1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,000 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:17,040 Speaker 1: Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Tracy, I'm gonna do 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:19,639 Speaker 1: a little bit of administrative work up top. Let's do it. 5 00:00:19,680 --> 00:00:22,840 Speaker 1: Which is exciting administrative work, which is that I have 6 00:00:22,880 --> 00:00:27,000 Speaker 1: a book coming out. Yeah. My other podcast, which is 7 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:32,559 Speaker 1: called Criminalia, involves cocktails that go alongside historical true crime stories. 8 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,440 Speaker 1: And we have a book called Killer Cocktails coming out 9 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:40,400 Speaker 1: October fifteenth, which features abridged stories that you may have 10 00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:42,519 Speaker 1: heard on the show, as well as about half of 11 00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:45,599 Speaker 1: them are brand new tales and cocktails. Every cocktail has 12 00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:49,160 Speaker 1: a mocktail version. One chapter of the book the Mocktails 13 00:00:49,159 --> 00:00:51,760 Speaker 1: of the Star, and the cocktail part is kind of 14 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 1: secondary because it's about imposters. So I hope if that 15 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:58,760 Speaker 1: sounds interesting to you, you will check it out. You 16 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:01,600 Speaker 1: can buy it pretty much every where books are sold. Again, 17 00:01:01,640 --> 00:01:04,399 Speaker 1: that is Killer Cocktails, And I wrote that with my 18 00:01:04,480 --> 00:01:07,880 Speaker 1: co host on Criminalium, Marie Tramarky. I hope you get it, 19 00:01:07,959 --> 00:01:10,839 Speaker 1: and if you do, I hope you enjoy it. Now 20 00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:15,840 Speaker 1: to the business at hand, it's astronomy time. Yeah, this 21 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:19,800 Speaker 1: one started out in kind of a kooky way because 22 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:22,919 Speaker 1: I have been wanting to do for a minute an 23 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:29,080 Speaker 1: episode of several sort of obscure women in astronomy history, 24 00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:32,960 Speaker 1: because there are a lot and a lot of them. 25 00:01:33,160 --> 00:01:36,640 Speaker 1: Because they were women, there's maybe not always as much 26 00:01:36,680 --> 00:01:40,400 Speaker 1: documentation as men that were working at the same time, right, 27 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: But one of those that I came across is Elizabethajavelius, 28 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:46,679 Speaker 1: and then as I was looking at her, it became 29 00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: very much about her and her husband because they worked 30 00:01:49,440 --> 00:01:54,320 Speaker 1: alongside each other. So this one is also a love story. 31 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:56,760 Speaker 1: It does, I will tell you upfront, come with an 32 00:01:56,800 --> 00:01:59,480 Speaker 1: age difference that's so big that it's a little dicey. 33 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:03,680 Speaker 1: If it happened today, I think a lot of criticism 34 00:02:03,720 --> 00:02:07,440 Speaker 1: would happen. But it features the work of seventeenth century 35 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:13,040 Speaker 1: Polish astronomer Johanna Savelius and his second wife and close collaborator, 36 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:16,120 Speaker 1: elizabethas So that is who we are talking about today. 37 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 2: Johanna Savalias was born in Danzig, Poland. That's how it's known. 38 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,639 Speaker 2: In German today, it is more often known as its 39 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 2: Polish name of Gadax, and he was born on January 40 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,520 Speaker 2: twenty eighth sixteen eleven. You will see his last name 41 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:37,120 Speaker 2: spelled in a variety of ways, although it's believed that 42 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 2: Johannes was the first to use the form Hevelius, which 43 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:43,840 Speaker 2: has roots in Latin, instead of one of the German 44 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:49,560 Speaker 2: or Polish variations on the family name. Hevelius's father, Abraham, 45 00:02:49,680 --> 00:02:53,080 Speaker 2: was a wealthy man and his mother was Cordelia Hecker. 46 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: Yeah. She was also from a pretty comfortable family and 47 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:01,280 Speaker 1: when Johanns was seven he started school and that went 48 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:04,440 Speaker 1: well for a while, but when he was thirteen, problems 49 00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:07,080 Speaker 1: brought on by the Thirty Years' War caused his school 50 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 1: to close, and at that point Johannes was sent to 51 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:13,080 Speaker 1: another village to continue his education where the schools were 52 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:17,880 Speaker 1: still running normally. This village, Gon Deelch, was populated mostly 53 00:03:17,919 --> 00:03:21,200 Speaker 1: by Polish speakers, whereas growing up in danteg at the time, 54 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:25,800 Speaker 1: young Havilias had encountered mostly German speakers. This gave the 55 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:29,160 Speaker 1: boy a high degree of proficiency in both languages. 56 00:03:30,040 --> 00:03:32,800 Speaker 2: His father believed he was destined to follow in the 57 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:37,080 Speaker 2: family business, which was brewing, and initially that is how 58 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 2: things went. He started working on a law degree at 59 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:43,840 Speaker 2: the age of nineteen, and that's something that would be 60 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 2: valuable in business. And then in sixteen thirty four, at 61 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 2: the age of twenty three, he returned home. He had 62 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 2: spent some time at the University of Leyden in Holland, 63 00:03:53,480 --> 00:03:56,840 Speaker 2: and in London and in Paris. While he had been 64 00:03:56,880 --> 00:04:00,440 Speaker 2: in law school, a solar eclipse had captured shared an 65 00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:04,880 Speaker 2: interest in astronomy, which he'd actually had in childhood. He 66 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:08,600 Speaker 2: continued his legal education, but he also made time to 67 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 2: study other interests. As he traveled, Hevelius connected with various 68 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 2: scientists and philosophers of Europe, and he kept up correspondence 69 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,200 Speaker 2: with a lot of them for years afterward. This was, 70 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 2: of course, an incredible time to be a young, smart, 71 00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:28,039 Speaker 2: curious person who also had family money in Europe. The 72 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:30,960 Speaker 2: telescope had been invented at the beginning of the century, 73 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 2: and Galileo had been observing the heavens through a telescope 74 