1 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:05,920 Speaker 1: Hey, everybody, Holly here, listen. Before we get started today, 2 00:00:06,080 --> 00:00:08,160 Speaker 1: I wanted to talk to you for just a minute 3 00:00:08,160 --> 00:00:11,760 Speaker 1: with a little bit of information. We have been talking, 4 00:00:11,800 --> 00:00:15,000 Speaker 1: I know a lot about our trip to Morocco recently 5 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:17,239 Speaker 1: and how amazing it was and how much we loved it. 6 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,000 Speaker 1: And if that sounded like really exciting to you and 7 00:00:20,040 --> 00:00:21,919 Speaker 1: you maybe felt like you missed out on something, I 8 00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:25,840 Speaker 1: have great news. Our next trip is already available and 9 00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:29,840 Speaker 1: live for booking next year from September twenty sixth to 10 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:35,240 Speaker 1: October fourth, we are going to go to Octoberfest and 11 00:00:35,400 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 1: experience not just Octoberfest, but that will be one of 12 00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:40,080 Speaker 1: the things we do. So we're going to spend some 13 00:00:40,120 --> 00:00:42,600 Speaker 1: time in Bavaria. We're also going to spend some time 14 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:46,519 Speaker 1: in the Czech Republic, so we'll be staying outside of 15 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:49,240 Speaker 1: Munich for a while in this very very sweet village, 16 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:51,239 Speaker 1: but we will be close enough that we can go 17 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:55,360 Speaker 1: in and have the Octoberfest party experience, but then retreat 18 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:57,640 Speaker 1: to a much quieter space than all of the busy 19 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:02,080 Speaker 1: city goings on that will be happening. We're gonna spend 20 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:05,360 Speaker 1: several days there. We're also going to spend some really 21 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:09,800 Speaker 1: really beautiful time in Chesskey krum Lov, which is this 22 00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:13,679 Speaker 1: little medieval village and it's absolutely beautiful. And then we 23 00:01:13,720 --> 00:01:16,600 Speaker 1: are going to spend several days in Prague. This is 24 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: not going to be quite as breakneck a pace as 25 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: our Morocco trip was, So if any of that sounded exhausting, 26 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:24,720 Speaker 1: this one's gonna be just a little more relaxed. You're 27 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:27,480 Speaker 1: still gonna see so much, do so much, get to 28 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: explore so many beautiful places, but it will be a 29 00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 1: little bit at a slightly more leisurely paced. I am 30 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:36,240 Speaker 1: so excited for this trip, and I hope you are 31 00:01:36,319 --> 00:01:37,840 Speaker 1: and that you might want to join us. So to 32 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:41,760 Speaker 1: check out the information, go to define Destinations dot com. 33 00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:45,640 Speaker 1: That's Defined Destinations dot com. You can find on their 34 00:01:45,680 --> 00:01:51,000 Speaker 1: main page the Munich Acberfest and Prague trip which is 35 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:54,040 Speaker 1: gonna be us and check it out. See if it 36 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:56,520 Speaker 1: sounds good to you. We hope to see you there. 37 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 38 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:09,480 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 39 00:02:10,600 --> 00:02:14,079 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 40 00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Fray. This episode's coming out on Christmas Eve, 41 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:22,480 Speaker 2: and so I was looking around for something seasonally related 42 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:27,560 Speaker 2: that we have not done already and also was not 43 00:02:27,919 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 2: some kind of a Christmas tragedy because I cannot right now. 44 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:38,680 Speaker 2: And I stumbled onto William Sands, who was an antiquarian 45 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:41,880 Speaker 2: who published a collection of Christmas carols in the nineteenth 46 00:02:41,919 --> 00:02:45,760 Speaker 2: century that turned out to be really influential. I had 47 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:49,080 Speaker 2: expected this episode to focus mostly on him because he 48 00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:52,600 Speaker 2: sounds interesting aside from the Christmas carol part. But I 49 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:57,200 Speaker 2: really did not find a ton of detail on his biography, 50 00:02:57,360 --> 00:02:59,960 Speaker 2: so we are not getting to him until the very end. 51 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,640 Speaker 2: But I did find a lot about the history of 52 00:03:04,760 --> 00:03:07,840 Speaker 2: Christmas carols that was new to me, not stuff I 53 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:12,680 Speaker 2: already knew about Christmas carols. There are, of course songs 54 00:03:12,919 --> 00:03:17,680 Speaker 2: about Christmas or songs that are sung at Christmas all 55 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:22,200 Speaker 2: over the world, but this episode is really focused mostly 56 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:25,640 Speaker 2: on the musical traditions of the British and Irish Isles, 57 00:03:25,680 --> 00:03:31,600 Speaker 2: and on sort of English language songs and traditions more specifically, 58 00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:34,000 Speaker 2: like there's a little bit about some other places, but 59 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:35,120 Speaker 2: mostly not. 60 00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:38,880 Speaker 1: The word carol was used in English by about the 61 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:44,600 Speaker 1: year thirteen hundred, with multiple interrelated meanings. Carols were ring 62 00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:48,040 Speaker 1: dances accompanied by songs and the same word could also 63 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:50,960 Speaker 1: be used for the song that was being danced to. 64 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:54,880 Speaker 1: The word carol could also be used more generally to 65 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:58,800 Speaker 1: describe some kind of festivity or merrymaking that was focused 66 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: on dancing, and it described physical rings and circles. For example, 67 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:08,400 Speaker 1: one chronicle written in thirteen thirty described Stonehenge as a 68 00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: carol of stones. This word was borrowed from the very 69 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:16,040 Speaker 1: similar Old French word carol with an e on the end, 70 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:19,279 Speaker 1: which had the same meanings, so presumably it would be 71 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:24,800 Speaker 1: pronounced carroll. There are also similar words in other romance languages, 72 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:27,400 Speaker 1: and they may all trace back to the word chorus 73 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:31,159 Speaker 1: in Greek or Latin. In France, the folk tunes that 74 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:34,120 Speaker 1: were used to provide the melodies for carols were also 75 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:35,480 Speaker 1: called noel's. 76 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:40,800 Speaker 2: These songs and their dances, which again involved people dancing 77 00:04:40,839 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 2: in a ring, probably existed long before the word carol 78 00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:49,320 Speaker 2: first appeared in writing. There are references to people dancing 79 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:52,080 Speaker 2: in a ring while also singing the song that they 80 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 2: were dancing to, going back to at least the seventh century. 81 00:04:56,680 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 2: As songs, carols also had a specif format. They had 82 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:06,640 Speaker 2: unique stanzas and a repeated refrain or a burden, and 83 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:10,560 Speaker 2: that refrain was repeated in between each stanza, so a 84 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:14,559 Speaker 2: cantor would sing the stanzas, and then the dancers all 85 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:16,839 Speaker 2: sang and danced to the burdens. 