12,880 --> 00:33:13,960
Speaker 1: the Solar System.

696
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:17,120
Speaker 4: Okay, so then it's like an asteroid, you said, because

697
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,360
Speaker 4: of its size, but also its orbit.

698
00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:23,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's it's like an asteroid because it's really really big,

699
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:26,400
Speaker 1: and it's sort of unlike an asteroid because of its orbit.

700
00:33:26,480 --> 00:33:29,320
Speaker 1: Like asteroids tend to stay either in the asteroid belt

701
00:33:29,720 --> 00:33:32,640
Speaker 1: or in Jupiter's orbit. These Jupiter trojans that we talked

702
00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:36,160
Speaker 1: about before, these guys tend to be more stable than

703
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:38,800
Speaker 1: a comet, right, but they have these orbits that are

704
00:33:38,840 --> 00:33:42,000
Speaker 1: really long and elliptical, and they pass the giant planets

705
00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:45,840
Speaker 1: that cross over the orbits of the giant planets. Sometimes

706
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:49,480
Speaker 1: they're further out than Jubiter, sometimes they're closer in than Jupiter,

707
00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:51,800
Speaker 1: so that sort of makes them more like a comet.

708
00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:54,280
Speaker 1: But then again there's sort of big, like an asteroid.

709
00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:56,840
Speaker 4: Interesting. I don't know, I'm not getting a big comet

710
00:33:56,920 --> 00:33:59,480
Speaker 4: vibe from these, you know what I mean, Like it

711
00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:02,040
Speaker 4: feels like maybe just like a rogue asteroid or something.

712
00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:04,200
Speaker 1: All right, Well, you know, on the comet side of it,

713
00:34:04,360 --> 00:34:07,120
Speaker 1: they have these big elliptical orbits, and we think that

714
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:10,640
Speaker 1: maybe they came from the Kuiper Belt. Like, these things

715
00:34:10,680 --> 00:34:14,040
Speaker 1: don't look like the same kind of material that makes

716
00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:16,480
Speaker 1: up asteroids. They're made of more of the same stuff

717
00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:17,759
Speaker 1: that comets are made out of.

718
00:34:18,080 --> 00:34:19,799
Speaker 4: So I guess this is the kind of argument that

719
00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:22,959
Speaker 4: astronomers would have a conferences. They're like, oh, but it's big,

720
00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:24,600
Speaker 4: so it must be an asteroid. No, it has this

721
00:34:24,680 --> 00:34:26,839
Speaker 4: weird orbit, so it must be a comment. So that's

722
00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:28,319
Speaker 4: why they came up with the new name.

723
00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:32,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly. And of course nobody even agrees on

724
00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:35,799
Speaker 1: what the definition of a space centaur is. There's like

725
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:38,280
Speaker 1: seven different definitions of a space center.

726
00:34:38,280 --> 00:34:41,440
Speaker 4: Different definitions for real, Yeah.

727
00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:44,319
Speaker 1: For real, Like JPL has one, the Jet Propulsion Lab

728
00:34:44,560 --> 00:34:47,840
Speaker 1: in Pasadena down here in southern California. They define a

729
00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:51,280
Speaker 1: space centaur in one way. And then there's another group

730
00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,520
Speaker 1: called the Minor Planet Center, which is an important institution

731
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:57,719
Speaker 1: in astronomy, and they have a different definition for what

732
00:34:57,760 --> 00:35:00,239
Speaker 1: a space centaur is. And the difference is in like

733
00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:03,400
Speaker 1: how you measure the orbit details doesn't matter if you

734
00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,399
Speaker 1: cross Neptune or if you cross Jupiter. And these are

735
00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:09,799
Speaker 1: just like totally arbitrary but conflicting definitions of what a

736
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:10,680
Speaker 1: space centauri is.

737
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:13,880
Speaker 4: So I guess there's such a weird variety of stuff

738
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:16,040
Speaker 4: out there that you know, you kind of need more

739
00:35:16,120 --> 00:35:18,680
Speaker 4: names to be able to talk about all these things.

740
00:35:18,680 --> 00:35:21,040
Speaker 4: And it gets tricky when you try to put things

741
00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:21,640
Speaker 4: into bins.

