1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,200 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,280 --> 00:00:14,000 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 1: I am Tracy Wilson and Illy Crying. Today we're going 4 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,040 Speaker 1: to continue on with part two of our episode on 5 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:25,239 Speaker 1: Jane Adams. Jane Adams was just an astounding leader and advocate, 6 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:28,760 Speaker 1: especially for the working cour but a lot of her 7 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 1: work really boiled down to building progress and a better 8 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:36,760 Speaker 1: quality of life for everyone. And as we talked about 9 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:40,840 Speaker 1: in the previous episode, she helped found Hull House, which 10 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:44,920 Speaker 1: gradually added activism and advocacy to its overall mission of 11 00:00:44,960 --> 00:00:47,880 Speaker 1: helping to improve the lives of immigrants and the working 12 00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:52,320 Speaker 1: corps in Chicago. But Jane herself also held a number 13 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:56,120 Speaker 1: of positions and spearheaded all kinds of social reforms during 14 00:00:56,160 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: her life. And while much of this work led to 15 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:04,000 Speaker 1: her being one of America's most beloved progressive leaders, her 16 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:07,119 Speaker 1: anti war work before and during World War One also 17 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:11,080 Speaker 1: drew lots of scorn and ire. So in this episode, 18 00:01:11,080 --> 00:01:13,360 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about her achievements that weren't quite 19 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:17,399 Speaker 1: so directly tied to Hull House, and some of the 20 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:20,520 Speaker 1: more recent scholarship on Jane Adams has actually focused on 21 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 1: her work as a philosopher. Until the ninety nineties, most 22 00:01:24,280 --> 00:01:27,080 Speaker 1: of the writing about philosophy and the progressive era really 23 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,080 Speaker 1: focused on John Dewey and William James and other men, 24 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:33,480 Speaker 1: while Jane was viewed more as a practical arm of 25 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:38,200 Speaker 1: their philosophical concepts. But more recent scholarship about her writings 26 00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:41,440 Speaker 1: has really approached her as a philosopher in her own right. 27 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:46,360 Speaker 1: Hers was a pragmatist approach, combining feminism and social improvement 28 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 1: and always relying on a cooperative effort. When you look 29 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:54,520 Speaker 1: at the overwhelming number of positions that she held, and 30 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:57,720 Speaker 1: all the awards and recognitions that she received, and all 31 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: the work that she did, it can seem deceptively liked. 32 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:03,640 Speaker 1: In order to do all of this, she would have 33 00:02:03,680 --> 00:02:05,640 Speaker 1: had to just take the bull by its horns and 34 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:10,480 Speaker 1: strong arm people into agreeing with her. But in fact, 35 00:02:10,600 --> 00:02:13,760 Speaker 1: and virtually all of her dealings, Jane really worked as 36 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:17,360 Speaker 1: a peacemaker. She was a mediator and an advocate. She 37 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:21,000 Speaker 1: would speak stridently and sometimes aggressively about conditions that she 38 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:24,320 Speaker 1: wanted to change, but when it came to actually working 39 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:27,120 Speaker 1: to make those changes, she would really focus first on 40 00:02:27,200 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 1: the places where her views overlapped with her opponents. This 41 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:33,440 Speaker 1: is the smartest way to approach conflict I have ever 42 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:38,160 Speaker 1: heard of. It made her a hugely effective advocate for 43 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:42,400 Speaker 1: incremental and gradual change that was acceptable for everyone involved, 44 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:45,400 Speaker 1: and according to her theory, it really could make a 45 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:49,520 Speaker 1: real lasting change. Key parts of this philosophy related to 46 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: people taking an active part in democracy and changing their 47 00:02:53,040 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: own circumstances. So it was while she she did make 48 00:02:57,520 --> 00:02:59,760 Speaker 1: some big changes in her life, this was not a 49 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:02,679 Speaker 1: ace of like getting in someone's face and screaming at them. 50 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: It was a case of finding common ground and working 51 00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:09,840 Speaker 1: from there. It was kind of like slow burn reform. 