86 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:22,000 Speaker 1: Carols really started to flourish around the fourteenth century. One 87 00:05:22,040 --> 00:05:25,360 Speaker 1: reason is that starting in the thirteenth century, Saint Francis 88 00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:29,240 Speaker 1: of Assisi encouraged the use of nativity plays, songs in 89 00:05:29,279 --> 00:05:33,560 Speaker 1: people's native tongues, and canticles or biblical chants and songs 90 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:37,279 Speaker 1: as part of religious observances and to combat what he 91 00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:42,320 Speaker 1: saw as heresy. This included carols that had religious themes. 92 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: The Franciscan religious order continued all of this, and sometimes 93 00:05:46,960 --> 00:05:49,960 Speaker 1: Saint Francis is called the father of the Christmas carol. 94 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: What are the sources I read for this podcast described 95 00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 1: Saint Francis as inventing Christmas carols? But to me that 96 00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 1: seems like it's a little little bit overstated, given everything 97 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:04,960 Speaker 1: that we just said and the fact that the use 98 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:09,240 Speaker 1: of music in Christian religious observances goes all the way 99 00:06:09,279 --> 00:06:14,599 Speaker 1: back to Christianity's origins in Judaism. While hymns and chants 100 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:18,960 Speaker 1: were likely to be part of church worship, carols specifically, 101 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:21,960 Speaker 1: were also more likely to be sung out in the community, 102 00:06:22,120 --> 00:06:25,799 Speaker 1: in places like town squares or inns, and ale houses 103 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:30,039 Speaker 1: or people's homes. This included carols that were written by 104 00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,680 Speaker 1: members of religious communities but then were sung more by 105 00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:38,720 Speaker 1: lay people. For example, fifteenth century priest John Audelay wrote 106 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:41,720 Speaker 1: a series of carols, some of which may have been 107 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:46,320 Speaker 1: intended to be sung by carollers who went house to 108 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:51,320 Speaker 1: house singing them. Other fifteenth century collections of carols include 109 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:54,920 Speaker 1: the Trinity Carol Rule, which contains the lyrics to thirteen 110 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: English carols, the Selden Carol Book, which has thirty carols, 111 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:02,680 Speaker 1: and the ritz And Manuscript, which includes forty four carols. 112 00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:06,560 Speaker 1: Some of these carols are Macaronic, meaning they were partly 113 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: in one language and partly in another, in this case 114 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:11,679 Speaker 1: the vernacular and Latin. 115 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:16,560 Speaker 2: During the medieval period, the word carol did not have 116 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:20,400 Speaker 2: a Christmas specific connotation, but a lot of these carols 117 00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:24,760 Speaker 2: were related to Christmas. About half of the medieval carols 118 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:28,040 Speaker 2: that have survived until today are connected to Christmas in 119 00:07:28,120 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 2: some way. These were usually sung on Christmas Eve, not before, 120 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:35,840 Speaker 2: and then they continued to be sung through the Twelve 121 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 2: Days of Christmas, so they ended on January fifth or 122 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:42,400 Speaker 2: twelfth night, and that marked the end of the Christmas season. 123 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 2: At least some of the people who were writing and 124 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:49,280 Speaker 2: performing carols in the medieval period were being paid for 125 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 2: their work and their speculation that the reason why so 126 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,920 Speaker 2: many surviving medieval carols are about Christmas is that's what 127 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:59,280 Speaker 2: people were mostly getting paid to write. For example, in 128 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 2: the late fifteen century, Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry 129 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 2: the Seventh, paid poet and composer William Cornish for quote 130 00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:10,480 Speaker 2: setting of carol upon Christmas Day. There are other records 131 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 2: of payments being made to composers and performers at Christmas time. 132 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:17,720 Speaker 2: This included street performers who sang at night during the 133 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:21,200 Speaker 2: Christmas season, who were either doing the equivalent of busking 134 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:24,280 Speaker 2: for tips or going house to house with the hopes 135 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 2: of getting a little payment from the people inside. In 136 00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:33,040 Speaker 2: addition to these carols, medieval Christmas festivities incorporated elements from 137 00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:38,360 Speaker 2: other earlier traditions, including the Roman festival of Saturnalia, the 138 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:43,320 Speaker 2: Germanic festival of Yule, and wastling, where some people also 139 00:08:43,480 --> 00:08:47,600 Speaker 2: say was sailing, which stretches back to before the Norman 140 00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:52,320 Speaker 2: conquest of Britain. Wastling encompasses two different traditions that both 141 00:08:52,360 --> 00:08:55,880 Speaker 2: involve singing. One is going house to house with a 142 00:08:55,920 --> 00:08:59,760 Speaker 2: bowl full of wastle or a hot mulled drink, singing 143 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 2: song and spreading good cheer, and then the other is 144 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:07,079 Speaker 2: going from orchard to orchard on twelfth night, again singing 145 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:10,800 Speaker 2: songs as well as shouting and banging on pans and 146 00:09:10,840 --> 00:09:14,280 Speaker 2: putting a piece of wossle soaked bread in the best 147 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:18,320 Speaker 2: tree in the orchard. Watling through the orchards is meant 148 00:09:18,360 --> 00:09:20,640 Speaker 2: to thank the trees for a good harvest and to 149 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:24,160 Speaker 2: ensure a good harvest the next year by waking up 150 00:09:24,200 --> 00:09:28,320 Speaker 2: the trees spirits and scaring any bad spirits away. So 151 00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:31,839 Speaker 2: all of this moving around and singing has some parallels 152 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 2: with the caroling tradition. By the start of the sixteenth century, 153 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:38,559 Speaker 2: or what is framed is the start of the Renaissance, 154 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:42,200 Speaker 2: the ring dance portion of caroling had mostly fallen out 155 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:44,920 Speaker 2: of fashion, and the term carol was being used to 156 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:48,360 Speaker 2: describe just the song. There could still be some kind 157 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:51,360 Speaker 2: of movement involved, though, like if a carol was being 158 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:53,840 Speaker 2: sung as part of a church service, it might be 159 00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 2: during a processional on a particular feast day or a holiday. 160 00:09:57,960 --> 00:09:59,960 Speaker 2: It was also around the start of the fifteen hundred 161 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:04,160 Speaker 2: it's that the word carol was increasingly used to describe joyful, 162 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:08,600 Speaker 2: celebratory Christmas songs, including ones that didn't have that structure 163 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:13,560 Speaker 2: of a repeating burden alternating between stanzas. While the word 164 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:17,720 Speaker 2: carol has been around for hundreds of years, the term 165 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:22,840 Speaker 2: Christmas carol specifically had not appeared in English language writing yet. 166 00:10:23,360 --> 00:10:26,240 Speaker 2: We will get to when it did after a sponsor break. 