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 2: for just a little more than two decades, and all 75 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,720 Speaker 2: of this was really exciting to Johannes, maybe a bit 76 00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:43,720 Speaker 2: too exciting, because as he was planning to tour Italy 77 00:04:43,760 --> 00:04:47,480 Speaker 2: and meet some astronomers there, his family told him, even 78 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:49,640 Speaker 2: though he had not finished his education and did not 79 00:04:49,720 --> 00:04:51,800 Speaker 2: get his law degree, that it was time to pack 80 00:04:51,839 --> 00:04:55,000 Speaker 2: it up and come home. Once he was home, his 81 00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:58,200 Speaker 2: parents decided he was ready to start his career running 82 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 2: the family brewery, but that was not his only job. 83 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:04,960 Speaker 2: The Hevelius family owned a lot of businesses and he 84 00:05:05,080 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 2: oversaw those as well, so he was running a stable 85 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:13,599 Speaker 2: in several townhouses as well. He also got married to 86 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:17,520 Speaker 2: a young woman named Katrina Rabeshka on March twenty first, 87 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 2: sixteen thirty eight. Then he joined the Brewers Guild in 88 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:24,479 Speaker 2: sixteen thirty nine. So there's another man that we need 89 00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:28,520 Speaker 2: to discuss briefly because he had a significant impact on Johannes, 90 00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:32,120 Speaker 2: and that is Peter Krueger. Krueger had been one of 91 00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 2: Hevelius's teachers when he was still a young kid, and 92 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:38,760 Speaker 2: Krueger had also been hired to do some private tutoring 93 00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:41,520 Speaker 2: with Johannes, and then as Johannes grew up, the two 94 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:45,320 Speaker 2: men had become friends. Krueger was the person who had 95 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 2: first taught Johannes about astronomy, and when the teacher was 96 00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:52,800 Speaker 2: in his final days and Hevelius visited him, Krueger told 97 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:56,880 Speaker 2: him that he felt that Johannes should pursue work not 98 00:05:57,080 --> 00:06:01,960 Speaker 2: in business, but in studying the heavens. This deathbed talk 99 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:06,080 Speaker 2: clearly left a strong impression on Helius. Because he took 100 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:09,200 Speaker 2: it to heart, he started making plans to build his 101 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:14,640 Speaker 2: own observatory. Another solar eclipse on June one, sixteen thirty nine, 102 00:06:14,880 --> 00:06:20,359 Speaker 2: also influenced this decision. Watching the eclipse, Helius became completely 103 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,520 Speaker 2: certain that he wanted to study the heavens. Construction of 104 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:28,240 Speaker 2: his observatory took place in sixteen forty one, and this 105 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 2: was a project that was possible because of the Helius 106 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:34,760 Speaker 2: family wealth, both in terms of financing the work and 107 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:38,200 Speaker 2: in having a suitable spot to build in the first place. 108 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:43,080 Speaker 2: Johannes owned three townhouses that sat in a row in Danzig, 109 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:46,360 Speaker 2: and he built his observatory across the roofs of all 110 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:50,159 Speaker 2: three of them to maximize his space. When he was done, 111 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,800 Speaker 2: Helius called it Star Castle, and despite being outside of 112 00:06:54,839 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 2: the major hubs of astronomy in France and England, it 113 00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:01,440 Speaker 2: was recognized by scientists of the day as both impressive 114 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:06,240 Speaker 2: and important. Yeah, he occupies this really unique space because 115 00:07:06,279 --> 00:07:09,120 Speaker 2: anyone else would have had to go out and seek 116 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:12,760 Speaker 2: patronage and funding to get something like that done, and 117 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 2: he managed it on his own. Although to make this 118 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 2: dream work, Hevelius had to cut back on the amount 119 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:21,400 Speaker 2: of time that he spent managing the brewery and the 120 00:07:21,440 --> 00:07:24,840 Speaker 2: other businesses, and at this point his wife Katerina really 121 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,400 Speaker 2: stepped in to handle them. Johannes also was elected to 122 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:31,840 Speaker 2: fill some leadership positions in Dunzig, first as an alderman 123 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:35,440 Speaker 2: and then as a magistrate. Is how it's put in 124 00:07:35,440 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 2: one thing. In others, it's like he was more like 125 00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:41,720 Speaker 2: a city councilman. But those additional roles once again strained 126 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:44,640 Speaker 2: his schedule and kind of left him without much time 127 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,720 Speaker 2: to pursue his scientific interests. We mentioned in our episode 128 00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:52,120 Speaker 2: about Thomas Harriet that Harriet drew the first map of 129 00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 2: the Moon in the sixteen teens. Roughly thirty years later, 130 00:07:56,320 --> 00:07:59,960 Speaker 2: Havelius wanted to draw a much more detailed map. 131 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:00,880 Speaker 1: Of the lunar's surface. 132 00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 2: This also ties into our twenty fourteen episode on the 133 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:08,080 Speaker 2: discovery of longitude, because one of the reasons people were 134 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:11,600 Speaker 2: so eager to learn everything they could about the Moon 135 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:14,600 Speaker 2: was so they could use it as a tool to 136 00:08:14,680 --> 00:08:16,080 Speaker 2: calculate longitude. 137 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:18,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, that was a big driver in a lot of 138 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 1: astronomical study at this time. Hevelius started observing the moon 139 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:25,880 Speaker 1: each night and making sketches and then refining those into 140 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:29,240 Speaker 1: his early moon maps. A friend of Hevelius that he 141 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:32,319 Speaker 1: had met when traveling as a young man, Parisian scientist 142 00:08:32,480 --> 00:08:36,320 Speaker 1: Pierre Gassendi, was the first colleague that Hevelius sent his 143 00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: early sketches to for feedback, and gus Anddi was deeply 144 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 1: impressed with Hevelius's work and encouraged him to please keep going. 