1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to you stuff you should know from how stuff 2 00:00:04,320 --> 00:00:12,840 Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 3 00:00:12,920 --> 00:00:16,960 Speaker 1: Josh Clark, I'm hungry, and there's Charlotte. Did that make 4 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:19,079 Speaker 1: you hungry? It did? We were just talking about I 5 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:22,120 Speaker 1: made my last chili the season, and Josh's over here 6 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:25,479 Speaker 1: mouth watering, yeah, because you're talking about for tea soup, 7 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:30,479 Speaker 1: white chili, bread chili. I'll eat any kind of chili really, 8 00:00:30,520 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 1: And Jerry always eats in here. People don't know that 9 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:35,960 Speaker 1: she eats lunch while we were for so this smell 10 00:00:36,040 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: of her stuff always wots over. It's delicious. The avocado 11 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:43,440 Speaker 1: looks top notch Jerry, It's insane how good that stuff is. 12 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:47,920 Speaker 1: Oh man, Uh, it's funny that you bring that up, Chuck, 13 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:51,440 Speaker 1: because we are talking today about the insanity defense. Is 14 00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:56,400 Speaker 1: that why you just did that? Yeah, you know, Chuck. Yeah, 15 00:00:56,720 --> 00:01:00,240 Speaker 1: for a very long time, basically since there was is 16 00:01:00,520 --> 00:01:03,520 Speaker 1: such a thing as law, you know, prior to the 17 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: advent of law in western civilization, if I killed your brother, 18 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:13,760 Speaker 1: you would come kill me. Yeah, and I right, that 19 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 1: was actually the first law, the Code of Hammurabi from 20 00:01:17,240 --> 00:01:20,919 Speaker 1: the Bible. But a little after that, right, and actually 21 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:24,520 Speaker 1: I think it predates the Bible Hammurabi. Yeah, I mean 22 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:30,399 Speaker 1: it's like on a black obelisk. Yeah, all right, that's old. 23 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:35,600 Speaker 1: That's what I mean. Um, the pretty much the whole 24 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:38,759 Speaker 1: idea behind law from the get go was the idea 25 00:01:38,840 --> 00:01:41,080 Speaker 1: of what was going on in your head when you 26 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:48,760 Speaker 1: did something motive tent. There's a difference between accidentally killing 27 00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:52,120 Speaker 1: somebody and killing someone on purpose, and this was the 28 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 1: idea behind law, to get to the bottom of it 29 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 1: and then punish accordingly. And so it's it's a pretty 30 00:01:58,680 --> 00:02:02,160 Speaker 1: short hop, skip and a jump from getting to the 31 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:04,920 Speaker 1: bottom of what someone was thinking at the time to 32 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:09,840 Speaker 1: finding that some people weren't thinking anything that any sane 33 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 1: human being would recognize as rational. And with that understanding 34 00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:20,520 Speaker 1: came the beginnings the premise of what we recognize now 35 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:23,760 Speaker 1: is the insanity defense. But this this whole idea that 36 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:29,040 Speaker 1: somebody can that the insane, those who are mentally ill 37 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:38,560 Speaker 1: um can't understand or grasp the criminality, the moral wrongness 38 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:43,119 Speaker 1: of their act um. The idea that that's out there, 39 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 1: that people like that are out there, has moved us, 40 00:02:45,639 --> 00:02:49,119 Speaker 1: I think, quite compassionately, like this check one for humanity. 41 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: In my opinion, to protect them, like we need to 42 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,120 Speaker 1: make sure they don't do that again. But that's not 43 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 1: evil and the point of law is to punish evil, 44 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,160 Speaker 1: right fielders. Yeah, it's true. Yeah, you know so. Um, 45 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:09,640 Speaker 1: the from the beginning of understanding this too, even to today, 46 00:03:10,040 --> 00:03:16,160 Speaker 1: that the insanity defense has undergone evolution after evolution after evolution. Yeah, 47 00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:20,200 Speaker 1: and you know quite a bit about this a little bit. Um. 48 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:23,799 Speaker 1: It started out in sixteenth century England and um. At 49 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:26,760 Speaker 1: the time, Uh, they had the wild beast test in 50 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:31,760 Speaker 1: England where a person was so depraved of understanding or 51 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,400 Speaker 1: memory of like what they had done that uh quote 52 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: no more than an infant of brute or a wild 53 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:41,800 Speaker 1: beast could be found not guilty of his crimes. Um. 54 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:43,880 Speaker 1: And it's important to say in insanity is not a 55 00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: medical condition, Like you can't look it up and define 56 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: insane in like the medical what was was the book 57 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:54,080 Speaker 1: the d S d S, d S M. Insanity is 58 00:03:54,080 --> 00:03:57,480 Speaker 1: not in there, I don't think, um. And there's no 59 00:03:57,560 --> 00:04:00,480 Speaker 1: single standard in the United States were defining it um 60 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:03,160 Speaker 1: in the court system as far as the defense goes 61 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:08,000 Speaker 1: even today. Yeah, Like different states have different methods. There's 62 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 1: not like a single federal standard. Yeah, and there's actually 63 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 1: a conversation now of whether or not that should be. 64 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:17,880 Speaker 1: That's a constitutional right protected by the Eighth Amendment that 65 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:22,039 Speaker 1: you are, um, you have a right to plead insanity 66 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:24,719 Speaker 1: or try to prove that you were