167 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:40,240 Speaker 2: The first collection of Christmas carols, specifically Christmas Carol's Not 168 00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:43,440 Speaker 2: Just a Carol collection that included some songs about Christmas, 169 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:47,160 Speaker 2: was published in fifteen twenty one. This was the work 170 00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,880 Speaker 2: of Wincoln to Word, who I have had on my 171 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:52,520 Speaker 2: short list for an episode for a long time because 172 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:56,120 Speaker 2: I like his name. Wincn to Word was an author 173 00:10:56,200 --> 00:10:59,720 Speaker 2: and a publisher born in Alsace, who eventually moved to 174 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:04,280 Speaker 2: England and worked for William Caxton. Caxton had learned the 175 00:11:04,400 --> 00:11:07,920 Speaker 2: craft of printing while living in Cologne, and he had 176 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 2: returned to England and established a printing press. Caxton printed 177 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:17,199 Speaker 2: a lot of the fifteenth century's most important English literature, 178 00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:22,240 Speaker 2: including the Canterbury Tales. Lincoln de Word took over Caxton's 179 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,960 Speaker 2: operation after Caxton's death in fourteen ninety one, and he 180 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:31,720 Speaker 2: moved the press from Westminster to Fleet Street in London. Sadly, 181 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 2: only a fragment of this fifteen twenty one collection survives today, 182 00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:39,080 Speaker 2: but that fragment includes the first known use of the 183 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:43,680 Speaker 2: term Christmas Carols in writing. It's caliphon reads quote. Thus 184 00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:47,360 Speaker 2: ended the Christmas Carols newly imprinted at London in the 185 00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:49,840 Speaker 2: Fleet Street at the Sign of the Sun by Lincoln 186 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:52,840 Speaker 2: de Word the year of Our Lord fifteen twenty one. 187 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:57,840 Speaker 2: This fragment includes two carols, a carol of hunting and 188 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:02,800 Speaker 2: a carol bringing in the boar's heed, meaning the boar's head. 189 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:05,440 Speaker 2: And we're gonna talk about this boar's head thing for 190 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:09,880 Speaker 2: a minute, because I am fascinated. It is not clear 191 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:13,560 Speaker 2: exactly when a boar's head became a feast dish, but 192 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 2: it probably goes back to ancient Greece and Rome. The 193 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:21,160 Speaker 2: story of the Caledonian boar hunt was a recurring part 194 00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 2: of ancient stories in mythology. The goddess Diana released a 195 00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:31,560 Speaker 2: ferocious boar as punishment after King Onanus of Caledon failed 196 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:36,320 Speaker 2: to adequately honor her. This boar killed several people before 197 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:40,600 Speaker 2: finally being killed by Meleager, who presented its head to 198 00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:45,240 Speaker 2: the huntress Atlanta. There are multiple depictions of this and 199 00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:49,360 Speaker 2: other dramatic boar hunts in ancient and modern artwork. 200 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 1: There's an obvious symbolism here, even without being sent by 201 00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:57,840 Speaker 1: a deity. Wild boars are huge and dangerous, and fighting 202 00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:00,360 Speaker 1: them with something like a spear was hard and could 203 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 1: end in fatal injuries for the hunter. So the presenting 204 00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:06,280 Speaker 1: of a boar's head at a feast could represent the 205 00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:10,560 Speaker 1: triumph over a human enemy or over a less tangible threat. 206 00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:14,360 Speaker 1: With the spread of Christianity across much of Europe, boar's 207 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:18,959 Speaker 1: heads came to represent Jesus Christ's triumph over evil. At 208 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: some point, people started presenting a boar's head at Christmas feasts, 209 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:25,720 Speaker 1: usually as the first dish brought into the hall by 210 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:29,480 Speaker 1: a processional. The head was typically roasted and dressed with 211 00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:32,360 Speaker 1: herbs and greenery, with a whole fruit in its mouth. 212 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 2: Here's an account from this happening at Saint John's Oxford 213 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:40,080 Speaker 2: in sixteen oh seven. Quote the first mess was a 214 00:13:40,120 --> 00:13:43,960 Speaker 2: boar's head, which was carried by the tallest and lustiest 215 00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:47,880 Speaker 2: of all the guard, before whom as attendants went first, 216 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:51,520 Speaker 2: one attired in a horseman's coat with a boar's spear 217 00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:55,480 Speaker 2: in his hand next to him, another huntsman in green 218 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:59,840 Speaker 2: with a bloody fossian drawn next to him, two pages 219 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:03,640 Speaker 2: and half ata sarsenet, each of them with a mess 220 00:14:03,679 --> 00:14:07,520 Speaker 2: of mustard. Next to whom came he that carried the 221 00:14:07,559 --> 00:14:11,280 Speaker 2: boar's head, crossed with a green silk scarf, by which 222 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:14,880 Speaker 2: hung the empty scabbard of the faucian, which was carried 223 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:18,080 Speaker 2: before him. As they entered the hall, he sang this 224 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:23,080 Speaker 2: Christmas Carol, the last three verses of every staff being 225 00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:27,560 Speaker 2: repeated after him by the whole company. I am regretting 226 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:31,120 Speaker 2: not making the spelling more modern English before I put 227 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 2: this in here, because I had a little struggle with it. 228 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,560 Speaker 2: One of the places where this is still done today 229 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:42,480 Speaker 2: is Queen's College, Oxford. Originally the Boar's Head ceremony there 230 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 2: was on Christmas Eve, and a meal served for faculty 231 00:14:45,520 --> 00:14:48,720 Speaker 2: in students who were remaining at the college over the holiday. 232 00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:52,160 Speaker 2: That seems to have started not long after the college 233 00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:56,120 Speaker 2: was first founded. In thirteen forty one. There is a 234 00:14:56,240 --> 00:14:59,520 Speaker 2: fun but apocryphal story about a student who was attacked 235 00:14:59,520 --> 00:15:03,360 Speaker 2: by a ye while studying his Aristotle on Shotover Hill 236 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:07,200 Speaker 2: in Oxford, and successfully defended himself by shoving his book 237 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:10,960 Speaker 2: down the boar's throat. The boar died and the student 238 00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:13,680 Speaker 2: brought the head back to Oxford, and that marks the 239 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:17,920 Speaker 2: beginning of the boar's head ceremony. In addition to it 240 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 2: being improbable that someone could kill a wild boar with 241 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:24,960 Speaker 2: a book of Aristotle, wild boars were probably extinct in 242 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:29,400 Speaker 2: England by the time this story supposedly happened. Today, the 243 00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:32,480 Speaker 2: Boar's Head Gaudy at Queen's College is usually held this 244 00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:36,920 Speaker 2: Saturday before Christmas, with the boar's Head Ceremony taking place 245 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 2: before dinner. If you're thinking do they still do that? 246 00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 2: Yes they do. You can watch video of it on 247 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 2: YouTube from as recently as like last year. Uh when 248 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:49,200 Speaker 2: this episode comes out you might be able to see 249 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 2: this year's ceremony. The school's provost and the fellows enter 250 00:15:53,320 --> 00:15:56,600 Speaker 2: the hall first, followed by a boar's head on a platter, 251 00:15:56,880 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 2: followed then by a choir. A solo sings the verses 252 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,760 Speaker 2: of the Carol, which are mostly in English, while Acquire 253 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:08,080 Speaker 2: sings the refrain, which is in Latin. There are a 254 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:10,920 Speaker 2: number of other places that do something similar to this 255 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 2: around Christmas, sometimes using a model of a boar's head 256 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,360 Speaker 2: rather than an actual head of a bore. I will 257 00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,320 Speaker 2: be honest with you, I am not fully clear on 258 00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:25,960 Speaker 2: the reality of the boar's head at Queen's College, Oxford. 