WEBVTT - Legs! Legs! Legs! (The Periodic Table) 0:00:00.880 --> 0:00:06.840 Que Josh Trumpet. But you know what that means, everybody. 0:00:07.080 --> 0:00:08.840 We are going back on tour again. We are hitting 0:00:08.880 --> 0:00:12.600 the road next year in January for our annual Pacific 0:00:12.640 --> 0:00:15.840 Northwest and Northern California Swing, and we will be at 0:00:15.840 --> 0:00:20.000 the Paramount Theater in Seattle on January twenty fourth, Revolution 0:00:20.079 --> 0:00:22.880 Hall and Portland on the twenty fifth, and our home 0:00:22.960 --> 0:00:26.599 away from home at San Francisco's Sketch Fest on January 0:00:26.720 --> 0:00:27.440 twenty six. 0:00:27.640 --> 0:00:30.680 Yeah, we'll be at the Sydney Goldstein Theater again. Everybody 0:00:30.880 --> 0:00:34.880 a great place, that's right. If you want tickets and information, 0:00:35.080 --> 0:00:37.840 you can go to linktree slash sysk and it's got 0:00:37.880 --> 0:00:40.280 all that jam. You can go to our website stuff 0:00:40.320 --> 0:00:42.600 youshould do dot com. It's got all that jam. And 0:00:42.640 --> 0:00:46.159 we will see all of you guys in January with Bells. 0:00:45.840 --> 0:00:56.080 On Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. 0:00:58.080 --> 0:01:01.040 Hey, and welcome to the podcast Josh, And there's Chuck 0:01:01.080 --> 0:01:04.000 and Jerry's here too. And this is the We'll get 0:01:04.040 --> 0:01:07.840 through it edition of Stuff you Should Know about the 0:01:07.880 --> 0:01:08.840 periodic teaple. 0:01:09.800 --> 0:01:11.960 Uh huh. I have other names for it. 0:01:12.640 --> 0:01:16.120 Yeah, I'll bet you do. Can you say any of them. 0:01:16.280 --> 0:01:19.200 This is the only time I hate my job. Edition. 0:01:20.720 --> 0:01:23.840 This is the uh. Now we can stop talking about 0:01:23.840 --> 0:01:30.600 the sun episode maybe edition uh? And this is the 0:01:31.200 --> 0:01:34.520 My god, why do we ever do episodes on chemistry? Edition? 0:01:35.319 --> 0:01:37.240 I failed chemistry. It's the only thing I've ever failed 0:01:37.240 --> 0:01:37.880 was chemistry. 0:01:38.000 --> 0:01:40.560 I don't think I even ever took chemistry. To tell 0:01:40.600 --> 0:01:40.959 you the. 0:01:40.840 --> 0:01:43.960 Truth, Hey, he didn't fail it, right, I fail if 0:01:43.959 --> 0:01:44.560 you don't try. 0:01:45.000 --> 0:01:50.000 Yeah, that's my motto. Here's what I figured out about this, 0:01:50.480 --> 0:01:52.840 like driving myself mad trying to learn this stuff and 0:01:52.960 --> 0:01:58.480 understand it. There is a lot of people out there 0:01:58.840 --> 0:02:03.280 who have written articles and explainers on the stuff that 0:02:03.320 --> 0:02:06.520 we're going to talk about, who literally don't know what 0:02:06.560 --> 0:02:09.600 they're talking about, and yet they're presenting their information like 0:02:09.680 --> 0:02:13.799 they do and it's wrong and you can't understand it, 0:02:14.280 --> 0:02:16.760 or in cases where you can't understand it, it still 0:02:16.800 --> 0:02:20.239 doesn't fully answer the question. There's a lot of stuff 0:02:20.240 --> 0:02:23.120 out there like that on this especially as it gets 0:02:23.200 --> 0:02:24.840 more and more like ourcane. 0:02:25.120 --> 0:02:25.280 Right. 0:02:26.440 --> 0:02:29.679 There's a whole group of people out there, chemists, molecular chemists, 0:02:29.680 --> 0:02:33.440 physicists who understand this, but you can put them all 0:02:33.440 --> 0:02:37.200 together and they can't coherently explain any of it to 0:02:37.280 --> 0:02:39.720 anybody else. They can just talk to one another like 0:02:39.760 --> 0:02:43.080 this where we are where us and everybody listening to 0:02:43.080 --> 0:02:45.880 this episode right now is stuck in the middle. We 0:02:46.000 --> 0:02:50.400 know enough that we can notice when somebody is wrong 0:02:50.600 --> 0:02:53.520 or not correct or doesn't know what they're talking about, 0:02:53.720 --> 0:02:57.080 but we don't know enough to understand what the actual 