insane. And yeah, 67 00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:27,560 Speaker 1: because some states recognize it, right, Uh yeah, as we'll 68 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: find out. Um. So there's a couple of different um 69 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:35,479 Speaker 1: tests that the United States generally operate under. And the 70 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:39,760 Speaker 1: first one is the uh monoton test. You pronounced that. 71 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:43,680 Speaker 1: I think it's m apostrophe not in and it looks 72 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:45,800 Speaker 1: like it should be McNaughton, but they left the sea 73 00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:48,560 Speaker 1: out and replace it with an apostitis exactly. So he's 74 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:51,960 Speaker 1: very stylish. And that was in the UK and the 75 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:54,360 Speaker 1: eighteen forties, and I guess we should go ahead and 76 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:57,520 Speaker 1: talk about that case now. Well, Daniel Manon, Yeah, yeah, um. 77 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:02,000 Speaker 1: He was a Scottish woodwork um who believed that Prime 78 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:06,920 Speaker 1: Minister Robert Peel and the Pope were plotting against him. Yeah, 79 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:12,120 Speaker 1: so um, Manaunton went to London and he shot and 80 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:15,840 Speaker 1: killed Peel's um secretary. Now, was that a mistake in 81 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:18,000 Speaker 1: the identity thing or was it just a bad shot? 82 00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:21,360 Speaker 1: I didn't see kill the wrong person. Yes, but he 83 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:23,640 Speaker 1: did kill that person with the intent of killing Peel 84 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:27,760 Speaker 1: because he thought that Peel was out to get him. Um, 85 00:05:27,839 --> 00:05:32,400 Speaker 1: and so Peel was. He was tried, but he was 86 00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: acquitted by reason of insanity and he was sentenced to 87 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: life in Bedlam, which was not a nice place to be. 88 00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:42,480 Speaker 1: It just sounds like, you know, why would you name 89 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:44,560 Speaker 1: it Bedlam unless it was just awful. Well, you know, 90 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:47,520 Speaker 1: this is where it comes from. Yeah, because Bedlam was 91 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:50,360 Speaker 1: like kind of a British um. I think it was open. 92 00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:52,760 Speaker 1: It was open in twelve seven and it was kind 93 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:54,920 Speaker 1: of short for Bethlehem, and it was the first mental 94 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:58,719 Speaker 1: asylum in Europe. Yeah, and this guy was sentenced to 95 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:00,839 Speaker 1: life there, which is that's that was not a nice 96 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:03,400 Speaker 1: thing to have happened to you. But even still, the 97 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:05,679 Speaker 1: fact that some guy tried to kill the Prime Minister 98 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,279 Speaker 1: and was not thrown into prison, which I imagine was 99 00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:13,480 Speaker 1: even worse than Bedlam. Um. Queen Elizabeth herself came out 100 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:16,839 Speaker 1: and said, well, what are you guys doing? What courts 101 00:06:17,279 --> 00:06:20,479 Speaker 1: explain yourselves. And what the courts came up with was 102 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:23,160 Speaker 1: what came to be known as the Magnaton rule. They said, 103 00:06:23,240 --> 00:06:28,000 Speaker 1: if you here's a test for insanity. If somebody UM 104 00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:30,279 Speaker 1: doesn't know what they're doing at the time they commit 105 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:34,320 Speaker 1: the crime, or they don't know what they're doing was 106 00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:36,320 Speaker 1: right or wrong. It's also called the right wrong test. 107 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:39,800 Speaker 1: Then from now on under British law, we're going to 108 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:43,240 Speaker 1: uniformly say that that person is insane and can be 109 00:06:43,279 --> 00:06:45,279 Speaker 1: acquitted of a crime. They really called it the right 110 00:06:45,279 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: wrong test. It's along the nose UM, so that's a 111 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:52,400 Speaker 1: monoton test and what we'll get to how that applies today. 112 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:56,000 Speaker 1: UH and then came along UM American Law Institute the 113 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:59,360 Speaker 1: a l I established an insanity test in nineteen two, 114 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:04,279 Speaker 1: um laid out in the Model Penal Code, and they 115 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: then began to consider what they called irresistible impulse. So 116 00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:13,280 Speaker 1: if you're a defendant, you could not refrain from doing 117 00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:15,960 Speaker 1: something you knew was wrong, like you you can see red, 118 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:17,960 Speaker 1: you know what's wrong to kill someone, but you just 119 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:20,440 Speaker 1: couldn't help yourself, like what you might call a crime 120 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 1: of passion or something like that, like you're so overwhelmed 121 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,440 Speaker 1: with rage or vengeance or whatever. You know what you're 122 00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: doing is wrong, but you can't stop yourself. It's also 123 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:31,200 Speaker 1: called the volition rule. YE you're doing it like Shawshank 124 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:35,040 Speaker 1: for instance, although he didn't really kill anyone, but that's 125 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:38,080 Speaker 1: what they thought was Tim Robbins had walked in on 126 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:41,360 Speaker 1: his wife and like, try this guy. So, um, under 127 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:44,560 Speaker 1: this test, h you were criminally insane if you're unable 128 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: to quote appreciate the criminality of conduct or to conform 129 00:07:49,560 --> 00:07:52,680 Speaker 1: your conduct to the requirements of the law. So you 130 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:56,640 Speaker 1: can still go out and kill someone and uh use 131 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:59,880 Speaker 1: gloves and dispose of the body and all that stuff 132 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:03,800 Speaker 1: and still be considered insane under this standard used to 133 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 1: it was pretty it was pretty controversial. And then twenty 134 00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:10,880 Speaker 1: years after that, I got named John Hinckley changed all 135 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:14,280 Speaker 1: that again, which led to the Insanity Defense Reform Act 136 00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: of eighty four. So what happened with Hinkley? We all 137 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:20,040 Speaker 1: remember that, right, Yeah, he went after Reagan to impress 138 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: Jodie Foster and he shot Reagan and he was acquitted. 