145 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:50,040 Speaker 2: Spurred by Guessendi's encouragement, Johannes started a laborious process in 146 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:53,360 Speaker 2: which he would draw the moon in detail every night 147 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:56,520 Speaker 2: as he observed it through his telescope, and that he 148 00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 2: would make a copper engraving of that drawing the following morning. 149 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 2: He was making all of his own equipment for this work, 150 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:09,000 Speaker 2: including his engraving setup and a mind boggling telescope that 151 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:12,000 Speaker 2: measured one hundred and fifty feet or forty six meters 152 00:09:12,040 --> 00:09:17,120 Speaker 2: in length. Hevelius ground all of the lenses himself. When 153 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:21,439 Speaker 2: he had a full five years worth of observations and engravings, 154 00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:24,920 Speaker 2: which showed even subtle shifts in the Moon's appearance as 155 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:28,320 Speaker 2: viewed from a fixed point on Earth. He collected forty 156 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:31,120 Speaker 2: of them into one book, which was the first Moon 157 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:38,520 Speaker 2: Atlas Selenographius dive Lune description, which translates to selenography or 158 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:43,080 Speaker 2: a description of the Moon. In sixteen forty seven, Selenographia 159 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:46,880 Speaker 2: was published, and it was immediately recognized as a significant work. 160 00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:50,520 Speaker 2: In addition to being far more detailed than any other 161 00:09:50,559 --> 00:09:54,040 Speaker 2: illustrations of the Moon, these illustrations were also. 162 00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:58,079 Speaker 1: Just simply beautiful. His drawings of the lunar surface are 163 00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 1: framed by cherubs, some of w told up banners that 164 00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:04,240 Speaker 1: carry the titles and the details of the specific lunar map, 165 00:10:04,559 --> 00:10:06,960 Speaker 1: and others which appear to be observing the Moon and 166 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:10,599 Speaker 1: the heavens like tiny astronomers with their own little telescopes 167 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:14,560 Speaker 1: and globes and other tools. And because Helias was completing 168 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:17,720 Speaker 1: every step of this process himself, from note taking to 169 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:22,080 Speaker 1: drawing to illustrating, to the copper plates to printing, there 170 00:10:22,160 --> 00:10:26,280 Speaker 1: was no step where someone else could misinterpret information or 171 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,040 Speaker 1: accidentally change his data. And this made this not just 172 00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:33,680 Speaker 1: an impressive creative and scientific feat, but it also kind 173 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:36,800 Speaker 1: of gave it this patina as a source that people 174 00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:40,959 Speaker 1: felt was completely trustworthy in its content. When the book 175 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:44,160 Speaker 1: was presented to Pope Innocent the Tenth, it said that 176 00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:47,240 Speaker 1: he proclaimed that it would be an amazing achievement if 177 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:52,000 Speaker 1: Hevelius wasn't a heretic. Helius took an approach to his 178 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: moon maps in which he mirrored the way that the 179 00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:58,400 Speaker 1: Earth was mapped. He used words that were familiar, like 180 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: continents and island and bays, but those really weren't a 181 00:11:02,960 --> 00:11:05,760 Speaker 1: one to one in terms of what people already knew 182 00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: these words to mean, which that created some confusion for 183 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:14,080 Speaker 1: some people. Other astronomers would eventually reclassify the features of 184 00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:16,719 Speaker 1: the moon, but for a while, even as those other 185 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:21,000 Speaker 1: astronomers were working, Johanna Savelius's work was the favored source. 186 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:25,560 Speaker 1: He also identified the cyclic oscillation of the moon's position, 187 00:11:26,440 --> 00:11:29,880 Speaker 1: known as liberation. In just a moment, we're going to 188 00:11:29,920 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 1: introduce someone who would become very important to Johanna Savelius's life, 189 00:11:34,559 --> 00:11:46,440 Speaker 1: but first we will pause for a sponsor break. The 190 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:50,680 Speaker 1: same year that Selenografia was published, ELIZABETHA. Copeman was born 191 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:54,800 Speaker 1: on January seventeenth. Like Johannas, she was born into a 192 00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:59,000 Speaker 1: wealthy family. Her father, Nicholas Copeman, was a successful merchant, 193 00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: and he and her mother, Johanna Mennings, had moved to 194 00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:06,040 Speaker 1: Danzig ten years before their daughter, Elizabetha was born. From 195 00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:10,120 Speaker 1: the time she was tiny, Elizabeta was fascinated by astronomy, 196 00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: and living in Danzig, she of course knew about the 197 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:17,360 Speaker 1: city's famous astronomer, Hevelius. She has said to have visited 198 00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: Hevelius in his observatory when she was still a young child, 199 00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:23,560 Speaker 1: and that during that visit he had promised to show 200 00:12:23,559 --> 00:12:25,959 Speaker 1: her the heavens when she was just a bit older. 201 00:12:26,679 --> 00:12:28,880 Speaker 1: We're going to come back to Elizabetha in just a bit, 202 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:32,079 Speaker 1: because according to the accounts we have, she did not 203 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:36,640 Speaker 1: forget that promise. Two years after the moon Atlas came out, 204 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:41,959 Speaker 1: Hevelius found himself once again reassessing his responsibilities because his 205 00:12:42,080 --> 00:12:45,800 Speaker 1: father died. This left Johannes, who was the only one 206 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:48,880 Speaker 1: of his brothers to survive childhood, to take over all 207 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:52,880 Speaker 1: the various business interests of the family. But he still 208 00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:56,440 Speaker 1: had Katerina's help, so he worked in his observatory and 209 00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:59,640 Speaker 1: she managed the day to day. But then in March 210 00:12:59,640 --> 00:13:04,320 Speaker 1: of sixth steen sixty two, Johannes's wife, Katerina died later 211 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:08,319 Speaker 1: that year. Elizabeta once again visited Hevelius, and she asked 212 00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:10,920 Speaker 1: him once again if he would teach her about astronomy. 