52 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 1: She really felt like, if we are going to have 53 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:16,280 Speaker 1: this change last, we have to take little steps that 54 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:18,080 Speaker 1: we all agree on, that we all agree on, and 55 00:03:18,120 --> 00:03:21,079 Speaker 1: do it slowly. And the fact that she was able 56 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:24,160 Speaker 1: to convince people to do as many things that they 57 00:03:24,200 --> 00:03:27,240 Speaker 1: did that just I find that to be remarkable. So, 58 00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:31,720 Speaker 1: apart from hull House and her founding of it, what 59 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: else did she work on Tracy, Well, let's start when 60 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: she became garbage inspector for the nineteenth ward in the 61 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:41,200 Speaker 1: Near West Side. So she had been concerned about how 62 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 1: disgusting the neighborhood was I do not mean that to 63 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: be disparaging to the neighborhood. It was full of rats 64 00:03:46,880 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: and garbage. It literally had a trash problem. Yeah, And 65 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:53,720 Speaker 1: and she had applied to be a trash remover, you know, 66 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:57,760 Speaker 1: a garbage collector, and Hull House actually had its own 67 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,840 Speaker 1: garbage incinerator installed. Has the trash problem in the neighborhood 68 00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:05,720 Speaker 1: was so bad um the city elected not to hire 69 00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 1: her as a garbage collector, But she pursued this garbage 70 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: inspector post, and once she was in it, she took 71 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:15,480 Speaker 1: big strides to make sure that the garbage was collected 72 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:19,800 Speaker 1: regularly and safely and then disposed of properly. Then in 73 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: nineteen o two, Mary Kenny O'Sullivan, who had been at 74 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:26,599 Speaker 1: Hull House resident, teamed up with William English Walling to 75 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:29,400 Speaker 1: form the Women's Trade Union League. And at the time, 76 00:04:29,480 --> 00:04:32,840 Speaker 1: women could not join the American Federation of Labor, So 77 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:35,640 Speaker 1: the Women's Trade Union League formed to fight for issues 78 00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:38,960 Speaker 1: like better pay and working conditions and women's suffrage, and 79 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:42,279 Speaker 1: Jane Adams served as the first vice president of the organization. 80 00:04:42,880 --> 00:04:45,760 Speaker 1: In nineteen o five, she was appointed to Chicago's Board 81 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:49,200 Speaker 1: of Education and became chair of the School Management Committee. 82 00:04:49,800 --> 00:04:52,479 Speaker 1: She served on the Board of Education for four years. 83 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:55,960 Speaker 1: And this is actually a situation where her path of 84 00:04:56,040 --> 00:04:58,680 Speaker 1: finding a middle ground really put her at odds with 85 00:04:58,720 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: some of the people she was vocating for. Her position 86 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:05,080 Speaker 1: on teacher pay was that they should find a compromise, 87 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:09,040 Speaker 1: but teachers pay was already extremely low, so a lot 88 00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: of teachers felt like she was not doing enough and 89 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:14,760 Speaker 1: that her effort to reach a compromise was a cop out. 90 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:18,919 Speaker 1: In nineteen o nine, the Double A CP was founded. 91 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:21,919 Speaker 1: We mentioned that in the previous podcast Briefly UH, and 92 00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:24,120 Speaker 1: it was in part as a response to a race 93 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: ryant in Springfield, Illinois the year before UH. The n 94 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:32,159 Speaker 1: A CPS founders and first members included an interracial mix 95 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:35,240 Speaker 1: of leaders and activists, and their goal was to ensure 96 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 1: that all people actually had the rights that were spelled 97 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:41,680 Speaker 1: out in the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments and to end 98 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:44,839 Speaker 1: racial discrimination, and Jane Adams was one of the people 99 00:05:44,839 --> 00:05:48,480 Speaker 1: who helped found that organization. That same year, she became 100 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: the first woman president of the National Conference of Charities 101 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:55,599 