0:02:57.120 --> 0:02:59.840 scientists are saying and then come back and explain it. So, 0:03:01.000 --> 0:03:04.280 first of all, Breton cap off to Olivia for helping 0:03:04.360 --> 0:03:05.040 us with this one. 0:03:06.040 --> 0:03:08.240 Boy, Olivia should get a bonus for this one, quite 0:03:08.280 --> 0:03:09.040 frank for sure. 0:03:09.240 --> 0:03:11.520 And then second we might have to edit that out 0:03:11.560 --> 0:03:16.600 lot's rack the budget. Secondly, we can we're smart enough 0:03:16.600 --> 0:03:19.760 to get all this across. We are, but we're also 0:03:21.960 --> 0:03:24.560 transparent enough to admit when we're like, we don't understand 0:03:24.560 --> 0:03:25.000 this part. 0:03:25.520 --> 0:03:27.600 Yeah, I mean there's a few parts I still don't get. 0:03:27.960 --> 0:03:28.560 Uh. 0:03:29.360 --> 0:03:33.960 I imagine The good news is I imagine that maybe about 0:03:34.160 --> 0:03:37.000 twenty percent of our listenership is even hearing this right now. 0:03:37.720 --> 0:03:40.440 I hope more than that, because it's really interesting stuff. 0:03:41.120 --> 0:03:44.280 Would you click on something called how the periodic table works? 0:03:44.280 --> 0:03:46.000 Well, we're gonna have to come up with something else. 0:03:46.240 --> 0:03:48.920 I think we'll call this one legs, legs, legs. 0:03:51.720 --> 0:03:57.880 Colin tiny lettering, periodic table exactly the sex episode. 0:03:58.600 --> 0:04:01.880 Right. Well, see, we'll trick them into listening to it. 0:04:02.640 --> 0:04:05.280 All right, I know I can get some of this 0:04:05.360 --> 0:04:07.440 at the beginning, So if you'll allow me to talk 0:04:07.480 --> 0:04:11.240 about one of the only parts I understand, sure, all right, great, 0:04:11.240 --> 0:04:13.000 I'll kick it off because we have to set the 0:04:13.000 --> 0:04:17.880 stage sort of for pre periodic table construction, which is 0:04:17.880 --> 0:04:21.640 to say that early I'm sorry, late in the eighteenth century, 0:04:21.800 --> 0:04:30.240 we were working from sciences, working from the arist Totolian Aristotelian. Yeah, 0:04:30.640 --> 0:04:34.560 that's to say Aristotle system, which is which we've talked 0:04:34.600 --> 0:04:39.279 about some recently, which is, hey, we got four elements fire, earth, water, 0:04:39.360 --> 0:04:42.479 and air. And then after that science became a little 0:04:42.480 --> 0:04:45.000 more nuanced, and they're like, hey, actually we think there 0:04:45.000 --> 0:04:47.960 are more things out there, more building blocks. Yeah, and 0:04:49.120 --> 0:04:52.600 maybe we can distinguish them from one another and categorize them, 0:04:53.040 --> 0:04:56.039 maybe based on their mass. And this was sort of 0:04:56.080 --> 0:05:00.359 the scene when in eighteen oh four a oddly English 0:05:00.360 --> 0:05:04.559 school teacher who was also a researcher named John Dalton said, 0:05:04.880 --> 0:05:09.960 all right, things are made up of smaller things maybe these, 0:05:10.320 --> 0:05:13.239 which is not new like for you know, ancient cultures. 0:05:13.279 --> 0:05:15.760 We're even talking about things being up of smaller things. 0:05:15.880 --> 0:05:18.680 Yeah, we talked about democritis in that episode, about things 0:05:18.720 --> 0:05:20.520 we believe before the scientific method. 0:05:20.880 --> 0:05:23.760 Totally. That's exactly where it was. He said things are 0:05:23.800 --> 0:05:27.760 made up maybe of like these little tiny, indestructible, indivisible atoms. 0:05:28.640 --> 0:05:30.719 He got a lot of that wrong, but one thing 0:05:30.760 --> 0:05:36.520 he got right was the idea that no, two elements 0:05:36.560 --> 0:05:38.440 that we know about so far, which were not very 0:05:38.520 --> 0:05:41.799 many at all at that point, can have an identical 0:05:41.839 --> 0:05:44.880 mass and all the atoms of that element have the 0:05:44.920 --> 0:05:47.919 same mass, which also wasn't quite right, but at the 0:05:47.960 --> 0:05:49.080 time it was right. 