213 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:15,160 Speaker 1: She was fifteen at that time and Hevelius was fifty one. 214 00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:19,120 Speaker 1: In what would be a scandalous match today and was 215 00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:22,000 Speaker 1: unusual for the time as well, the payer fell in 216 00:13:22,080 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 1: love and they married the following year in Saint Catharine's 217 00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:30,439 Speaker 1: on February third, sixteen sixty three. So okay, Obviously, that 218 00:13:30,520 --> 00:13:33,160 Speaker 1: thirty six year age difference is huge, and it's kind 219 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:36,800 Speaker 1: of unsettling because she was underage. And while all of 220 00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:39,720 Speaker 1: the accounts and stories we have kind of suggest that 221 00:13:39,760 --> 00:13:44,280 Speaker 1: Elizabetha pursued Hevelius, we don't know if that's true, And 222 00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:47,800 Speaker 1: even if it were true, we can't really put a 223 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:50,840 Speaker 1: whole lot of responsibility on her because there's this inherent 224 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:55,000 Speaker 1: power imbalance of a teenager and a mature person, and 225 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:59,040 Speaker 1: that mature person was also famous. Yeah, it's like, even 226 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:03,880 Speaker 1: factoring in people getting married at younger ages. 227 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:08,120 Speaker 2: That was still unusually young. It was still unusually young, 228 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:12,480 Speaker 2: unusually big age gap between the two of them. Taking 229 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:15,080 Speaker 2: all that into account, though, they did seem to be 230 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:19,480 Speaker 2: pretty well matched intellectually, and they genuinely cared very deeply 231 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:23,480 Speaker 2: for one another. Elizabeta clearly had some hero worship when 232 00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:27,640 Speaker 2: it came to her husband, and he found her youth invigorating, 233 00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:31,840 Speaker 2: which was compounded by her eagerness to work alongside him. 234 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 2: They had a son early in their marriage who died 235 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:37,240 Speaker 2: as a baby, and then three daughters who all lived 236 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:42,480 Speaker 2: to adulthood. Their oldest daughter, Katerina Elizabetha, was baptized on 237 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:47,960 Speaker 2: February fourteenth, sixteen sixty six. Elizabeta and Johanna's really built 238 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,640 Speaker 2: their life together around their shared love of studying the cosmos. 239 00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:55,360 Speaker 2: In their time working together, we actually don't have a 240 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:59,480 Speaker 2: clear understanding of a lot of which parts of their 241 00:14:59,520 --> 00:15:02,520 Speaker 2: work each of them was responsible for, because they were 242 00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:05,680 Speaker 2: both so involved in the work. Sometimes she's listed as 243 00:15:05,680 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 2: his aide or his assistant, but a lot of other 244 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:11,320 Speaker 2: accounts are like no, she was like just about an 245 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:15,720 Speaker 2: equal collaborator. It is worth noting, though, that Elizabetha was 246 00:15:15,760 --> 00:15:19,440 Speaker 2: working on their astronomy projects, but she was also raising 247 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:23,200 Speaker 2: their kids and managing their household. One of the questions 248 00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:25,880 Speaker 2: that comes up about Elizabetha is in regard to her 249 00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:29,920 Speaker 2: notations of their work and her correspondents writing for the 250 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 2: School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St. Andrew's, Scotland, JJ. 251 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:38,480 Speaker 2: O'Connor and E. F. Robertson point out that ELIZABETHA could 252 00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 2: write in Latin, often in the correspondence she sent to 253 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 2: other scientists. That wouldn't have been especially common, especially not 254 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:50,560 Speaker 2: in a young woman, and it's unclear whether she had 255 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 2: this skill before she and Hevelius reconnected when she was fifteen, 256 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:59,040 Speaker 2: or if maybe he taught it to her after they 257 00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:02,640 Speaker 2: became a couple. Similarly, she was able to manage the 258 00:16:02,640 --> 00:16:06,120 Speaker 2: mathematics of the measurements that her husband took. These may 259 00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:09,479 Speaker 2: have been subjects she had studied as an academic outlier, 260 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:12,520 Speaker 2: because she was a curious girl in a wealthy family 261 00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:16,040 Speaker 2: and had more access to education than most children did. 262 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:20,040 Speaker 2: But she also might have learned it from Johannes, which 263 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:23,040 Speaker 2: would indicate that she was very smart, because she would 264 00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:25,680 Speaker 2: have learned it very rapidly based on how soon she 265 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 2: was using those skills, and during this second marriage, Johannes 266 00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:34,280 Speaker 2: gained even more notoriety for his astronomy work. The year 267 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:38,520 Speaker 2: after Johannes and elizabetha married Francis. Louis the fourteenth became 268 00:16:38,640 --> 00:16:42,120 Speaker 2: a patron of Hevelius, setting him up with an annual pension. 269 00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:46,360 Speaker 2: Jean Baptiste Colbert, who was Louis the fourteenth's finance minister, 270 00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:49,800 Speaker 2: had also been giving Johannes money since almost the beginning 271 00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:53,400 Speaker 2: of his astronomy efforts. You're wondering why was France so 272 00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:56,600 Speaker 2: keen on financing the work of a Polish astronomer that 273 00:16:56,760 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 2: was all about naval power. As Hevelius worked on his 274 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 2: lunar maps and his star charts, he gave information about 275 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,399 Speaker 2: all of that, and particularly star coordinates, to the French, 276 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:10,479 Speaker 2: and they used that information to improve their own navigational charts. 