Speaker 1: and Corrections, which later became the National Conference of Social Work. 102 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:58,200 Speaker 1: This was one of the many things that laid to 103 00:05:58,279 --> 00:06:01,280 Speaker 1: Jane Adams being thought of as the mother of social work. 104 00:06:01,360 --> 00:06:03,359 Speaker 1: And another part of it was that she worked with 105 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:06,520 Speaker 1: the faculty at the University of Chicago to help found 106 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: a school of social work there. Hull House in Chicago 107 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:13,040 Speaker 1: became known as sort of the birthplace for social work 108 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:16,480 Speaker 1: as a profession in America, and the world of social 109 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:21,920 Speaker 1: work was not just to study social conditions as sociology does, 110 00:06:22,120 --> 00:06:26,120 Speaker 1: but to actually work through or work toward better conditions 111 00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:29,120 Speaker 1: for people, either as an advocate or by working with 112 00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:34,039 Speaker 1: individual people to try to make their situation better. In 113 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:37,279 Speaker 1: the Chicago garment workers went on strike to protest the 114 00:06:37,279 --> 00:06:40,960 Speaker 1: low wages and poor working conditions that they were living with, 115 00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 1: and this followed the implementation of a new bonus system, 116 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,800 Speaker 1: which was viewed as pretty arbitrary in uh prone to 117 00:06:48,839 --> 00:06:51,960 Speaker 1: favoritism and a drop in the quote peace rate. That 118 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:55,480 Speaker 1: workers were paid for each item that they finished. At 119 00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:57,800 Speaker 1: the same time, the people who could sow the fastest 120 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:01,200 Speaker 1: were made pacemakers, and that was the bar that everyone 121 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: else struggled to reach. This strike started with just sixteen women, 122 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:09,960 Speaker 1: but in the end workers were on strike and Jane 123 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:12,160 Speaker 1: was one of the mediators of the strike, along with 124 00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:15,360 Speaker 1: Ellen Gates Starr and several other residents of Hull House. 125 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:19,640 Speaker 1: As a side note, while striking workers are often h 126 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: get get a lot of disparagement in the media, today 127 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 1: public sentiment was really on the side of these workers 128 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:32,200 Speaker 1: and families, doctors, pharmacies, grocery stores, all kinds of people 129 00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:35,040 Speaker 1: in businesses were donating to the striking workers to make 130 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:37,040 Speaker 1: sure they could keep going while they were not being 131 00:07:37,040 --> 00:07:41,320 Speaker 1: paid for work. In nineteen twelve, Theodore Roosevelt formed the 132 00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:44,560 Speaker 1: Progressive Party also known as the Bull Moose Party, and 133 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,320 Speaker 1: ran for president on its ticket. The Progressive Party's platform 134 00:07:48,640 --> 00:07:51,400 Speaker 1: drew pretty heavily from the National Conference of Charities and 135 00:07:51,400 --> 00:07:55,840 Speaker 1: Corrections Social Standards for Industry, which outlined things like eight 136 00:07:55,840 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: hour work days, improvement of housing conditions, prohibition of child labor, 137 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: and a federal system of accident and unemployment insurance, among 138 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:07,320 Speaker 1: other things, all of which are very familiar to us 139 00:08:07,360 --> 00:08:10,720 Speaker 1: today but did not really exist at the time. Now 140 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:16,000 Speaker 1: it's hard to imagine that, yes, and how scary and 141 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: difficult it must have been as a laborer. Well, and 142 00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:20,520 Speaker 1: this is an episode of I know that there are 143 00:08:20,600 --> 00:08:23,560 Speaker 1: many people who are opposed to some of the things 144 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:26,680 Speaker 1: that Jane was fighting for today. But when you look 145 00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:29,280 Speaker 1: at the world that exists today versus the world that 146 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:31,960 Speaker 1: was existing around the turn of the century, like we 147 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:37,920 Speaker 1: were going from zero protections to some protections. Yeah, context 148 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:41,760 Speaker 1: is key there, ye Uh. And Jane actually seconded Roosevelt's 149 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: nomination at the Progressive Party convention. She hadn't really uh 150 00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 1: allied herself politically with