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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from house

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Speaker 1: works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm

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Speaker 1: Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly Frying way back in

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Speaker 1: April of It's not so way back, but when you

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Speaker 1: consider that you and I came onto the show in

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Speaker 1: March of it feels like forever. It does. Uh. We

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Speaker 1: did an episode on Australia's rabbit proof fence, so essentially

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Speaker 1: the English had introduced rabbits to Australia and that rabbits

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Speaker 1: had done what they do, and this led to the

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Speaker 1: State Barrier Fence of Western Australia, which was more than

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Speaker 1: a thousand miles long and was this desperate attempt to

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Speaker 1: keep rabbits from completely destroying any available agricultural land, and

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Speaker 1: this fence still exists in some places today. Also led

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Speaker 1: to a listener request from Christopher to talk about India's

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Speaker 1: Great Hedge, which was another British effort to build a

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Speaker 1: massive fence. But in this case, while it's intent was

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Speaker 1: not to keep people from moving from one place to another,

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Speaker 1: it definitely had that effect. Its actual purpose was about

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Speaker 1: collecting taxes. So first we're going to talk about salt

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Speaker 1: which may sound weird if you don't know what we're

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Speaker 1: talking about today, but I promise it comes around to

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Speaker 1: stick with us. Uh. As much as modern medical science

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Speaker 1: likes to tell you that salt is bad for you,

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Speaker 1: too much is but salt is necessary to human survival.

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Speaker 1: Your body actually needs it to function, and it is

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Speaker 1: a critical part of a lot of food preservation methods.

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Speaker 1: And even though it's not just about making things taste better,

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Speaker 1: I know, I'm a big fan of it. It makes

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Speaker 1: things taste better yep. In India specifically, salt is an

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Speaker 1: especially critical dietary staple. The climate and a lot of

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Speaker 1: India is very hot, and that means that people routinely

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Speaker 1: need to replenish the salt in their bodies as they

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Speaker 1: sweat it out of their bodies. This hot climate also

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Speaker 1: makes India home to a number of diseases that cause diarrhea,

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Speaker 1: and that also means that people need more salt. They

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Speaker 1: have to replenish the salt in their body as they

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Speaker 1: rehydrate after having had diarrhea. So everyone needs salt to survive,

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Speaker 1: and this is especially true in India. For most of

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Speaker 1: India's recorded history, salt has been both abundant and subject

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Speaker 1: to taxation. People have collected salt from the ocean, salt lakes,

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Speaker 1: and the soil, and methods of taxing the collected salt

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Speaker 1: have varied from place to place and from ruler to ruler.

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Speaker 1: Throughout India's history, salt taxation has taken the form of

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Speaker 1: a tax on the sale of salt, a permitting fee

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Speaker 1: for gathering your own salt, and the variety of other methods.

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Speaker 1: This idea of taxing salt continued to be present after

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Speaker 1: the British East India Companies are rival in India. The

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Speaker 1: company's first ships arrived in India in sixteen o eight,

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Speaker 1: and over the next two centuries, the company annexed more

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Speaker 1: and more Indian territory and then ruled it on Britain's behalf.

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Speaker 1: During all of this time, it continued to collect taxes

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Speaker 1: on salt. In eighteen fifty seven, the Indian army rebelled

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Speaker 1: against British troops, which could be a whole different episode. Afterward,

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Speaker 1: Britain began ruling India directly rather than going through the

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Speaker 1: East India Company, and when it did, it also maintained

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Speaker 1: salt taxes. Because the salt was one of the two

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Speaker 1: primary sources of revenue for the British and India. The

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Speaker 1: other was a tax on land. The British government paid

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Speaker 1: close attention to who was getting salt and from where.

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Speaker 1: Parts of India that lay near the ocean, like Madras

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Speaker 1: and Bombay, could get salt from seawater. Farther inland, people

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Speaker 1: could get salt from washing the soil, although this salt

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Speaker 1: wasn't very pure or very good quality for that matter.