0:05:49.680 --> 0:05:51.440 Yeah, because you got to give it up to these guys. 0:05:51.480 --> 0:05:54.920 When we're like analyzing elements and atoms and stuff today 0:05:54.960 --> 0:06:00.080 we're using like spectrometry and particle accelerators and doing all 0:06:00.120 --> 0:06:03.520 sorts of amazing stuff. These guys are like burning things, 0:06:04.000 --> 0:06:06.760 this is eighteen o four, boiling them in acid. Yeah, 0:06:06.800 --> 0:06:09.279 Like they were doing all the stuff that a high 0:06:09.279 --> 0:06:13.120 school chemistry teacher does to demonstrate chemistry. That's what they 0:06:13.160 --> 0:06:16.880 were doing to actually isolate elements and like weigh them. 0:06:17.120 --> 0:06:19.960 They were weighing things like oxygen. Like they figured out 0:06:20.000 --> 0:06:24.240 that if you take a leader of oxygen, you will 0:06:24.240 --> 0:06:26.679 find that it weighs one point five grams. No matter 0:06:27.200 --> 0:06:29.080 where in the world you weigh it, it's going to 0:06:29.080 --> 0:06:31.440 weigh one point five grams. Like that's what these people 0:06:31.440 --> 0:06:34.080 were doing. Can you capture a leader of oxygen? I 0:06:34.200 --> 0:06:36.880 can't know. I mean, like what they were doing was 0:06:36.920 --> 0:06:42.240 the hardcore like bloody up, like roll up your sleeves 0:06:42.320 --> 0:06:45.479 kind of chemistry. Like apparently it was like one of 0:06:45.520 --> 0:06:51.040 the biggest scientific pushes of the nineteenth century was identifying elements, 0:06:51.120 --> 0:06:55.080 and John Dalton was the first to say, Hey, some 0:06:55.120 --> 0:06:57.160 of these I think we can kind of like try 0:06:57.160 --> 0:07:01.080 to organize them a little bit. And Dalton didn't discover 0:07:01.160 --> 0:07:03.359 any elements, from what I understand, he was just the 0:07:03.400 --> 0:07:05.800 first one to come up with atomic theory in the 0:07:05.800 --> 0:07:09.960 modern age and try to start ordering them based on 0:07:10.200 --> 0:07:10.960 atomic weight. 0:07:11.640 --> 0:07:15.120 Yeah, exactly. It wasn't quite the periodic table yet, but 0:07:15.240 --> 0:07:18.840 it was a precursor foresure. And his very first version 0:07:18.880 --> 0:07:21.560 in eighteen oh three only had the five elements that 0:07:21.560 --> 0:07:26.200 we knew about at the time hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, 0:07:26.280 --> 0:07:29.560 and sulfur, nitrogen, was known as I think we said 0:07:29.560 --> 0:07:33.240 this in another episode the Azote or is it a zote? 0:07:33.400 --> 0:07:38.760 I guess okay Azot. His second list, just five years later, 0:07:38.840 --> 0:07:41.320 was up to twenty elements, and then twenty four years later, 0:07:41.720 --> 0:07:45.040 by eighteen twenty seven, that list was up to thirty six. 0:07:46.440 --> 0:07:51.240 And as science was progressing, they started noticing patterns, and 0:07:51.280 --> 0:07:56.520 they started noticing sort of intervals where things would repeat themselves, 0:07:56.560 --> 0:07:59.840 such that all of a sudden, A German chemist named 0:08:00.000 --> 0:08:03.160 Ahn Wolfgong in eighteen twenty nine said, well, wait a minute, 0:08:03.160 --> 0:08:06.480 we're noticing these patterns, and some of these things are 0:08:06.520 --> 0:08:10.160 the same, Like if you look at lithium, sodium, potassium, 0:08:11.000 --> 0:08:13.679 they have very similar properties and we might can group 0:08:13.720 --> 0:08:17.240 those together, and those three in the modern periodic table 0:08:17.560 --> 0:08:20.120 are grouped together in the same column. So he was 0:08:20.840 --> 0:08:22.640 right on the money as far as that idea. 0:08:23.320 --> 0:08:26.240 Yeah, And I mean, we as humans are obsessed with 0:08:26.280 --> 0:08:30.600 finding patterns and things, and like discovering a latent pattern 0:08:30.640 --> 0:08:33.200 in nature. I mean, there's few things more exciting than that. 0:08:33.480 --> 0:08:35.640 So these guys were looking for patterns even in places 0:08:35.640 --> 0:08:40.400 where they didn't necessarily exist, maybe maneuvering things where they 0:08:40.440 --> 0:08:43.760 should or shouldn't be. Some people took some cracks at 0:08:43.800 --> 0:08:47.040 it to try to to try to kind of organize 0:08:47.080 --> 0:08:49.960 these elements by pattern, but they ran into some problems. 