1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Hey everybody. Tracy here with news about some live appearances 2 00:00:03,760 --> 00:00:07,120 Speaker 1: we have coming up. Saturday, July seven, I will be 3 00:00:07,160 --> 00:00:09,680 Speaker 1: at History Camp Boston where I will be part of 4 00:00:09,720 --> 00:00:13,440 Speaker 1: the History Podcaster panel. And then the next day, Sunday, 5 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: July eight, at two pm, Holly and I both will 6 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:20,200 Speaker 1: be doing a live podcast at Adams National Historical Park 7 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:24,240 Speaker 1: in Quincy, Massachusetts, where our show will be John Quincy 8 00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:27,760 Speaker 1: and Luisa Catherine Adams abroad. This is an outdoor show 9 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:30,800 Speaker 1: and it will happen rain or shine, and we're coming 10 00:00:30,840 --> 00:00:34,400 Speaker 1: back to Convention Days in Seneca Falls, New York. Our 11 00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:37,840 Speaker 1: show is at four pm on Saturday, July twenty one 12 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:41,320 Speaker 1: in the historic Wesleyan Chapel. You can get more information 13 00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:43,800 Speaker 1: about all of these shows with links to buy tickets 14 00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:48,319 Speaker 1: where applicable at Missed in History dot Com. Click on 15 00:00:48,520 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: live shows in the menu. Welcome to steph you missed 16 00:00:57,200 --> 00:01:06,760 Speaker 1: in History class from how Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, 17 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:10,000 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson and 18 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:13,399 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Frying. Today we have a podcast that I 19 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,600 Speaker 1: have started on and then stopped maybe five times in 20 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:22,080 Speaker 1: the last five years. But we're coming up on the 21 00:01:22,319 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 1: four hundredth anniversary, so it kind of feels like I 22 00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:27,399 Speaker 1: need to do it now or never. We have to 23 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:31,520 Speaker 1: could do this in another hundred years, Yeah, we would 24 00:01:31,560 --> 00:01:35,199 Speaker 1: be so old, Holly, we would be robots. We would 25 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,520 Speaker 1: be able to really tell history from a live perspective 26 00:01:38,560 --> 00:01:44,760 Speaker 1: of the Yeah. So this is the much requested defenestrations 27 00:01:44,959 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: of Prague. And just to set a little expectation, the 28 00:01:50,440 --> 00:01:55,480 Speaker 1: the actual defenstrating does not take that much time. It's 29 00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 1: a pretty simple story. Defenistrate just means to throw out 30 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: of a win. Oh and it's from the Latin word 31 00:02:02,320 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: finestra for window. Apart from sounding like it's the punch 32 00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:09,720 Speaker 1: line to a joke about daleks, there's been a surprising 33 00:02:09,840 --> 00:02:13,480 Speaker 1: amount of throwing people out of windows in Czech history, 34 00:02:13,919 --> 00:02:17,840 Speaker 1: and almost all of it has been connected to religious wars. 35 00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 1: So we're going to talk through all that today. Hooray. 36 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:26,640 Speaker 1: The first defenistration of Prague took place almost one years 37 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:30,480 Speaker 1: before the start of the Protestant Reformation, but it stemmed 38 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:33,520 Speaker 1: from the same kinds of reforms and conflicts that were 39 00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:37,680 Speaker 1: part of the Reformation. Jan Who's was a Bohemian religious 40 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:41,639 Speaker 1: reformer who was born around thirteen seventy and his religious 41 00:02:41,639 --> 00:02:44,960 Speaker 1: work overlapped the Western Schism, which was a huge dispute 42 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:49,680 Speaker 1: within the Roman Catholic Church. Here's how this dispute started. 43 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 1: Bartolomeo Pregnano was elected pope in thirteen seventy eight. He 44 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,840 Speaker 1: became Pope Urban the sixth, and he had been elected 45 00:02:57,880 --> 00:03:00,400 Speaker 1: in part because for about seventy year all of the 46 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:03,600 Speaker 1: popes had been French and the papacy had been headquartered 47 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:08,240 Speaker 1: in Avignon. Romans started calling for a Roman pope, or 48 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:11,000 Speaker 1: at least an Italian one. They were tired of all 49 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: these French popes, and before his election, Pregnano had been 50 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:18,919 Speaker 1: serving as the archbishop of the Italian city of Bari. 51 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,800 Speaker 1: So he satisfied the Romans demands for at least an 52 00:03:22,880 --> 00:03:27,000 Speaker 1: Italian pope. But Urban the sixth was hard to get 53 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:30,639 Speaker 1: along with. He constantly butted heads with the cardinals, who 54 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:34,040 Speaker 1: had become very powerful during all those decades of French popes. 55 00:03:34,639 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 1: So the cardinals elected one of their own as Pope, 56 00:03:37,720 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 1: Robert of Geneva, who became Clement the seventh. While Urban 57 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: the sixth was Pope from Rome, Clement the seventh was 58 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: Pope from Avignon, and Clement the seventh is regarded as 59 00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:51,280 Speaker 1: an antipope, which is the term for someone who makes 60 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:55,600 Speaker 1: a competing claim to the legitimately elected pope. The election 61 00:03:55,640 --> 00:03:59,440 Speaker 1: of Clement the seventh spawned a long series of popes 62 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:03,280 Speaker 1: and anti popes, and various kingdoms and communities sided with 63 00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:06,120 Speaker 1: one or the other of them. This wasn't at all 64 00:04:06,240 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 1: the first time in history that there had been an antipope, 65 00:04:09,200 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 1: but this whole competing string of them, and the disputes 66 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: among the various states about which one was legitimate, stretched 67 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:20,800 Speaker 1: on for the better part of sixty years. The Western 68 00:04:20,839 --> 00:04:25,719 Speaker 1: Schism really damaged the Catholic Church's reputation. It also undermined 69 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:29,240 Speaker 1: the idea of the pope as the supreme authority. So 70 00:04:29,279 --> 00:04:33,160 Speaker 1: as the church's power and authority were weakening, movements for reform, 71 00:04:33,400 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 1: which had existed for almost as long as the church, 72 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:39,960 Speaker 1: had started to become a lot more vocal. One of 73 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:45,200 Speaker 1: these reformers was Yan Militch, who established Bethlehem Chapel in Prague. 