742
00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,200
Speaker 1: Or you could just be inclusive and say, hey, there's

743
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:26,160
Speaker 1: just sort of stuff out there and they're all my

744
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:28,879
Speaker 1: best friends, and they're all a little bit different, and

745
00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:31,160
Speaker 1: you can categorize them by you know, their orbit and

746
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:33,880
Speaker 1: their composition and not get so hung up on names.

747
00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:39,319
Speaker 4: I guess space stuff, planet stars, everything in between is

748
00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:40,200
Speaker 4: just space stuff.

749
00:35:40,239 --> 00:35:42,440
Speaker 1: It's all just particles to me, right, this is a

750
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:45,640
Speaker 1: big collection of particles, a little collection of particles. What's

751
00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:46,200
Speaker 1: the difference?

752
00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:49,920
Speaker 4: I see too, particle physicist, I guess all five percent

753
00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,080
Speaker 4: of the universe looks like a particle. All right, let's

754
00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:55,680
Speaker 4: get into where they actually come from and if we

755
00:35:56,000 --> 00:36:00,319
Speaker 4: have actually seen some with our very own eyes. But first,

756
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:01,640
Speaker 4: let's take another quick break.

757
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:07,800
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

758
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:11,040
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

759
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:15,120
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

760
00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:17,800
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

761
00:36:17,840 --> 00:36:22,120
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

762
00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:24,719
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

763
00:36:24,760 --> 00:36:27,120
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

764
00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:31,359
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765
00:36:31,440 --> 00:36:35,040
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766
00:36:35,080 --> 00:36:38,440
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

767
00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:42,240
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

768
00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:45,279
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769
00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:48,719
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770
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:51,000
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771
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772
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773
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774
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775
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776
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:09,280
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777
00:37:09,280 --> 00:37:11,759
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778
00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:13,960
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779
00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:17,480
Speaker 9: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

780
00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:20,040
Speaker 9: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

781
00:37:20,840 --> 00:37:23,239
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782
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783
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784
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785
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786
00:37:30,840 --> 00:37:34,040
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787
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788
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789
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790
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791
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792
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793
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794
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795
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796
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797
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798
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799
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805
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Speaker 4: All right, Daniel, We're talking about space centaurs, which are

806
00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:34,120
Speaker 4: a mix of asteroids and comets that are like, you know,

807
00:38:34,239 --> 00:38:37,440
Speaker 4: space giant space rocks that are kind of in between.

808
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:41,160
Speaker 4: They're big and rocky, but they also have these weird

809
00:38:41,440 --> 00:38:44,640
Speaker 4: orbits that make them sort of like comets.

810
00:38:44,719 --> 00:38:46,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so they're sort of a mix between the

811
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:50,080
Speaker 1: two different things. And some things are called comets, some

812
00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:53,520
Speaker 1: things are called asteroids, some things are called centaurs. And

813
00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:56,080
Speaker 1: then you got these weird objects that nobody agrees about

814
00:38:56,080 --> 00:38:59,399
Speaker 1: because they fall sort of like in between the definitions

815
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:03,400
Speaker 1: from different organizations. So there's an object, for example, called Chiron,

816
00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:07,240
Speaker 1: which some folks classify as a comet, some folks classify

817
00:39:07,239 --> 00:39:10,400
Speaker 1: as an asteroid, and some folks classify as a space centaur.

818
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:11,880
Speaker 1: So it's a little bit of everything.

819
00:39:11,920 --> 00:39:12,200
Speaker 5: Wow.

820
00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:16,239
Speaker 4: Yeah, I guess there's no agreed upon a set of definitions,

821
00:39:16,239 --> 00:39:20,480
Speaker 4: Like there's no International Space Stuff Naming Committee.

822
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:20,759
Speaker 5: No.