139 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:26,520 Speaker 1: He was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and 140 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:29,960 Speaker 1: the nation went crazy. Yeah, people were like because it 141 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:31,760 Speaker 1: was the president, you know, like, how can you acquit 142 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:34,880 Speaker 1: this guy? Right? Well, not only that, it was when 143 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:38,880 Speaker 1: Monoton was sentenced to bedlam and the Monoton Rule came 144 00:08:38,920 --> 00:08:42,719 Speaker 1: about for about a hundred years after that, maybe a 145 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:47,360 Speaker 1: little less. If you were found insane, whether or not 146 00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:49,320 Speaker 1: you're acquitted, you still spent the rest of your life 147 00:08:49,320 --> 00:08:54,000 Speaker 1: in an insane asylum. As psychology progressed further and further 148 00:08:54,160 --> 00:08:55,600 Speaker 1: and got to the point where they're like, hey, this 149 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:59,800 Speaker 1: person's cured. This person's cured. That person. Sometimes when you 150 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:03,200 Speaker 1: were found not guilty, very's in insanity, you weren't even 151 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:06,080 Speaker 1: like you got out after a couple of years. It 152 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:09,200 Speaker 1: was basically tantamount to getting off. And by the time 153 00:09:09,280 --> 00:09:13,959 Speaker 1: Hinckley was acquitted, UM that the public kind of saw 154 00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:16,719 Speaker 1: that that was the case, like he wasn't going to 155 00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:19,079 Speaker 1: get any kind of punishment, and we need to do something. 156 00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:23,200 Speaker 1: So they came up with a reform for the insanity defense. Yeah, 157 00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:26,640 Speaker 1: and basically that sort of put the ali standard aside 158 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:30,920 Speaker 1: and brought us back to something more like the magnoton rule. 159 00:09:31,679 --> 00:09:36,319 Speaker 1: And UH even more significantly, probably they federal and state 160 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:41,240 Speaker 1: shifted the burden of proof after Hinckley to UH defense, 161 00:09:41,679 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: so you had to instead of being in on the prosecution, UM, 162 00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:48,120 Speaker 1: it was on the defense to prove that they were 163 00:09:48,760 --> 00:09:51,160 Speaker 1: UH with clear evidence that they were legally insane. At 164 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:53,360 Speaker 1: the time, So that was a big deal that shift. Yeah, 165 00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:56,000 Speaker 1: and yeah, they did away with the volition rule too, right, 166 00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:59,160 Speaker 1: I think so. And and it's important to know that 167 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: when you there's two ways to to use the insanity role. 168 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,760 Speaker 1: You can go guilty by reasons of insanity or not 169 00:10:04,840 --> 00:10:07,600 Speaker 1: guilty by reasons of insanity, which is interesting that you 170 00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:10,920 Speaker 1: can use the same thing for guilty or not guilty. 171 00:10:11,320 --> 00:10:14,400 Speaker 1: But um, it's there to protect the mentally ill, you know. 172 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 1: So it's a it's a good thing, and it's not 173 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:20,839 Speaker 1: it's pretty tough to get it through. Like only one 174 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:24,280 Speaker 1: percent of cases are successful, and then only about fifteen 175 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:28,840 Speaker 1: of that one percent are actual acquittals. So it's not like, 176 00:10:28,920 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 1: you know, oh I was I was insane at the time, 177 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:34,160 Speaker 1: and so you can't throw me in jail. Yeah, well 178 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:36,240 Speaker 1: it's pretty rare at the time. Is a really big 179 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:38,319 Speaker 1: thing too. You can't just be like, oh, well, I'm 180 00:10:38,360 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 1: mentally ill, so I gotta let me off, because then 181 00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:43,640 Speaker 1: I have blanket immunity from any of my actions. You 182 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:45,600 Speaker 1: have to be able to prove that at that time 183 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:48,840 Speaker 1: you didn't understand what you were doing was wrong, you 184 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:54,360 Speaker 1: were not competent to too. I guess stand trial, Yeah, 185 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:56,280 Speaker 1: and for that and convince a jury of that, which 186 00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:59,720 Speaker 1: is that's the trick. Yeah. So we have some famous 187 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: cases here. Yeah Manton his case came in uh eighteen 188 00:11:04,880 --> 00:11:08,720 Speaker 1: forty three, but um, he wasn't the first one in 189 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:13,040 Speaker 1: the West to uh, I guess get off for being insane. 