74 00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:49,560 Speaker 1: Bethleham Chapel became Prague's most popular church, and it conducted 75 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:53,440 Speaker 1: services in Check instead of in Latin, starting in fourteen 76 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:56,479 Speaker 1: o two. Jan Who's was in charge of the chapel, 77 00:04:56,520 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 1: both as the preacher and as an administrator, and the 78 00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:03,320 Speaker 1: chap well also became home to a national reform movement, 79 00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:06,120 Speaker 1: and Who's became a leader in that movement as well. 80 00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:11,039 Speaker 1: In fourteen o nine, Petro's Filargos was elected pope, becoming 81 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 1: Alexander the Fifth. He was intended to replace two competing popes, 82 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:20,039 Speaker 1: that was Gregory the twelve and Benedict thet but neither 83 00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: Gregory nor Benedict stepped down when Alexander was elected, so 84 00:05:23,960 --> 00:05:27,960 Speaker 1: instead of one pope there were three. Those made things 85 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:31,559 Speaker 1: a lot more complicated for jan Who's and his followers, 86 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:36,159 Speaker 1: who supported Alexander, but higher church officials in Bohemia still 87 00:05:36,200 --> 00:05:39,839 Speaker 1: recognized the authority of Gregory, and at this point things 88 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:42,799 Speaker 1: had already been difficult for the reform movements that Who's 89 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:46,839 Speaker 1: was part of. English theologian John Wycliffe and his followers, 90 00:05:46,920 --> 00:05:49,680 Speaker 1: who were known as the Lollards, had been influential in 91 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:52,839 Speaker 1: the Bohemian movement, but a lot of Whitecliffe's teachings had 92 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:57,160 Speaker 1: been condemned as heretical. Some of the movements members had 93 00:05:57,240 --> 00:05:59,560 Speaker 1: also been accused of heresy, and then some of them 94 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:02,919 Speaker 1: were can to their views this left Who's without anybody 95 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:06,640 Speaker 1: to back him up. He was accused of heresy as well, 96 00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:12,159 Speaker 1: although at first he wasn't prosecuted for it. Eventually, Pope 97 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 1: Alexander was bribed to ban preaching in private chapels, including 98 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 1: Bethlehem Chapel. But Who's refused to stop his work, he 99 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: was excommunicated and once again charged with heresy. I was 100 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:28,440 Speaker 1: talking to a friend of mine who was a history 101 00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:30,520 Speaker 1: teacher about this whole thing, and she was like, I 102 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:34,400 Speaker 1: wish jan Who's had been good at giving compliments sandwiches 103 00:06:34,520 --> 00:06:36,720 Speaker 1: like some of the other people who didn't wind up 104 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 1: accused of heresy because he was just like a dent 105 00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:46,000 Speaker 1: on fire all the time. So then when he refused 106 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: to stop preaching, the entire city of Prague was punished. 107 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 1: As long as he kept doing his work, none of 108 00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:54,200 Speaker 1: its citizens would be allowed to receive communion or to 109 00:06:54,279 --> 00:06:58,520 Speaker 1: be buried on Catholic church grounds. Finally, the Council of 110 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:01,840 Speaker 1: Constance was assembled to resolve the issue of the three 111 00:07:01,839 --> 00:07:05,400 Speaker 1: competing popes and end the Western Schism and to deal 112 00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:09,520 Speaker 1: with jon huss. The Council began in November of fourteen fourteen, 113 00:07:09,880 --> 00:07:12,320 Speaker 1: and Hosts was summoned to appear under a letter of 114 00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: safe conduct. But even though the safe conduct promise was 115 00:07:15,920 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: supposed to keep him from harm, Who's was tried for 116 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,400 Speaker 1: heresy and convicted. He was burned at the stake on 117 00:07:22,480 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: July sixth, fifteen. After Who's's martyrdom, nobles in both Bohemia 118 00:07:28,880 --> 00:07:32,400 Speaker 1: and Moravia protested what had happened. They wrote letters to 119 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: the council, and they offered their protection to people who 120 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:38,960 Speaker 1: are being persecuted for their religious beliefs. Who's his followers 121 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,080 Speaker 1: and other like minded reformers became known as the Hussites. 122 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:48,200 Speaker 1: These events sparked a massive movement in Bohemia, a century 123 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 1: before the start of the Protestant Reformation. The Hussites were 124 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:54,800 Speaker 1: using a Check language liturgy instead of a Latin one. 125 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:58,679 Speaker 1: They were also administering communion to lay people using both 126 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:03,120 Speaker 1: bread and wine, when Catholic services reserved wine only for 127 00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:07,640 Speaker 1: the clergy. One branch of the Hussites were the Utraquists, 128 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: whose name means both kinds. I had no idea this 129 00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: dispute about receiving communion in one kind or both kinds 130 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:23,280 Speaker 1: was even a thing my entire upbringing as a Methodist. 131 00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:26,120 Speaker 1: The dispute was there wasn't even a dispute. There was 132 00:08:26,160 --> 00:08:29,000 Speaker 1: a discussion that was more about whether to use bread 133 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: that had been made or communion wafers, and whether it 134 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:33,520 Speaker 1: was okay to have grape juice or wine like one 135 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:38,800 Speaker 1: kind or both kinds did not even factor into it. This, finally, though, 136 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:42,360 Speaker 1: brings us to throwing people out of windows. In Prague 137 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:47,080 Speaker 1: in fourteen nineteen, the city's magistrates were holding several Utraquists prisoner, 138 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:50,320 Speaker 1: and in retaliation, a group of Hussites broke into the 139 00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:54,559 Speaker 1: new town hall on July and they threw several city 140 00:08:54,559 --> 00:08:57,920 Speaker 1: council members and other officials out of the windows. Some 141 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,079 Speaker 1: of these people were killed and the ing once it's lost. 142 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:04,079 Speaker 1: The fourth died not long after this. Now this might 143 00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:07,320 Speaker 1: be apocryphal, but a number of sources say that he 144 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:11,080 Speaker 1: died of outrage because of this definistration, or maybe of 145 00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: a heart attack or a stroke that was brought on 146 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 1: by his anger over it. I feel like the word 147 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:23,040 Speaker 1: defenistration is like such a nice, convoluted way to say 148 00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:28,520 Speaker 1: we did something really barbaric. It's a complicated word that 149 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:32,679 Speaker 1: sounds like an important and uh, you don't not violent thing, 150 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:35,959 Speaker 1: but in fact it's tossing people out of windows anyway. 