1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:05,040 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show. Hello, 2 00:00:05,640 --> 00:00:08,440 Speaker 1: Welcome to this day in History class, where we flipped 3 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:10,680 Speaker 1: through the book of history and bring you a new 4 00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:23,000 Speaker 1: page every day. The day was April ten, seventeen ten. 5 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:28,920 Speaker 1: The Statute of Ann, often considered the first full copyright law, 6 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: became effective. The word copyright was not used in the statute. Instead, 7 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: the statute was called an Act for the encouragement of 8 00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:41,760 Speaker 1: learning by investing the copies of printed books and the 9 00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: authors or purchasers of such copies during the times therein mentioned. 10 00:00:48,440 --> 00:00:51,280 Speaker 1: There had been other instances in history of artists and 11 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: publishers being protected from unauthorized uses of their work, but 12 00:00:55,800 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 1: the Statute of Ann was a milestone and a copyright law. 13 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:05,000 Speaker 1: The statute influence copyright legislation in other countries like Denmark, 14 00:01:05,160 --> 00:01:08,679 Speaker 1: the United States, in France in the eighteenth century, and 15 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:12,280 Speaker 1: it was enforced until the Copyright Act eighteen forty two 16 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:16,800 Speaker 1: was passed Before the Statute of An The Licensing of 17 00:01:16,840 --> 00:01:20,240 Speaker 1: the Press Act sixteen sixty two gave a guild of 18 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: printers and booksellers from London called the Stationers Company, the 19 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:28,560 Speaker 1: exclusive power to print and responsibility to sensor literary works, 20 00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 1: authors could not join the Stationers Company. People despised that 21 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: censorship and the fact that the Stationers Company had a 22 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:41,360 Speaker 1: monopoly in printing, so a lot of authors and small 23 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:44,759 Speaker 1: publishers protested the Act and objected when it was time 24 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: for it to be renewed every two years. The protesters 25 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: got what they wanted when in sixteen nine Parliament did 26 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:57,240 Speaker 1: not renew the Act, so the Stationers monopoly ended. The 27 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:00,800 Speaker 1: Stationers fought to get the old licensing system back, but 28 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:06,640 Speaker 1: Parliament refused. Meanwhile, many authors and publishers were asking for 29 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: a new licensing system. Writer Daniel Dafote, for instance, wrote 30 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 1: in seventeen o five one man studies seven years to 31 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:18,760 Speaker 1: bring a finished peace into the world, and a pirate 32 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:22,320 Speaker 1: printer reprints his copy immediately and sells it for a 33 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:25,760 Speaker 1: quarter of the price. These things call for an Act 34 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:28,679 Speaker 1: of Parliament, and that's so loud as I hope will 35 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:31,480 Speaker 1: not be denied that so property of copies may be 36 00:02:31,560 --> 00:02:35,280 Speaker 1: secured to laborious students, to the encouragement of letters and 37 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:40,440 Speaker 1: all useful studies. The Stationers were losing money as small 38 00:02:40,480 --> 00:02:44,320 Speaker 1: printing presses and internationally printed books were cheaper, so The 39 00:02:44,400 --> 00:02:48,040 Speaker 1: Stationers took notice of the prevailing sentiment and decided to 40 00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:52,239 Speaker 1: lobby for a new copyright statute on behalf of the authors. 41 00:02:53,240 --> 00:02:56,840 Speaker 1: They argued that licensing needed to be reinstated so that 42 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:01,800 Speaker 1: authors could be guaranteed a income. Other Wise, as stationer 43 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:05,200 Speaker 1: John Howe put it in seventeen oh six, learned men 44 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: will be wholly discouraged from propagating the most useful parts 45 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:12,960 Speaker 1: of knowledge and literature. With the support of authors, the 46 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:17,360 Speaker 1: Stationers Company petitioned Parliament in seventeen oh seven and seventeen 47 00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: o nine to write a bill given copyright to authors. 