190 00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,440 Speaker 1: Acquitted by reason of insanity. Um. In the United States 191 00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:21,400 Speaker 1: back in eighteen thirty five, a guy named Richard Lawrence, 192 00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:25,480 Speaker 1: who was a house painter, um, was acquitted by reason 193 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: of insanity. We're trying to kill the president. Yeah, trying 194 00:11:28,440 --> 00:11:31,839 Speaker 1: to kill him really hard to Andrew Jackson was the 195 00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:34,000 Speaker 1: president at the time. Yeah. I don't think I knew 196 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:36,040 Speaker 1: this until this article. I didn't need did you know 197 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:38,400 Speaker 1: you didn't know? Okay, I'm not a dummy. Then he 198 00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:40,559 Speaker 1: had a derringer, and I think derringers at the time 199 00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:47,320 Speaker 1: were notorious for not firing. It fired, it fired bullet, 200 00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:50,120 Speaker 1: so it went off, but the bullet didn't come out. Well, yeah, 201 00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:52,360 Speaker 1: that's what I'm saying. They were known for not firing correctly. 202 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:56,120 Speaker 1: And uh. He actually had two derringers and they both misfired, 203 00:11:56,720 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: and apparently Jackson went after him with his cane like 204 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:02,000 Speaker 1: you know this dude was trying to kill me. Like 205 00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:03,680 Speaker 1: there was no secret service at the time. I guess 206 00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:05,840 Speaker 1: secret service was his cane, right. He happened to be 207 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:07,880 Speaker 1: coming out of a state funeral. And so not only 208 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:10,480 Speaker 1: did Andrew Jackson beat this guy with his kane, none 209 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:14,040 Speaker 1: other than Tennessee Senator Davy Crockett helps to subdue again, 210 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:18,000 Speaker 1: of course he did. Richard Lawrence is like, this is awesome. 211 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 1: I'm getting beat by Davy Cross Jackson. I'll be remembered forever. 212 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:27,520 Speaker 1: And he was and as uh if you know about him, Um, 213 00:12:27,559 --> 00:12:31,040 Speaker 1: but he was acquitted and committed to a mental asylum 214 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: and that was the end of Richard Lawrence as far 215 00:12:34,160 --> 00:12:36,040 Speaker 1: as we know. Yeah, and we should say like he 216 00:12:36,120 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: was it wasn't just going after the president that made 217 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:41,600 Speaker 1: him insane. He was He believed he was Richer the 218 00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:45,800 Speaker 1: Third uh, the king who was recently found buried beneath 219 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:48,719 Speaker 1: the parking lot. Oh yeah, um, he thought he was 220 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:50,800 Speaker 1: Richer the Third and the Andrew Jackson had killed his 221 00:12:50,840 --> 00:12:53,600 Speaker 1: father and that by killing Andrew Jackson, um, a lot 222 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:55,880 Speaker 1: more money would be available. This is during a depression, 223 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:59,680 Speaker 1: and Jackson actually, for his part, came to believe that 224 00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: Richard Lawrence was a patsy in an assassination attempt carried 225 00:13:04,480 --> 00:13:08,280 Speaker 1: out by the rival I think Wig Party who wanted 226 00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:11,240 Speaker 1: him out of the presidency, which wasn't true, no, but 227 00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:15,439 Speaker 1: he spent the rest of his life paranoid about it. Alright, 228 00:13:15,520 --> 00:13:22,920 Speaker 1: So uh ezra Pound, poet, writer, and unbeknownst to me, 229 00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:27,360 Speaker 1: uh anti Semite and fascist. I had no idea. I 230 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,560 Speaker 1: didn't either. He was um. And this was a tricky 231 00:13:30,559 --> 00:13:33,920 Speaker 1: case because most people believe now that he wasn't insane 232 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:36,480 Speaker 1: and that he just really I knew the right people 233 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:38,480 Speaker 1: and pulled the right strings to get out of a crime. 234 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:41,760 Speaker 1: So he was a big Mussolini guy. Moved to Italy 235 00:13:42,840 --> 00:13:46,479 Speaker 1: and started doing a radio broadcast, began writing and broadcasting 236 00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:50,480 Speaker 1: these anti Semitic, anti Roosevelt rants during World War Two. 237 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:52,960 Speaker 1: That doesn't sit well with the United States, of course, 238 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:55,880 Speaker 1: especially not when we invade Italy and take over Ya. 239 00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:59,320 Speaker 1: And so uh it was an act of treason, and 240 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,480 Speaker 1: he was arrested and imprisoned in Italy, and then after 241 00:14:02,559 --> 00:14:06,720 Speaker 1: Mussolini died, he was extradited. Uh faced these charges and 242 00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:09,880 Speaker 1: he pled insanity and was actually found not competent to 243 00:14:09,920 --> 00:14:12,920 Speaker 1: stand trial and spent the rest of his days in 244 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:16,800 Speaker 1: a middle asylum, Saint Elizabeth's in d C, Washington, DC. 245 00:14:16,920 --> 00:14:18,400 Speaker 1: He didn't spend the rest of his days. He got 246 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: out in nineteen fifty eight. Oh. I thought he died 247 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:24,240 Speaker 1: at night, and while he was at St. Elizabeth's, which 248 00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:28,040 Speaker 1: was headed by a devotee of Ezra Pound, a guy 249 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:31,760 Speaker 1: named Dr winfried Overholser, Sr. That's not a real name. 250 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:34,440 Speaker 1: I swear he was the head of Saint Elizabeth and 251 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,400 Speaker 1: he thought Pound was just one of the greatest literary 252 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:40,560 Speaker 1: figures alive. I thought he died there and no, and 253 00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:44,000 Speaker 1: so he vouched for him and um. Basically Pound was 254 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:47,360 Speaker 1: allowed to have like visitors over for sex anytime, and he 255 00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:51,040 Speaker 1: he had a really cushy um life while he was there, 256 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:54,120 Speaker 1: and got out and got around being tried for treason 257 00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:57,640 Speaker 1: even though he was never declared insane. No doctor ever 258 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:00,640 Speaker 1: said this man's