anybody before. She had focused on 151 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:54,319 Speaker 1: individual issues instead of political campaigns. Uh. And she had 152 00:08:54,360 --> 00:08:56,800 Speaker 1: to do this even though she fundamentally disagreed with some 153 00:08:56,880 --> 00:09:00,240 Speaker 1: of Roosevelt's politics, like his love of big business us 154 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:05,080 Speaker 1: in his um some explicitly racist comments. Uh. Woodrow Wilson 155 00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:07,760 Speaker 1: actually won the election though. Yeah, So even though he 156 00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:10,319 Speaker 1: ran and she seconded his nomination, he did not win 157 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:12,880 Speaker 1: that election. And it's going to point out that even 158 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:15,360 Speaker 1: though she opposed some of his positions, it kind of 159 00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:18,120 Speaker 1: really fundamentally goes back to her idea of finding some 160 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 1: overlap of common ground and belief compatibility. Yeah. It was 161 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:26,400 Speaker 1: definitely a like an ethically difficult time for her. She 162 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:28,280 Speaker 1: she was like she wanted to work toward the greater good, 163 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:30,360 Speaker 1: but that meant that she had to kind of make 164 00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:33,600 Speaker 1: peace with some things that she did find really upsetting. 165 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 1: In nineteen twenty she helped found the A c l U. 166 00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:41,080 Speaker 1: She also worked really extensively for women's suffrage, serving as 167 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:45,280 Speaker 1: the first vice president of the National American Women's Suffrage Association, 168 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:48,680 Speaker 1: and in nineteen thirteen she spoke at the seventh Congress 169 00:09:48,679 --> 00:09:52,319 Speaker 1: of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship, 170 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: which took place in Budapest, Hungary. And uh, it's probably 171 00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: no surprise when we say that Jane Adams was a pacifist. 172 00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:04,760 Speaker 1: When World War One started, she became an activist for peace. 173 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:07,360 Speaker 1: The same approach she had taken to all of her 174 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:10,680 Speaker 1: other social works, one of mediating and finding common ground 175 00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:14,560 Speaker 1: was part of the foundation of her pacifism. She wanted 176 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:17,880 Speaker 1: the warring nations to negotiate and find common ground rather 177 00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:20,719 Speaker 1: than fighting with each other. But she also thought the 178 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:24,000 Speaker 1: entire idea of war was regressive. It was going to 179 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: lower the quality of life around the world and effectively 180 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:29,720 Speaker 1: put a stop to progress for years to come. She 181 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:33,120 Speaker 1: helped found the Women's Peace Party in nineteen fifteen, and 182 00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:37,120 Speaker 1: she served as its first chair. She also presided over 183 00:10:37,160 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: the International Congress of Women at the Hague, Netherlands in 184 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:44,000 Speaker 1: nineteen fifteen, also known as the Women's Peace Congress, This 185 00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:47,480 Speaker 1: brought together twelve hundred delegates from twelve countries to try 186 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:51,360 Speaker 1: to encourage world peace and in World War One. It's 187 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:57,360 Speaker 1: actually from today's I there's kind of a weirdly gendered 188 00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:00,040 Speaker 1: aspect to all this. Part of the idea was that 189 00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,640 Speaker 1: if all of these women came together, surely they would 190 00:11:03,640 --> 00:11:08,120 Speaker 1: have a civilizing influence on all of these men. But 191 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:10,000 Speaker 1: at the same time there was also a lot of 192 00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:14,079 Speaker 1: actual practical discussion about ways for peace and ways to 193 00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:18,280 Speaker 1: have strategies to to end war. Following that, in nineteen nineteen, 194 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:21,240 Speaker 1: she founded the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 195 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 1: and served as president from nineteen nineteen to nineteen twenty nine. 196 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,480 Speaker 1: She spoke extensively against the entry of the United States 197 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:33,480 Speaker 1: into World War One. She tried very arduously to convince 198 