48 00:03:21,800 --> 00:03:25,400 Speaker 1: Member of Parliament Edward Wortley introduced a copyright bill in 49 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: January seventeen ten, after which point many changes and amendments 50 00:03:30,120 --> 00:03:33,240 Speaker 1: were made to the bill, and on April five, the 51 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:37,280 Speaker 1: bill was granted Royal assent. Five days later it went 52 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:41,040 Speaker 1: into force. The act became known as the Statute of 53 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: Anne because it was passed under the reign of Queen Anne. 54 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:48,720 Speaker 1: The statute said that for any book published after April tenth, 55 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:51,960 Speaker 1: an author had a copyright term of fourteen years from 56 00:03:51,960 --> 00:03:55,680 Speaker 1: the date of first publication. Was the possible fourteen year 57 00:03:55,720 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: renewal if the author was still alive when the first 58 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 1: term expired. A legacy clause gave works that had already 59 00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:06,440 Speaker 1: been published a twenty one year copyright term starting from 60 00:04:06,480 --> 00:04:10,760 Speaker 1: the date the statute went into forests. When the copyright expired, 61 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:14,320 Speaker 1: then the work would move into the public domain. The 62 00:04:14,360 --> 00:04:16,560 Speaker 1: title of a work had to be registered with the 63 00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,920 Speaker 1: Company of Stationers for the copyright to be binding, and 64 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:22,359 Speaker 1: if someone broke the law, they had to forfeit the 65 00:04:22,360 --> 00:04:25,039 Speaker 1: back copies and pay one penny per page, where the 66 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: complainant could claim half and the Crown would get the 67 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:33,200 Speaker 1: other half. Unreasonably high prices for books were prohibited, and 68 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:37,360 Speaker 1: the importation of most foreign works was banned. The copyright 69 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: applied to England, Wales, Scotland, and decades later Ireland. The 70 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:45,000 Speaker 1: stated aim of the Statute of an was to bring 71 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:48,560 Speaker 1: stability to the book trade, and generally people felt it 72 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: accomplished that goal, though the legal deposit system it mandated 73 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:56,800 Speaker 1: was not so popular. The statute required the deposit of 74 00:04:56,880 --> 00:04:59,840 Speaker 1: nine copies of the book at the Stationers Company, the 75 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 1: Royal Library, or certain universities. The expiration of copyrights in 76 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:09,640 Speaker 1: seventeen thirty one led the stationers to claim that copyright 77 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:13,760 Speaker 1: was perpetual according to common law, and the effort known 78 00:05:13,839 --> 00:05:18,159 Speaker 1: as the Battle of the Booksellers soon began. Over the 79 00:05:18,200 --> 00:05:22,400 Speaker 1: next century, copyright law expanded, and in eighteen forty two 80 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 1: Parliament passed a Copyright Act that repealed the Statute of 81 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:31,040 Speaker 1: ann Still, the statute marked the first time printers mistreatment 82 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:34,880 Speaker 1: of authors was recognized, and its significance in copyright history 83 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:39,560 Speaker 1: is widely acknowledged. I'm Eve STEPF Coote and hopefully you 84 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:43,120 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 85 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:47,120 Speaker 1: And a little note about the dating in this episode. 86 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:49,880 Speaker 1: Many sources date the text of the Statute of And 87 00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:53,360 Speaker 1: to seventeen o nine, but the correct year is seventeen ten. 88 00:05:55,320 --> 00:05:59,120 Speaker 1: Keep up with us on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook at 89 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 1: T D I h C Podcast. Thanks for joining me 90 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:08,880 Speaker 1: on this trip through history. See you here, same place tomorrow. 91 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:23,080 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, I'm Eves and welcome to the Stand History Class, 92 00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:25,960 Speaker 1: a podcast that peels back a new layer of history 93 00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:38,600 Speaker 1: every day. The day was April tenth, eighteen fifteen. Mount Tambora, 94 00:06:38,760 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 1: on the island of Sambawa and what is now Indonesia, 95 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:45,919 Speaker 1: produced one of the largest and deadliest eruptions in recorded history. 96 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 1: Indonesia was then a Dutch colony called the Dutch East Indies. 