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Speaker 1: Que Josh Trumpet. But you know what that means, everybody.

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Speaker 1: We are going back on tour again. We are hitting

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Speaker 1: the road next year in January for our annual Pacific

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Speaker 1: Northwest and Northern California Swing, and we will be at

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Speaker 1: the Paramount Theater in Seattle on January twenty fourth, Revolution

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Speaker 1: Hall and Portland on the twenty fifth, and our home

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Speaker 1: away from home at San Francisco's Sketch Fest on January

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Speaker 1: twenty six.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, we'll be at the Sydney Goldstein Theater again. Everybody

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Speaker 2: a great place, that's right. If you want tickets and information,

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Speaker 2: you can go to linktree slash sysk and it's got

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Speaker 2: all that jam. You can go to our website stuff

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Speaker 2: youshould do dot com. It's got all that jam. And

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Speaker 2: we will see all of you guys in January with Bells.

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Speaker 3: On Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: Hey, and welcome to the podcast Josh, And there's Chuck

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Speaker 2: and Jerry's here too. And this is the We'll get

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Speaker 2: through it edition of Stuff you Should Know about the

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Speaker 2: periodic teaple.

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Speaker 1: Uh huh. I have other names for it.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I'll bet you do. Can you say any of them.

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Speaker 1: This is the only time I hate my job. Edition.

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Speaker 1: This is the uh. Now we can stop talking about

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Speaker 1: the sun episode maybe edition uh? And this is the

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Speaker 1: My god, why do we ever do episodes on chemistry? Edition?

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Speaker 1: I failed chemistry. It's the only thing I've ever failed

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Speaker 1: was chemistry.

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Speaker 2: I don't think I even ever took chemistry. To tell

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Speaker 2: you the.

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Speaker 1: Truth, Hey, he didn't fail it, right, I fail if

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Speaker 1: you don't try.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that's my motto. Here's what I figured out about this,

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Speaker 2: like driving myself mad trying to learn this stuff and

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Speaker 2: understand it. There is a lot of people out there

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Speaker 2: who have written articles and explainers on the stuff that

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Speaker 2: we're going to talk about, who literally don't know what

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Speaker 2: they're talking about, and yet they're presenting their information like

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Speaker 2: they do and it's wrong and you can't understand it,

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Speaker 2: or in cases where you can't understand it, it still

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Speaker 2: doesn't fully answer the question. There's a lot of stuff

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Speaker 2: out there like that on this especially as it gets

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Speaker 2: more and more like ourcane.

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Speaker 1: Right.

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Speaker 2: There's a whole group of people out there, chemists, molecular chemists,

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Speaker 2: physicists who understand this, but you can put them all

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Speaker 2: together and they can't coherently explain any of it to

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Speaker 2: anybody else. They can just talk to one another like

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Speaker 2: this where we are where us and everybody listening to

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Speaker 2: this episode right now is stuck in the middle. We

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Speaker 2: know enough that we can notice when somebody is wrong

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Speaker 2: or not correct or doesn't know what they're talking about,

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Speaker 2: but we don't know enough to understand what the actual

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Speaker 2: scientists are saying and then come back and explain it. So,

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Speaker 2: first of all, Breton cap off to Olivia for helping

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Speaker 2: us with this one.

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Speaker 1: Boy, Olivia should get a bonus for this one, quite

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Speaker 1: frank for sure.

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Speaker 2: And then second we might have to edit that out

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Speaker 2: lot's rack the budget. Secondly, we can we're smart enough

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Speaker 2: to get all this across. We are, but we're also

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Speaker 2: transparent enough to admit when we're like, we don't understand

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Speaker 2: this part.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean there's a few parts I still don't get.

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Speaker 2: Uh.

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Speaker 1: I imagine The good news is I imagine that maybe about

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Speaker 1: twenty percent of our listenership is even hearing this right now.

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Speaker 2: I hope more than that, because it's really interesting stuff.

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Speaker 1: Would you click on something called how the periodic table works?

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Speaker 2: Well, we're gonna have to come up with something else.

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Speaker 2: I think we'll call this one legs, legs, legs.