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:36,320 Speaker 1: President Woodrow Wilson to negotiate a peace agreement with the 199 00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:40,200 Speaker 1: other countries instead of going to war. This was vastly, 200 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: vastly unpopular. As a result of her anti war work, 201 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:47,920 Speaker 1: she was expelled from the Daughters of the American Revolution, 202 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,560 Speaker 1: and she was branded as a dangerous radical in the 203 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:53,840 Speaker 1: media and the government. This is when, as we referred 204 00:11:53,840 --> 00:11:57,200 Speaker 1: to in the introduction to the previous episode, j Edgar 205 00:11:57,240 --> 00:11:59,720 Speaker 1: Hoover called her one of the most dangerous women in 206 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 1: a America. She and Theodore Roosevelt, who had previously been 207 00:12:04,559 --> 00:12:07,960 Speaker 1: pretty much allies, became pretty bitterly opposed to each other, 208 00:12:08,040 --> 00:12:13,360 Speaker 1: with Roosevelt calling her a bull mouse that's an insult 209 00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:16,959 Speaker 1: to keep in your pocket. In nine in the words 210 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:20,880 Speaker 1: of the Philadelphia North American, Jane was quote probably the 211 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:23,520 Speaker 1: most widely beloved of her sex in all the world. 212 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:26,640 Speaker 1: But by the time the war was underway, the media 213 00:12:26,760 --> 00:12:30,520 Speaker 1: really painted her as a foolish and idealistic radical, and 214 00:12:30,640 --> 00:12:33,280 Speaker 1: she who had once been so adored had become the 215 00:12:33,320 --> 00:12:36,920 Speaker 1: subject of derision, scorn, and even suspicion. And this really 216 00:12:36,920 --> 00:12:40,360 Speaker 1: went on until after the war was over. But in 217 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:42,520 Speaker 1: spite of that, in spite of how much flak she 218 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:45,400 Speaker 1: was taking, for an international peace really continued to be 219 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:48,839 Speaker 1: a primary focus of her activism. She still ran the 220 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:52,040 Speaker 1: Hull House, but she also traveled and lectured extensively on 221 00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:57,439 Speaker 1: the subject of international peace and cooperation. Then, gradually, as 222 00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,840 Speaker 1: the world started to recover from the war, the United 223 00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:04,120 Speaker 1: States started to soften toward her and be her favorably again, 224 00:13:04,920 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: and she received the Nobel Peace Prize in ninety one, 225 00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:10,559 Speaker 1: although she could not be present to receive it as 226 00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,520 Speaker 1: she was in the hospital. She was the first American 227 00:13:13,559 --> 00:13:16,240 Speaker 1: woman and the second woman ever to receive that prize. 228 00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:19,520 Speaker 1: This is from the Nobel Prize speech, which was given 229 00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:23,520 Speaker 1: by a Nobel Committee member. Hall have done cult twice 230 00:13:23,559 --> 00:13:26,160 Speaker 1: in my life, once more than twenty years ago, and 231 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:29,040 Speaker 1: now again this year. I've had the pleasure of visiting 232 00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:31,800 Speaker 1: the institution where she has been carrying on her life 233 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:36,719 Speaker 1: work and the poorest districts of Chicago. Among Polish, Italian, 234 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:40,319 Speaker 1: Mexican and other immigrants. She's established and maintained the vast 235 00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:43,720 Speaker 1: social organization centered in Hull House. Here are young and 236 00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:46,320 Speaker 1: all to like. In fact, all who ask receive a 237 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:49,040 Speaker 1: helping hand, whether they wish to educate themselves or to 238 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:52,360 Speaker 1: find work. When you find Miss Adams here, be it 239 00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:56,080 Speaker 1: in meeting room and work room or dining room, you 240 00:13:56,160 --> 00:13:59,240 Speaker 1: immediately become poignantly aware that she has built a home 241 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,280 Speaker 1: and in it is a mother to one and all. 242 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,160 Speaker 1: She is not want to talk much, but her quiet, 243 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:09,000 Speaker 1: great hearted personality inspires confidence and creates an atmosphere of 244 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:13,199 Speaker 1: goodwill which instinctively brings out the best in everyone. From 245 00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:17,079 Speaker 1: the social work often carried on among people of different nationalities, 246 00:14:17,120 --> 00:14:19,720 Speaker 1: it was for her only a natural step to the 247 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:23,560 Speaker 1: cause of peace. She has