823
00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:23,000
Speaker 1: I think the problem is there are too many of

824
00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:25,839
Speaker 1: those committees and they don't agree with each other. And

825
00:39:25,920 --> 00:39:28,920
Speaker 1: so I think this controversy about Pluto and is it

826
00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:31,920
Speaker 1: a planet or is it a dwarf planet or whatever,

827
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:34,160
Speaker 1: it's just the tip of the iceberg. It's just a

828
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:36,520
Speaker 1: tip of the frozen comet. When it comes to like

829
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:39,120
Speaker 1: the naming controversies we're going to be facing in the

830
00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:42,000
Speaker 1: future as we discover more and more stuff out there

831
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:43,920
Speaker 1: in the Solar System, and people are going to be

832
00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:46,480
Speaker 1: arguing like should you name stuff based on where it

833
00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:49,200
Speaker 1: is now or where you think it was formed, or

834
00:39:49,239 --> 00:39:52,640
Speaker 1: what it's made out of, or it's possible history or

835
00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:55,919
Speaker 1: its gravitational role in the Solar System. And there's lots

836
00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:59,600
Speaker 1: of philosophical differences about how you categorize this stuff that

837
00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:01,920
Speaker 1: going to be hearing more and more about in the future.

838
00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:05,960
Speaker 4: I guess maybe some naming groups are like you know, committees,

839
00:40:06,080 --> 00:40:08,360
Speaker 4: some of them are groups, some of them are centers.

840
00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:11,440
Speaker 4: So they're sort of a naming war for those two.

841
00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:15,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, the naming centaur wars.

842
00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:17,360
Speaker 4: All right, well, step us through, or where can we

843
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:19,560
Speaker 4: see one and what do they look like?

844
00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:22,839
Speaker 1: So we've never actually photographed one up close, like we've

845
00:40:22,880 --> 00:40:25,960
Speaker 1: identified them in telescopes. We see these things, we can

846
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:29,000
Speaker 1: tell that they're there. They reflect light, but we've never

847
00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:31,880
Speaker 1: like passed a space probe by one to get a

848
00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:34,759
Speaker 1: close up picture the way we have of asteroids and

849
00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:38,120
Speaker 1: of comets, and of course of planets and dwarf planets

850
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:40,840
Speaker 1: and all those other kinds of things. So space centaurs

851
00:40:40,840 --> 00:40:43,640
Speaker 1: are one of those last things that are really unexplored

852
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:47,280
Speaker 1: in our solar system, and there's some really fascinating questions

853
00:40:47,280 --> 00:40:49,600
Speaker 1: about what they are and where they come from. Like

854
00:40:49,920 --> 00:40:52,800
Speaker 1: question number one is why do they have their weird colors?

855
00:40:53,080 --> 00:40:56,120
Speaker 4: They have colors. There's different colored space centaurs.

856
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:59,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, there are two different kinds of space centaurs at least,

857
00:41:00,160 --> 00:41:02,920
Speaker 1: and they range from very very red sort of like

858
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:06,120
Speaker 1: the surface of Mars, to much more blue, sort of

859
00:41:06,160 --> 00:41:10,120
Speaker 1: like Uranus. And so that's fascinating that there's these two camps.

860
00:41:10,320 --> 00:41:12,279
Speaker 1: There's like two kinds of centaurs. I don't know which

861
00:41:12,280 --> 00:41:13,719
Speaker 1: ones are the good ones and which ones are the

862
00:41:13,719 --> 00:41:16,239
Speaker 1: evil ones, or if it's much more nuanced than that,

863
00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:18,720
Speaker 1: but there are red and there are blue centaur.

864
00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:22,399
Speaker 4: Interesting. Wait, so we don't have a photograph of them,

865
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:26,440
Speaker 4: but we can tell from the light that they reflect

866
00:41:26,520 --> 00:41:28,759
Speaker 4: what color they are, like they look like pinpoints, but

867
00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:31,479
Speaker 4: like a red pinpoint and a blue pinpoint sometimes hmm.

868
00:41:31,719 --> 00:41:33,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, just like when you look at the night sky,

869
00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:37,080
Speaker 1: you can tell which planet is Mars because it actually

870
00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:40,160
Speaker 1: looks red to the naked eye. Even though your naked

871
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:43,319
Speaker 1: eye can't really like see the size of Mars, you

872
00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:45,799
Speaker 1: can still measure the light that comes from a pin prick.

873
00:41:46,120 --> 00:41:48,640
Speaker 1: And that's the limitation of our knowledge about space centaurs.

874
00:41:48,680 --> 00:41:49,080
Speaker 4: So far.

875
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,560
Speaker 1: We basically just see them as pin pricks in telescopes

876
00:41:52,680 --> 00:41:54,560
Speaker 1: because we've never done a close up flyby.