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Speaker 1: Colin tiny lettering, periodic table exactly the sex episode.

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Speaker 2: Right. Well, see, we'll trick them into listening to it.

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Speaker 1: All right, I know I can get some of this

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Speaker 1: at the beginning, So if you'll allow me to talk

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Speaker 1: about one of the only parts I understand, sure, all right, great,

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Speaker 1: I'll kick it off because we have to set the

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Speaker 1: stage sort of for pre periodic table construction, which is

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Speaker 1: to say that early I'm sorry, late in the eighteenth century,

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Speaker 1: we were working from sciences, working from the arist Totolian Aristotelian. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's to say Aristotle system, which is which we've talked

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Speaker 1: about some recently, which is, hey, we got four elements fire, earth, water,

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Speaker 1: and air. And then after that science became a little

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Speaker 1: more nuanced, and they're like, hey, actually we think there

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Speaker 1: are more things out there, more building blocks. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: maybe we can distinguish them from one another and categorize them,

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Speaker 1: maybe based on their mass. And this was sort of

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Speaker 1: the scene when in eighteen oh four a oddly English

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Speaker 1: school teacher who was also a researcher named John Dalton said,

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Speaker 1: all right, things are made up of smaller things maybe these,

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Speaker 1: which is not new like for you know, ancient cultures.

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Speaker 1: We're even talking about things being up of smaller things.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, we talked about democritis in that episode, about things

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Speaker 2: we believe before the scientific method.

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Speaker 1: Totally. That's exactly where it was. He said things are

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Speaker 1: made up maybe of like these little tiny, indestructible, indivisible atoms.

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Speaker 1: He got a lot of that wrong, but one thing

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Speaker 1: he got right was the idea that no, two elements

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Speaker 1: that we know about so far, which were not very

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Speaker 1: many at all at that point, can have an identical

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Speaker 1: mass and all the atoms of that element have the

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Speaker 1: same mass, which also wasn't quite right, but at the

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Speaker 1: time it was right.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, because you got to give it up to these guys.

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Speaker 2: When we're like analyzing elements and atoms and stuff today

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Speaker 2: we're using like spectrometry and particle accelerators and doing all

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Speaker 2: sorts of amazing stuff. These guys are like burning things,

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Speaker 2: this is eighteen o four, boiling them in acid. Yeah,

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Speaker 2: Like they were doing all the stuff that a high

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Speaker 2: school chemistry teacher does to demonstrate chemistry. That's what they

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Speaker 2: were doing to actually isolate elements and like weigh them.

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Speaker 2: They were weighing things like oxygen. Like they figured out

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Speaker 2: that if you take a leader of oxygen, you will

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Speaker 2: find that it weighs one point five grams. No matter

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Speaker 2: where in the world you weigh it, it's going to

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Speaker 2: weigh one point five grams. Like that's what these people

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Speaker 2: were doing. Can you capture a leader of oxygen? I

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Speaker 2: can't know. I mean, like what they were doing was

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Speaker 2: the hardcore like bloody up, like roll up your sleeves

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Speaker 2: kind of chemistry. Like apparently it was like one of

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Speaker 2: the biggest scientific pushes of the nineteenth century was identifying elements,

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Speaker 2: and John Dalton was the first to say, Hey, some

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Speaker 2: of these I think we can kind of like try

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Speaker 2: to organize them a little bit. And Dalton didn't discover

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Speaker 2: any elements, from what I understand, he was just the

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Speaker 2: first one to come up with atomic theory in the

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Speaker 2: modern age and try to start ordering them based on

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Speaker 2: atomic weight.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It wasn't quite the periodic table yet, but

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Speaker 1: it was a precursor foresure. And his very first version

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Speaker 1: in eighteen oh three only had the five elements that

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Speaker 1: we knew about at the time hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,

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Speaker 1: and sulfur, nitrogen, was known as I think we said

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Speaker 1: this in another episode the Azote or is it a zote?

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Speaker 1: I guess okay Azot. His second list, just five years later,

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Speaker 1: was up to twenty elements, and then twenty four years later,

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Speaker 1: by eighteen twenty seven, that list was up to thirty six.