now been its faithful spokesman 248 00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: for nearly a quarter of a century. Little by little, 249 00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:29,760 Speaker 1: through no attempt to draw attention by her work, but 250 00:14:29,880 --> 00:14:33,680 Speaker 1: simply through the patient self sacrifice and quiet ardor which 251 00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: she devoted to it, she won an eminent place in 252 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:39,320 Speaker 1: the love and esteem of her people. She became the 253 00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 1: leading woman in the nation, one might say it's leading citizen. Consequently, 254 00:14:44,240 --> 00:14:46,240 Speaker 1: the fact that she took a stand for the ideal 255 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,360 Speaker 1: of peace was of special significance. Since millions of men 256 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:51,440 Speaker 1: and women looked up to her. She could give new 257 00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:55,240 Speaker 1: strength to that ideal among American people, and when the 258 00:14:55,280 --> 00:14:58,520 Speaker 1: need became more pressing than ever, she inspired American women 259 00:14:58,560 --> 00:15:01,000 Speaker 1: to work for peace on an int a national level. 260 00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:04,240 Speaker 1: We shall always remember as one of the finest and 261 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:07,720 Speaker 1: most promising events during the Last Great War, the gathering 262 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: of women from all over the world, even from enemy countries, 263 00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:15,960 Speaker 1: who met to discuss and pursue common action for world peace. 264 00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:18,960 Speaker 1: It was a rather lengthy quote, but I could not 265 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:23,600 Speaker 1: find any part of it that I wanted to leave out. Yeah, 266 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:27,040 Speaker 1: I mean it's a really granted speeches about people are 267 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:29,360 Speaker 1: supposed to be tributes in most cases, but it's a 268 00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:33,320 Speaker 1: really lovely one and it really points out the hard 269 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:35,880 Speaker 1: work she did her entire life. Yes, in a really 270 00:15:35,920 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 1: beautiful way. Uh. And unfortunately Jane had a heart attack 271 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:45,200 Speaker 1: in and after that she really never regained her health. Um. 272 00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:47,320 Speaker 1: She continued to kind of struggle with her health for 273 00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:50,600 Speaker 1: the rest of her life, and she gradually handed over 274 00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:53,640 Speaker 1: her duties at Hull House and other organizations to other people. 275 00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:58,160 Speaker 1: By the time the Great Depression started in she was 276 00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:00,880 Speaker 1: much less of a public social presence than she had 277 00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 1: been during prior economic turmoil. She died on one ninety five, 278 00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:10,200 Speaker 1: following an operation she had had three days before which 279 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:13,160 Speaker 1: revealed that she had cancer, and this was about a 280 00:16:13,240 --> 00:16:16,840 Speaker 1: year after the death of Mary Rosette Smith. At this point, 281 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:19,560 Speaker 1: Mary and Jane had been companions for thirty years and 282 00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:23,800 Speaker 1: people had wondered how Jane was going to survive without Mary. Today, 283 00:16:23,840 --> 00:16:29,239 Speaker 1: there are schools, peace organizations, social work organizations, and neighborhood 284 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,240 Speaker 1: centers that are named for Jane Adams. Part of I 285 00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:35,120 Speaker 1: ninety in Illinois was also named in her honor in 286 00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: two thousand seven. In two thousand eight, Jane was inducted 287 00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:42,520 Speaker 1: into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame, explaining 288 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: that it was quote time for Chicago's LGBT communities to 289 00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:49,360 Speaker 1: claim Adams is one of our own. I feel pretty 290 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:52,920 Speaker 1: conflicted about that. Yeah, you and I have been discussing 291 00:16:53,320 --> 00:16:58,240 Speaker 1: as as preparing this podcast, how problematic the concept of 292 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:01,920 Speaker 1: declaring someone to have a sicular sexual orientation after their 293 00:17:01,960 --> 00:17:06,280 Speaker 1: death can be. Yeah, I mean I understand the impulse 294 00:17:06,840 --> 00:17:09,800 Speaker 1: to you know, if you look at sort of the 295 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:14,800 Speaker 1: circumstantial evidence, it is easy to make that logical step. Yes, 296 00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:17,879 Speaker 1: we definitely know that she had long and