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Speaker 1: The northwest India lay several princely states that were not

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Speaker 1: completely under British control. Nearby parts of India could trade

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Speaker 1: with them for salt. But the British ideal, since salt

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Speaker 1: was such an important part of its revenue, was for

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Speaker 1: all of India to get all of its salt from

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Speaker 1: Britain or from salt that was produced in India that

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Speaker 1: uh in productions that were actually controlled by the British,

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Speaker 1: and then that way all of the salt in India

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Speaker 1: would be subjects to British tax. Consequently, salt, which everyone

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Speaker 1: truly needed, was expensive under British rule. Personal salt collection

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Speaker 1: was outlawed, and people weren't always able to get as

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Speaker 1: much as they needed through the official channels. Sometimes this

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Speaker 1: was because the government underestimated the allotment of salt each

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Speaker 1: family should be entitled to. Sometimes it was because the

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Speaker 1: government controlled supply ran out. Sometimes it was because the

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Speaker 1: tax just made this necessary nutrient too expensive and costly

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Speaker 1: for people to be able to afford MHM. Even within

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Speaker 1: British documents, opinions really varied in terms of how widespread

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Speaker 1: these problems were and how serious. There were British reports

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Speaker 1: saying that the number of salt shortages was near disastrous,

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Speaker 1: and then there were others saying that it was a

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Speaker 1: challenge but not insurmountable. Regardless of how the British felt

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Speaker 1: about it, the Indian population definitely objected to the salt tax.

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Speaker 1: For many, the tax made salt too expensive to afford.

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Speaker 1: As we mentioned just a moment ago, the tax itself

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Speaker 1: was also a reminder of British colonial rule, and the

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Speaker 1: various methods for enforcement of the tax and the terrence

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Speaker 1: of smuggling were embarrassing and they landed people in jail. Consequently,

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Speaker 1: protest of salt taxation was a critical part of Indian

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Speaker 1: of the Indian independence movement and of Gandhi's work there,

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Speaker 1: and people were willing to or forced to get their

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Speaker 1: salt from illegal means. There's a whole episode on Gandhi's

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Speaker 1: Salt March from Way Way, way way back, and I

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Speaker 1: think the Candice and Jane era of the podcast you're

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Speaker 1: interested in that. And before we talk a little more

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Speaker 1: specifically about how Britain tried to stop salt smuggling during

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Speaker 1: its colonial rule of India, take a quick break for

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Speaker 1: a word from a sponsor that sounds grand. So to

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Speaker 1: return to the ways that Britain tried to stop salt smuggling.

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Speaker 1: Because the salt tax was such a huge source of

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Speaker 1: revenue for the British, the government really had a vested

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Speaker 1: interest in stopping people from smuggling salt, and for the

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Speaker 1: most part, the smuggling was from the princely states in

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Speaker 1: the Northwest, which were outside of British control, into the

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Speaker 1: rest of India. In eighteen oh three, a law was

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Speaker 1: passed to allow the establishment of a customs house in

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Speaker 1: every district in the Bengal Presidency, which was one of

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Speaker 1: Britain's major provinces in India. The customs houses had two

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Speaker 1: jobs to do, to stop smugglers and collect taxes on

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Speaker 1: imports and exports, and it wasn't just salt. There were

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Speaker 1: also taxes and duties on things like sugar and tobacco.

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Speaker 1: Britain built customs barriers on all of the Bengal presidencies

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Speaker 1: major roads, primarily putting them near salt mines and near

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Speaker 1: any place where salt might be illegally manufactured, and this

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Speaker 1: included places where the soil was very salty and places

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Speaker 1: that had easier access to the sea. Unsurprisingly, the department

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Speaker 1: in charge of all this monitoring quickly became quite corrupt.

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Speaker 1: For the most part, the people in charge of the

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Speaker 1: outposts were British and the rest of the workers were Indian.