277 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:14,760 Speaker 2: The year after the French king became Hevelius's patron, the 278 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:18,520 Speaker 2: astronomer also became a member of the Royal Society of London, 279 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:22,879 Speaker 2: which was unusual because most members were English. Throughout his 280 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:28,400 Speaker 2: scientific work, Johannes created new instruments for himself, including new telescopes, 281 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:30,960 Speaker 2: and in sixteen seventy three he published a book about 282 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:35,919 Speaker 2: them titled Machina Celestis. The engravings used as illustrations in 283 00:17:35,960 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 2: the book may be the most telling in terms of 284 00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:42,280 Speaker 2: how he saw his young wife. He included an engraving 285 00:17:42,359 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 2: that featured Johannes on the left, the octant he is 286 00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:49,439 Speaker 2: using in the middle, and Elizabetha on the right. Another 287 00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:52,840 Speaker 2: engraving has the exact same composition, but instead of an octant, 288 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:56,439 Speaker 2: they're working with a sextant. In both of these images, 289 00:17:56,560 --> 00:17:59,640 Speaker 2: the two of them are equal in terms of the composition. 290 00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, when you look at them, it very much looks 291 00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:05,640 Speaker 1: like the two of them are collaborators. It doesn't look 292 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:08,440 Speaker 1: like he is doing the work and she is in 293 00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: any way, you know, below him compositionally, or in the background. 294 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:17,159 Speaker 1: In any way, she is essentially next to him with 295 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:21,720 Speaker 1: this apparatus in the middle. In addition to his work 296 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:25,520 Speaker 1: in moon maps, Hevelius also created star maps, and these 297 00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:28,720 Speaker 1: maps improved on those that had already been created by 298 00:18:28,760 --> 00:18:33,119 Speaker 1: other astronomers that came before him, including Tycho Brahi. This 299 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:37,119 Speaker 1: pursuit shows an interesting divergence away from his lunar mapping 300 00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:41,119 Speaker 1: work because he did not believe in using telescopes to 301 00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:44,560 Speaker 1: create star maps. He thought that the best way was 302 00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:46,800 Speaker 1: to use the naked eye to be able to take 303 00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:49,480 Speaker 1: in the sky in a more complete way than the 304 00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,200 Speaker 1: use of a telescope could offer. Right, if you're looking 305 00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:54,440 Speaker 1: through a telescope, you're only seeing the portion that you're 306 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:56,680 Speaker 1: focused at, as if you're looking at the whole thing, 307 00:18:56,920 --> 00:19:00,520 Speaker 1: you see it in its entirety. He rather famously debated 308 00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,480 Speaker 1: other well known astronomers on this matter, though he was 309 00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:08,159 Speaker 1: definitely not alone in his position. Robert Hook and John Flamstead, 310 00:19:08,280 --> 00:19:10,679 Speaker 1: to English astronomers who have been mentioned here on the 311 00:19:10,680 --> 00:19:14,760 Speaker 1: podcast before, both believed that greater accuracy could be achieved 312 00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:18,080 Speaker 1: in mapping the stars with the help of telescopes. This 313 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:22,840 Speaker 1: argument apparently began when Hook read Hevelius's book Machina Celestis, 314 00:19:22,960 --> 00:19:25,879 Speaker 1: in which the Polish astronomer talked about how he had 315 00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:30,640 Speaker 1: observed and recorded various celestial objects. Hook kind of came 316 00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:33,480 Speaker 1: in hot with a very forceful critique which was published 317 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,760 Speaker 1: by the Royal Society, but Hevelius argued against the points 318 00:19:37,960 --> 00:19:41,719 Speaker 1: that in fact that would skew the perception of star positions. 319 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:45,639 Speaker 1: Hevelius was mistaken in this belief, but again he was 320 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:47,440 Speaker 1: not alone. This was a belief held by a lot 321 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:50,440 Speaker 1: of astronomers of the day. In the summer of sixteen 322 00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:55,120 Speaker 1: seventy nine, Sir Edmund Halley visited the observatory of the Heliuses. 323 00:19:56,080 --> 00:19:59,840 Speaker 1: This was the direct result of Helius complaining to the 324 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:04,439 Speaker 1: Royal Society about Hook's attack. Hallie had been sent to 325 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:07,359 Speaker 1: see how Johannes was doing his work and whether he 326 00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,280 Speaker 1: couldn't get more accurate coordinates for stars using a telescope 327 00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:15,040 Speaker 1: than Havevelius achieved with his own instruments and the naked eye. 328 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,919 Speaker 1: Those tests were inconclusive, but Halle became friends with the 329 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:21,720 Speaker 1: couple as a result of having spent time with them. 330 00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:24,480 Speaker 2: One of the charming parts of their friendship is that 331 00:20:24,560 --> 00:20:28,159 Speaker 2: Elizabeth to ask Callie if he would get her addressed 332 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:31,840 Speaker 2: from England. He agreed, and when he returned home he 333 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:35,400 Speaker 2: had it custom made in the latest fashion and then sent. 334 00:20:35,280 --> 00:20:38,399 Speaker 1: Later that year. He asked for three copies of her 335 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:44,000 Speaker 1: husband's books as reimbursement. There are some variations on this story, 336 00:20:44,119 --> 00:20:48,120 Speaker 1: so one aspect of those tests being inconclusive is that 337 00:20:48,920 --> 00:20:52,680 Speaker 1: Hevelius really was just so egoized like he They sometimes 338 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:55,240 Speaker 1: mentioned that he had the eye of a lynx, that 339 00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:59,040 Speaker 1: he really could better than almost any other astronomer, like 340 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:02,280 Speaker 1: pick things out of this guy and measure things that 341 00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:04,160 Speaker 1: he was seeing with the naked eye, whereas other people 342 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:07,320 Speaker 1: would have needed a telescope. But I also wonder if 343 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:09,600 Speaker 1: Halle wasn't like I like these people. Let's just call 344 00:21:09,640 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: it a wash. But the other thing is that there 345 