committed and 297 00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:22,840 Speaker 1: loving relationships, especially with Mary, and then also she and 298 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:27,320 Speaker 1: Ellen gate Star travel and we're companions together for a while. Yeah, 299 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:30,040 Speaker 1: and I understand it. But then if it was something 300 00:17:30,119 --> 00:17:34,320 Speaker 1: she never felt compelled to bring out publicly, and granted 301 00:17:34,359 --> 00:17:37,359 Speaker 1: there is the element of time and when things have 302 00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:42,000 Speaker 1: and have not been more and less acceptable, but it's 303 00:17:42,040 --> 00:17:46,240 Speaker 1: still tricky to to do that for her. It's not 304 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 1: something that she wrote about or that Ellen or Mary 305 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:53,199 Speaker 1: wrote about in any of their journals. Yeah, so it's uh, like, 306 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,560 Speaker 1: as you said, it's a little conflicting. I completely understand 307 00:17:56,600 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: the impulse to want to um include her in your group. 308 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:04,000 Speaker 1: An amazing woman, um, but yeah, it's not something that 309 00:18:04,080 --> 00:18:07,880 Speaker 1: was ever part of her identity publicly that she shared. 310 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: So I it's tricky. Yeah, I am. I am reluctant 311 00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:17,960 Speaker 1: to posthumously assign someone a sexual orientation. Yeah, I think 312 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:23,480 Speaker 1: I said that before. I love Jane Adams though, it's amazing. 313 00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 1: You know, my mom was a social worker. I did 314 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 1: not know that. Yeah, she was a social worker and 315 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:30,439 Speaker 1: also a teacher. I knew she had been a teacher. 316 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:35,440 Speaker 1: She was a teacher for developmentally disabled adults. I think 317 00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:38,240 Speaker 1: your mom is probably quite remarkable because you have to 318 00:18:38,280 --> 00:18:41,880 Speaker 1: be to do. My mom had some jobs that were 319 00:18:42,119 --> 00:18:48,320 Speaker 1: simultaneously fulfilling and thankless. So I greatly admire respect her 320 00:18:49,240 --> 00:18:53,359 Speaker 1: and all other social workers. Thank you social workers for 321 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:57,359 Speaker 1: what you do. That can be an emotionally exhausting and 322 00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,160 Speaker 1: low paying and difficult job, it can do a lot 323 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,800 Speaker 1: of good. I get emotionally exhausted just talking about it. 324 00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:08,960 Speaker 1: I do like it, like choked up, Yeah, because it's 325 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,879 Speaker 1: it's huge and really impactful. So thank you for all 326 00:19:11,920 --> 00:19:13,760 Speaker 1: of you that do that work. Thank you very much. 327 00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:18,080 Speaker 1: And do you also have listener mails I do. This 328 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:21,080 Speaker 1: is from Margaret and Margaret wrote to us about our 329 00:19:21,119 --> 00:19:26,560 Speaker 1: episode on Salmon Walksman and the Tuberculosis Cure. So Margaret says, 330 00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,120 Speaker 1: Dear Tracy and Holly, I love your podcast and listen 331 00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:31,840 Speaker 1: all the time. I have one small correction from your 332 00:19:31,840 --> 00:19:35,400 Speaker 1: podcast on Sealman Walksman. While both Emily and and Bronte 333 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 1: died of tuberculosis, Charlotte Bronte is believed to have died 334 00:19:39,359 --> 00:19:44,240 Speaker 1: of Hyperamesis graviderum, which is excessive, persistent vomiting and nausea 335 00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:47,280 Speaker 1: which can linger for an entire pregnancy. And then she 336 00:19:47,359 --> 00:19:49,960 Speaker 1: links to a source She says this condition was recently 337 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:52,640 Speaker 1: in the news when the Duchess of Cambridge was hospitalized 338 00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,760 Speaker 1: with related extreme quote morning sickness. I have a friend 339 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:57,840 Speaker 1: who suffered this during her pregnancy and it is a 340 00:19:57,920 --> 00:20:00,760 Speaker 1: truly awful condition that can be life threatening to both 341 00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:03,920 Speaker 1: baby and mother. Thanks for the many hours of enjoyment, 342 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:06,199 Speaker 1: keep up the great work. And then, knowing that we 343 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:10,400 Speaker 1: are sticklers, I'm sure for details and things, she says, 344 00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:13,120 Speaker 1: they're also more reputable sources for this, but she didn't. 345 00:20:13,160 --> 00:20:16,480 Speaker 1: She didn't clearly have access to a scholarly article database, 346 00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:20,280 Speaker 1: So thank you, Margaret. And then I went searching for 347 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:24,800 