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Speaker 1: All of them were rewarded with thirty five percent of

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Speaker 1: the value of any salt they confiscated. While this may

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Speaker 1: have been intended to encourage thoroughness, in reality, the lowest

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Speaker 1: ranking customs officers didn't actually make enough to live off

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Speaker 1: of just from their wages, so abusing the thirty percent

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Speaker 1: reward plan encouraged people to dishonesty. There was also an

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Speaker 1: ingrained culture of bribery and extortion in this department, and

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Speaker 1: some of the most nefarious customs workers did send pretty

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Speaker 1: deliberate things to try to get that thirty bonus, pretty

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Speaker 1: often things like throwing salt into people's houses and then

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Speaker 1: accusing them of having stolen it, and then confiscating all

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Speaker 1: of the salt that they did have, as well as

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Speaker 1: any vessels that they could have been using to smuggle salt.

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Speaker 1: But generally we're just using to do things like store

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Speaker 1: their food. This whole system of customs houses gave the

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Speaker 1: British many places from which to seek out smugglers and

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Speaker 1: collect taxes. But since patrolling officers couldn't be everywhere at once,

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Speaker 1: smuggling was still rampant, and so in eighteen three George Saunders,

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Speaker 1: the Customs Commissioner, proposed another line of customs outposts, this

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Speaker 1: time along the Yamuna River, and it was these outposts

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Speaker 1: that wound up forming the backboat of what would become

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Speaker 1: the Great Customs Line. So the British Customs Line took

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Speaker 1: on a lot of different forms over the years. The

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Speaker 1: British would move branches of it, start new ones, abandoned

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Speaker 1: parts of it, and otherwise fiddle with it for a

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Speaker 1: round fifty years or so. Generally speaking, it separated the

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Speaker 1: Bengal presidency from the princely states and their non British

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Speaker 1: controlled salt stockpiles by following the Ganges and Yamuna rivers,

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Speaker 1: then grow then going cross country towards Delhi. In addition,

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Speaker 1: the salt tax itself was higher in some parts of

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Speaker 1: British territory and lower in others, and so the Customs

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Speaker 1: Line had additional guards and customs houses around the places

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Speaker 1: with the lower tax to try to keep people from

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Speaker 1: smuggling salt out of the low tax areas and into

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Speaker 1: the higher tax areas. There was also an independent princely

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Speaker 1: state within the Customs lines borders for many years, and

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Speaker 1: so that had its own helping of customs outposts and

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Speaker 1: surveillance until eventually annexed it as well. Because Britain was

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Speaker 1: continually annexing new territory, it kept building new customs houses.

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Speaker 1: A man named G. H. Smith became Britain's Commissioner of

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Speaker 1: Customs in India in eighteen thirty four. He gradually took

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Speaker 1: over the whole of the Customs Line and started consolidating

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Speaker 1: all of its various spurs and duplications that had come

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Speaker 1: about from these annexations into one unified line. He also

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Speaker 1: focused on its mission a little bit, dropping some of

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Speaker 1: the less lucrative levies on things like shawls and tobacco

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Speaker 1: and instead really going after salt. It was also during

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Speaker 1: Smith's time as Commissioner that the Customs Line grew into

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Speaker 1: an actual physical barrier. To start with, there were basically

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Speaker 1: customs posts every mile, and they were connected by a

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Speaker 1: raised path. Officers were stationed at every post, and there

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Speaker 1: were men in addition to that every quarter of a mile,

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Speaker 1: and these men patrolled their section of the line and

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Speaker 1: tried to apprehend any smugglers who crossed it. When it

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Speaker 1: was time to change shifts, guards had to sweep their

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Speaker 1: section of the path with bamboo or grass so that

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Speaker 1: the next guard could be responsible for any footprints that

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Speaker 1: crossed it on their shift. Somewhere around eighteen forty the

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Speaker 1: British started using vegetation as a barrier, and that practice

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Speaker 1: was becoming more widespread by the eighteen fifties. In Smith's

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Speaker 1: time as Commissioner of Customs, which lasted for twenty years,

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Speaker 1: the Customs Line budget swelled to seven hundred ninety thousand

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Speaker 1: rupees a year and its staff grew to six thousand,

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Speaker 1: six hundred people. The next Commissioner of Customs was Allen

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Speaker 1: Octavian Hume. According to his reports, by eighteen sixty eight