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Speaker 1: And as science was progressing, they started noticing patterns, and

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Speaker 1: they started noticing sort of intervals where things would repeat themselves,

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Speaker 1: such that all of a sudden, A German chemist named

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Speaker 1: Ahn Wolfgong in eighteen twenty nine said, well, wait a minute,

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Speaker 1: we're noticing these patterns, and some of these things are

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Speaker 1: the same, Like if you look at lithium, sodium, potassium,

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Speaker 1: they have very similar properties and we might can group

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Speaker 1: those together, and those three in the modern periodic table

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Speaker 1: are grouped together in the same column. So he was

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Speaker 1: right on the money as far as that idea.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, And I mean, we as humans are obsessed with

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Speaker 2: finding patterns and things, and like discovering a latent pattern

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Speaker 2: in nature. I mean, there's few things more exciting than that.

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Speaker 2: So these guys were looking for patterns even in places

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Speaker 2: where they didn't necessarily exist, maybe maneuvering things where they

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Speaker 2: should or shouldn't be. Some people took some cracks at

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Speaker 2: it to try to to try to kind of organize

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Speaker 2: these elements by pattern, but they ran into some problems.

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Speaker 2: One was the chemistry wasn't as exact as it needed

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Speaker 2: to be to really organize stuff. There were elements that

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Speaker 2: hadn't been discovered yet, so there are big missing chunks,

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Speaker 2: but they didn't necessarily know they're big missing chunks. But

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Speaker 2: they were on the right track that you could order

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Speaker 2: these things one way or another, and when you did,

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Speaker 2: they would start showing patterns periodicity. Periodic table means that

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Speaker 2: there are periods or patterns that repeat themselves depending on

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Speaker 2: how you organize these elements.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and the modern periodic table that we know and loathe, Sorry,

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Speaker 1: I loath that thing that they pull down in science class,

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Speaker 1: that you know teenagers just blankly stare at, not knowing

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Speaker 1: what the heck they're looking at. But it's pretty sure

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Speaker 1: if you say so. We owe that to a Russian

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Speaker 1: chemist named Dmitri Mendelev. And Mendelev in eighteen sixty nine

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Speaker 1: was working on the very first Russian language organic chemistry

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Speaker 1: textbook in eighteen sixty nine and said, you know what

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Speaker 1: we have sixty three three elements. At this point, I

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Speaker 1: think we can organize these, and he did so he

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Speaker 1: arranged things in columns. He had to reorder some things

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Speaker 1: from the previous order. So he's like, maybe we shouldn't

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Speaker 1: organize just by atomic mass, maybe we should order them

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Speaker 1: into these similarities and how they behave. And the big,

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Speaker 1: big thing that Mendelev landed on was leaving gaps where

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Speaker 1: he saw gaps and instead of just you know, buttoning

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Speaker 1: it up and making it look a certain way, he said,

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Speaker 1: I'm going to leave a gap here. And this is

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Speaker 1: actually what kind of proved his worth in the fact

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Speaker 1: that he was really on the right track, because in

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Speaker 1: the fifteen years following him leaving those gaps, three elements

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Speaker 1: were discovered that fit those very gaps that he had

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Speaker 1: left perfectly, like a little puzzle piece.

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Speaker 2: It's like the molecular chemistry version of Babe Ruth calling

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Speaker 2: a shot. Yeah, basically essentially, So like when it turned

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Speaker 2: out in the next fifteen years, they found those elements

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Speaker 2: that did not only fill those spots, but they had

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Speaker 2: properties that Mendeleev predicted they would like. He was like,

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Speaker 2: they were like, you did, really good guy. He also

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Speaker 2: predicted some other ones that didn't come true, but everybody

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Speaker 2: was just like, whatever, it's fine. So that was like

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Speaker 2: the model that everybody used from that point on, and

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Speaker 2: it's the classic model that we see today, where it's

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Speaker 2: kind of like a castle with turrets on either side,

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Speaker 2: and you know the brick in the middle, and then

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Speaker 2: there's like a couple of rows below that are a

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Speaker 2: mote if you squint hard enough. Yeah, that's Mendeleev who

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Speaker 2: came up with that whole thing. And the way that

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Speaker 2: they're arranged is not by atomic mass but by atomic number.