877
00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:59,080
Speaker 4: And now there's also a little bit of controversy about

878
00:41:59,160 --> 00:41:59,960
Speaker 4: these objects.

879
00:42:00,080 --> 00:42:02,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, because the color is an important clue. Like, one

880
00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:04,839
Speaker 1: question we'd like to ask is where did these things

881
00:42:04,880 --> 00:42:07,920
Speaker 1: come from? Where were they made? Because remember, we're interested

882
00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:10,520
Speaker 1: in studying the Solar System not just because stuff out

883
00:42:10,560 --> 00:42:13,000
Speaker 1: there in space is cool it is, but because we

884
00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:15,320
Speaker 1: think it tells us a story about how the Solar

885
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:18,879
Speaker 1: System was formed and what happened and where everything came

886
00:42:18,920 --> 00:42:22,120
Speaker 1: from and whether it was unusual. And we think that

887
00:42:22,160 --> 00:42:24,080
Speaker 1: a lot of these objects can tell us about that

888
00:42:24,120 --> 00:42:26,839
Speaker 1: story based on where they are now. And the way

889
00:42:26,880 --> 00:42:28,799
Speaker 1: we do that is we build a complete model of

890
00:42:28,920 --> 00:42:31,200
Speaker 1: how the Solar System was formed, and we try to

891
00:42:31,239 --> 00:42:34,200
Speaker 1: compare what that predicts to what we actually see out

892
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:36,840
Speaker 1: there in space and where there's something we don't understand

893
00:42:36,840 --> 00:42:39,240
Speaker 1: that tells us as something in our model is wrong.

894
00:42:39,719 --> 00:42:41,800
Speaker 1: And so we're interested in, like where did these space

895
00:42:41,880 --> 00:42:45,279
Speaker 1: centaurs form. Did they form with the asteroids and then

896
00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:48,759
Speaker 1: get sort of knocked out into weirder, longer orbits, or

897
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,719
Speaker 1: did they form with the comets and somehow get preferentially

898
00:42:51,760 --> 00:42:55,480
Speaker 1: selected and pulled into the inner Solar system somehow? And

899
00:42:55,520 --> 00:42:57,359
Speaker 1: so one great way to do that is to look

900
00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:00,320
Speaker 1: at their composition, and we can't really do that without

901
00:43:00,360 --> 00:43:03,160
Speaker 1: sampling them, but we can get a clue by looking

902
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:06,120
Speaker 1: at their light, so looking at whether they reflect red

903
00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:09,120
Speaker 1: or blue light and comparing that to what we see

904
00:43:09,160 --> 00:43:12,880
Speaker 1: from other parts of the Solar system. Like you might think, well,

905
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:15,879
Speaker 1: if these things are red and blue, what else out

906
00:43:15,880 --> 00:43:18,080
Speaker 1: there is red and blue? And if you look at

907
00:43:18,120 --> 00:43:20,480
Speaker 1: the Kuiper Belt, where we think that these things might

908
00:43:20,520 --> 00:43:23,400
Speaker 1: come from, we find that those objects are not actually

909
00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:26,440
Speaker 1: by colored. There aren't red and blue objects out there

910
00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:27,280
Speaker 1: in the Kuiper belts.

911
00:43:27,640 --> 00:43:30,240
Speaker 4: Wait, if something's red and blue, would it be purple?

912
00:43:31,840 --> 00:43:34,960
Speaker 4: Can there be purple centaurs? If not purple dragons?

913
00:43:34,960 --> 00:43:37,680
Speaker 1: Purple dragons? No, we mean that the Kuiper Belt doesn't

914
00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:41,719
Speaker 1: necessarily have a distribution of colors the way we see

915
00:43:41,719 --> 00:43:44,920
Speaker 1: in centaurs. Like centaurs tend to be red or blue.

916
00:43:45,120 --> 00:43:47,560
Speaker 1: You don't have an individual centaur that's red and blue.

917
00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:50,120
Speaker 1: You have red centaurs and blue centaurs. But if you

918
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:52,359
Speaker 1: look out in the Kuiper Belt, you don't see red

919
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,720
Speaker 1: objects and blue objects. So it suggests that that maybe

920
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:58,040
Speaker 1: they don't come from the Kuiper Belt. Maybe they come

921
00:43:58,080 --> 00:43:58,920
Speaker 1: from somewhere else.