insane. They just vouched for him that 259 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:03,680 Speaker 1: he was. I can't remember how they put it, but 260 00:15:03,720 --> 00:15:07,280 Speaker 1: basically they got around it with some antickes off his 261 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,920 Speaker 1: rocker is that the legal term. Uh. The next one 262 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:16,840 Speaker 1: is pretty interesting to Anthony and William Esposito brothers dubbed 263 00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:20,360 Speaker 1: the Mad Dog killers in one in January, New York City, 264 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:24,040 Speaker 1: they held up their office manor and office manager for 265 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:27,400 Speaker 1: about six fifty bucks and then shot and killed him. 266 00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:31,400 Speaker 1: And then this wild police chase on foot down Fifth 267 00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:35,520 Speaker 1: Avenue or up Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, like darting in 268 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:38,640 Speaker 1: and out of department stores, shooting and stuff. One of 269 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:42,080 Speaker 1: the guys gets popped in the leg, goes down, plays dead, 270 00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,360 Speaker 1: and then shoots and kills the officer as he approaches them. 271 00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: The dirty rat, Oh man, that's such a dirty right move. 272 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:51,040 Speaker 1: The other guy or when he shot and killed the 273 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:54,040 Speaker 1: cop um, he got up and starry to run off 274 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:56,760 Speaker 1: in a bunch of New Yorkers got on top of 275 00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,760 Speaker 1: him and beat him unconscious. That's the beauty of New York. 276 00:16:00,680 --> 00:16:03,800 Speaker 1: And they they found the other guy his brother in 277 00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:08,280 Speaker 1: in a convenience store, and so they were caught and tried, 278 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:13,240 Speaker 1: and throughout the trial they barked and drooled and banged 279 00:16:13,240 --> 00:16:15,560 Speaker 1: their heads on the on the desk because apparently this 280 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:18,880 Speaker 1: is what insane people do exactly, And the jury didn't 281 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:21,640 Speaker 1: buy it and convicted him both sentenced him to death. 282 00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:24,360 Speaker 1: Actually yeah, And while they were at sing sing they 283 00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:28,160 Speaker 1: continued this I mean I I don't know if people 284 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:30,360 Speaker 1: thought it was real or not, So I don't I'm 285 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:33,360 Speaker 1: hesitated to say continued the charade because maybe they were 286 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: a little off. But um, they continued this in prison, 287 00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:41,800 Speaker 1: and they basically didn't care in sing sing and they 288 00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: were put to death in so unsuccessful in their bid 289 00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:49,200 Speaker 1: to get off on the insanity rule. Yeah, like you said, 290 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:53,680 Speaker 1: only is effective in one percent of cases, Andrew Goldstein, Yeah, 291 00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:57,960 Speaker 1: I remember this going down, do you really? Yeah, this 292 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:02,400 Speaker 1: is such a stead case. Nine He uh pushed a 293 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,680 Speaker 1: woman named Kendra Webdale in front of the end train 294 00:17:05,840 --> 00:17:09,960 Speaker 1: at the twenty three Street station during a psychotic episode. 295 00:17:10,040 --> 00:17:14,399 Speaker 1: And this was a true case of someone who was deeply, 296 00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:17,680 Speaker 1: deeply troubled. You know. It wasn't someone who said, let 297 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:19,439 Speaker 1: me use the insanity defense because I didn't know what 298 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:22,080 Speaker 1: I was doing at the time. He uh started off 299 00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,800 Speaker 1: his life as a pretty bright guy and then started 300 00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:28,200 Speaker 1: suffering delusions in college and had been in and out 301 00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:32,480 Speaker 1: of psychiatric hospitals. Um had had violent episodes with his mother, 302 00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:38,200 Speaker 1: violent behavior, basically committed self committed thirteen times over a 303 00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:41,440 Speaker 1: two year period, and was just released a few weeks 304 00:17:41,440 --> 00:17:43,399 Speaker 1: before he had pushed this poor woman in front of 305 00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,560 Speaker 1: the train which killed her. Yeah, and um, as a 306 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:49,800 Speaker 1: result of her death, New York came up with something 307 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:54,000 Speaker 1: called Kendra's Law, which gives judges the power to um 308 00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:59,000 Speaker 1: forcibly commit people they think need psychiatric attention for up 309 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:02,600 Speaker 1: to seventy two hours. Um, which is a big deal. 310 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:05,560 Speaker 1: But in this case it doesn't quite jibe from what 311 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:13,200 Speaker 1: I understand, because Goldstein did voluntarily seek treatment. Oh yeah, 312 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,880 Speaker 1: it's just a sad case. He was tried three times 313 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:18,240 Speaker 1: for it. The first time there was a hung jury. 314 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:20,960 Speaker 1: He played insanity. The second time he was found guilty. 