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Speaker 1: there was a stretch of impenetrable hedge along the customs

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Speaker 1: line that was about a hundred and eighty miles long,

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Speaker 1: and maintaining this barrier took a huge amount of time

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Speaker 1: and labor. Thanks to storms, fires, termites, normal decay, and vandalism,

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Speaker 1: about half the vegetation had to be replaced every single

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Speaker 1: year through the late eighteen sixties and until the end

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Speaker 1: of his tenure in eighteen seventy. Commissioner Hume's annual reports

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Speaker 1: detailed the line's growth as the hedge extended into this

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Speaker 1: hundreds of miles long barrier that was at least ten

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Speaker 1: feet tall and two feet thick. Soon the British government

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Speaker 1: created an entire inland Customs department. This department was enormous

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Speaker 1: in terms of both money and power. Between eighteen sixty

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Speaker 1: nine and eighteen seventy, the cost to run the customs

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Speaker 1: line was about one point six million rupees, but in

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Speaker 1: the same time, the customs line collected twelve point five

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Speaker 1: million rupees in tax just on salt. It continued to

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Speaker 1: collect taxes on other necessities such as sugar as well,

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Speaker 1: so it cost some money to maintain, but they were

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Speaker 1: making a whole lot more money in the taxes they

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Speaker 1: were collecting from it. Commissioner G. A. Jim Batton took

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Speaker 1: over as Commissioner in eighteen seventy, and he focused mainly

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Speaker 1: on making the existing line completely impassable and also lengthening it.

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Speaker 1: Here is a description in the words of Sir John

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Speaker 1: and Lieutenant General Richard Strakey, of what the customs line

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Speaker 1: and its heads were like at its peak from the

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Speaker 1: Finances and Public Works of India from eighteen sixty nine

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Speaker 1: to eighteen eighty one parenth Season eighty two. So this

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Speaker 1: is the quote. A customs line was established which stretched

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Speaker 1: across the whole of India, which in eighteen sixty nine

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Speaker 1: extended from the Indus to the Mahanadi in Madras, a

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Speaker 1: distance of two thousand, three hundred miles, and it was

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Speaker 1: guarded by nearly twelve thousand men and petty officers. The fine,

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Speaker 1: the Commissioner of Inland Customs wrote in his report for

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine eighteen seventy, is divided into one D

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Speaker 1: ten beats, each presided over by a patrol and watched

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Speaker 1: from one thousand, seven hundred and twenty seven guard posts.

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Speaker 1: A very perfect system of patrolling exists, and except in

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Speaker 1: some wild portions of the central provinces where tigers bar

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Speaker 1: the way alike to smuggler and customs officer after dark,

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Speaker 1: goes on with unabated vigilance night and day. The workers

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Speaker 1: who patrolled this line were exclusively men, and they had

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Speaker 1: to live along the line in dwellings that they themselves

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Speaker 1: were responsible for building, and they also had to leave

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Speaker 1: their families behind the most ideal parts of the hedge

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Speaker 1: were ten to fourteen feet high six to twelve ft

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Speaker 1: six impenetrable live vegetation, including acacia, prickly pair, indian plum,

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Speaker 1: and a thorny creeper growing through it. At its longest,

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Speaker 1: it was two thousand, five hundred and four miles long.

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Speaker 1: The last commissioner to oversee the customs line was W. S. Halsey.

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Speaker 1: He reported that eighteen seventy seven. In eighteen seventy eight,

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Speaker 1: the hedge contained four hundred eleven point five miles of

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Speaker 1: perfect and good green hedge, two miles of combined green

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Speaker 1: and dry hedge, four hundred seventy one miles of dry hedge,

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Speaker 1: six miles of stone wall, and three hundred thirty three

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Speaker 1: miles that were quote wanting or insufficient for a total

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Speaker 1: of a one thousand, five hundred twenty one miles at

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Speaker 1: that time. So this was as it was sort of

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Speaker 1: waning at the very end of its time and use.

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Speaker 1: The same report also mentions that additional work on the

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Speaker 1: line was ending since it was about to be abandoned.