0:08:49.960 --> 0:08:52.920 One was the chemistry wasn't as exact as it needed 0:08:52.960 --> 0:08:57.440 to be to really organize stuff. There were elements that 0:08:57.480 --> 0:08:59.760 hadn't been discovered yet, so there are big missing chunks, 0:08:59.800 --> 0:09:02.840 but they didn't necessarily know they're big missing chunks. But 0:09:02.880 --> 0:09:05.920 they were on the right track that you could order 0:09:06.040 --> 0:09:08.400 these things one way or another, and when you did, 0:09:08.920 --> 0:09:13.480 they would start showing patterns periodicity. Periodic table means that 0:09:13.520 --> 0:09:18.560 there are periods or patterns that repeat themselves depending on 0:09:18.640 --> 0:09:20.520 how you organize these elements. 0:09:20.920 --> 0:09:28.520 Yeah, and the modern periodic table that we know and loathe, Sorry, 0:09:29.800 --> 0:09:34.520 I loath that thing that they pull down in science class, 0:09:34.640 --> 0:09:38.320 that you know teenagers just blankly stare at, not knowing 0:09:38.320 --> 0:09:41.199 what the heck they're looking at. But it's pretty sure 0:09:41.520 --> 0:09:46.400 if you say so. We owe that to a Russian 0:09:46.440 --> 0:09:51.760 chemist named Dmitri Mendelev. And Mendelev in eighteen sixty nine 0:09:51.920 --> 0:09:55.920 was working on the very first Russian language organic chemistry 0:09:55.960 --> 0:09:59.040 textbook in eighteen sixty nine and said, you know what 0:09:59.120 --> 0:10:01.760 we have sixty three three elements. At this point, I 0:10:01.800 --> 0:10:07.240 think we can organize these, and he did so he 0:10:07.360 --> 0:10:12.440 arranged things in columns. He had to reorder some things 0:10:12.480 --> 0:10:16.160 from the previous order. So he's like, maybe we shouldn't 0:10:16.200 --> 0:10:18.719 organize just by atomic mass, maybe we should order them 0:10:18.800 --> 0:10:22.640 into these similarities and how they behave. And the big, 0:10:22.640 --> 0:10:28.040 big thing that Mendelev landed on was leaving gaps where 0:10:28.240 --> 0:10:31.040 he saw gaps and instead of just you know, buttoning 0:10:31.080 --> 0:10:33.480 it up and making it look a certain way, he said, 0:10:33.520 --> 0:10:35.559 I'm going to leave a gap here. And this is 0:10:35.600 --> 0:10:38.840 actually what kind of proved his worth in the fact 0:10:38.840 --> 0:10:40.600 that he was really on the right track, because in 0:10:40.600 --> 0:10:45.440 the fifteen years following him leaving those gaps, three elements 0:10:45.440 --> 0:10:48.080 were discovered that fit those very gaps that he had 0:10:48.160 --> 0:10:50.520 left perfectly, like a little puzzle piece. 0:10:50.679 --> 0:10:54.079 It's like the molecular chemistry version of Babe Ruth calling 0:10:54.120 --> 0:10:57.920 a shot. Yeah, basically essentially, So like when it turned 0:10:57.920 --> 0:10:59.960 out in the next fifteen years, they found those elements 0:11:00.400 --> 0:11:03.560 that did not only fill those spots, but they had 0:11:03.600 --> 0:11:08.280 properties that Mendeleev predicted they would like. He was like, 0:11:08.360 --> 0:11:11.640 they were like, you did, really good guy. He also 0:11:11.679 --> 0:11:14.320 predicted some other ones that didn't come true, but everybody 0:11:14.400 --> 0:11:17.640 was just like, whatever, it's fine. So that was like 0:11:17.720 --> 0:11:20.280 the model that everybody used from that point on, and 0:11:20.320 --> 0:11:23.120 it's the classic model that we see today, where it's 0:11:23.200 --> 0:11:25.960 kind of like a castle with turrets on either side, 0:11:26.000 --> 0:11:28.800 and you know the brick in the middle, and then 0:11:28.840 --> 0:11:30.920 there's like a couple of rows below that are a 0:11:31.000 --> 0:11:34.920 mote if you squint hard enough. Yeah, that's Mendeleev who 0:11:35.000 --> 0:11:37.200 came up with that whole thing. And the way that 0:11:37.200 --> 0:11:40.720 they're arranged is not by atomic mass but by atomic number. 