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:20,320 Speaker 1: is some other debate about that whole dress thing, and 346 00:21:20,359 --> 00:21:23,280 Speaker 1: that really the money was supposed to be used to 347 00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:27,440 Speaker 1: get some scientific stuff for Hevelius, and that Halle spin 348 00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 1: it instead on this dress that he knew that ELIZABETHA 349 00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:32,840 Speaker 1: would want. It's all very cute in any regard. It 350 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:35,080 Speaker 1: seems like they were all great friends, which I love. 351 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:39,479 Speaker 1: So The arguments, though at the Royal Society over the 352 00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,600 Speaker 1: best method to measure the heavens, whether with the naked 353 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:46,639 Speaker 1: eye or a telescope, continued for years. Some of the 354 00:21:46,680 --> 00:21:49,800 Speaker 1: members went after Hook for criticizing a project of a 355 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:53,040 Speaker 1: magnitude that he himself had never taken on, and he 356 00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,080 Speaker 1: had kind of a reputation for being a pompous jerk. 357 00:21:56,160 --> 00:22:00,000 Speaker 1: So even though he was ultimately correct about telescopes generally 358 00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:03,680 Speaker 1: offering better measuring and plotting accuracy, a lot of people 359 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: just didn't like him, and so they cited opposite of him. 360 00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,560 Speaker 1: Some of the members of the Society even resigned amidst 361 00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,320 Speaker 1: the back and forth that went on there, which Havilius 362 00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:16,359 Speaker 1: wasn't even really a part of. At that point, a 363 00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:20,040 Speaker 1: big loss was about to befall the Havevlius household, and 364 00:22:20,080 --> 00:22:22,440 Speaker 1: we will get to that right after we hear from 365 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:36,000 Speaker 1: the sponsors that keep the show going. On September twenty sixth, 366 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,080 Speaker 1: sixteen seventy nine, just a few months after Hallie's visit, 367 00:22:39,560 --> 00:22:44,480 Speaker 1: the Havlius Observatory went up in smoke. Literally. The accounts 368 00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:47,200 Speaker 1: we have suggest that a candle that was left burning 369 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:49,879 Speaker 1: by a member of the household staff started the fire. 370 00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:52,560 Speaker 1: There have even been hints that it may have been 371 00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:55,160 Speaker 1: a case of arson. So here is an excerpt from 372 00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:57,520 Speaker 1: a letter that was written at the time by a 373 00:22:57,600 --> 00:22:59,760 Speaker 1: person named Die Capellis, and it was sent to the 374 00:22:59,760 --> 00:23:04,840 Speaker 1: British consul, Peter Weika. Quote, the very noble and famous Hevilius, 375 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:09,040 Speaker 1: feeling himself oppressed with great and unaccustomed troubles, as if 376 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:13,960 Speaker 1: presaging some disaster to himself, withdrew with his much loved spouse, 377 00:23:14,119 --> 00:23:17,480 Speaker 1: but to his great misfortune, on the sixteenth September to 378 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:20,520 Speaker 1: a garden not far from the city gate of Danzig, 379 00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:23,720 Speaker 1: in order that he might refresh and restore his fatigued 380 00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:27,080 Speaker 1: and weary self. He bade his coachman return to the 381 00:23:27,119 --> 00:23:30,000 Speaker 1: city with the horses before the gates were closed, and 382 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:34,520 Speaker 1: tell the domestics to guard carefully against fire. The coachman, 383 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:37,840 Speaker 1: when he had unharnessed and stabled the horses, made as 384 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:40,680 Speaker 1: if to go to bed about nine o'clock. And whether 385 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: by carelessness, as some think, or with intent and of purpose, 386 00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:48,680 Speaker 1: as the very noble Heavilius himself concludes, from the fact 387 00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,040 Speaker 1: that he never rescued from the flames, four horses of 388 00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:55,879 Speaker 1: choice breed and great value, left a burning candle in 389 00:23:55,920 --> 00:23:59,239 Speaker 1: the stable and set the whole place of fire. The 390 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:02,320 Speaker 1: fire being started, he passed on tiptoe through the front 391 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:05,920 Speaker 1: house without saying a single word about it. This took 392 00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 1: place about half past nine in the evening. After he left, 393 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,320 Speaker 1: a hall servant, noticing an unusual smell of smoke, went 394 00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:15,960 Speaker 1: hastily to the rear portion of the house, where he 395 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,879 Speaker 1: found the house unstable, burning with a steady blaze. The fire, 396 00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:24,000 Speaker 1: fanned by a strong southerly wind, creeping further every moment, 397 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,240 Speaker 1: catching up everything adjacent before it could be stopped. So 398 00:24:28,359 --> 00:24:31,240 Speaker 1: the three front structures of the house quickly began burning. 399 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:35,080 Speaker 1: These Hevelius occupied, and on these he had erected the 400 00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:40,240 Speaker 1: famous and incomparable observatory. His museum indeed, was broken open 401 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:43,760 Speaker 1: by friendly hands hastening to assist and save what they 402 00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:46,600 Speaker 1: could from the flames, and the bound books were thrown 403 00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:49,679 Speaker 1: down from the windows, but not a few, purloined at 404 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: the hands of unscrupulous men, never returned to their owner. So, 405 00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:58,320 Speaker 1: because the observatory was built on a wooden platform that 406 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:03,160 Speaker 1: straddled all three rooms connected, it was quickly consumed, as 407 00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:06,600 Speaker 1: were the houses below it. One important piece of Johannes 408 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:09,760 Speaker 1: and Elizabetha's work was saved by their thirteen year old 409 00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:13,040 Speaker 1: daughter Katerina, who was at home at the time. That 410 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:17,840 Speaker 1: was their unfinished fixed star catalog. Much of the rest 411 00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:21,200 Speaker 1: of their work was destroyed, though, as the account suggests, 412 00:25:21,720 --> 00:25:25,200 Speaker 1: people of the area, recognizing the importance of the observatory, 413 00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:27,400 Speaker 1: broke in and they tried to save what they could 414 00:25:27,480 --> 00:25:30,959 Speaker 1: from the burning building. Because of that, it's hard to 415 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:34,280 Speaker 1: know if everything burned or if something's just kind of 416 00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:38,000 Speaker 1: walked away in the hands of looters. At this point, 417 00:25:38,240 --> 00:25:41,200 Speaker 1: and noted later in the letter that Holly just read from. 418 00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:45,639 Speaker 1: Only ten copies of the Macinuslestis had been sold, and 419 00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:47,800 Speaker 1: all the other copies had burned. 