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Speaker 1: So before we jumped into the next segment, which is

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Speaker 1: kind of going to talk about the impact of this hedgeline,

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Speaker 1: do you want to have a word from a sponsor.

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Speaker 1: Let's do so to get back to the impact of

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Speaker 1: this customs line. The Streaky's whose report on Finances and

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Speaker 1: Public Works we read from earlier, we're pretty upfront in

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Speaker 1: their opinions about the impact of this hedge. They wrote,

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Speaker 1: quote it may be easily imagined what great and inevitable

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Speaker 1: obstruction to trade, what gross abuses and oppression, what annoyance

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Speaker 1: and harassment individuals took place? The interference was not combined

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Speaker 1: to the traffic passing into British Territory. For owing to

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Speaker 1: the levy of an export duty on all sugar passing

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Speaker 1: from Bridgish British Territory and to raj Patana which had

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Speaker 1: been retained after all other similar inland duties were removed,

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Speaker 1: and to which I shall again refer, the same obstructions

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Speaker 1: were offered to the traffic passing in the other direction.

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Speaker 1: They also noted that it was impossible to operate without it,

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Speaker 1: given that the salt tax was levied differently in different provinces.

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Speaker 1: So from their point of view, it was an evil,

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Speaker 1: but a necessary one. Yeah. I didn't find in their

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Speaker 1: report what their thoughts really were on the tax itself,

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Speaker 1: but they were sort of like, yes, as long as

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Speaker 1: this is how the tax is working, we have to

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Speaker 1: do something. People who lived really close to the customs lie, one,

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Speaker 1: we're allowed to take two pounds of salt across it

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Speaker 1: without paying taxes. But they still had to be searched, which,

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Speaker 1: in addition to just being an indignity, opened up the

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Speaker 1: possibility for extortion and bribery if they were falsely accused

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Speaker 1: of smuggling something. People who tried to smuggle salt across

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Speaker 1: the line, and we're caught, we're fined or imprisoned. In

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty eight alone, nine hundred and twenty four smugglers

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Speaker 1: were fine, and one thousand, four hundred sixteen were imprisoned.

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Speaker 1: The fine for smuggling was also more than double the

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Speaker 1: average agricultural wage, so it was a huge deal. People

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Speaker 1: tried a lot of different ways to try to smuggle

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Speaker 1: salt over the line. One was to float salt down

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Speaker 1: the river on an unmanned barge so that it would

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Speaker 1: be collected farther down the river away from the customs hedge.

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Speaker 1: People would also like plant a pole into the ground

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Speaker 1: and then shinny up it and sort of jump over

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Speaker 1: from the top, and the hope of not getting caught

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Speaker 1: on all the thorns um that would leave the evidence

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Speaker 1: of the post behind them on the other side, so

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Speaker 1: that someone would know that someone had gotten across. People

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Speaker 1: would also disguise salt and dried fruit or other food items.

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Speaker 1: But in spite of all these justifications that the British

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Speaker 1: gave for needing the line, and for all the expensive

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Speaker 1: running in and all the headaches and delays that it

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Speaker 1: added onto basic trade and commerce operations in India, the

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Speaker 1: reality was that it was still really expensive. So right

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Speaker 1: about the same time as Britain completed this giant barrier

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Speaker 1: that basically walled off the princely states of Rajasthan from

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Speaker 1: the Bengal presidency, it put its eye to different to

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Speaker 1: a different way to maintain its tax on salt, a

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Speaker 1: total monopoly on salt production in all of India, including

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Speaker 1: the princely states that were out of its control. First,

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Speaker 1: it bribed the rulers of Jaipur and Jodpur for the

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Speaker 1: control of the Sambar salt lake, and this was a

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Speaker 1: major supplier of salt both legal and illegal, to British

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Speaker 1: India from outside of the customs line. The British lease

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Speaker 1: on the Sambar salt works went into effect on May first,

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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy one. Ao Hume, who we previously talked about

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Speaker 1: during this uh, during his term as Customs Commissioner, negotiated

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Speaker 1: with the Princely States of Rajasthan in eighteen seventy eight,