0:11:41.360 --> 0:11:44.199 That's why if you look, and we should probably say, 0:11:44.200 --> 0:11:46.080 the way you read the periodic table is from left 0:11:46.120 --> 0:11:48.880 to right and top to bottom right. So the whole 0:11:48.880 --> 0:11:52.000 thing starts in the top left with number one hydrogen. 0:11:52.240 --> 0:11:54.600 And the reason it's number one is because it has 0:11:54.800 --> 0:11:59.000 one that's right, it has one proton, chuck, and because 0:11:59.000 --> 0:12:02.000 there's one proton in its stable format, has one electron 0:12:02.200 --> 0:12:04.160 and all that's going to be important in a minute. 0:12:04.559 --> 0:12:07.320 That's right, I mean, sure, we go ahead and take 0:12:07.320 --> 0:12:08.719 a break. I feel like that was kind of good 0:12:08.720 --> 0:12:11.840 setup material. Sure, all right, we'll take a break and 0:12:11.880 --> 0:12:14.960 we'll be right back with more things to enlighten you 0:12:15.080 --> 0:12:43.360 and numb you. All right, So the modern periodic table, 0:12:44.120 --> 0:12:47.280 I think where was mendelev He had sixty three on 0:12:47.360 --> 0:12:50.680 his first Yeah, sixty three known elements at the time 0:12:51.080 --> 0:12:55.080 on his first stab. The modern periodic table right now 0:12:55.120 --> 0:12:57.960 stands at one hundred and eighteen, and I think they've 0:12:58.000 --> 0:13:01.360 already said they think possibly may be one day it 0:13:01.440 --> 0:13:06.079 may top out at one seventy three. We'll see, we'll see. 0:13:06.120 --> 0:13:08.720 But that's sort of you know, the thinking, the logic. 0:13:09.520 --> 0:13:11.720 But right now we're at one hundred and eighteen elements 0:13:11.760 --> 0:13:17.120 that we know about. It includes on the chart the 0:13:17.200 --> 0:13:21.000 name of the element. They're usually a one or two 0:13:21.040 --> 0:13:24.320 letter symbol, which is almost always short for the name. 0:13:25.160 --> 0:13:27.200 But in a case of gold, like when you see 0:13:27.240 --> 0:13:29.120 au for gold and you're like, what the heck is 0:13:29.160 --> 0:13:31.280 that all about? That just means it's based on the 0:13:31.280 --> 0:13:36.360 original Latin for gold rum. And they are placed, like 0:13:36.400 --> 0:13:39.320 you said before, the break, in order of their atomic number, 0:13:39.720 --> 0:13:43.720 which represents the protons in each atom, and that is 0:13:43.800 --> 0:13:48.360 what makes that each element unique. Over those seven rows 0:13:49.080 --> 0:13:52.880 aka periods, and eighteen numbered columns aka groups. 0:13:53.760 --> 0:13:57.800 Yeah, so the rows across horizontally, those are the periods 0:13:57.880 --> 0:14:00.480 and Like you said, it's really important to remember. If 0:14:00.520 --> 0:14:03.240 you take a proton and add it to an element, 0:14:03.640 --> 0:14:06.200 you don't have like a variation on the element. You 0:14:06.200 --> 0:14:09.480 have an entirely new element. Everything else you can mess 0:14:09.520 --> 0:14:12.679 around with fudge, mess with the neutrons, mess with the electrons. 0:14:12.840 --> 0:14:14.880 If you add a proton or take away proton, you 0:14:14.920 --> 0:14:17.199 got a totally different element, which is why you can 0:14:17.320 --> 0:14:20.080 order them by their atomic number number one with hydrogen 0:14:20.280 --> 0:14:25.120 number two, helium which has two protons, and so on 0:14:25.160 --> 0:14:27.120 and so forth. When you see that little number in 0:14:27.160 --> 0:14:30.200 the top left of the square for that element, that's 0:14:30.240 --> 0:14:34.600 how many protons it has. But again, as we'll see, 0:14:34.960 --> 0:14:39.800 if we're talking about on the periodic table, stable atoms, 0:14:40.400 --> 0:14:43.000 that means that they don't have an electric charge. They're neutral, 0:14:43.600 --> 0:14:46.200 and that means that they have an even number of 0:14:46.240 --> 0:14:51.720 protons and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, 0:14:51.840 --> 0:14:54.040 and if you have one in one, they cancel each 0:14:54.040 --> 0:14:56.120 other off, two and two they cancel each other off, 0:14:56.280 --> 0:14:59.320 or at the very least they make the electric charge neutral. 