151 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: This first definistration of Prague is usually marked as the 152 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:43,319 Speaker 1: first violent incident in the Hussite Wars, which spanned from 153 00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:47,479 Speaker 1: fourteen nineteen to fourteen thirty six. Once lous A successor 154 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:51,040 Speaker 1: as King of Bohemia was his half brother, Holy Roman 155 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:56,160 Speaker 1: Emperor Sigismund, who was vehemently anti Hussite. There's actually some 156 00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:58,439 Speaker 1: debate about what his role was, but he was the 157 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:01,680 Speaker 1: person who had promised Young Wo safe conduct to the 158 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 1: Council of Constance, and he was suspiciously absent during the 159 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 1: trial and execution. Even though the Hussites had huge support 160 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:14,280 Speaker 1: all over Bohemia, Sitismens took a violent stand against them, 161 00:10:14,320 --> 00:10:16,960 Speaker 1: going so far as to seek a papal bull from 162 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:21,560 Speaker 1: Pope Martin the Fifth proclaiming an anti Hussite crusade. The 163 00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:24,960 Speaker 1: Hussites fought back against that only this crusade, but also 164 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:29,200 Speaker 1: against another one that followed it. Peace talks began in 165 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:32,800 Speaker 1: fourteen thirty one at the Council of Basle. In fourteen 166 00:10:32,840 --> 00:10:36,280 Speaker 1: thirty three, a delegation of Hussites spent three months there 167 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,560 Speaker 1: talking about the four core freedoms they wanted known as 168 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:42,920 Speaker 1: the four Articles of Prague. These were the freedom to 169 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:46,760 Speaker 1: preach and worship as they wished, communion in both kinds, 170 00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:51,000 Speaker 1: punishment of mortal sinners, and that the clergy should observe 171 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:54,640 Speaker 1: a vow of poverty and the church should not hold property. 172 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:58,079 Speaker 1: This was actually the more moderate set of demands. The 173 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: Hussites had split into two main factions, the Utraquists and 174 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: the table Rights. The table Rights were a lot more radical, 175 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:07,520 Speaker 1: and they had gone so far as to establish their 176 00:11:07,559 --> 00:11:09,760 Speaker 1: own city with the hope of putting all of their 177 00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:13,400 Speaker 1: beliefs into practice there. So, when the Council of Basil 178 00:11:13,559 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: granted the Hussites communion in both kinds, the Utoists were satisfied, 179 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:21,679 Speaker 1: but the tab Rists were not so. Then the Utraquists 180 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:25,400 Speaker 1: joined forces with the Catholics to defeat the Taborists in 181 00:11:25,480 --> 00:11:29,480 Speaker 1: fourteen thirty four. It was still about two more years 182 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: before the Catholics and the Utraquists finally finished their negotiations 183 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: for peace, and while there were still schisms and incidents 184 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:40,959 Speaker 1: of persecution, they stayed mostly peaceful between the Catholics and 185 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:44,520 Speaker 1: the Hussites for almost two hundred years, and Jon huss 186 00:11:44,640 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: and his work went on to inspire other Reformers, including 187 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:52,680 Speaker 1: Martin Luther. There was another window throwing incident in fourteen 188 00:11:52,760 --> 00:11:55,040 Speaker 1: eighty three, when a Catholic mayor was thrown out of 189 00:11:55,040 --> 00:11:57,839 Speaker 1: a window of the old town Hall. But that's not 190 00:11:57,920 --> 00:12:00,240 Speaker 1: what people are usually talking about when they say the 191 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:03,880 Speaker 1: second Definistration of Prague. We will get to that one 192 00:12:04,120 --> 00:12:12,960 Speaker 1: after a quick sponsor break. As we said earlier in 193 00:12:12,960 --> 00:12:16,120 Speaker 1: the show, the first Definistration of Prague took place about 194 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:19,400 Speaker 1: a hundred years before the start of the Protestant Reformation. 195 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:22,600 Speaker 1: The second one took place about a hundred years after, 196 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:26,680 Speaker 1: on May sixteen eighteen. But we have to back up 197 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:28,880 Speaker 1: a little bit to make sense of it. The Protestant 198 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: Reformation caused huge social and political upheaval in Bohemia, just 199 00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:36,000 Speaker 1: like it did elsewhere in Europe. At the time, Bohemia 200 00:12:36,120 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: was ruled by a collection of estates that formed the 201 00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:43,160 Speaker 1: Bohemian Diet. The three estates were the Lords, the Knights, 202 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,920 Speaker 1: and the Burgers, and in fifteen seventy five, the King 203 00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:50,079 Speaker 1: and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian the second of the House 204 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:53,400 Speaker 1: of Habsburg had promised the estates that he would tolerate 205 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:58,960 Speaker 1: at least some religious diversity Maximilian's promise didn't really account 206 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,720 Speaker 1: for all of the religio just diversity in Bohemia, though 207 00:13:02,400 --> 00:13:06,000 Speaker 1: he had promised to tolerate denominations that accepted the Bohemian 208 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:10,120 Speaker 1: Confession of fifteen seventy five. This was more formally the 209 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 1: Confession of Holy Christian Faith of All Three Estates, and 210 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:16,079 Speaker 1: it was an attempt to create a confession of faith 211 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:19,960 Speaker 1: that most people in Bohemia could agree to. The Bohemian 212 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:23,920 Speaker 1: Confession was patterned after the fifteen thirty Confession of Augsburg, 213 00:13:24,040 --> 00:13:27,199 Speaker 1: which is the primary confession of faith in the Lutheran Church, 214 00:13:27,559 --> 00:13:30,439 Speaker 1: and its goal was to try to satisfy everyone, or 215 00:13:30,440 --> 00:13:34,040 Speaker 1: at least as many people as possible, with one document 216 00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:39,840 Speaker 1: that Bohemia could then formally recognize as the official, acceptable 217 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:43,520 Speaker 1: statement of faith. It was intended to create a framework 218 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:48,280 Speaker 1: for a peaceful coexistence among the religions. The three major 219 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:51,920 Speaker 1: churches in Bohemia at the time were the Roman Catholic Church, 220 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:56,160 Speaker 1: the Utraquists, and the Unitis Fratrum or Unity of Brethren. 