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Speaker 2: That's why if you look, and we should probably say,

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Speaker 2: the way you read the periodic table is from left

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Speaker 2: to right and top to bottom right. So the whole

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Speaker 2: thing starts in the top left with number one hydrogen.

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Speaker 2: And the reason it's number one is because it has

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Speaker 2: one that's right, it has one proton, chuck, and because

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Speaker 2: there's one proton in its stable format, has one electron

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Speaker 2: and all that's going to be important in a minute.

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Speaker 1: That's right, I mean, sure, we go ahead and take

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Speaker 1: a break. I feel like that was kind of good

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Speaker 1: setup material. Sure, all right, we'll take a break and

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Speaker 1: we'll be right back with more things to enlighten you

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Speaker 1: and numb you. All right, So the modern periodic table,

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Speaker 1: I think where was mendelev He had sixty three on

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Speaker 1: his first Yeah, sixty three known elements at the time

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Speaker 1: on his first stab. The modern periodic table right now

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Speaker 1: stands at one hundred and eighteen, and I think they've

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Speaker 1: already said they think possibly may be one day it

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Speaker 1: may top out at one seventy three. We'll see, we'll see.

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Speaker 1: But that's sort of you know, the thinking, the logic.

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Speaker 1: But right now we're at one hundred and eighteen elements

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Speaker 1: that we know about. It includes on the chart the

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Speaker 1: name of the element. They're usually a one or two

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Speaker 1: letter symbol, which is almost always short for the name.

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Speaker 1: But in a case of gold, like when you see

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Speaker 1: au for gold and you're like, what the heck is

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Speaker 1: that all about? That just means it's based on the

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Speaker 1: original Latin for gold rum. And they are placed, like

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Speaker 1: you said before, the break, in order of their atomic number,

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Speaker 1: which represents the protons in each atom, and that is

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Speaker 1: what makes that each element unique. Over those seven rows

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Speaker 1: aka periods, and eighteen numbered columns aka groups.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, so the rows across horizontally, those are the periods

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Speaker 2: and Like you said, it's really important to remember. If

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Speaker 2: you take a proton and add it to an element,

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Speaker 2: you don't have like a variation on the element. You

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Speaker 2: have an entirely new element. Everything else you can mess

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Speaker 2: around with fudge, mess with the neutrons, mess with the electrons.

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Speaker 2: If you add a proton or take away proton, you

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Speaker 2: got a totally different element, which is why you can

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Speaker 2: order them by their atomic number number one with hydrogen

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Speaker 2: number two, helium which has two protons, and so on

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Speaker 2: and so forth. When you see that little number in

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Speaker 2: the top left of the square for that element, that's

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Speaker 2: how many protons it has. But again, as we'll see,

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Speaker 2: if we're talking about on the periodic table, stable atoms,

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Speaker 2: that means that they don't have an electric charge. They're neutral,

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Speaker 2: and that means that they have an even number of

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Speaker 2: protons and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged,

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Speaker 2: and if you have one in one, they cancel each

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Speaker 2: other off, two and two they cancel each other off,

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Speaker 2: or at the very least they make the electric charge neutral.

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Speaker 1: All right, So if you're looking, if you've brought up

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Speaker 1: a picture by now of the periodic table, because you

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Speaker 1: really want to follow along.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that's a good evolve.

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Speaker 1: God bless you for doing such a thing. And secondly

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Speaker 1: you might say, well, wait a minute, chuck, what are

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Speaker 1: those what's that thing underneath everything? We will get to

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Speaker 1: this in a minute. But those fourteen short columns underneath

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Speaker 1: is called the F block, and those are the seventh

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Speaker 1: and eighth periods aka rows that are detached and those

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Speaker 1: are unnumbered rows, whereas the other rows are numbered through eighteen.