Speaker 1: scholarly articles because yeah, it was very intrigued by this idea. Um. 348 00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 1: What I learned is that Charlotte Bronte's death certificate lists 349 00:20:29,320 --> 00:20:32,240 Speaker 1: or cause of death as bisis, which is another word 350 00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:39,359 Speaker 1: for tuberculnceis um, and a professor of obstetrics and gynecology 351 00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:43,239 Speaker 1: named Philip Rhodes in nineteen seventy two theorized that she 352 00:20:43,359 --> 00:20:49,000 Speaker 1: had died actually of hyperamesis gravityra um, so that the 353 00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:53,320 Speaker 1: long deceased person's theorizing of how they have died. Uh. 354 00:20:53,480 --> 00:20:57,119 Speaker 1: It is a common thing nowadays, well, especially because in 355 00:20:57,160 --> 00:20:59,399 Speaker 1: a lot of cases, TV got kind of blamed for 356 00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:02,359 Speaker 1: things that were hard to identify as any And she 357 00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:05,040 Speaker 1: was definitely pregnant when she passed away, and she had 358 00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:09,080 Speaker 1: definitely been writing in her journal about just how terribly 359 00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:12,120 Speaker 1: ill that she was um. At the same time, there 360 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:14,840 Speaker 1: had been at least other than her sisters who had 361 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:17,520 Speaker 1: died of tuberculosis, there had been someone in working in 362 00:21:17,560 --> 00:21:20,840 Speaker 1: her household recently who had also died of tuberculosis. So 363 00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:24,160 Speaker 1: it seems that there are several medical things that could 364 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:27,400 Speaker 1: have been going on at the same time. So thank 365 00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:29,800 Speaker 1: you Margaret for writing to us, because it inspired me 366 00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: to go look up all this more stuff about morning sipience. 367 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:38,040 Speaker 1: Uh and Charlette Bronte, who I love, I love her, 368 00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:42,360 Speaker 1: I love or who doesn't. I don't know. I'm sure 369 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:44,920 Speaker 1: there are people, there are tons of people. I do. Yes, 370 00:21:46,359 --> 00:21:48,880 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about social 371 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:53,439 Speaker 1: work or morning sickness or maybe not morning sickness, but 372 00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:57,960 Speaker 1: I mean we might. We will empathize with you know 373 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:01,040 Speaker 1: what's stopping it. But if we get an inbox full, 374 00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:03,240 Speaker 1: if we get as many morning signal stories as we 375 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:07,320 Speaker 1: have cat pictures, I might be very distressed. Um. But 376 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:09,000 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about anything, 377 00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:12,160 Speaker 1: you can. We write history podcasts at Discovery dot com. 378 00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:15,040 Speaker 1: We're also on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash history 379 00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:18,000 Speaker 1: class Stuff, and on Twitter at missed in History, are 380 00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 1: tumbler is at missed in History dot tumbler dot com, 381 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,040 Speaker 1: and we're pitting many things about our episodes on Pinterest. 382 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:26,760 Speaker 1: If you would like to learn more about some of 383 00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:31,640 Speaker 1: the things that Jane Adams advocated and fought for. There 384 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:33,960 Speaker 1: are so many things you can search at our website. 385 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:38,120 Speaker 1: Some examples are strikes for how strikes work, and unions 386 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,760 Speaker 1: for how labor unions work. You can learn about all 387 00:22:41,760 --> 00:22:43,480 Speaker 1: of that and a whole lot more at our website, 388 00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:49,800 Speaker 1: which is how stuff works dot com. For more on 389 00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:52,320 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, is it how stuff 390 00:22:52,320 --> 00:23:04,680 Speaker 1: works dot com. M Audible dot com is the leading 391 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:08,560 Speaker 1: provider of downloadable digital audio books and spoken word entertainment. 392 00:23:08,880 --> 00:23:11,800 Speaker 1: Audible has more than one thousand titles to choose from 393 00:23:11,880 --> 00:23:14,560 Speaker 1: to be downloaded to your iPod or MP three player. 394 00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:18,240 Speaker 1: Go to audible podcast dot com slash history to get 395 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:20,800 Speaker 1: a free audio book download of your choice when you 396 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:21,600 Speaker 1: sign up today.