221 00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: Both the Utraquists and the Unitist Fratrum had Hussite roots, 222 00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:04,640 Speaker 1: and today the Unitis Fratrum is the Moravian church. There 223 00:14:04,679 --> 00:14:08,079 Speaker 1: were also Lutherans and other Protestants in Bohemia, but they 224 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 1: existed in much smaller numbers. The Bohemian Confession included things 225 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:17,520 Speaker 1: that each of these religions wanted, also avoided material that 226 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:21,000 Speaker 1: would be considered unacceptable for one or more of them. So, 227 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:24,080 Speaker 1: for example, it mentioned all of the observances that the 228 00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:28,680 Speaker 1: various churches found to be sacraments, but because the Lutherans 229 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:32,720 Speaker 1: considered baptism and communion to be the only sacraments, those 230 00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:36,600 Speaker 1: were the only two that were specifically mentioned as sacraments. 231 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: While Maximilian the Second expressed his support for the Bohemian Confession, 232 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: he didn't formally implement it before dying in fifteen seventy five. 233 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:49,640 Speaker 1: It was his son and successor, Ridolf the Second who 234 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:53,720 Speaker 1: finally made it official. Ridolf signed a document known as 235 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 1: the Letter of Majesty on July nine nine. The Letter 236 00:14:57,920 --> 00:15:01,760 Speaker 1: of Majesty granted all religions that accepted the Bohemian Confession 237 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:05,760 Speaker 1: freedom to worship. The Letter of Majesty didn't come from 238 00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,720 Speaker 1: a benevolent desire for religious freedom, though, and Rudolf wasn't 239 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:13,320 Speaker 1: even consistent about upholding it after he signed it. In 240 00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:17,360 Speaker 1: sixteen o eight, his brother, Archduke Matthias, had invaded part 241 00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:20,800 Speaker 1: of Bohemia after trying to force Rudolf to abdicate. The 242 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:25,040 Speaker 1: so called feud between the Habsburg brothers gave the Protestant 243 00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:29,200 Speaker 1: Estates some leverage over Rudolph. They agreed to be loyal 244 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:33,240 Speaker 1: to him in exchanged for their religious freedom. So once 245 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:37,360 Speaker 1: this letter was signed, Bohemia was still officially Roman Catholic, 246 00:15:37,480 --> 00:15:41,119 Speaker 1: but other religions, as long as they followed that confession, 247 00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:45,120 Speaker 1: had the right to worship freely. On the same day 248 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:48,480 Speaker 1: that Rudolph signed the Letter of Majesty, Catholics and the 249 00:15:48,520 --> 00:15:52,320 Speaker 1: Protestants in Bohemia also signed an agreement that laid out 250 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:54,920 Speaker 1: the details of this freedom and how they would interact 251 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:58,000 Speaker 1: with each other. For example, if a member of one 252 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,280 Speaker 1: of the higher Estates wanted to install an Utraquist priest 253 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,840 Speaker 1: on his land, he could, and if an Utraquist lived 254 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:07,760 Speaker 1: in a Catholic parish and was attending church and tithing, 255 00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:10,880 Speaker 1: he could be buried in the parish cemetery without having 256 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:15,200 Speaker 1: to seek any kind of special permission. But otherwise Catholics 257 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,720 Speaker 1: and Utraquists would not be buried in one another's graveyards. 258 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:22,680 Speaker 1: So after this Catholics and most of the Protestants coexisted 259 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,560 Speaker 1: mostly peacefully in Bohemia for the next few years, although 260 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:31,360 Speaker 1: the Utraquist church gradually faded away as more people became Lutheran. 261 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,520 Speaker 1: But this didn't really help Rudolph stay on the throne. 262 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:38,640 Speaker 1: He wound up seeding Bohemia to his brother Matthias in 263 00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:42,920 Speaker 1: sixteen eleven, and then Matthias became the Holy Roman Emperor 264 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,880 Speaker 1: in sixteen twelve. Rudolph had been less tolerant of religious 265 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:51,960 Speaker 1: descent than their father Maximilian had, and Matthias was less 266 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 1: tolerant than his brother Rudolph had been. In sixteen seventeen, 267 00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,960 Speaker 1: the Archbishop of Prague ordered Protestant chapels that were being 268 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: built in the towns of Brumov and Probe to be closed. 269 00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:07,480 Speaker 1: This went directly against the freedoms that were guaranteed in 270 00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:11,560 Speaker 1: the Letter of Majesty, but even so Matthias upheld the 271 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:16,000 Speaker 1: decision to close the chapels. Not long after that, Matthias 272 00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:19,720 Speaker 1: was succeeded by his cousin Ferdinand a Second, and Ferdinand 273 00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:23,159 Speaker 1: was devoutly Catholic. He was a major figure in the 274 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:27,280 Speaker 1: Catholic counter Reformation, and Ferdinand wanted to make Bohemia a 275 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:31,560 Speaker 1: strictly Catholic country. He started appointing a lot of staunch 276 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:35,399 Speaker 1: Catholics to his counsel. In response to all of this, 277 00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:40,119 Speaker 1: Protestants in Prague called an assembly. There they put to 278 00:17:40,359 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 1: Catholic regents William Slovada and Yaroslav Martinik on trial. This 279 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:50,040 Speaker 1: assembly found the men guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty, 280 00:17:50,119 --> 00:17:53,360 Speaker 1: and then on May both of them, along with their 281 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:57,199 Speaker 1: secretary Fabricius, were thrown out the window of the Prague 282 00:17:57,200 --> 00:18:01,880 Speaker 1: Council assembly room about fifty feet that's roughly fifteen off 283 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:06,520 Speaker 1: the ground. Fortunately, they landed in a giant pile of 284 00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:10,000 Speaker 1: horse manure, so none of the three men were seriously harmed, 285 00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:15,840 Speaker 1: and Catholic supporters saw this as miraculous evidence of divine intervention. 