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Speaker 1: basically securing British rights to smaller sources of salt around

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Speaker 1: the princely states. The British paid the leaders of the

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Speaker 1: princely states almost two point three million rupees for control

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Speaker 1: of nearly all of the remaining salt production, meaning that

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Speaker 1: even though the princely states were not British territory, their

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Speaker 1: residents still had to pay the British salt tanks. The

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Speaker 1: Customs Line and its accompanying hedge were abandoned on April one,

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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy nine. At this point, the British had gained

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Speaker 1: near total control of all salt production in all of India,

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Speaker 1: including both the territory it had annexed and the princely

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Speaker 1: states which are we're not really under its jurisdiction. Following

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Speaker 1: a famine that had started three years before, Britain had

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Speaker 1: also kind of rebalanced the taxation levels so that they

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Speaker 1: were more consistent from one place to another. The actual

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Speaker 1: goal of this was to reduce taxes in the areas

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Speaker 1: that were hardest hit by the famine and increased in

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Speaker 1: other areas to make up for the difference. So it

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Speaker 1: just had the overall side effect of meaning that the

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Speaker 1: tax was mostly the same everywhere, and it was no

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Speaker 1: longer financially worthwhile to have a big smuggling operation from

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Speaker 1: a low tax area because the taxes wasn't that much

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Speaker 1: lower anymore. So the people of India were relieved of

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Speaker 1: a major trade obstacle and the searches, seizures, extortion, etcetera

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Speaker 1: that came with it of the Customs Line, but they

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Speaker 1: were still faced with paying an oft an unaffordable amount

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Speaker 1: for a basic dietary staple that they literally had to

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Speaker 1: have to survive, whether they were actual subjects of British

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Speaker 1: rule or not. So. Protesting the salt tax was a

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Speaker 1: huge part of the Indian into Dance movement. The tax

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Speaker 1: was repealed in nineteen forty six, and India gained its

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Speaker 1: independence from Britain in nineteen forty seven. The independence movement

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Speaker 1: and the all the events that went along with it

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Speaker 1: could definitely be entire other podcasts, And as we said earlier,

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Speaker 1: there is one about the Salt March back in the archive.

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Speaker 1: Roy Moxham, who wrote The Great Hedge of India The

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Speaker 1: Search for the Living Barrier That Divided a People, which

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Speaker 1: was one of the main sources for this episode, looked

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Speaker 1: for remaining evidence of the Hedge during several trips to

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Speaker 1: India during the nineteen nineties. This actually started after he

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Speaker 1: stumbled over a reference to it in a used book

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Speaker 1: that he had purchased on a whim. Even after finding

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Speaker 1: old maps showing the customs line, he still had trouble

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Speaker 1: finding any actual remnants of it on his subsequent visits

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Speaker 1: to India. Yeah, the book itself is part history of India,

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Speaker 1: history of this hedge, history of the salt tax, and

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Speaker 1: part travel log of his efforts to find an actual

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Speaker 1: remnant of it. I mean, since it was made of vegetation,

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Speaker 1: once it was not maintained anymore, it mostly disappeared. It was,

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Speaker 1: you know, the dry parts eaten or destroyed or burned up,

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Speaker 1: and the living parts kind of growing into something that

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Speaker 1: wasn't an orderly hedge anymore. Um, his search probably would

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Speaker 1: have been a lot easier today. GPS receivers weren't ubiquitous

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Speaker 1: when he was doing this. You know, you just you

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Speaker 1: just didn't have one in your smartphone that you carried

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Speaker 1: around with you. So we had to buy one. It

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Speaker 1: cost a hundred and twenty five pounds at the time. Um.

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Speaker 1: The printers and scanners and digital cameras that could have

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Speaker 1: helped him wrangle all these old maps also were not

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Speaker 1: nearly as ubiquitous as they are today. So he made

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Speaker 1: several trips to India, and not not all of them

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Speaker 1: specifically to look for the hedge. But it took him

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Speaker 1: a lot of tries and a lot of poking through

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Speaker 1: some more remote areas before he did find what he

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Speaker 1: felt like was a last remaining vegetation part of the hedge.