420 00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:52,000 Speaker 2: Up, so even in Hevelius's time, this was recognized as 421 00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:55,199 Speaker 2: a rare and valuable item. In addition to all the 422 00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:58,919 Speaker 2: manuscripts that were in various states of completion, all the 423 00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:04,159 Speaker 2: astronomical instrum that Johannas had constructed were also destroyed. For 424 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:06,800 Speaker 2: a while, there was actually a rumor that Johannes had 425 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,800 Speaker 2: died in the fire because he hadn't been home and 426 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:12,360 Speaker 2: everybody didn't know that he had gone to the country 427 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,840 Speaker 2: to spend time quietly with his wife. There was a 428 00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:17,639 Speaker 2: lot of like, where is he, He's not here, he 429 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,480 Speaker 2: must have died. And it was actually during all of 430 00:26:20,520 --> 00:26:24,240 Speaker 2: that confusion that Halle sent Elizabetta's dress with a note 431 00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:26,640 Speaker 2: that he had heard that rumor and he hoped Johannas 432 00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:30,879 Speaker 2: was actually okay. Halle and Elizabetha continued to be friends 433 00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:34,240 Speaker 2: and correspond after this. Some of it was her asking 434 00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:38,320 Speaker 2: for recommendations from Halle on various doctors that might help 435 00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:41,439 Speaker 2: her husband's, you know, various ailments as he got older. 436 00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:45,760 Speaker 2: Unwilling to just give up their work and without really 437 00:26:45,920 --> 00:26:51,119 Speaker 2: access to another observatory. They immediately began rebuilding. Havelius was 438 00:26:51,160 --> 00:26:53,520 Speaker 2: sixty eight at this point, so not a young man, 439 00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,760 Speaker 2: but he felt like he had plenty of work left 440 00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:58,760 Speaker 2: to do, and he wanted to finish the star catalog. 441 00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,880 Speaker 2: He reached out to King Louis the fourteenth of France, 442 00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:04,840 Speaker 2: noting in his letter that by chance he had been 443 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:08,080 Speaker 2: somewhat out of sorts the night before the fire, and 444 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:11,560 Speaker 2: suggested to Elizabetta that they spend some time at their 445 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:14,639 Speaker 2: country house so they weren't at the observatory when the 446 00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:18,400 Speaker 2: fire broke out. The royal was a patron of Hevelius, 447 00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:21,879 Speaker 2: so this letter was a request for funding assistance for 448 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,679 Speaker 2: the rebuild project. They did indeed rebuild, and by the 449 00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:29,000 Speaker 2: end of sixteen eighty one they were recompiling the information 450 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:33,520 Speaker 2: and illustrations that had been lost. At some point right 451 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,640 Speaker 2: around this time of their lives. We don't know specifically 452 00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:41,560 Speaker 2: the date or even year. Elizabeta contracted smallpox, and, according 453 00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:44,119 Speaker 2: to an account written by johann Bernoulli, who was not 454 00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:47,960 Speaker 2: alive when this happened and was relaying the information decades later, 455 00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:51,960 Speaker 2: Johannes took care of her throughout her illness. She was 456 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:55,000 Speaker 2: left with scars but did recover, and Johannas did not 457 00:27:55,160 --> 00:28:00,720 Speaker 2: contract it. In November of sixteen eighty six, Nui Savelius 458 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:04,879 Speaker 2: was admitted to the hospital for an illness that's unclear 459 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:08,320 Speaker 2: in nature. He lived just three more months and died 460 00:28:08,359 --> 00:28:11,800 Speaker 2: on January twenty eighth, sixteen eighty seven. That was his 461 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:15,280 Speaker 2: seventy sixth birthday. In his lifetime, he'd been one of 462 00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:19,359 Speaker 2: the first people to observe sunspots and saw planets transiting 463 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:22,520 Speaker 2: the Sun, and he had advanced knowledge of the moon 464 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:27,119 Speaker 2: and the stars significantly. And his Big Star Catalog was 465 00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:30,000 Speaker 2: just about complete, as were two other works, but they 466 00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:33,680 Speaker 2: had not been published yet, so Elizabetha focused on getting 467 00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:36,560 Speaker 2: them ready to be printed. Near the end of the 468 00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 2: year that he died, she asked the Royal Society in 469 00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:41,520 Speaker 2: London to get help with editing, but she did not 470 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:45,680 Speaker 2: receive it. She did, however, get financial assistance to finish 471 00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 2: the work from the King of Poland, Yon the third Sobieski, 472 00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:53,360 Speaker 2: so she kept working. Before sixteen eighty seven was over, 473 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:57,600 Speaker 2: the Stillarum Fixarum, the Fixed Star Catalog was published. She 474 00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:01,360 Speaker 2: continued to work on preparing and editing the remaining two works, 475 00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:05,640 Speaker 2: which took several years. In sixteen ninety, Elizabetha was finally 476 00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:08,120 Speaker 2: able to see the rest of the work she and 477 00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:09,680 Speaker 2: Johannes had produced together. 478 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 1: Published. 479 00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:14,360 Speaker 2: The first of these was Fir Momentum sobs anam civa 480 00:29:14,560 --> 00:29:18,440 Speaker 2: Uranographia et cetera that was a star atlas. It contained 481 00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:22,520 Speaker 2: fifty six engraved star maps, each of which spanned two pages. 