286 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:18,880 Speaker 1: I will keep my giggling to myself on that one. 287 00:18:19,119 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: I mean, it is funnier, funnier than the other defenestration 288 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:27,200 Speaker 1: where people died. These guys just landed in horsepoop, which 289 00:18:27,240 --> 00:18:31,560 Speaker 1: would be gross, but they weren't seriously hurt. Right, it's 290 00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:35,879 Speaker 1: the miracle of of horse manure that makes it funny. 291 00:18:35,920 --> 00:18:38,800 Speaker 1: But this window throwing incident is marked as the start 292 00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:42,160 Speaker 1: of a Bohemian revolt against Ferdinand the Second, which then 293 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:44,879 Speaker 1: grew into the Thirty Years War, and we're going to 294 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:49,240 Speaker 1: talk more about that after we have another quick sponsor break. 295 00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:57,119 Speaker 1: The Thirty Years were was so long, complicated and convoluted 296 00:18:57,119 --> 00:18:59,040 Speaker 1: that it's not really possible to do a play by 297 00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:01,199 Speaker 1: play of it, and just the last third of our 298 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:03,359 Speaker 1: show today. It would not be possible to do it 299 00:19:03,359 --> 00:19:05,119 Speaker 1: in a full episode or even a two part or 300 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 1: it would take an entire podcast, a new podcast that 301 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:09,920 Speaker 1: would be only about the Thirty Years War, and it 302 00:19:09,960 --> 00:19:14,600 Speaker 1: would take thirty years to do it, because, uh, a 303 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:18,520 Speaker 1: lot of when you watch lectures and read books about this, 304 00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:21,040 Speaker 1: a word that comes up over and over to describe 305 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:25,359 Speaker 1: it is exhausting. All of the parties involved had their 306 00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,200 Speaker 1: own motivations and their own objectives in going to war. 307 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:30,800 Speaker 1: In some places it was a civil war, and in 308 00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:33,320 Speaker 1: other places it wasn't. Some of the states that were 309 00:19:33,359 --> 00:19:36,520 Speaker 1: involved entered the Fray after they had already been at 310 00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:40,080 Speaker 1: war with each other for years before that bled over 311 00:19:40,119 --> 00:19:44,680 Speaker 1: into the greater conflict. All of these various actors had 312 00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: their own things going on. The whole thing was so 313 00:19:48,960 --> 00:19:52,000 Speaker 1: far reaching and convoluted that a lot of historians describe 314 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:56,760 Speaker 1: it as multiple different wars rather than one thirty years war. 315 00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,400 Speaker 1: It has so many branches it's it really is hard. 316 00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:02,719 Speaker 1: It's kind of like an amiba, like you can't contain 317 00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,399 Speaker 1: it in one thing. It just keeps expanding in different directions. 318 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:11,240 Speaker 1: It's a lot, and it did start out mostly about religion. 319 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:14,720 Speaker 1: The Holy Roman Empire was Roman Catholic and had been 320 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 1: ruled by members of the Catholic House of Habsburg since 321 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:22,639 Speaker 1: fourteen forty. Whether the Empire tolerated religious diversity depended on 322 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:27,359 Speaker 1: who was emperor, but the Empire itself wasn't one monolithic entity. 323 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:31,840 Speaker 1: It was a huge hodgepodge of overlapping semi autonomous states, 324 00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:35,960 Speaker 1: and whether those states tolerated religious diversity also depended on 325 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:40,560 Speaker 1: who was ruling them, regardless of how tolerant the individual 326 00:20:40,680 --> 00:20:44,160 Speaker 1: rulers were, for the most part, they had the right 327 00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:47,560 Speaker 1: to decree which religion the people should follow, and this 328 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:50,399 Speaker 1: idea had been set down in the Peace of Augsburg 329 00:20:50,480 --> 00:20:55,199 Speaker 1: on September fifty five. The Piece of Augsburg was an 330 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,880 Speaker 1: agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and the German states, 331 00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:00,720 Speaker 1: some of which were Catho like in some of which 332 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:04,320 Speaker 1: were Lutheran. It put an end to violent conflict between 333 00:21:04,359 --> 00:21:08,200 Speaker 1: all of these different entities. The Piece of Augsburg included 334 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:13,040 Speaker 1: the idea of kujus reggio ejus religio, or whose rule 335 00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:17,399 Speaker 1: his religion. In other words, whoever ruled could choose the 336 00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:21,200 Speaker 1: religion of the state. Lutheran or Catholic. Those are really 337 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:25,240 Speaker 1: the only two options in this particular agreement. This basic 338 00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:28,040 Speaker 1: idea was still in play in Germany by the time 339 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,040 Speaker 1: the Catholic regents were thrown out the window in Bohemia, 340 00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:34,119 Speaker 1: and even though the Peace of Augsburg was between the 341 00:21:34,160 --> 00:21:37,399 Speaker 1: Empire and the German states, the same basic idea was 342 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:40,399 Speaker 1: followed in other parts of the Holy Roman Empire as well, 343 00:21:41,119 --> 00:21:43,000 Speaker 1: and that was one of the things that led to 344 00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:46,639 Speaker 1: this war. Under the Peace of Augsburg, the ruler was 345 00:21:46,680 --> 00:21:50,680 Speaker 1: supposed to decide the religion, but people didn't necessarily want 346 00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:54,760 Speaker 1: to follow the religion that their ruler did. Religion also 347 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,639 Speaker 1: played a huge part in the relationships among the various 348 00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:00,639 Speaker 1: rulers and the kingdoms and the states that they controlled, 349 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:05,720 Speaker 1: both within and outside of the Holy Roman Empire. In Germany, 350 00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:10,400 Speaker 1: the Catholic and Protestant states each formed their own military alliances. 