0:15:00.360 --> 0:15:04.360 All right, So if you're looking, if you've brought up 0:15:04.400 --> 0:15:06.920 a picture by now of the periodic table, because you 0:15:06.920 --> 0:15:07.840 really want to follow along. 0:15:07.960 --> 0:15:08.880 Yeah, that's a good evolve. 0:15:09.480 --> 0:15:12.680 God bless you for doing such a thing. And secondly 0:15:12.760 --> 0:15:14.720 you might say, well, wait a minute, chuck, what are 0:15:14.720 --> 0:15:18.840 those what's that thing underneath everything? We will get to 0:15:18.880 --> 0:15:21.480 this in a minute. But those fourteen short columns underneath 0:15:21.520 --> 0:15:24.960 is called the F block, and those are the seventh 0:15:24.960 --> 0:15:29.040 and eighth periods aka rows that are detached and those 0:15:29.080 --> 0:15:32.960 are unnumbered rows, whereas the other rows are numbered through eighteen. 0:15:33.280 --> 0:15:36.960 So put a pin in the F block all elements 0:15:37.000 --> 0:15:39.600 within a period, and again that is the row. If 0:15:39.600 --> 0:15:42.600 you're looking horizontal, all the elements on each row have 0:15:42.680 --> 0:15:46.800 the same number of electron shells. And when you think 0:15:46.800 --> 0:15:49.680 about that in your mind's eye, you're probably picturing how 0:15:49.680 --> 0:15:52.120 we think of that in our mind's eye because of 0:15:52.240 --> 0:15:55.520 chemistry class and science class, which is, you know, a 0:15:55.560 --> 0:16:00.080 circle around in atom's nucleus that holds electrons. 0:16:00.120 --> 0:16:04.080 Right like in orbit. That's Neil's Boor's contribution, although he 0:16:04.160 --> 0:16:06.360 made plenty of contributions, but the whole idea that we 0:16:06.440 --> 0:16:11.239 have of the atom being consisting of like a nucleus 0:16:11.800 --> 0:16:14.800 that's kind of like the sun and electrons orbit orbiting 0:16:14.840 --> 0:16:18.880 around it like planets. That's thanks to Neil's bore and 0:16:18.920 --> 0:16:22.960 the actual orbit. Let's say you have just one circle 0:16:23.160 --> 0:16:27.000 around the nucleus. That's a shell. It's one shell, at 0:16:27.040 --> 0:16:29.520 another one that's the second shell, at another one that's 0:16:29.560 --> 0:16:32.280 the third shell, and they actually fill up in order. 0:16:32.640 --> 0:16:37.120 So when you follow along across the rows, the horizontal 0:16:37.200 --> 0:16:41.520 rows called periods on the periodic table, all of those 0:16:41.600 --> 0:16:44.920 in that row have the same number of shells one shell, 0:16:45.280 --> 0:16:47.000 and the second shell, and the third shell and the 0:16:47.040 --> 0:16:51.480 fourth shell. And as you go down, each row has 0:16:51.560 --> 0:16:54.960 the all the shells that the ones above it had, 0:16:55.040 --> 0:16:57.520 and now they've added another shell because their other shells 0:16:57.560 --> 0:16:58.880 are full of electrons. 0:16:59.520 --> 0:17:01.600 Right, So if you look at periodic table, get out 0:17:01.600 --> 0:17:04.920 your little picture and you look at that first row 0:17:05.080 --> 0:17:09.760 or period, that means it just has one shell capable 0:17:09.840 --> 0:17:13.360 of holding up to two electrons, and so that's why 0:17:13.400 --> 0:17:16.959 there are only two elements there. Hydrogen usually has one 0:17:16.960 --> 0:17:20.960 electron and helium, which normally has two. And then you 0:17:21.000 --> 0:17:23.800 go down from there, the second and third shells can 0:17:23.840 --> 0:17:26.800 hold up to eight electrons. So those second and third 0:17:26.880 --> 0:17:29.880 rows are each going to have eight elements, and so on. 0:17:29.960 --> 0:17:32.360 For the fourth and fifth it's eighteen. The sixth and 0:17:32.400 --> 0:17:36.520 seventh hold thirty two, and so there are thirty two 0:17:36.600 --> 0:17:39.040 elements on the six and seventh rows. 0:17:39.680 --> 0:17:43.040 Just to demonstrate a little further, so helium has two 0:17:43.080 --> 0:17:47.440 electrons in that one shell. Helium's full. The first element 0:17:47.480 --> 0:17:50.959 on the next row that has a second shell, that's lithium. 