259 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 2: It looks like I want to pet it, though, Okay, 260 00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:35,760 Speaker 2: sky a little fuzzy ears, but it's deceased, That's what 261 00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 2: I'm saying. I'm not sure if it's an actual deceased 262 00:16:38,520 --> 00:16:40,520 Speaker 2: head of an animal or if it is a model. 263 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:44,080 Speaker 2: And I did not find an answer to this. Some 264 00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:47,360 Speaker 2: places do use a model of a boar's head and 265 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:51,320 Speaker 2: not an actual animal head. Yeah, I'm just saying, like 266 00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:53,240 Speaker 2: I think my reaction is like I don't want to 267 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:56,520 Speaker 2: pet anything that looks like a decapitated thing. Okay, that 268 00:16:56,640 --> 00:16:58,360 Speaker 2: sure also makes sense. Yeah. 269 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,080 Speaker 1: There are lots of slightly different versions of the boar's 270 00:17:01,080 --> 00:17:04,040 Speaker 1: Head Carol. One of them starts with the verse the 271 00:17:04,119 --> 00:17:07,440 Speaker 1: boar's head in hand, bear eye bedecked with bays and rosemary, 272 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:10,840 Speaker 1: and I pray you my masters be merry quote estes 273 00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:14,600 Speaker 1: in convivio, and then the refrain is all in Latin, 274 00:17:14,760 --> 00:17:17,080 Speaker 1: so Heaven help us could put a pri de ferro 275 00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:22,159 Speaker 1: Redden's Loudest Domino. While this carol doesn't specifically include the 276 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:25,480 Speaker 1: word Christmas in the lyrics, the last verse does describe 277 00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:28,800 Speaker 1: the boar's head as being provided quote in honor of 278 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:29,880 Speaker 1: the King of Bliss. 279 00:17:30,920 --> 00:17:34,720 Speaker 2: Lincoln the words publication of his Christmas Carol collection, which 280 00:17:34,760 --> 00:17:38,400 Speaker 2: included this Boar's Head carol, took place just a few 281 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:41,960 Speaker 2: years after Martin Luther posted his ninety nine theses on 282 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 2: the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg, Germany, which 283 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 2: has marked us the start of the Protestant Reformation. This, 284 00:17:49,119 --> 00:17:53,280 Speaker 2: of course, led to massive changes and unrest and violence, 285 00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:57,280 Speaker 2: as what started as a reform movement within Catholicism led 286 00:17:57,320 --> 00:18:02,080 Speaker 2: to the establishment of multiple new religious denominations. Many of 287 00:18:02,119 --> 00:18:07,199 Speaker 2: these denominations intentionally tried to differentiate their worship services and 288 00:18:07,359 --> 00:18:12,680 Speaker 2: traditions from Catholicism, including writing new hymns and composing new 289 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:17,719 Speaker 2: music and eliminating the use of Latin. But since Christmas 290 00:18:17,760 --> 00:18:22,080 Speaker 2: carols had been sung mostly in secular spaces by lay people, 291 00:18:22,560 --> 00:18:25,720 Speaker 2: maybe with the exception of like special church services for 292 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:30,400 Speaker 2: holidays and feasts, or country churches who were fairly removed 293 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:34,399 Speaker 2: from central church authority, people just kept singing them during 294 00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:38,880 Speaker 2: and after the Reformation and Counter Reformation. During this time, 295 00:18:39,040 --> 00:18:42,920 Speaker 2: the word Christmas carol also started to be applied generally 296 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:47,399 Speaker 2: to songs about Christmas, regardless of whether they followed the 297 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:52,919 Speaker 2: traditional structural elements of the carol. A bigger influence on 298 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:55,800 Speaker 2: the carolling tradition in the islands of Britain and Ireland 299 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:58,240 Speaker 2: was the aftermath of the Civil War in the mid 300 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:03,600 Speaker 2: seventeenth century, which pitted the Royalists against the Parliamentarians. The 301 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:09,359 Speaker 2: Parliamentarians were victorious and established the Commonwealth of England. Oliver Cromwell, 302 00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:12,400 Speaker 2: who had been one of the generals on the parliamentarian side, 303 00:19:12,520 --> 00:19:16,200 Speaker 2: became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in sixteen 304 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:20,919 Speaker 2: fifty three. While Cromwell was Lord Protector, Parliament passed a 305 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:24,879 Speaker 2: series of laws mandating Sunday be observed as a holy 306 00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:29,000 Speaker 2: day and restricting how people could celebrate Christmas and other holidays. 307 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 2: This included laws banning the observance of a Christmas holiday 308 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,960 Speaker 2: in sixteen forty four and the banning of Christmas, Easter 309 00:19:37,080 --> 00:19:41,840 Speaker 2: and Whitson entirely in sixteen forty seven. This had connections 310 00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:45,119 Speaker 2: to the Protestant Reformation, since it grew from the Puritan 311 00:19:45,160 --> 00:19:48,880 Speaker 2: religious movement that had started in the sixteenth century, which 312 00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:52,320 Speaker 2: wanted to purify the Church of England of any vestiges 313 00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:58,200 Speaker 2: of Catholicism. The sixteen forty seven ban included banning festivities 314 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:01,240 Speaker 2: that people might do at home, and people could be 315 00:20:01,359 --> 00:20:05,600 Speaker 2: fined if they were caught celebrating Christmas. Other laws and 316 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 2: bands followed that one, including a law requiring shops to 317 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:13,880 Speaker 2: be open on Christmas Day. These laws were hard to enforce, 318 00:20:13,920 --> 00:20:17,000 Speaker 2: and there were definitely people who just kept on celebrating 319 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,360 Speaker 2: Christmas at home or closing their shops down for the holiday, 320 00:20:20,760 --> 00:20:24,160 Speaker 2: but this did put a damper on caroling, especially caroling 321 00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:24,879 Speaker 2: out in public. 322 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:28,800 Speaker 1: All of these laws were repealed after the restoration of 323 00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:33,080 Speaker 1: the monarchy under Charles the Second in sixteen sixty. Charles 324 00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:36,680 Speaker 1: the Second tried to revive the Christmas observances that Cromwell 325 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,960 Speaker 1: and Parliament had discouraged her outlawed, including at court, but 326 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:44,520 Speaker 1: the royal Christmas feasts after the restoration were never as 327 00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:47,640 Speaker 1: lavish or elaborate, as many of the ones in earlier 328 00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:51,320 Speaker 1: centuries had been. Things could vary based on who was 329 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:53,600 Speaker 1: monarch and what was going on in the kingdom. But 330 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:57,760 Speaker 1: earlier Christmas festivities had included all kinds of plays and 331 00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:01,160 Speaker 1: masks and revels, with a Lord of miss rule responsible 332 00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:06,160 Speaker 1: for a lot of raucous partying. After the Restoration, Christmas 333 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:09,320 Speaker 1: festivities at court did not involve quite so much rowdy, 334 00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:11,560 Speaker 1: drunkenness and over the top spectacle. 335 00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:16,920 Speaker 2: We will finally get to william Sands after another sponsor break. 336 00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:30,520 Speaker 2: Various books of Christmas carols were published in Britain in 337 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:35,440 Speaker 2: the seventeenth century, both before and after the Commonwealth period. 