1 00:00:00,280 --> 00:00:02,000 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class. It's a production of I 2 00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:07,160 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and you're listening to 3 00:00:07,240 --> 00:00:10,559 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class, a podcast where we build 4 00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:12,720 Speaker 1: the time machine and all you have to do is 5 00:00:12,760 --> 00:00:24,640 Speaker 1: hop in. Today is November nineteen. The day was November 6 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:30,560 Speaker 1: eighty nine. Pedro the Second, Brazil's second and last emperor, 7 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:35,159 Speaker 1: was deposed after reigning for half a century. Pedro the 8 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:37,840 Speaker 1: Second was the son of Pedro the First, the first 9 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:40,640 Speaker 1: Emperor of Brazil, who had also reigned briefly as the 10 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:45,000 Speaker 1: King of Portugal. In eight thirty one, after his autocratic 11 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:48,760 Speaker 1: rules stoke a lot of opposition and uprisings, Pedro the 12 00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:52,720 Speaker 1: First abdicated in favor of his son, but the younger 13 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:55,760 Speaker 1: Pedro was only five years old at the time. He 14 00:00:55,840 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 1: had the title to the throne, but Brazil would be 15 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: ruled by a regency and he turned eighteen. But as 16 00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:06,080 Speaker 1: the younger Pedro dove into his education, Brazil was crumbling 17 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 1: under an unstable regency. When Pedro was just fourteen years old, 18 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:13,720 Speaker 1: Parliament declared that he was of age and that he 19 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 1: accepted the oath that made him Emperor Pedro the Second, 20 00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:20,720 Speaker 1: So he was still young. His coronation brought more stability 21 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:24,800 Speaker 1: to Brazil, since people saw him as a legitimate authority. 22 00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:28,280 Speaker 1: The next several years were a period of learning for Pedro, 23 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 1: who was prepared to rule by a group of experienced politicians. 24 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:35,839 Speaker 1: Many of the people who lived in Brazil were enslaved, 25 00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:41,120 Speaker 1: and the plantations produced sugar, cocao hides, coffee, and salted 26 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: meat for export. Pedro the Second changed the economy so 27 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:50,520 Speaker 1: that coffee replaced sugar as Brazil's biggest export. The agricultural 28 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:54,920 Speaker 1: industry was expanded and development was extensive in the mining, 29 00:01:55,080 --> 00:02:00,440 Speaker 1: ship building, and railroad industries. Telegraph lines and sewers were installed. 30 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:04,680 Speaker 1: Improvements were also made to the education system. All these 31 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: changes brought in more foreign investment. Pedro the Second also 32 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:12,440 Speaker 1: moved to abolished slavery in Brazil, to the opposition of 33 00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:16,840 Speaker 1: Brazil's planters. The Caro's Law of eighteen fifty wasn't act 34 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:19,440 Speaker 1: by the Brazilian parliament to make the slave trade illegal. 35 00:02:19,919 --> 00:02:22,920 Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy one, he declared that all children born 36 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:26,600 Speaker 1: to enslaved people would be freed after a period of servitude. 37 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: Slavery in Brazil, though was not abolished until eighteen eighty eight, 38 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 1: a year before Pedro's deposition. Economic growth and progress toward 39 00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:41,120 Speaker 1: abolition brought a lot of European immigrants to Brazil. The 40 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:43,959 Speaker 1: abolition of slavery did not cause a civil war, as 41 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:47,080 Speaker 1: Pedro the Second had feared, but it did transform the 42 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:50,840 Speaker 1: economy and upset the people and provinces who relied on 43 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 1: the labor of enslaved people for their economic prosperity. Another 44 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:57,680 Speaker 1: conflict of Brazil became embroiled in in the mid to 45 00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:01,320 Speaker 1: late eighteen hundreds was a Paraguay and War, which lasted 46 00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:04,840 Speaker 1: from eighteen sixty four to eighteen seventy and pitt Paraguay 47 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 1: against the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The 48 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: Paraguay was defeated in the war. It cost Brazil a 49 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:16,239 Speaker 1: lot of money, resulted in thousands of deaths, and put 50 00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:21,400 Speaker 1: many reforms on hold. Still, Brazilian nationalism was high and 51 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:25,080 Speaker 1: Pedro was popular, but the rising number of European immigrants 52 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:29,959 Speaker 1: were not happy with the monarchy itself. Republicanism began gaining 53 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: steam in eighteen seventy, and the movement grew as the 54 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:38,400 Speaker 1: free press continued to criticize the regime. Military officers, immigrants 55 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:42,640 Speaker 1: and capitalist farmers became disenchanted with the emperor and began 56 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: to view the monarchy as an outdated hindrance to progress. 57 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:50,920 Speaker 1: Pedro also had strained relations with the Catholic Church, which 58 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 1: had great influence in Brazil, as Catholicism was the state religion, 59 00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:59,800 Speaker 1: and Pedro's health was declining, affecting his participation in a 60 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:04,800 Speaker 1: room at affairs. Princess Isabel, Pedro's only child and his 61 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: legally acknowledged successor, was not thrilled about taking the throne, 62 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 1: and Pedro did not see her as fit for the job. 63 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 1: As Pedro alienated segments of the military and growing middle 64 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:20,279 Speaker 1: class discontentment with the emperor group, and he lacked a 65 00:04:20,360 --> 00:04:24,280 Speaker 1: serious dedication to his role as emperor, pursuing more passionately 66 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: his intellectual activities. He even confessed that he had an 67 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:32,719 Speaker 1: inclination for republicanism and appeared apathetic towards the survival of 68 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:36,719 Speaker 1: the monarchy. Pedro the Second was overthrown in the Bloodless 69 00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:40,920 Speaker 1: Coup on November nine, and the next day the republic 70 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:45,560 Speaker 1: was proclaimed. On the seventeen, the royal family was exiled. 71 00:04:46,560 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 1: Pedro died in Paris two years later. The Republican regime 72 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 1: that followed the fall of Pedro. The second was marked 73 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:59,160 Speaker 1: by dictatorships and social and economic instability. I'm Eve Jeffcote 74 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:01,599 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 75 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:05,760 Speaker 1: than you did it yesterday. You can find us on Twitter, Facebook, 76 00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:11,360 Speaker 1: and Instagram at t d i h C Podcast, and 77 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:14,760 Speaker 1: you can email us at This Day at I heart 78 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:18,360 Speaker 1: media dot com. Thanks for listening. I hope to see 79 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:23,000 Speaker 1: you here again tomorrow. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, 80 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:25,760 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 81 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:26,920 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.