0:17:51.240 --> 0:17:54.960 Lithium has two electrons in its first shell that's full, 0:17:55.160 --> 0:17:57.200 but it has an extra electron. So now it's added 0:17:57.200 --> 0:18:00.399 another shell the second shelf to how's that first electron? 0:18:00.560 --> 0:18:02.160 And you go all the way down to the very 0:18:02.280 --> 0:18:05.560 end of that row that lithium starts, and you find neon. 0:18:06.000 --> 0:18:09.440 Neon has ten. Its first shell of two is full 0:18:09.480 --> 0:18:11.520 of electrons. It's second shell they can hold up to 0:18:11.560 --> 0:18:14.919 eight is full, so it has ten total electrons. This 0:18:15.080 --> 0:18:18.120 is what the periods are showing us the number of shells, 0:18:18.400 --> 0:18:21.080 and then eventually in a second will know the number 0:18:21.080 --> 0:18:22.840 of electrons that can fill those shells. 0:18:23.560 --> 0:18:25.399 That's right, And the periods of the rose. We're going 0:18:25.440 --> 0:18:28.600 to say that a thousand times. Groups are columns, periods 0:18:28.600 --> 0:18:31.760 are rows. Because if there's one takeaway from this whole thing, 0:18:32.600 --> 0:18:34.800 you can at least look smart. And when you walk 0:18:34.800 --> 0:18:37.080 into a room with a periodic table chart and say 0:18:37.520 --> 0:18:39.320 and someone says, what are those rows and columns? And 0:18:39.359 --> 0:18:41.840 you can say, do you mean groups and periods? 0:18:42.160 --> 0:18:44.040 Yeah? And then really quickly after that, look at you're 0:18:44.080 --> 0:18:45.680 watching and be like, look at the time. I'm late, 0:18:45.840 --> 0:18:47.639 and run out of the room so that there's no 0:18:47.720 --> 0:18:48.720 follow up questions. 0:18:48.880 --> 0:18:50.880 Yeah, and make a U shaped hole in the wall, 0:18:51.720 --> 0:18:55.200 not the letter you, but a YOU shaped Yeah. Nice, 0:18:55.240 --> 0:18:55.920 did that come through? 0:18:56.119 --> 0:18:57.800 Sure it did once you spell it. 0:18:59.400 --> 0:19:01.240 The groups are what we're going to talk about next, 0:19:01.240 --> 0:19:04.360 and those are the columns. And this is where Mendelev 0:19:05.280 --> 0:19:10.239 realized these patterns were coming into play. And once you know, 0:19:10.400 --> 0:19:13.800 sub atomic theory came about and we started being able 0:19:13.840 --> 0:19:16.359 to drill down further and further, we started to be 0:19:16.359 --> 0:19:19.920 able to get way more specific. Yeah. So these patterns 0:19:19.920 --> 0:19:22.639 in these rhythms on the columns are based on the 0:19:22.720 --> 0:19:26.880 number of valence electrons for each element, which means how 0:19:26.880 --> 0:19:30.440 many electrons you would normally find in that outermost shell. 0:19:31.200 --> 0:19:33.640 Yeah. And the outermost shell is important, Chuck, because that's 0:19:33.680 --> 0:19:38.000 where all the action happens. That's when atoms bond together 0:19:38.160 --> 0:19:42.119 to make new molecules. That's where the attraction or repulsion 0:19:42.200 --> 0:19:46.840 happens like that is the that's the active shell. All 0:19:46.840 --> 0:19:49.320 the other shells are full. And when a shell is full, 0:19:49.480 --> 0:19:51.720 it's basically content. It just wants to sit there. It 0:19:51.760 --> 0:19:54.920 wants to be left alone. But if that outermost shell 0:19:55.040 --> 0:19:57.960 isn't full, then it's ready for some action. It's got 0:19:57.960 --> 0:20:00.560 its leather jacket on, it's got its dice in its pocket, 0:20:00.560 --> 0:20:04.560 may be a switchblade, and it's looking for trouble. Yeah, 0:20:04.760 --> 0:20:07.479 so more than more than I think even rows, Like 0:20:07.520 --> 0:20:10.280 all of the elements that are in a row, remember 0:20:10.320 --> 0:20:14.000 horizontal across a period. They're related because they all have 0:20:14.280 --> 0:20:16.880 the same shell, the same number of shells one, two, three, four, 0:20:16.920 --> 0:20:20.520 and so on the groups up and down the columns. 