338 00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:39,480 Speaker 2: The idea of a Christmas carol as having one specific 339 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:43,120 Speaker 2: melody that it was always sung to is relatively new, 340 00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:47,400 Speaker 2: so many of these books only included the words. They 341 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:51,040 Speaker 2: did not necessarily include a tune that the words should 342 00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:55,119 Speaker 2: be sung to. In seventeen eighty two, a Christmas carol 343 00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:58,399 Speaker 2: was added to the Anglican Songbook for the first time. 344 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 2: That song was while Shepherds watched their flocks. This song 345 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:06,560 Speaker 2: tells the story of angels appearing to shepherds who are 346 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:08,840 Speaker 2: out with their flocks and telling them about the birth 347 00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 2: of Jesus. It's a narrative song. It's all in English 348 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:17,040 Speaker 2: and most versions do not have a repeated refrain like 349 00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:23,040 Speaker 2: Carol's traditionally did. It's not clear exactly when While Shepherds 350 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:27,000 Speaker 2: Watched Their Flocks was written. It's attributed to Irish poet 351 00:22:27,119 --> 00:22:30,320 Speaker 2: Nathum Tate and it first appeared in a supplement to 352 00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 2: the new version of the Psalms by Doctor Brady and 353 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:36,240 Speaker 2: mister Tate, which was published in seventeen hundred. 354 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,520 Speaker 1: Another newly composed Christmas carol in the eighteenth century was 355 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:44,400 Speaker 1: Hark the Harold Angels Sing, written by Charles Wesley, who 356 00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:48,439 Speaker 1: wrote an enormous number of hymns. Charles Wesley and his 357 00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:51,560 Speaker 1: brother John were major figures in the Methodist movement and 358 00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:55,600 Speaker 1: the establishment of the Methodist Church. Hark the Herald Angels 359 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: Sing first appeared in the collection Hymns and Sacred Poems 360 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:03,879 Speaker 1: in seventeen thirty. It has a repeated refrain of Hark 361 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:08,639 Speaker 1: the Herald Angels sing Glory to the newborn King. While 362 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:12,120 Speaker 1: new carols were being written, and sometimes they were being 363 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:16,800 Speaker 1: added to different denominations, song books and hymnals by the 364 00:23:16,880 --> 00:23:20,400 Speaker 1: end of the eighteenth century, traditional carols and carolink were 365 00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:23,720 Speaker 1: falling out of favor in Writtain. Some of this was 366 00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:27,760 Speaker 1: because people were more likely to be singing relatively new 367 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:31,840 Speaker 1: Christmas themed hymns and carols that had been written for churches, 368 00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:35,560 Speaker 1: like Hark the Herald Angels Sing and Silent Night, which 369 00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:39,120 Speaker 1: was composed in eighteen eighteen in Austria and then later 370 00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:42,040 Speaker 1: translated into English. We talked about that on the show 371 00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:46,120 Speaker 1: in twenty eighteen. According to William. 372 00:23:45,720 --> 00:23:50,520 Speaker 2: Sand's writing about Christmas Carols, by the late seventeen hundreds, 373 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 2: the old songs were still being sung in Ireland and Wales, 374 00:23:55,840 --> 00:24:00,360 Speaker 2: but the practice of going out into the community singings 375 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,760 Speaker 2: from house to house was mostly only being done in Cornwall. 376 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:08,800 Speaker 1: So at the start of the nineteenth century antiquarians and 377 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:12,040 Speaker 1: other interested people started trying to preserve and document the 378 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:16,800 Speaker 1: old Christmas carols before the practice died out entirely. One 379 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:20,520 Speaker 1: was Davi's Gilbert, who was a scientist and mathematician who 380 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:23,440 Speaker 1: worked with people like Sir Humphrey Davy and who became 381 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:27,560 Speaker 1: president of the Royal Society. Gilbert also served as High 382 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:31,080 Speaker 1: Sheriff of Cornwall and as a member of Parliament. In 383 00:24:31,119 --> 00:24:34,520 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty two he published a collection of twelve carols, 384 00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:37,439 Speaker 1: and he followed that up with an expanded edition of 385 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:42,000 Speaker 1: twenty carols in eighteen twenty three. He described these songs 386 00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:44,840 Speaker 1: as relics of the past, saying they had been sung 387 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:48,840 Speaker 1: quote in churches on Christmas Day and in private houses 388 00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:51,720 Speaker 1: on Christmas Eves throughout the west of England up to 389 00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:53,639 Speaker 1: the latter part of the late century. 390 00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:59,280 Speaker 2: William Sands cited Gilbert in his work on Christmas Carols 391 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,240 Speaker 2: a few years ag later. Sans had been born in 392 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:05,960 Speaker 2: seventeen ninety two and was the oldest son of Hannibal 393 00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:10,480 Speaker 2: and Anne Sands. He had at least one brother, named Samson, 394 00:25:10,640 --> 00:25:13,520 Speaker 2: who he went on a tour of southern Wales with 395 00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:17,600 Speaker 2: in eighteen nineteen. They took this tour mostly on foot, 396 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:21,160 Speaker 2: and they wrote an illustrated account of it. I could 397 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:23,720 Speaker 2: not find a scan of this anywhere, which disappointed me 398 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:27,080 Speaker 2: because it sounds very up my alley. But this manuscript 399 00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:31,080 Speaker 2: is in the National Library of Wales. Sans was a 400 00:25:31,119 --> 00:25:34,000 Speaker 2: solicitor and eventually became a partner in the firm of 401 00:25:34,119 --> 00:25:38,399 Speaker 2: Sans and not. He also got married twice, first to 402 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:42,280 Speaker 2: Harriet Hill from eighteen sixteen until her death in eighteen 403 00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:46,200 Speaker 2: fifty one, and then he married Eliza Pearson two years later. 404 00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:50,639 Speaker 2: They were married until Sam's death on February eighteenth, eighteen 405 00:25:50,720 --> 00:25:53,600 Speaker 2: seventy four. And that's all I know about his biography. 406 00:25:54,720 --> 00:25:57,520 Speaker 2: What we also know is that Sans wrote a lot 407 00:25:57,560 --> 00:26:02,080 Speaker 2: of books. Some of them included specimens of Macaronic poetry, 408 00:26:02,440 --> 00:26:05,240 Speaker 2: The History of the Violin and other instruments, Played on 409 00:26:05,320 --> 00:26:07,920 Speaker 2: with the Bow from the remote times to the present, 410 00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:12,280 Speaker 2: Specimens of Cornish provincial dialect, and a short view of 411 00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:16,080 Speaker 2: the history of Freemasonry dedicated to the Grand Lodge of England. 412 00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:19,960 Speaker 2: And of course there was his work on Christmas and 413 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:24,200 Speaker 2: Christmas Carols which led to this entire episode. The first 414 00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:28,040 Speaker 2: of these was Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern, published in 415 00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:33,040 Speaker 2: eighteen thirty three. He compiled these songs from old manuscripts, 416 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:37,280 Speaker 2: oral traditions, and interviews with elders who still remembered or 417 00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:41,680 Speaker 2: participated in the old traditions of caroling, Like Davies Gilbert. 