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Speaker 1: So put a pin in the F block all elements

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Speaker 1: within a period, and again that is the row. If

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Speaker 1: you're looking horizontal, all the elements on each row have

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Speaker 1: the same number of electron shells. And when you think

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Speaker 1: about that in your mind's eye, you're probably picturing how

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Speaker 1: we think of that in our mind's eye because of

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Speaker 1: chemistry class and science class, which is, you know, a

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Speaker 1: circle around in atom's nucleus that holds electrons.

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Speaker 2: Right like in orbit. That's Neil's Boor's contribution, although he

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Speaker 2: made plenty of contributions, but the whole idea that we

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Speaker 2: have of the atom being consisting of like a nucleus

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Speaker 2: that's kind of like the sun and electrons orbit orbiting

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Speaker 2: around it like planets. That's thanks to Neil's bore and

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Speaker 2: the actual orbit. Let's say you have just one circle

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Speaker 2: around the nucleus. That's a shell. It's one shell, at

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Speaker 2: another one that's the second shell, at another one that's

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Speaker 2: the third shell, and they actually fill up in order.

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Speaker 2: So when you follow along across the rows, the horizontal

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Speaker 2: rows called periods on the periodic table, all of those

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Speaker 2: in that row have the same number of shells one shell,

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Speaker 2: and the second shell, and the third shell and the

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Speaker 2: fourth shell. And as you go down, each row has

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Speaker 2: the all the shells that the ones above it had,

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Speaker 2: and now they've added another shell because their other shells

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Speaker 2: are full of electrons.

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Speaker 1: Right, So if you look at periodic table, get out

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Speaker 1: your little picture and you look at that first row

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Speaker 1: or period, that means it just has one shell capable

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Speaker 1: of holding up to two electrons, and so that's why

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Speaker 1: there are only two elements there. Hydrogen usually has one

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Speaker 1: electron and helium, which normally has two. And then you

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Speaker 1: go down from there, the second and third shells can

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Speaker 1: hold up to eight electrons. So those second and third

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Speaker 1: rows are each going to have eight elements, and so on.

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Speaker 1: For the fourth and fifth it's eighteen. The sixth and

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Speaker 1: seventh hold thirty two, and so there are thirty two

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Speaker 1: elements on the six and seventh rows.

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Speaker 2: Just to demonstrate a little further, so helium has two

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Speaker 2: electrons in that one shell. Helium's full. The first element

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Speaker 2: on the next row that has a second shell, that's lithium.

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Speaker 2: Lithium has two electrons in its first shell that's full,

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Speaker 2: but it has an extra electron. So now it's added

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Speaker 2: another shell the second shelf to how's that first electron?

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Speaker 2: And you go all the way down to the very

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Speaker 2: end of that row that lithium starts, and you find neon.

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Speaker 2: Neon has ten. Its first shell of two is full

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Speaker 2: of electrons. It's second shell they can hold up to

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Speaker 2: eight is full, so it has ten total electrons. This

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Speaker 2: is what the periods are showing us the number of shells,

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Speaker 2: and then eventually in a second will know the number

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Speaker 2: of electrons that can fill those shells.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And the periods of the rose. We're going

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Speaker 1: to say that a thousand times. Groups are columns, periods

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Speaker 1: are rows. Because if there's one takeaway from this whole thing,

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Speaker 1: you can at least look smart. And when you walk

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Speaker 1: into a room with a periodic table chart and say

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Speaker 1: and someone says, what are those rows and columns? And

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Speaker 1: you can say, do you mean groups and periods?

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Speaker 2: Yeah? And then really quickly after that, look at you're

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Speaker 2: watching and be like, look at the time. I'm late,

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Speaker 2: and run out of the room so that there's no

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Speaker 2: follow up questions.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and make a U shaped hole in the wall,

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Speaker 1: not the letter you, but a YOU shaped Yeah. Nice,

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Speaker 1: did that come through?

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Speaker 2: Sure it did once you spell it.