0:20:21.080 --> 0:20:24.560 They're more related really because they have the same number 0:20:24.920 --> 0:20:27.760 of electrons in the outermost shell. They can have a 0:20:27.840 --> 0:20:30.639 bunch of different numbers of shells, like for example, I 0:20:30.680 --> 0:20:36.000 think floorine can have five shells but only one electron 0:20:36.320 --> 0:20:39.320 in that that outermost shell, and or it could have 0:20:39.359 --> 0:20:42.640 one shell and just have one electron in that outermost shell, 0:20:42.760 --> 0:20:46.720 like a hydrogen. And they're more related because they'll they'll 0:20:46.800 --> 0:20:51.040 react to other things more than they would if they 0:20:51.119 --> 0:20:52.720 had different numbers of electrons. 0:20:53.840 --> 0:20:56.840 Yeah, we can add something to something you should remember 0:20:56.840 --> 0:20:58.920 because this will make you look even one step smarter 0:20:59.040 --> 0:21:00.640 before you run out of the room through the wall, 0:21:01.560 --> 0:21:05.680 just say, oh, yeah, you know, it's organized into periods 0:21:05.680 --> 0:21:07.520 and groups, and the periods of the rows and the 0:21:07.520 --> 0:21:10.399 groups of the columns in if you ask me the 0:21:10.640 --> 0:21:13.440 columns aka groups, that's really where it's at. 0:21:14.600 --> 0:21:16.520 They're more related, they're. 0:21:16.359 --> 0:21:18.360 More related, and then you run through the wall. 0:21:19.119 --> 0:21:20.959 Right, So let me give you an example here. 0:21:21.000 --> 0:21:23.000 Okay, all right, this is if you want to really, 0:21:23.040 --> 0:21:25.240 really really be smart, you remember. 0:21:24.880 --> 0:21:28.160 This, right, if you have your periodic table out really honestly, 0:21:28.400 --> 0:21:31.000 it will make this whole thing so much easier. But 0:21:31.080 --> 0:21:32.919 if you look all the way down to the second 0:21:33.760 --> 0:21:37.440 group from the right that starts with florine. Yeah, if 0:21:37.480 --> 0:21:41.640 you look at floorine that has I think nine electrons 0:21:42.200 --> 0:21:44.159 and it's in period two, so we know that it 0:21:44.240 --> 0:21:47.360 has two shells. So we know that it has two 0:21:47.359 --> 0:21:50.399 electrons in its first shell, so it must have seven 0:21:50.440 --> 0:21:54.040 electrons in its extra shell or a second shell. And 0:21:54.200 --> 0:21:56.240 since we know that the second shell can hold eight, 0:21:57.040 --> 0:22:01.399 there's one little irritating gap and it wants to fill it. 0:22:01.880 --> 0:22:05.200 So fluorine is super duper reactive. On the other hand, 0:22:05.440 --> 0:22:08.960 you've got things like potassium. It has only one electron 0:22:08.960 --> 0:22:12.160 and it's our most shell, and it wants to actually 0:22:12.200 --> 0:22:15.560 get rid of that electron because I think I said earlier, 0:22:15.880 --> 0:22:19.439 when a shell is full, the atom is content and happy. 0:22:19.480 --> 0:22:22.119 It doesn't want to do anything with anybody. If it 0:22:22.240 --> 0:22:25.280 just has one left over, like one hole or one electron, 0:22:25.440 --> 0:22:27.480 it either wants to get rid of that one electron 0:22:27.640 --> 0:22:29.920 so that it can lose that shell and go down 0:22:29.920 --> 0:22:32.240 to the next shell which is full, or it can 0:22:32.240 --> 0:22:35.360 fill its shell like fluorine wants to with an extra electron. 0:22:35.520 --> 0:22:38.600 Either way, they're super reactive, and it all happens in 0:22:38.640 --> 0:22:42.359 the outermost shell, the valance shell, and that's why that's 0:22:42.400 --> 0:22:43.880