418 00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:45,560 Speaker 2: He wrote about these carols as something from the past 419 00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:48,560 Speaker 2: that he was trying to preserve and document before it 420 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:52,159 Speaker 2: died out. The back of the book also included music 421 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:56,399 Speaker 2: for several carols. In the words of the Oxford Dictionary 422 00:26:56,440 --> 00:27:00,359 Speaker 2: of National Biography quote, his transcriptions of the two are 423 00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:05,400 Speaker 2: considered accurate, though his harmonizations are sometimes clumsy. 424 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:09,119 Speaker 1: This book comes from a very specific point of view. 425 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,840 Speaker 1: For example, the introduction begins quote the study of popular 426 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:16,560 Speaker 1: antiquities as connected with the early history of mankind is 427 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:20,479 Speaker 1: one of deep interest involving researches into the different ancient 428 00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:23,520 Speaker 1: systems of religion, and is a subject of too serious 429 00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:26,520 Speaker 1: in nature to be enlarged on in the following pages. 430 00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 1: The sacred rites and ceremonies of the various Heathen nations, 431 00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:34,320 Speaker 1: however different the details may appear, had a common origin. 432 00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:38,840 Speaker 1: For some few years after the flood, mankind had one religion, 433 00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:42,520 Speaker 1: the worship of the True God. But so prone is 434 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: man to err when unassisted by the divine grace, that 435 00:27:45,920 --> 00:27:49,359 Speaker 1: a century had scarcely elapsed before a perverted system was 436 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:52,840 Speaker 1: introduced and the Tower of Babel was built, which caused 437 00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:54,440 Speaker 1: the dispersion of nations. 438 00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:58,320 Speaker 2: The title of this book makes it sound as though 439 00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:02,560 Speaker 2: it's going to be exclusively about Carol's and caroling, but 440 00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:06,520 Speaker 2: about forty percent of its length is an introduction that 441 00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:11,159 Speaker 2: contains a kind of wandering exploration of the history of 442 00:28:11,320 --> 00:28:17,240 Speaker 2: Christmas observance, mainly in England and surrounding islands. It ambles 443 00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:20,919 Speaker 2: all through masks and watle and the Lord of Misrule, 444 00:28:21,160 --> 00:28:25,200 Speaker 2: and nativity plays and mystery plays, and on and on. 445 00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:29,600 Speaker 2: I was trying to read through all of this, some 446 00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:33,200 Speaker 2: of which did not seem related to music at all, 447 00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:38,240 Speaker 2: not even as like context setting. And I finally asked myself, 448 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,240 Speaker 2: when is he going to get back to the carrols. 449 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:44,680 Speaker 2: I searched the book for that term and found a 450 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:51,480 Speaker 2: sixty page gap where carols are not mentioned at all. 451 00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:54,480 Speaker 2: And that's like the book is like three hundred and 452 00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:57,440 Speaker 2: something pages long, so that's a significant amount of it. 453 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:01,120 Speaker 2: I was working from a scan of this book, and hilariously, 454 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:06,280 Speaker 2: some past person had written the word carols in pencil 455 00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:09,360 Speaker 2: with a little star next to it in the margin 456 00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:13,840 Speaker 2: where the part about carols picked back up. In his introduction, 457 00:29:14,080 --> 00:29:17,640 Speaker 2: San cites various possible origins for where the practice of 458 00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:20,560 Speaker 2: caroling door to door may have come from. What is 459 00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:21,479 Speaker 2: this quote? 460 00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,040 Speaker 1: There is a story on record of a terrible plague 461 00:29:24,120 --> 00:29:27,800 Speaker 1: at Goldsburg in fifteen fifty three, which carried off above 462 00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 1: twenty three hundred persons, leaving not more than twenty five 463 00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:35,720 Speaker 1: housekeepers alive in the place. The plague abating. One of 464 00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:38,520 Speaker 1: the survivors went on Christmas Eve to the Lower Ring 465 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:42,040 Speaker 1: and sang a carol, and was by degrees joined by 466 00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:46,120 Speaker 1: a few others to excite each other in thanksgiving. Hence 467 00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:49,360 Speaker 1: arose accustomed for the people to assemble in large numbers 468 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:52,560 Speaker 1: at the Upper and Lower Ring on Christmas morning to 469 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:56,720 Speaker 1: sing carols, beginning with unto us this day a child 470 00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:57,280 Speaker 1: is born. 471 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:02,480 Speaker 2: After the introduction, which again is lengthy, the book has 472 00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:06,440 Speaker 2: three parts, carols from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, 473 00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:10,560 Speaker 2: carol's still being sung in the West of England, and 474 00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:15,200 Speaker 2: specimens of old French carols, and then sort of like 475 00:30:15,240 --> 00:30:18,680 Speaker 2: an appendix, there's also a Christmas play of Saint George 476 00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:21,680 Speaker 2: and the Dragon, and some notes in several pages of music. 477 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,840 Speaker 2: The songs from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries are 478 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:29,800 Speaker 2: written primarily in Middle English, and then in the next 479 00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:32,480 Speaker 2: part some of the ones that are still being sung 480 00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:35,840 Speaker 2: do date back to those earlier centuries, but they're written 481 00:30:36,160 --> 00:30:40,120 Speaker 2: in modern English, not in an older version of the language, 482 00:30:40,760 --> 00:30:44,320 Speaker 2: and for some of those sans book is their first 483 00:30:44,360 --> 00:30:47,080 Speaker 2: appearance in writing in modern English. 484 00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,400 Speaker 1: One such carol is the First Noel, which Sans titles 485 00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:55,000 Speaker 1: for Christmas Day in the morning, and this spell's Noel 486 00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:59,719 Speaker 1: as Nowell, which was not an uncommon English spelling at 487 00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:04,280 Speaker 1: the time or in earlier centuries. This carol probably dates 488 00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:07,000 Speaker 1: back to at least the fifteenth century, and it starts 489 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:10,520 Speaker 1: the first Noel the Angel did say was to three 490 00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:14,120 Speaker 1: poor shepherds in the fields, as they lay in fields 491 00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:17,120 Speaker 1: where they lay keeping their sheep in a cold winter's 492 00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:21,880 Speaker 1: night that was so deep. Noel, Noel, Noel, Noel Born 493 00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:26,080 Speaker 1: is the King of Israel. That final series of Noel's 494 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:28,760 Speaker 1: and the born is the King of Israel form the 495 00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:30,240 Speaker 1: repeated refrain. 496 00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:34,200 Speaker 2: I really enjoyed the slight differences between the way a 497 00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:36,680 Speaker 2: lot of these songs are in this book and how 498 00:31:36,920 --> 00:31:40,040 Speaker 2: I personally sing them as a child. We had certain 499 00:31:40,120 --> 00:31:44,280 Speaker 2: poor shepherds, not three of them, because of the meter 500 00:31:45,520 --> 00:31:50,080 Speaker 2: being nicer that way. This book also includes God Rescue 501 00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:53,000 Speaker 2: Married Gentlemen, which probably goes back to at least the 502 00:31:53,040 --> 00:31:56,840 Speaker 2: seventeenth or eighteenth century, and also has that pattern of 503 00:31:57,000 --> 00:32:01,640 Speaker 2: stanzas and a refrain it starts God rescue, marry, gentlemen, 504 00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:05,080 Speaker 2: let nothing you dismay for Jesus Christ, our Savior, was 505 00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:08,640 Speaker 2: born upon this day to save us all from Satan's power. 