482 00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:27,520 Speaker 2: This book integrated information from the fixed Star Catalog, represented 483 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:33,000 Speaker 2: visually in varying views of the heavens. Eleven new constellations 484 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:35,560 Speaker 2: were shown in the book, seven of which retain their 485 00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:41,600 Speaker 2: usage today. Others were incorporated into other larger constellation groupings. 486 00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:47,880 Speaker 2: Also in sixteen ninety, Elizabetha managed the publication of Prodromus Astronomier. 487 00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:52,840 Speaker 2: This was a companion volume too for Momentum, and it 488 00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:56,080 Speaker 2: built on the information in the Fixed Star Catalog and 489 00:29:56,120 --> 00:30:00,040 Speaker 2: the star atlas. This book includes information on how the 490 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:03,160 Speaker 2: stars were cataloged, the way the various instruments of the 491 00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:06,000 Speaker 2: lab were used in the process, and it lists stars 492 00:30:06,040 --> 00:30:09,680 Speaker 2: by their constellation. It's believed that Elizabeta did not just 493 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:13,280 Speaker 2: edit these works, but contributed to them in a significant way. 494 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:18,520 Speaker 2: Her printed signature in them reads Elizabetta, widow of Hevelius. 495 00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:23,440 Speaker 2: When Elizabeta died on December twenty second, sixteen ninety three, 496 00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:26,240 Speaker 2: three years after she published the last of their work, 497 00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:29,520 Speaker 2: she was buried in the same tomb as her late husband. 498 00:30:30,120 --> 00:30:33,240 Speaker 2: She was just forty six when she died. Today, not 499 00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:37,400 Speaker 2: far from Saint Catharine's, a statue of Johannes Hevelius stands 500 00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:40,240 Speaker 2: in Gadansk in the Old Town section of the city 501 00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:44,720 Speaker 2: that shows him with long hair and a long twisted mustache, 502 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,680 Speaker 2: seated and holding astronomical tools as he looks at the heavens. 503 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:52,800 Speaker 2: His rebuilt observatory lasted a long time, but it is 504 00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:55,680 Speaker 2: now gone because, like many other buildings in Gadansk, it 505 00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:59,440 Speaker 2: was destroyed during World War II. Because of the Hevalius 506 00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:03,040 Speaker 2: families were in brewing, there have been at various times 507 00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:07,200 Speaker 2: Havelius named beer festivals that combine the love of beer 508 00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:11,800 Speaker 2: with an appreciation for astronomy. I am on board with that, 509 00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:15,040 Speaker 2: and there have been a number of beers named for 510 00:31:15,320 --> 00:31:17,720 Speaker 2: Johanna Savelias over the years as well. 511 00:31:18,520 --> 00:31:21,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, he's like the Samuel Adams of Europe. I think 512 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:27,320 Speaker 1: he's the brewer astronomer. I love that there are are 513 00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:31,280 Speaker 1: Someavelias brews. I feel like next time I am in Europe, 514 00:31:31,320 --> 00:31:32,800 Speaker 1: I might be looking around to see if I can 515 00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,080 Speaker 1: find some, even though I'm not a particularly big beer drinker, 516 00:31:35,920 --> 00:31:39,200 Speaker 1: but I want one because it's historical. I also have 517 00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:42,440 Speaker 1: some listener mail. This is from our listener Brian, and 518 00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: it tickled me, he writes, Holly and Tracy love your podcast. 519 00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:48,840 Speaker 1: Our family tends to save them up for drives of 520 00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:52,720 Speaker 1: an hour plus, especially long vacation road trips. Our seven 521 00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,160 Speaker 1: year old son, who likes the podcast more than he 522 00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:58,360 Speaker 1: lets on, will periodically ask us to play an episode 523 00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:02,000 Speaker 1: we didn't finish on an earlier I'll ask him if 524 00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:04,440 Speaker 1: he likes the podcast, and he will respond with something 525 00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:07,000 Speaker 1: like it's more interesting than staring out the window of 526 00:32:07,040 --> 00:32:10,520 Speaker 1: the car. I love seven year old logic. I love 527 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:14,200 Speaker 1: all of that. I found your John ven podcast particularly 528 00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:17,120 Speaker 1: timely given the increased profile of a certain big fan 529 00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:20,240 Speaker 1: of ven Diagrams in the news lately. For pet tax 530 00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:23,040 Speaker 1: I've included a couple of photos of our approximately fourteen 531 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:25,400 Speaker 1: year old cat, Benny, who we've had in our family 532 00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:28,880 Speaker 1: for about a dozen years. He has become increasingly sweet 533 00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:33,000 Speaker 1: in his older years. Oh my goodness, Benny is the 534 00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:37,000 Speaker 1: cutest baby maybe on the planet. I have a little 535 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:41,719 Speaker 1: weakness for creamsicle kiddies. He's a little orange baby, and 536 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,080 Speaker 1: he just has one of those sweet faces that looks 537 00:32:44,080 --> 00:32:46,959 Speaker 1: like it could do no wrong ever, at any time. 538 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:51,600 Speaker 1: Whatever has happened, Benny is faultless in my opinion. If 539 00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:54,040 Speaker 1: he would like to write to us and send us 540 00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,040 Speaker 1: pictures of your very good babies who never do any wrong, 541 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:01,480 Speaker 1: you can do that at History podcast heartradio dot com. 542 00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:04,120 Speaker 1: You can also subscribe to the podcast if you haven't 543 00:33:04,120 --> 00:33:06,320 Speaker 1: gotten around to that yet. That is very simple to 544 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:09,160 Speaker 1: do on the iHeartRadio app or anywhere you listen to 545 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:11,640 Speaker 1: your favorite shows. 546 00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:18,600 Speaker 2: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 547 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:23,560 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 548 00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:25,719 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.