315 00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:25,400 Speaker 1: But um, that uh, that finding what was what would 316 00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:30,040 Speaker 1: that be called? Verdict? Yeah? That verdict? Man, something's up 317 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,959 Speaker 1: with me? That was thrown out on a technicality as 318 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: I understand. And then in two thousand and five he 319 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:37,680 Speaker 1: was tried for a third time and play guilty, yeah, 320 00:18:37,680 --> 00:18:41,320 Speaker 1: to manslaughter though not murder. Yeah, and he has in 321 00:18:41,359 --> 00:18:43,560 Speaker 1: prison and he was sitce the twenty three years plus 322 00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:47,439 Speaker 1: five of probation, and like you said, Kender's Law was 323 00:18:47,440 --> 00:18:52,359 Speaker 1: passed as a result. So yeah, very very sad case. Yeah, 324 00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:55,639 Speaker 1: there's no nobody comes out a winner on that. You 325 00:18:55,720 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: got one more yeah, um? John Delling I mentioned or not, 326 00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:03,439 Speaker 1: um that there was a discussion about whether or not 327 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:07,240 Speaker 1: someone has a constitutional right to plead insanity. Um. This 328 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:10,600 Speaker 1: is the guy that brought it up most recently. Um. 329 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,920 Speaker 1: Back in two thousand seven, he shot over the course 330 00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:15,919 Speaker 1: of a couple of months, he shot three of his 331 00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:19,520 Speaker 1: friends friends, Yeah, and killed two of them. One was 332 00:19:19,560 --> 00:19:24,119 Speaker 1: a childhood friend, were friends since childhood. And um, it 333 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:30,240 Speaker 1: was he was a diagnosed paranoid. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia. 334 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,479 Speaker 1: And um, he was under the impression that people were 335 00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:38,760 Speaker 1: stealing his powers. I guess the people he that he killed. Yeah. 336 00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:42,960 Speaker 1: The thing is, um, even the defense and the judge said, 337 00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:45,439 Speaker 1: you know, the whole reason that you did this was 338 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:49,320 Speaker 1: because of your mental illness, and you this is a 339 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:53,080 Speaker 1: perfect insanity defense. Idaho doesn't recognize the insanity defense. So 340 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:57,880 Speaker 1: he was sentenced for to two life terms in solitary 341 00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:02,159 Speaker 1: confinement without parole for were the killings. Yeah, and like 342 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:06,280 Speaker 1: everyone agreed that this guy was mentally ill. But like 343 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:12,240 Speaker 1: you said, wrong state, wrong crime, and uh that's what 344 00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:15,080 Speaker 1: prompted like like you were talking about like is this 345 00:20:15,240 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: should this be a federal right? And you know, after 346 00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: the Hinckley verdict, a lot of states repealed the insanity defense, um, 347 00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:26,160 Speaker 1: and then a lot of them went back and reinstated 348 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:29,680 Speaker 1: it under different terms. Yeah, like Utah for example, repealed 349 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:33,160 Speaker 1: it and then allowed it to come back. But it's 350 00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:37,159 Speaker 1: next to impossible to prove it under the definition that 351 00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:39,840 Speaker 1: that's out there. But Idaho was like, no, there's no 352 00:20:39,880 --> 00:20:43,080 Speaker 1: insanity defense. And I think there's a couple of other 353 00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:47,520 Speaker 1: states too. Well, that's all the cases I have same here. Man, 354 00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:51,680 Speaker 1: It's it's definitely I mean, it's there to help the 355 00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,480 Speaker 1: mentally ill. But I think you're right. For a little 356 00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:58,800 Speaker 1: while there, it was you know, plead insane, go to 357 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:02,199 Speaker 1: a hospital, a few years, get out. Well, you know 358 00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:06,880 Speaker 1: what's interesting is we we talked about um, we talked 359 00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,080 Speaker 1: about them getting rid of the volition rule, right, but 360 00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:14,760 Speaker 1: like just quickly Lorraina Bobbitt she was basically temporarily insane 361 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: and she was acquitted of her actions assault. And the 362 00:21:18,359 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 1: Dahmer was a very famous case too. Yes, but he's 363 00:21:21,119 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: his insanity plea didn't work out because the jury believed 364 00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:27,440 Speaker 1: he knew what he was doing was wrong. Neither did 365 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,439 Speaker 1: his prisons day. You know that guys, he's trying to 366 00:21:30,440 --> 00:21:32,399 Speaker 1: write a book the guy who killed him. No, I 367 00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:34,800 Speaker 1: didn't know that. Yeah. I'm kind of interested too, because 368 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:37,920 Speaker 1: he always like, there's not a whole lot of information 369 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:43,320 Speaker 1: on what's his name, Uh, somebody Carver, Clarence Carver. I think, no, 370 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: you're thinking of the saxophonist for the Bruce Springsteen bangand 371 00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 1: that's Clarence Clemens. And he's passed away. His name is 372 00:21:50,560 --> 00:21:56,800 Speaker 1: Christopher Scarver, Clarence Carter Carver, Christopher Scarver, Clarence Clemens passed away. Yeah, man, 373 00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:02,160 Speaker 1: like last year. I think I didn't know that, said, um. 374 00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:03,639 Speaker 1: So anyway, he's trying to write a book, and I 375 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:05,480 Speaker 1: was always curious because there's not a lot of information 376 00:22:05,560 --> 00:22:08,320 Speaker 1: like why he killed he killed those two guys that day? 377 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:10,920 Speaker 1: Oh he killed someone else that day, Yeah, he killed 378 00:22:11,119 --> 00:22:13,600 Speaker 1: He was on bathroom duty with two other dudes, two 379 00:22:13,600 --> 00:22:17,000 Speaker 1: other murderers and another guy. And I think he got 380 00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:19,359 Speaker 1: a piece of like a metal bar from the gym 381 00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:22,159 Speaker 1: and beat them to death. And uh, he wants to 382 00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:23,960 Speaker 1: write a book now to like explain why he did 383 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:27,560 Speaker 1: it and to reveal Bomber's final words, which you know, 384 