506 00:32:08,680 --> 00:32:12,320 Speaker 2: Old we were gone astray, and then the chorus, Oh 507 00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:15,800 Speaker 2: Tidings of comfort and Joy. This one also has as 508 00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:18,400 Speaker 2: part of the chorus for Jesus Christ, our Savior was 509 00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:22,080 Speaker 2: born on Christmas Day. Other carols in Sans books that 510 00:32:22,120 --> 00:32:26,040 Speaker 2: people might recognize today include I saw three ships, which 511 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:29,200 Speaker 2: has its roots in the seventeenth century. That's the one 512 00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:31,800 Speaker 2: that goes I saw three ships come sailing in on 513 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:35,160 Speaker 2: Christmas Day. On Christmas Day. I saw three ships come 514 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,600 Speaker 2: sailing in on Christmas Day in the morning, forming the refrain. 515 00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,760 Speaker 2: So as we said earlier, Sands wrote this book as 516 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:46,200 Speaker 2: though he was documenting something that was dying out before 517 00:32:46,240 --> 00:32:50,120 Speaker 2: it disappeared entirely. But then in eighteen thirty seven, just 518 00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:53,520 Speaker 2: a few years after the book came out, Victoria became 519 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:58,600 Speaker 2: Queen of the United Kingdom. Sans really had not anticipated 520 00:32:58,640 --> 00:33:02,960 Speaker 2: the way that celebrates of Christmas would change in Britain 521 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:06,960 Speaker 2: and by extension, in the United States and other predominantly 522 00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:10,280 Speaker 2: English speaking parts of the world. During the Victorian era, 523 00:33:11,040 --> 00:33:15,480 Speaker 2: especially among the middle class. A lot of today's Christmas 524 00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:21,120 Speaker 2: traditions were popularized during these years, including things like Christmas trees, 525 00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,840 Speaker 2: which became a lot more popular after Queen Victoria and 526 00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:28,800 Speaker 2: Albert decorated one in eighteen forty eight, and illustrations of 527 00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:32,360 Speaker 2: it were published in newspapers and magazines, and in the 528 00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:35,520 Speaker 2: United States, pictures of it were adjusted so that it 529 00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:37,800 Speaker 2: didn't look like royalty, but it was the exact same 530 00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:41,200 Speaker 2: picture of a Christmas tree. We talked about this more 531 00:33:41,280 --> 00:33:44,440 Speaker 2: in our Christmas Triple feature episode from December twenty fourth, 532 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:48,560 Speaker 2: twenty eighteen, which included Charles Dickens a Christmas Carol and 533 00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:51,960 Speaker 2: its connection to all of this, and in our December nineteenth, 534 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:55,120 Speaker 2: twenty twenty one episode on Washington Irving. I think we 535 00:33:55,160 --> 00:33:59,400 Speaker 2: also talked about it in our Christmas Lights discussion. Oh yeah, 536 00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:02,560 Speaker 2: that sounds right, because how you know, I was shocked 537 00:34:02,560 --> 00:34:05,400 Speaker 2: to discover that people actually put candle lit candles on 538 00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:09,040 Speaker 2: Christmas trees. Washington Irving was an American, but his writings 539 00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:12,799 Speaker 2: on English Christmases folded back into Dickens's work, and as 540 00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:16,240 Speaker 2: part of this Victorian era shift in Christmas celebrations, people 541 00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:21,359 Speaker 2: also started returning to singing Christmas carols, including Carroler's Going 542 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:25,480 Speaker 2: Door to Door. SAMs published another book on Christmas called 543 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:30,040 Speaker 2: Christmas Tide Its History, Festivities and Carols in eighteen sixty. 544 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:32,680 Speaker 2: It is possible that there may have been an earlier 545 00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:36,200 Speaker 2: edition of that book that came out in the eighteen fifties. Yeah, 546 00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:40,719 Speaker 2: there's no date on the title page, and the notation 547 00:34:40,840 --> 00:34:44,400 Speaker 2: I found of it was a little unclear. New Christmas 548 00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:48,440 Speaker 2: carols were a part of this Victorian resurgence in caroling. 549 00:34:49,160 --> 00:34:53,480 Speaker 2: As examples, the Latin carol A DestinE Fidelis, which dates 550 00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:57,600 Speaker 2: back to at least sixteen forty, was translated into English 551 00:34:57,719 --> 00:35:02,000 Speaker 2: as okama Ye Faithful in eighteen fe one. In eighteen 552 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:05,920 Speaker 2: sixty two, James Chadwick based Angels we Have Heard on 553 00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:10,400 Speaker 2: High with its very wandering refrain of Gloria n x 554 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:14,880 Speaker 2: Chelsea's deo on a traditional French carol that probably dates 555 00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:16,240 Speaker 2: back to the eighteenth century. 556 00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:21,080 Speaker 1: New collections of Carroll's also came into print. John Mason 557 00:35:21,160 --> 00:35:24,520 Speaker 1: Neil and Thomas Hillmore published Carols for Christmas Time in 558 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:29,640 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty four. This was adapted from pie Cantionis, which 559 00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:32,880 Speaker 1: is a finish collection that was composed in Latin. It 560 00:35:32,960 --> 00:35:36,640 Speaker 1: included Carroll's like good Christian Men Rejoice and Good King 561 00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:41,480 Speaker 1: wincessless The Reverend H. R. Bramley, Fellow of Modeling College, Oxford, 562 00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:45,680 Speaker 1: and doctor John Stainer, the College organist, published Christmas Carols 563 00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:50,160 Speaker 1: New and Old, containing forty two Carrols, in eighteen seventy one. 564 00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:53,399 Speaker 1: The late nineteenth century also saw the first Christmas Eve 565 00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:56,799 Speaker 1: services of Lessons and Carrols, and the Oxford Book of 566 00:35:56,840 --> 00:36:00,520 Speaker 1: Carroll's was first published in nineteen twenty eight. And of 567 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:04,920 Speaker 1: course there have continued to be so many new songs 568 00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:08,440 Speaker 1: written for and about Christmas, a lot of them today 569 00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:12,600 Speaker 1: categorized as Carol's, whether or not they resemble the old 570 00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:16,920 Speaker 1: Ring Dances with Stanzas and Burdens. One of our episodes 571 00:36:17,080 --> 00:36:20,160 Speaker 1: that touches on That is our two parter on twentieth 572 00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:24,839 Speaker 1: century composer and songwriter Irving Berlin, which came out in 573 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:29,280 Speaker 1: December of twenty twenty two. Irving Berlin wrote, among other things, 574 00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:34,480 Speaker 1: the song White Christmas, and that is some Christmas Carol history. 575 00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:36,719 Speaker 1: Do you have listener mail to go with it? 576 00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:37,799 Speaker 2: I do. 577 00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:42,760 Speaker 1: I don't think I read this before our recent refrain. 578 00:36:43,160 --> 00:36:47,480 Speaker 2: Yeah, but this letter writer sent us the email and 579 00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:51,040 Speaker 2: then a second follow up, and I flagged the follow 580 00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:54,280 Speaker 2: up to read, and then when I was reading it today, 581 00:36:54,280 --> 00:36:59,600 Speaker 2: I was like, did I read the original thing already? Though? Anyway, 582 00:36:59,719 --> 00:37:03,640 Speaker 2: this is from Graysia. Graysia wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy, 583 00:37:03,760 --> 00:37:06,640 Speaker 2: longtime listener, first time writer who never thought it actually 584 00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:09,880 Speaker 2: right in, But I was inspired by your soap making 585 00:37:10,120 --> 00:37:12,920 Speaker 2: episode and it was a little while ago, but I 586 00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:15,640 Speaker 2: am a bit behind and a bit of a procrastinator. 