922
00:44:00,080 --> 00:44:03,919
Speaker 4: They are not evenly distributed, like maybe they come from

923
00:44:04,160 --> 00:44:05,040
Speaker 4: one of two places.

924
00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:07,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, or maybe there's some process which is related to

925
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:11,320
Speaker 1: their composition which preferentially selects them. And there's this whole

926
00:44:11,360 --> 00:44:13,960
Speaker 1: other group of objects out there. The Kuyper Belt is

927
00:44:14,080 --> 00:44:18,520
Speaker 1: part of this set of objects we call trans Neptunian objects,

928
00:44:18,560 --> 00:44:22,920
Speaker 1: basically anything out there past Neptune. And in that group

929
00:44:22,960 --> 00:44:26,960
Speaker 1: of stuff, there's a group of objects called Plutinos, which

930
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:30,200
Speaker 1: are basically the category of objects that Pluto is in.

931
00:44:30,480 --> 00:44:33,440
Speaker 1: You know, dwarf planets out there really far in the

932
00:44:33,480 --> 00:44:37,360
Speaker 1: Solar System, and those things tend to have interesting colors.

933
00:44:37,680 --> 00:44:39,840
Speaker 1: Like you remember when we did that flyby of Pluto.

934
00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:43,320
Speaker 1: One of the big shocks was, frankly, how interesting Pluto

935
00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:44,080
Speaker 1: was to look at.

936
00:44:44,239 --> 00:44:47,960
Speaker 4: Wow, are we sorry we downgraded it? Now They're like, oh,

937
00:44:48,239 --> 00:44:50,319
Speaker 4: you're kind of cooler than we thought. We're sorry we

938
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:51,280
Speaker 4: kicked you out of our club.

939
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:51,560
Speaker 9: Yeah.

940
00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:53,319
Speaker 1: I think that's what happens when you kick somebody at

941
00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:55,720
Speaker 1: your best friends club and then you discover they actually

942
00:44:55,760 --> 00:44:58,240
Speaker 1: really talented and you wish you had the stated friends

943
00:44:58,239 --> 00:45:00,920
Speaker 1: with them. That Pluto has these really interesting features. It's

944
00:45:00,960 --> 00:45:03,960
Speaker 1: really interesting colors, and it has this heart shaped pattern

945
00:45:04,040 --> 00:45:06,960
Speaker 1: on it. It's a pretty beautiful planet. Actually, non planet,

946
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:09,560
Speaker 1: non planet, thank you very much, is a dwarf planet,

947
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:12,880
Speaker 1: and a lot of these plutinos out there have interesting colors,

948
00:45:12,920 --> 00:45:15,560
Speaker 1: and so those things tend to have both red and

949
00:45:15,760 --> 00:45:19,640
Speaker 1: blue colors. So it might be that these centaurs used

950
00:45:19,680 --> 00:45:22,360
Speaker 1: to be plutinos. They used to be objects out there

951
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:26,720
Speaker 1: past Pluto and somehow got knocked inwards by some process

952
00:45:26,719 --> 00:45:27,520
Speaker 1: we don't understand.

953
00:45:28,880 --> 00:45:31,319
Speaker 4: Now, can I actually see a space hunt centaur with

954
00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:32,960
Speaker 4: my naked eye? Like, if I look at into the

955
00:45:33,040 --> 00:45:35,239
Speaker 4: night sky, is it possible that I might see one

956
00:45:35,440 --> 00:45:35,879
Speaker 4: going by?

957
00:45:36,080 --> 00:45:38,680
Speaker 1: No, there tend to be further out and they're too small,

958
00:45:38,719 --> 00:45:41,080
Speaker 1: so we definitely need a telescope to see one, the

959
00:45:41,120 --> 00:45:43,719
Speaker 1: same way that you couldn't see asteroids with your naked eye.

960
00:45:43,719 --> 00:45:46,680
Speaker 1: And asteroids are sometimes even bigger than space centaurs and

961
00:45:46,880 --> 00:45:49,359
Speaker 1: closer in. So if you see one with your naked eye,

962
00:45:49,360 --> 00:45:56,480
Speaker 1: it means we're in trouble. Una, run away to Mars maybe, yeah,

963
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:58,040
Speaker 1: quick build that ship?