351 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:14,080 Speaker 1: The Protestant Union was first formed in sixteen o eight, 352 00:22:14,160 --> 00:22:17,320 Speaker 1: and eventually it had England, the Dutch Republic, and Sweden 353 00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:21,199 Speaker 1: as allies. The Catholic League was formed in sixteen o 354 00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:24,600 Speaker 1: nine in response, and the Catholic League was allied with 355 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:29,080 Speaker 1: the Habsburgs. So all these alliances were already in place 356 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:32,720 Speaker 1: by the Defenestration of Prague in sixteen eighteen, and for 357 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:36,960 Speaker 1: the next two years the mostly Protestant Bohemian estates fought 358 00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:41,119 Speaker 1: against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire. In sixteen twenty, Holy 359 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:45,119 Speaker 1: Roman Emperor Ferdinand the Second and the Catholic League defeated 360 00:22:45,160 --> 00:22:48,080 Speaker 1: Frederick the Fifth, King of Bohemia at the Battle of 361 00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:52,000 Speaker 1: White Mountain, and as numerous historians have noted, the war 362 00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:56,680 Speaker 1: could have ended there. Ferdinand was not satisfied with having 363 00:22:56,760 --> 00:23:01,200 Speaker 1: only crushed the Bohemian revolt, though in sixteen twenty one 364 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:04,520 Speaker 1: he started rounding up and executing rebel leaders in Prague. 365 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:08,480 Speaker 1: He ordered the remaining Protestants to either be exiled or 366 00:23:08,520 --> 00:23:12,000 Speaker 1: to convert, and soon Britain, Denmark, and the Dutch Republic 367 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:16,040 Speaker 1: had all entered the war. For about ten years, the 368 00:23:16,119 --> 00:23:19,800 Speaker 1: Catholics still had the upper hand, but then Sweden joined 369 00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:23,080 Speaker 1: on the Protestant side in sixteen thirty and the Protestants 370 00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:27,240 Speaker 1: rallied for about four years. Then in sixteen thirty four, 371 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:30,920 Speaker 1: a Spanish army defeated the main force from Sweden, once 372 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:35,560 Speaker 1: again giving the Catholic side the advantage. That's when France, 373 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:39,639 Speaker 1: a Catholic country, joined the Fray on the Protestant side. 374 00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:42,800 Speaker 1: From France's point of view, it was more important to 375 00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:46,080 Speaker 1: resist the Habsburgs and the Empire in Spain than to 376 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 1: stay on the same side as all the other Catholic states. 377 00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,080 Speaker 1: And then from here on out, the Thirty Years War 378 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:55,080 Speaker 1: became more and more about territory and politics, while becoming 379 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:59,920 Speaker 1: less and less directly about religion. Over time, the may 380 00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:04,040 Speaker 1: Your powers began hiring mercenaries to supplement their armies, and 381 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:07,919 Speaker 1: there were atrocities on all sides. One of the war's 382 00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:11,760 Speaker 1: most infamous incidents was the Massacre of Magdeburg, when the 383 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:14,760 Speaker 1: Empire and the Catholic League sacked the Protestant city of 384 00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 1: Magdeburg and killed about twenty thousand civilians. Fighting on the 385 00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:23,080 Speaker 1: Catholic side were a mercenary light infantry known as the Croats, 386 00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:26,560 Speaker 1: who became the fighting force most often associated with the war. 387 00:24:27,440 --> 00:24:30,840 Speaker 1: Although some of the Croats were Croatian at the time, 388 00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:33,440 Speaker 1: this was more of a generic word for the type 389 00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:37,400 Speaker 1: of light cavalry that they were in. Its actual members 390 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:40,760 Speaker 1: were from other ethnic groups as well, and it's also 391 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,080 Speaker 1: where the word cravat comes from, after a French word 392 00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:47,360 Speaker 1: for the scarves that they wore as part of their uniforms. 393 00:24:48,359 --> 00:24:51,600 Speaker 1: All of the major powers in Western Europe were ultimately 394 00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,640 Speaker 1: involved in the Thirty Years War, and there was fighting 395 00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:58,720 Speaker 1: in their American colonies as well, but a disproportionate amount 396 00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:01,280 Speaker 1: of the fighting took place in Germany, and this led 397 00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:05,159 Speaker 1: to colossal losses for Germany. As much as of the 398 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:08,920 Speaker 1: German population was killed, and this was not just losses 399 00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: from battle. As troops moved from one place to another, 400 00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:15,800 Speaker 1: they commandeered food and other resources, and a lot of 401 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:19,800 Speaker 1: the time they just left people to starve. Disease also 402 00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:24,159 Speaker 1: spread rapidly along with the armies. There was never really 403 00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 1: a concrete winner of this drawn out, complicated conflict. Peace 404 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:32,320 Speaker 1: talks went on at the Congregation of Westphalia for more 405 00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:36,359 Speaker 1: than five years from sixteen forty three to sixteen forty eight, 406 00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,960 Speaker 1: negotiations took place in the Westphalian towns of Moonster and 407 00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:45,120 Speaker 1: on the Brook, and they involved two hundred different rulers 408 00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,880 Speaker 1: and thousands of other officials. The only European powers not 409 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:54,960 Speaker 1: involved where the Ottoman Empire, England, Poland and Russia. First, 410 00:25:55,119 --> 00:25:58,800 Speaker 1: they spent six months just on matters of procedure, like 411 00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:01,760 Speaker 1: who was going to sit where and who had precedents 412 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:06,400 Speaker 1: when entering the room. From their negotiations started by addressing 413 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:11,320 Speaker 1: issues that were specific to