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,159 Speaker 1: it's very salacious. But of course I'm like, what do 385 00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:31,600 Speaker 1: you say, Well, I hope he does do it and 386 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:34,399 Speaker 1: then finds out later on that you're not legally allowed 387 00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:37,879 Speaker 1: to profit from your crime. Yeah, that's true, so he 388 00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:40,040 Speaker 1: wouldn't be able to If you're listening to this, I 389 00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:44,000 Speaker 1: didn't just say that, Scarborough. I don't think he's listening. Okay. Uh, 390 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:46,040 Speaker 1: people do listen to this in prison. We know that 391 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:49,320 Speaker 1: for a fact. Yeah, he's probably making a mould wine 392 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:55,800 Speaker 1: in a sock. Uh. You got anything else on mould wine? Nope? Okay. 393 00:22:56,200 --> 00:23:00,160 Speaker 1: If you want to learn more about the insanity defense, um, 394 00:23:00,160 --> 00:23:03,440 Speaker 1: there's a great article on how stuff works dot Com 395 00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 1: called ten Uses of the Insanity Defense. And there's another 396 00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: one called, um, what is the definition of insanity? Right? Yeah, 397 00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:12,439 Speaker 1: which we'll go back. We may want to do that 398 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:14,600 Speaker 1: one in full. We'll see if it's got more stuff 399 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,240 Speaker 1: in there. Um. You can check both of those out 400 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 1: by typing insanity into search bar the search bar how 401 00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:24,159 Speaker 1: stuff works dot Com Because, as I said, search bar, Uh, 402 00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:26,000 Speaker 1: that means it's time for this. No, it's sime for 403 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:32,240 Speaker 1: listening now, okay, Josh. Part three not listener mail, but 404 00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: part three of what Okay, administrative details. If you haven't 405 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:47,040 Speaker 1: learned by now's when we thank people for sending us 406 00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:50,680 Speaker 1: nice things, and we're almost done, like like we're caught up. Man. 407 00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:52,840 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, I have a few on my desk, but 408 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:56,479 Speaker 1: that's nothing like a few was no big deal, all right. 409 00:23:56,520 --> 00:23:59,240 Speaker 1: We got some awesome aluminum prints from Dan Gaffney of 410 00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:02,800 Speaker 1: tech Lab Photo in Baltimore. Yeah, thanks Dane. Um you 411 00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 1: remember him. We corresponded with him recently. Yeah, good guy. 412 00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:09,320 Speaker 1: Thanks Dan. Uh is their website on there? Uh no, 413 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:12,560 Speaker 1: but tech Lab Photo in Baltimore. Use the old search 414 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:14,399 Speaker 1: engine of your choice to figure that out, or you 415 00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 1: can just drive there. Um. We got a nice postcard 416 00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:21,679 Speaker 1: of Jesus's baptismal site in the Jordan River from Christina Curtis, 417 00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:24,919 Speaker 1: who researches water resources in Jordan. Thank you for that. 418 00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:28,120 Speaker 1: We got some coffee from Singing Rooster Coffee dot com. 419 00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:32,600 Speaker 1: The proceeds go to help Project Haiti dot org. And 420 00:24:32,640 --> 00:24:36,320 Speaker 1: I think I just said of the proceeds, you sure did, 421 00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:40,119 Speaker 1: so that's that's pretty awesome. So support Singing Rooster Coffee 422 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,360 Speaker 1: dot com. Yeah. Um. We got a postcard of Minari, 423 00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:47,720 Speaker 1: Pakistan tower from or Fom. Thank you very much for that. Uh, 424 00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:51,800 Speaker 1: Don Kobi or Buddy Coops Sini. That awesome. It was 425 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:54,800 Speaker 1: on glass, right, Yeah, it's like a cutting board. How 426 00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:56,560 Speaker 1: is that what that is? I believe so it's what 427 00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:59,200 Speaker 1: that's what I've been using it for. I know that's 428 00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,320 Speaker 1: what it's. It's goal her photograph underneath a photograph that 429 00:25:02,359 --> 00:25:04,880 Speaker 1: she took of like a landscape. Um, but it's I'm 430 00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:07,080 Speaker 1: pretty sure it's a cutting board. All right. You should 431 00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:09,760 Speaker 1: probably let us know, Koby, don't break it. Uh. And 432 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: we also got a letter from boy scout Brandon W. 433 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: Who wrote us to earn his communications merit badge. Um. 434 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,560 Speaker 1: We got a handwritten note card suggesting we do three 435 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:23,080 Speaker 1: D printers from I think another erfon. We're gonna have 436 00:25:23,119 --> 00:25:25,200 Speaker 1: to do that. Everyone is asking for three D printing. 437 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:33,359 Speaker 1: It's the hot thing I know Atlantic core Vet's drum 438 00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:37,240 Speaker 1: and Bugle core patch. Um. And I don't know who 439 00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:39,160 Speaker 1: sent it, and I apologize that we don't have the name, 440 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:42,480 Speaker 1: but the Atlanta Corvette Drum and Bugle Corps is a 441 00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:44,640 Speaker 1: patch and I might put it on a hat. Oh 442 00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:49,919 Speaker 1: wow wow. Uh. We got some nice letters um, requesting 443 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:56,240 Speaker 1: info on unsolved questions like the Bermuda triangle, Handenberg exorcism 444 00:25:56,240 --> 00:26:00,359 Speaker 1: from Andrea P. Jake M. Jason S, Stephanie B and 445 00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: Vanessa be All from the eighth grade class at North 446 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:06,480 Speaker 1: Carol Middle School in Hampstead, Maryland. Sorry we didn't write 447 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,640 