587 00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:18,759 Speaker 2: Why soap? Well? A couple of months ago, I was 588 00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:21,960 Speaker 2: out to dinner with my significant other, his sister and cousin, 589 00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:25,879 Speaker 2: all of whom are various engineering majors that are now 590 00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:30,120 Speaker 2: scientists or working engineers. I'm a designer and science and 591 00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:32,839 Speaker 2: math were never my interests, so I can find their 592 00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:37,759 Speaker 2: conversations hard to contribute to at times. Anyway, we got 593 00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:41,040 Speaker 2: into the discussion of soap, and deep back into my 594 00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:44,479 Speaker 2: elementary field trip memory, I remembered how soap was made. 595 00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:47,520 Speaker 2: I have no clue why I remember something from so 596 00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:51,400 Speaker 2: long ago, but standing in an eighteen hundred's farmhouse that 597 00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:55,000 Speaker 2: was a part of my hometown's Norwegian American Museum, I 598 00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:59,320 Speaker 2: remembered a guide showing us a wash basin and telling 599 00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:01,920 Speaker 2: us how they would make soap using ashes from their 600 00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:05,440 Speaker 2: fireplace and animal fat from their farm. I did, however, 601 00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:07,959 Speaker 2: put a disclaimer that what I remembered was so long 602 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:10,000 Speaker 2: ago I would have to double check what all I 603 00:38:10,040 --> 00:38:13,919 Speaker 2: told them was correct. Then your episode about soap came out, 604 00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:17,520 Speaker 2: and I was thrilled to find everything I said matched up. 605 00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:20,840 Speaker 2: It's funny now looking back, that a random thing like 606 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,640 Speaker 2: soap connected to a one off conversation and a podcast 607 00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:28,759 Speaker 2: I've been listening to for years. A little note on that, 608 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:32,359 Speaker 2: I believe I discovered your podcast in eighth grade as 609 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:35,399 Speaker 2: a source for a National History Day project and used 610 00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,759 Speaker 2: to resources and as a jumping off point. I do 611 00:38:38,880 --> 00:38:41,440 Speaker 2: know that I regularly started listening to you my sophomore 612 00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:44,520 Speaker 2: year of high school. I'd gotten my own smartphone by 613 00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:46,680 Speaker 2: then I needed something to listen to while painting a 614 00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:49,719 Speaker 2: room in my parents' house. Even with small brakes here 615 00:38:49,719 --> 00:38:52,000 Speaker 2: and there, I always tuned back in. Your voices have 616 00:38:52,080 --> 00:38:54,839 Speaker 2: been with me on high school sports bus rides, through 617 00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:57,360 Speaker 2: college during a pandemic, and now on my commute to 618 00:38:57,440 --> 00:39:00,160 Speaker 2: and from work. I did not realize how long to 619 00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:02,080 Speaker 2: end this long email. I just need to thank you 620 00:39:02,120 --> 00:39:04,520 Speaker 2: both using your platform to speak out about what's happening 621 00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:07,279 Speaker 2: right now. I know you know, I find comfort that 622 00:39:07,440 --> 00:39:11,920 Speaker 2: knowing there are other like minded people out there. Gracia 623 00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,640 Speaker 2: and then Graycia sent a follow up. It was like 624 00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:18,319 Speaker 2: I accidentally sent my email before I meant to, and 625 00:39:19,239 --> 00:39:22,640 Speaker 2: the second to last paragraph had been sort of in 626 00:39:22,680 --> 00:39:24,719 Speaker 2: the process of being worked on, and Grecia had meant 627 00:39:24,760 --> 00:39:26,440 Speaker 2: to say, I didn't realize how long I'd been a 628 00:39:26,480 --> 00:39:29,200 Speaker 2: listener until I started counting back to the years and 629 00:39:29,239 --> 00:39:32,239 Speaker 2: feeling a little old. Uh. And in the follow up, 630 00:39:32,239 --> 00:39:35,880 Speaker 2: Gracia sent pet tax. This is a little kiddy that 631 00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:40,399 Speaker 2: they called Goldfish who showed up last summer while they 632 00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:43,279 Speaker 2: were moving into a rental house. They could not have 633 00:39:43,360 --> 00:39:46,440 Speaker 2: a cat per the lease agreement, but here was a 634 00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:50,000 Speaker 2: cat who needed food and care, and so they looked 635 00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:55,120 Speaker 2: after Goldfish got her uh, got her spade, and eventually 636 00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:57,400 Speaker 2: found a home for her with a coworker. She is 637 00:39:57,480 --> 00:40:00,880 Speaker 2: now named Lilith and has a sibl ling named Boo. 638 00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:05,040 Speaker 2: This kitty cat, now called Lilith, is an orange kitty 639 00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:08,719 Speaker 2: with a white belly who just looks exactly like the 640 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:10,840 Speaker 2: sort of a cat who would show up at someone's 641 00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:13,680 Speaker 2: door from outside and say hello, I would love it 642 00:40:13,719 --> 00:40:16,759 Speaker 2: if you found a way for me to be brought inside. 643 00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:21,239 Speaker 2: Thank you so much Gracia for this email. I love 644 00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:25,480 Speaker 2: this story. I sometimes forget how long the show has 645 00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:28,520 Speaker 2: been around, and so when I realized that a person 646 00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:31,440 Speaker 2: can have started listening to it in eighth grade and 647 00:40:31,520 --> 00:40:34,360 Speaker 2: be now still listening to it as an adult person, 648 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:39,759 Speaker 2: it's a little startling. Also, National History Day, we have 649 00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:44,359 Speaker 2: had various folks right in about National History Day over 650 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,400 Speaker 2: the years, including writing in about their projects, writing in 651 00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:51,560 Speaker 2: asking if they could have the source list for something 652 00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:55,160 Speaker 2: that we have done on the show before saying hey, 653 00:40:55,239 --> 00:40:57,200 Speaker 2: maybe if I get your source list from that episode, 654 00:40:57,200 --> 00:40:59,480 Speaker 2: it will help me in my National History Day projects. 655 00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:02,359 Speaker 2: And then just folks who have wanted us to know 656 00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:06,480 Speaker 2: what's going on with National History Day. But I am 657 00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:09,839 Speaker 2: always every year curious to see what is going on 658 00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,920 Speaker 2: with National History Day, what are the students doing, what 659 00:41:14,080 --> 00:41:16,920 Speaker 2: kind of projects do people have going on. It is 660 00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:20,560 Speaker 2: one of the things that I think has been affected 661 00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:24,520 Speaker 2: by massive budget cuts from the federal government, and I 662 00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:27,439 Speaker 2: do not know what the status of that is at 663 00:41:27,440 --> 00:41:31,799 Speaker 2: this moment, but yeah, thanks for writing in Grasia and 664 00:41:31,880 --> 00:41:36,120 Speaker 2: for mentioning that and for sending such adorable cat pictures. 665 00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:39,359 Speaker 2: If you would like to send us a note with 666 00:41:39,840 --> 00:41:43,879 Speaker 2: or without cat pictures. We are at History Podcast at 667 00:41:43,920 --> 00:41:47,600 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio dot com and you can subscribe to our show 668 00:41:47,680 --> 00:41:50,840 Speaker 2: on the iHeartRadio app and to anywhere else you'd like 669 00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:59,480 Speaker 2: to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class 670 00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:03,560 Speaker 2: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 671 00:42:03,719 --> 00:42:07,320 Speaker 2: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 672 00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:08,360 Speaker 2: to your favorite shows.