Germany. More international peace negotiations 414 00:26:11,359 --> 00:26:14,960 Speaker 1: took place from October sixteen forty five to April of 415 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:17,919 Speaker 1: sixteen forty six, and for most of the rest of 416 00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:22,720 Speaker 1: it the negotiations were about religion. The war didn't stop 417 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:25,800 Speaker 1: during the peace talks, though, uh they kept going on 418 00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:28,880 Speaker 1: with all the fighting, and during the later years France 419 00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:32,760 Speaker 1: was actually actively trying to undermine the peace talks because 420 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,040 Speaker 1: some of the terms that had been agreed to we're 421 00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:38,879 Speaker 1: going to leave it vulnerable to attack from Spain. The 422 00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:43,359 Speaker 1: war finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which redistributed 423 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 1: a lot of territory in Europe, basically redrawing the map. 424 00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:51,159 Speaker 1: It also recognized the United Provinces of the Netherlands and 425 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:55,719 Speaker 1: the Swiss Confederation as independent republics, and it confirmed and 426 00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:59,399 Speaker 1: expanded on the Piece of Augsburg, adding Calvinism to the 427 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:04,920 Speaker 1: list of lerated religions. So, at least in theory, Lutherans, Calvinists, 428 00:27:04,960 --> 00:27:08,399 Speaker 1: and Catholics could all worship freely, and those were the 429 00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:13,000 Speaker 1: three primary religions in Europe at the time. But Austrian 430 00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:16,960 Speaker 1: territory wasn't included in this religious freedom, and the Peace 431 00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:20,760 Speaker 1: of Westphalia also didn't recognize the Hussite religions that we 432 00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:25,480 Speaker 1: talked about in earlier parts of the show. They weren't Lutheran, Calvinist, 433 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:29,760 Speaker 1: or Catholic, so they continued to not be recognized as 434 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:34,000 Speaker 1: allowable religions and their members continued to face religious persecution. 435 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:38,600 Speaker 1: Throughout this war, military forces in Europe got much bigger, 436 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:42,560 Speaker 1: even before the widespread use of mercenaries. All of the 437 00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:46,760 Speaker 1: major European powers also got a lot of administrative experience 438 00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:52,120 Speaker 1: managing these ever increasing militaries. They applied that newfound knowledge 439 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:57,160 Speaker 1: to governance. These loosely connected groups of semi autonomous political 440 00:27:57,240 --> 00:27:59,800 Speaker 1: units that had been part of the Holy Roman Empire 441 00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:03,119 Speaker 1: started to coalesce into the nations as we think of 442 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:07,359 Speaker 1: them today. This is connected to another element of the 443 00:28:07,359 --> 00:28:11,920 Speaker 1: Peace of Westphalia. The agreements recognized the sovereignty of all 444 00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:14,840 Speaker 1: the member states of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace 445 00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:18,119 Speaker 1: of Westphalia gave each one the right to negotiate with 446 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:20,639 Speaker 1: the others on their own behalf, as long as that 447 00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:23,800 Speaker 1: wouldn't somehow damage the Holy Roman Empire. And this was 448 00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:27,560 Speaker 1: a massive change. It's set the stage for today's international 449 00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:31,440 Speaker 1: model of independent nations that are all, at least on paper, 450 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:35,440 Speaker 1: equal on the world stage. I mean, different nations obviously 451 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:38,959 Speaker 1: have different amounts of power and wealth. But the bigger 452 00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:42,280 Speaker 1: countries aren't getting multiple votes in the u n just 453 00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:46,080 Speaker 1: because they're bigger. It's not how it works. The idea 454 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:50,200 Speaker 1: that nation states have exclusive sovereignty over their own territory 455 00:28:50,280 --> 00:28:53,680 Speaker 1: and have equal rights to that sovereignty is even called 456 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:59,680 Speaker 1: Westphalian sovereignty. The power structure within these nations also changed. 457 00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:04,280 Speaker 1: Although nations continued to have official religions, those religions had 458 00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 1: less political power. A monarchy might still be rooted in 459 00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:10,840 Speaker 1: the idea that the monarch had a divine right to rule, 460 00:29:11,360 --> 00:29:14,160 Speaker 1: and the law might still have a heavy religious influence. 461 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:18,680 Speaker 1: Religious persecution still existed, but it was far less common 462 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:21,360 Speaker 1: for the church and the state to be essentially the same, 463 00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:25,280 Speaker 1: almost inseparable thing, And of course there was still plenty 464 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:27,800 Speaker 1: of war to go around. After the Peace of Westphalia, 465 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:30,760 Speaker 1: France and Spain continued to be actively at war with 466 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:32,880 Speaker 1: each other from the time the treaty was signed until 467 00:29:32,920 --> 00:29:36,600 Speaker 1: sixteen fifty nine. They hadn't been able to actually negotiate 468 00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:39,960 Speaker 1: with each other much during the peace talks and Westphalia 469 00:29:40,040 --> 00:29:42,080 Speaker 1: because they couldn't agree on the protocol to do it. 470 00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:45,000 Speaker 1: In all those six months of negotiations about who's that 471 00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:47,240 Speaker 1: where and who got to come into the room first, 472 00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:51,240 Speaker 1: France and Spain could not get it together. Multiple other 473 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:54,440 Speaker 1: wars also started in the years after this treaty, but 474 00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:58,640 Speaker 1: they tended to be more about territory, trade, resources, and 475 00:29:58,680 --> 00:30:04,520 Speaker 1: colonialism than specifically and directly about religion. And all of 476 00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:07,840 Speaker 1: that started with three people being thrown out a window, 477 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:11,080 Speaker 1: along with the hundreds of years of religious warfare that 478 00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,960 Speaker 1: happened before that. So other people have also been thrown 479 00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:18,360 Speaker 1: out of windows in Prague since the Second Defenistration, but 480 00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:21,040 Speaker 1: none of them is really considered to be an official. 