Speaker 1: back in time. I believe they're all in high school now. Really, yeah, 448 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: but thank you for writing in guys, keep growing up. 449 00:26:13,119 --> 00:26:17,679 Speaker 1: Um awesome insects science illustration postcard from Martha Iserman of 450 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:22,480 Speaker 1: Big Red Sharks dot com and New Zealand's not down 451 00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:26,320 Speaker 1: under postcard in New Zealand facts. Uh and we can't 452 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,879 Speaker 1: really see who signed it because the post office stamped 453 00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:34,040 Speaker 1: over it, so see our USPS podcast for why that happens. Um, 454 00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:36,840 Speaker 1: but we thank you for that. We got a letter 455 00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:40,720 Speaker 1: from Benjamin from Gardner's Avenue School in Livittown, New York, 456 00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:43,040 Speaker 1: who wanted info on the Statue of Liberty. Thank you 457 00:26:43,119 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 1: for that. National Radio Astronomy Observatory in New Mexico said 458 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:51,600 Speaker 1: it's a postcard from Dylan C. And he is in 459 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:54,560 Speaker 1: the Navy and an amateur astronomer. Yeah. He said it 460 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,919 Speaker 1: was like going to uh, I can't remember where, but 461 00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:01,320 Speaker 1: it was like a pilgrimage for him. Nice. Yeah, um, 462 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:04,479 Speaker 1: let's see we got an exceptional hand drawn postcard. From Alex, 463 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:08,320 Speaker 1: who's an artist in North Carolina. We got a CD 464 00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,040 Speaker 1: of the album The Broken Record by Twink, which is 465 00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:16,520 Speaker 1: the Toy Piano band. Did you hear They're pretty awesome? Uh? 466 00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:20,080 Speaker 1: Las Arena Chile. We got a postcard from Margaret's Seed 467 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:26,399 Speaker 1: from Chile, and uh coffee and coffee tips from Otto Kampa. 468 00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:29,600 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I didn't see the coffee tips. Is there 469 00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:31,320 Speaker 1: a question mark at the end of that person's name. 470 00:27:32,520 --> 00:27:36,720 Speaker 1: We got a Mexican pizza menu from Christie Thid which 471 00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:41,000 Speaker 1: includes like peach, leg of pork, avocado tuna, like a 472 00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 1: pork that struck my fancy. I would eat some avocado pizza. Like, 473 00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:46,879 Speaker 1: as a matter of fact, I'm putting avocado in my 474 00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:50,560 Speaker 1: next pizza, right. I got some more coffee from Alex 475 00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:55,440 Speaker 1: with a y X and our friends at the Adina, 476 00:27:55,560 --> 00:28:00,159 Speaker 1: Minnesota Done Brothers Coffee place. Yeah, thank you for that. Um, well, 477 00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:02,119 Speaker 1: you've been get lots of coffee. Huh, Like if you 478 00:28:02,119 --> 00:28:03,720 Speaker 1: had to buy coffee in a couple of years. Oh, 479 00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:05,719 Speaker 1: it's all gone, is it? Yeah? That's all from the 480 00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:10,359 Speaker 1: coffee podcast. Okay, portrait book of and I shared? I shared, Oh, 481 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:12,240 Speaker 1: Sue or at least offered and I was like, no, 482 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:13,800 Speaker 1: you take the coffee, but I share. I think I 483 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:17,000 Speaker 1: gave some to Conal Bird and I think Jerry got 484 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,960 Speaker 1: some too, didn't you. Jerry, you got coffee? Okay? Yeah, Jerry, 485 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:26,240 Speaker 1: Like what you go? You guys still hear? Um, we 486 00:28:26,359 --> 00:28:28,720 Speaker 1: got a portrait book of Justin and it's cat Waffles 487 00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:33,879 Speaker 1: of Everything Waffles dot com. Yeah, it's definitely worth checking out. 488 00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:36,000 Speaker 1: And a postcard of a man with a giant fish 489 00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:38,920 Speaker 1: from Reagan t And I think you have one more, right, 490 00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:43,959 Speaker 1: I do. Um, let's see, we got a lovely floral 491 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:48,200 Speaker 1: note congratulating you me and me on our wedding. Leo Ray, 492 00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:50,640 Speaker 1: thank you very much for that. It's very nice. Boy. 493 00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:52,280 Speaker 1: You have been holding onto these for a while. I 494 00:28:52,280 --> 00:28:55,760 Speaker 1: know it's the February before last. Okay, so thank you 495 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:59,120 Speaker 1: for that. Finally, Yeah, thank you to everybody who's been 496 00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:02,600 Speaker 1: sending us stuff. We really genuinely appreciate it. Super sweet 497 00:29:02,720 --> 00:29:04,880 Speaker 1: and um, if you want to send something, you can 498 00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,880 Speaker 1: find the address on the How Stuff Works homepage. He 499 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:09,560 Speaker 1: scrolled do out at the bottom of the homepage under 500 00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:11,960 Speaker 1: contacts and click on that has our address. You can 501 00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:14,640 Speaker 1: send us something that well done. And if you want 502 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:16,200 Speaker 1: to get in touch with us, just to say hi 503 00:29:16,360 --> 00:29:18,720 Speaker 1: or whatever. UM, you can tweet to us at s 504 00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,480 Speaker 1: y ESK podcast. You can join us on Facebook, dot com, 505 00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:23,920 Speaker 1: slash stuff you Should Know, You can send us an 506 00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:27,479 Speaker 1: email to Stuff Podcast and Discovery dot com, and you 507 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:30,040 Speaker 1: can join us at our home on the web, Stuff 508 00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:38,280 Speaker 1: you Should Know dot com. For more on this and 509 00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:40,880 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, is that how stuff works dot 510 00:29:40,880 --> 00:30:17,160 Speaker 1: com I I I