97 00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:54,720 Speaker 1: Before the eruption, Mount Tambora was a strato volcano in 98 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:58,240 Speaker 1: the northern part of Sambawa that stood at about fourteen 99 00:06:58,279 --> 00:07:02,800 Speaker 1: thousand feet or forty three hundred meters tall. Radio carbon 100 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:07,640 Speaker 1: dating has confirmed that Mount Tombora erupted around b C 101 00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: e C and seven forty roughly. The magnitude of those 102 00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:18,200 Speaker 1: eruptions is unknown, but historical records show that the volcano 103 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: was highly active starting in eighteen twelve. In early April 104 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:27,120 Speaker 1: of eighteen fifteen, Mount Tomboro's eruption began with small tremors 105 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: and pyroclastic flows. On April tenth, days after the rumbling began, 106 00:07:32,280 --> 00:07:36,560 Speaker 1: the volcanoes eruption became violent. Three columns of lava shot 107 00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:40,080 Speaker 1: into the air, ash, rock and aerosols were spewed into 108 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 1: the atmosphere. Strong winds uprooted trees, pumice stones rained down 109 00:07:45,240 --> 00:07:49,680 Speaker 1: on nearby villages. Lava hurled into the ocean, killing wildlife 110 00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:53,600 Speaker 1: and causing tsunamis. Huge fields of pumice formed and floated 111 00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:57,200 Speaker 1: out to sea, posing a hazard to ships. Ash and 112 00:07:57,320 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: waves destroyed people's boats. And homes. The volcano ejected so 113 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:05,400 Speaker 1: much material into the atmosphere that it prevented a lot 114 00:08:05,440 --> 00:08:09,120 Speaker 1: of sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. For the next several days, 115 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:14,040 Speaker 1: the area was plunged into darkness. Air temperatures dropped significantly, 116 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: and ash continued to rain down in the region for weeks. 117 00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:22,680 Speaker 1: The major eruptions stopped by mid July. The top three 118 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,480 Speaker 1: thousand feet of the volcano were destroyed. A caldera about 119 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 1: three point seven miles in diameter and thirty six undred 120 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:33,680 Speaker 1: feet deep formed. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index, the eruption 121 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:37,560 Speaker 1: is rated at a magnitude seven. The volcano had released 122 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:42,199 Speaker 1: an estimated thirty six cubic miles of ash, pummice, and aerosols. 123 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:46,800 Speaker 1: Most of the immediate destruction happened on Simbawa and surrounding islands. 124 00:08:47,280 --> 00:08:52,920 Speaker 1: Freshwater was contaminated, crops and forests were destroyed. Around ten 125 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:57,080 Speaker 1: thousand deaths were caused by volcanic bombs, tefra fall, and 126 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 1: pyroclastic flows, but in total, somewhere around ninety thousand people 127 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: died in the disaster, as more died from disease and famine. 128 00:09:07,559 --> 00:09:10,960 Speaker 1: Countries all around the world were affected In the aftermath 129 00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:14,800 Speaker 1: of the eighteen fifteen Mount Tambora eruption, all the ash 130 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:18,840 Speaker 1: and the atmosphere lowered global temperatures, leading to eighteen sixteen 131 00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 1: being dubbed the Year without a Summer. In China and Tibet, 132 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:27,240 Speaker 1: lower than normal temperatures killed trees, crops, and animals. Summer 133 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:30,839 Speaker 1: frosts hit the northeast United States, causing crops to fail 134 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:34,520 Speaker 1: and prices to rise. There was more rainfall than usual 135 00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:37,680 Speaker 1: in Europe in the summer of eighteen sixteen, which caused 136 00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:41,600 Speaker 1: crop failures and famine. There's not much evidence that Mount 137 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: Tambora's eruption affected the Southern hemisphere, but it was linked 138 00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:49,239 Speaker 1: to sudden and extreme weather changes in the northern hemisphere. 139 00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:53,280 Speaker 1: Small eruptions at Mount Tambora have been reported in the 140 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:57,960 Speaker 1: centuries after the eighteen fifteen disaster. I'm Eves Deafcote and 141 00:09:58,000 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about his strad today 142 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:04,480 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. If you have any burning questions 143 00:10:04,559 --> 00:10:06,640 Speaker 1: or comments, feel free to send us a note on 144 00:10:06,679 --> 00:10:11,240 Speaker 1: social media on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram at t D 145 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 1: I h C podcast. You can also send us an 146 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:19,280 Speaker 1: email at this day at I heeart media dot com. 147 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:21,440 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening to the show and we'll see 148 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:29,640 Speaker 1: you tomorrow. For more podcasts from i Heeart Radio, visit 149 00:10:29,640 --> 00:10:32,320 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 150 00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:33,199 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.