481 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:24,960 Speaker 1: Third one, the most widely known as the death of 482 00:30:25,080 --> 00:30:30,280 Speaker 1: Jan Masariic on March tenth. He was the son of T. G. Massarik, 483 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,800 Speaker 1: the first president of the Czechoslovak Republic, and he was 484 00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:37,760 Speaker 1: the only non Communist member of that government. He was 485 00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:42,480 Speaker 1: found beneath the window at the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 486 00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:45,520 Speaker 1: and it's not clear whether he fell, jumped, or was 487 00:30:45,640 --> 00:30:48,680 Speaker 1: thrown out of that window. And on that upbeat note, 488 00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: you know what you got cooking and listener mail. I 489 00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:55,280 Speaker 1: have some mail that goes back to our episode about 490 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:59,640 Speaker 1: the Bisbee deportations, and this is from Francesca, who says, 491 00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:02,160 Speaker 1: Dear Holly and Tracy, my name is Francesca, and I 492 00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:05,240 Speaker 1: just started listening to the podcast not too long ago, 493 00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:07,800 Speaker 1: but I've been really enjoying it. I had to write 494 00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:10,880 Speaker 1: in after listening to the podcast on the Bisbee deportations. 495 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 1: I lived in Arizona for a little while as a 496 00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:16,120 Speaker 1: child and had visited Bisbee several times, but I never 497 00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:18,840 Speaker 1: knew the deportations had even happened, so it was interesting 498 00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:21,040 Speaker 1: to learn something about an area I've actually been to. 499 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:24,520 Speaker 1: My main reason for writing is to comment on something 500 00:31:24,560 --> 00:31:27,880 Speaker 1: you mentioned briefly. You mentioned that the mining industry was 501 00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:30,600 Speaker 1: starting to shift over to more open pit mining at 502 00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:34,680 Speaker 1: that point. My father is a geologist. She goes on 503 00:31:34,720 --> 00:31:36,600 Speaker 1: to talk about her father working for a company that 504 00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:40,600 Speaker 1: was actually owned by Phelps Dodge. She goes on to say, 505 00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:43,080 Speaker 1: even in the nineties when they were when we were 506 00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:45,920 Speaker 1: living there, the company owned the houses much like they 507 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:48,640 Speaker 1: did at Bisbee, and there was a company store. There 508 00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:52,440 Speaker 1: wasn't a hospital there, but there was a clinic for anything, 509 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:55,440 Speaker 1: and for anything more severe you had to go to Stafford, 510 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:57,840 Speaker 1: which was about an hour away if I'm remembering right. 511 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:00,920 Speaker 1: I don't remember a lot of it since we lived 512 00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:03,200 Speaker 1: there when I was six to eight years old, but 513 00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:05,160 Speaker 1: I did have the chance to go on a mine 514 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: tour when my grandparents visited, which my father arranged. You 515 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:11,480 Speaker 1: have no idea of the scale of the operation there, 516 00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:13,160 Speaker 1: and it was neat to be able to see a 517 00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: part of what my father did for his job. It 518 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,080 Speaker 1: was cool to hear Felts Dodge mentioned in this podcast, 519 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:20,160 Speaker 1: since that's a company I haven't heard of since my 520 00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:24,720 Speaker 1: father left them to work for a different company. So 521 00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:27,520 Speaker 1: thank you for the fascinating history lesson and a blast 522 00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:31,080 Speaker 1: from the past. Sincerely, Francesco, thank you, Francesco for writing 523 00:32:31,120 --> 00:32:34,440 Speaker 1: this email to us. I also wanted to mention on 524 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:36,760 Speaker 1: a number of occasions that are a mystery to me. 525 00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:41,120 Speaker 1: Instead of calling the i w W the Industrial Workers 526 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:45,080 Speaker 1: of the World, which as its is its name, I 527 00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:50,920 Speaker 1: typed into the outline the completely incorrect word international. It 528 00:32:51,080 --> 00:32:53,520 Speaker 1: is not called the International Workers of the World. It 529 00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:56,440 Speaker 1: is the Industrial Workers of the World. And a couple 530 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:59,640 Speaker 1: of people who have pointed that out mentioned that it's 531 00:32:59,680 --> 00:33:05,040 Speaker 1: a I'm a mistake, which I don't quite understand how 532 00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:07,480 Speaker 1: it's a common mistake because it makes the name sort 533 00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:11,320 Speaker 1: of redundant to say the International Workers of the World. 534 00:33:11,480 --> 00:33:15,400 Speaker 1: So anyway, I apologize for making that error that either 535 00:33:15,840 --> 00:33:19,200 Speaker 1: I read somewhere and just absorbed incorrectly or just typed 536 00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:23,040 Speaker 1: the completely wrong word in the outline. Either way, if 537 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:25,240 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us about this or 538 00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:28,280 Speaker 1: any other podcast where History podcasts at how Stuffworks dot com. 539 00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:33,280 Speaker 1: We're also on Facebook and Twitter and Instagram and Pinterest. 540 00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:36,000 Speaker 1: All of those that missed in History. You can come 541 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,320 Speaker 1: to our website, which is missed in History dot com 542 00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:40,960 Speaker 1: and you'll find the show notes for all the episodes 543 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:42,920 Speaker 1: that Holly and I have worked on together. You will 544 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:46,040 Speaker 1: find a searchable archive every episode we have ever done, 545 00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:49,959 Speaker 1: and you can find and subscribe to our podcasts on 546 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,760 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google Play, and wherever else you get podcasts. 547 00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:01,200 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit 548 00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:10,520 Speaker 1: how staff works dot com m m HM