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Speaker 1: It's a really interesting book. Um, and we have talked

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Speaker 1: almost none about his travels into India and all of

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Speaker 1: his efforts to do that part, because it's not so

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Speaker 1: much about the history part. But if you're interested in

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Speaker 1: the story, that's all through there. Do you also have

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Speaker 1: some listener mail for us? Now that we are thinking

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Speaker 1: about salt and lunch, I do I feel guilty that

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Speaker 1: the whole time we talk about salt, I think about food.

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Speaker 1: That's okay. This is actually from our Facebook in box,

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Speaker 1: and it's from Anna. Anna says is the North American archaeologist.

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Speaker 1: I was very excited to see the episode on Poverty Point.

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Speaker 1: Many Americans have an unfortunate lack of knowledge about Native

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Speaker 1: American history, which contributes to the numerous misconceptions and stereotypes

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Speaker 1: about the many very groups that lived or still live

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Speaker 1: in North America. I've had students asked if pre contact

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Speaker 1: Native Americans had weapons, and many even believe that Native

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Speaker 1: Americans are extinct. I'd love to hear more about the

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Speaker 1: worries of pre or post contact Native groups. I'm one

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Speaker 1: of those rare people who does not care so much

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Speaker 1: for the biographical episode, so thank you for including episodes

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Speaker 1: about events or culture groups as well. Sadly, I never

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Speaker 1: had the opportunity to dig either at Poverty Point or Kahokia,

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Speaker 1: but I did excavate at the buried Gardens of Campsville site,

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Speaker 1: which is contemporaneous with Kahokia and situated about seventy miles

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Speaker 1: north of the city. Well within Kahki is extensive trading network.

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Speaker 1: I thought you might enjoy my favorite story about this

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Speaker 1: trading network. Archaeologistic ka Hokia have actually found shark teeth

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Speaker 1: traded all the way from the Gulf Coast. That's pretty cool,

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Speaker 1: But what fascinates me is that replica shark teeth made

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00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:44,120
Speaker 1: out of stone have also been recovered. The wealthy elite

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00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:47,640
Speaker 1: could afford the real teeth, but the next sociological stratum,

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Speaker 1: in order to appear wealthy or fitting with the trend

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Speaker 1: of having these teeth as adornment or display, had to

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Speaker 1: make do with a stone knockoff. Just goes to show

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Speaker 1: that people are pretty much the same everywhere, even thousands

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Speaker 1: of years ago. I love you for the show. Thanks

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Speaker 1: for all you do. Anna. PS. Thank you for using

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Speaker 1: the term projectile point instead of Arrowhead. Thank you Anna

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Speaker 1: for writing that letter. I love the part about the

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Speaker 1: shark teeth. I did too. I like that we're doing

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Speaker 1: designer impostors, yes, even historically well. And I also like

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Speaker 1: how it shows a different culturally between Kahokia and Poverty Point,

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Speaker 1: because at poverty Point there's not a lot of evidence

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Speaker 1: of different social strata um but the shark teeth points

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Speaker 1: to evidence of their being sort of higher and lower

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Speaker 1: classes in Khokia, which is really interesting. If you would

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Speaker 1: like to write to us about this or any other episode,

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Speaker 1: you can write history podcast at how stuffworks dot com.

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00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:47,560
Speaker 1: We're also on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss

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00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:50,440
Speaker 1: in history and on Twitter at miss in History. Our

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00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:53,280
Speaker 1: tumbler is missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and

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00:25:53,280 --> 00:25:56,480
Speaker 1: we're on Pinterest at pinterest dot com slash missed in History.

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00:25:57,119 --> 00:25:59,640
Speaker 1: We have a spreadshirt store where you can buy shirts

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00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:01,800
Speaker 1: and own cases and all kinds of other stuff, and

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00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:06,119
Speaker 1: that is at missed Industry dot redshirt dot com. And

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00:26:06,240 --> 00:26:07,560
Speaker 1: if you would like to learn a little bit more

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