964
00:45:58,080 --> 00:46:01,359
Speaker 4: All right? Well, that is what a space centaur is.

965
00:46:01,480 --> 00:46:04,960
Speaker 4: It's a sort of a half asteroid, half comet, but

966
00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:07,520
Speaker 4: not really. It makes just sort of like a fuzzy

967
00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:09,640
Speaker 4: object that falls in between the two.

968
00:46:09,960 --> 00:46:11,640
Speaker 1: And so we see that the stuff out there in

969
00:46:11,680 --> 00:46:15,960
Speaker 1: the Solar System can't be nicely categorized into little bins

970
00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:17,920
Speaker 1: that make sense. There's stuff out there that you know,

971
00:46:18,040 --> 00:46:19,920
Speaker 1: might be a planet, might be a star, might be

972
00:46:19,920 --> 00:46:23,200
Speaker 1: a dwarf planet. But there's an incredible variety of stuff

973
00:46:23,200 --> 00:46:25,759
Speaker 1: out there for us to identify and to learn from.

974
00:46:25,840 --> 00:46:27,680
Speaker 4: Yeah, I think the cool thing is that there are

975
00:46:27,719 --> 00:46:30,839
Speaker 4: still things out there, even in our Solar System that

976
00:46:30,920 --> 00:46:34,719
Speaker 4: kind of defy definition or that still kind of surprises

977
00:46:34,920 --> 00:46:37,200
Speaker 4: or still has this talking about what's out there and

978
00:46:37,239 --> 00:46:38,239
Speaker 4: how it all came to be.

979
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:40,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, and the far reaches of the Solar System are

980
00:46:40,680 --> 00:46:44,440
Speaker 1: not very well explored. There's trans Neptunian objects, this stuff

981
00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:47,040
Speaker 1: out there past Pluto is too far for us to

982
00:46:47,080 --> 00:46:49,680
Speaker 1: see most of it, and we haven't sent very many probes,

983
00:46:50,080 --> 00:46:52,759
Speaker 1: and so we're constantly surprised whenever we learn about them.

984
00:46:52,920 --> 00:46:55,080
Speaker 1: And I think there are a lot more surprises out

985
00:46:55,120 --> 00:46:57,719
Speaker 1: there waiting for us. And you know, even further out

986
00:46:57,760 --> 00:47:01,080
Speaker 1: the Orc Cloud. Remember that's something we've never are actually seen,

987
00:47:01,239 --> 00:47:04,919
Speaker 1: is just theoretical, and what it's just theoretical That means

988
00:47:04,960 --> 00:47:07,399
Speaker 1: there are definitely surprises waiting for us.

989
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,600
Speaker 4: Oh yeah, what could there be there could be interesting

990
00:47:10,760 --> 00:47:14,120
Speaker 4: new things, and maybe some of our listeners could discover.

991
00:47:13,760 --> 00:47:17,120
Speaker 1: One day armies of elves waiting to take back the solutions.

992
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,520
Speaker 4: Yeah yeah, what do you call a half common half planet, Daniel,

993
00:47:20,840 --> 00:47:22,839
Speaker 4: or a half moon half planetoid.

994
00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:25,560
Speaker 1: I call it an ambush waiting to happen.

995
00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:28,560
Speaker 4: I call it a future Nobel prize for somebody that's

996
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:30,560
Speaker 4: listening to this. All right, Well, the next time you

997
00:47:30,560 --> 00:47:32,560
Speaker 4: look up at the night sky, think about it. There

998
00:47:32,680 --> 00:47:37,000
Speaker 4: might be a centaurs out there, or even new undiscovered

999
00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:41,520
Speaker 4: objects that you could name or at least fantasize about naming.

1000
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:45,000
Speaker 1: And please be responsible with your future astronomical namings because

1001
00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:46,960
Speaker 1: we might have to cover it on the podcast.

1002
00:47:47,280 --> 00:47:49,800
Speaker 4: Yep. All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks

1003
00:47:49,800 --> 00:47:51,359
Speaker 4: for joining us, See you next time.

1004
00:47:59,200 --> 00:48:02,120
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening. Remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the

1005
00:48:02,200 --> 00:48:07,000
Speaker 1: Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

1006
00:48:07,120 --> 00:48:11,280
Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

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