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Speaker 1: The groups are what we're going to talk about next,

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Speaker 1: and those are the columns. And this is where Mendelev

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00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:10,239
Speaker 1: realized these patterns were coming into play. And once you know,

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Speaker 1: sub atomic theory came about and we started being able

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Speaker 1: to drill down further and further, we started to be

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Speaker 1: able to get way more specific. Yeah. So these patterns

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Speaker 1: in these rhythms on the columns are based on the

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Speaker 1: number of valence electrons for each element, which means how

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Speaker 1: many electrons you would normally find in that outermost shell.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. And the outermost shell is important, Chuck, because that's

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Speaker 2: where all the action happens. That's when atoms bond together

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Speaker 2: to make new molecules. That's where the attraction or repulsion

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Speaker 2: happens like that is the that's the active shell. All

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Speaker 2: the other shells are full. And when a shell is full,

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Speaker 2: it's basically content. It just wants to sit there. It

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Speaker 2: wants to be left alone. But if that outermost shell

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Speaker 2: isn't full, then it's ready for some action. It's got

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Speaker 2: its leather jacket on, it's got its dice in its pocket,

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Speaker 2: may be a switchblade, and it's looking for trouble. Yeah,

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Speaker 2: so more than more than I think even rows, Like

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Speaker 2: all of the elements that are in a row, remember

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Speaker 2: horizontal across a period. They're related because they all have

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Speaker 2: the same shell, the same number of shells one, two, three, four,

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00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:20,520
Speaker 2: and so on the groups up and down the columns.

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Speaker 2: They're more related really because they have the same number

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Speaker 2: of electrons in the outermost shell. They can have a

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Speaker 2: bunch of different numbers of shells, like for example, I

359
00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:36,000
Speaker 2: think floorine can have five shells but only one electron

360
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,320
Speaker 2: in that that outermost shell, and or it could have

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Speaker 2: one shell and just have one electron in that outermost shell,

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Speaker 2: like a hydrogen. And they're more related because they'll they'll

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00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:51,040
Speaker 2: react to other things more than they would if they

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Speaker 2: had different numbers of electrons.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we can add something to something you should remember

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Speaker 1: because this will make you look even one step smarter

367
00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:00,640
Speaker 1: before you run out of the room through the wall,

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00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:05,680
Speaker 1: just say, oh, yeah, you know, it's organized into periods

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Speaker 1: and groups, and the periods of the rows and the

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Speaker 1: groups of the columns in if you ask me the

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Speaker 1: columns aka groups, that's really where it's at.

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Speaker 2: They're more related, they're.

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Speaker 1: More related, and then you run through the wall.

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Speaker 2: Right, So let me give you an example here.

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Speaker 1: Okay, all right, this is if you want to really,

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Speaker 1: really really be smart, you remember.

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Speaker 2: This, right, if you have your periodic table out really honestly,

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00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:31,000
Speaker 2: it will make this whole thing so much easier. But

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00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:32,919
Speaker 2: if you look all the way down to the second

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00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:37,440
Speaker 2: group from the right that starts with florine. Yeah, if

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00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:41,640
Speaker 2: you look at floorine that has I think nine electrons

382
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:44,159
Speaker 2: and it's in period two, so we know that it

383
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Speaker 2: has two shells. So we know that it has two

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00:21:47,359 --> 00:21:50,399
Speaker 2: electrons in its first shell, so it must have seven

385
00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:54,040
Speaker 2: electrons in its extra shell or a second shell. And

386
00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:56,240
Speaker 2: since we know that the second shell can hold eight,

387
00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:01,399
Speaker 2: there's one little irritating gap and it wants to fill it.

388
00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:05,200
Speaker 2: So fluorine is super duper reactive. On the other hand,

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Speaker 2: you've got things like potassium. It has only one electron

390
00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,160
Speaker 2: and it's our most shell, and it wants to actually

391
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:15,560
Speaker 2: get rid of that electron because I think I said earlier,

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00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:19,439
Speaker 2: when a shell is full, the atom is content and happy.

393
00:22:19,480 --> 00:22:22,119
Speaker 2: It doesn't want to do anything with anybody. If it

394
00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:25,280
Speaker 2: just has one left over, like one hole or one electron,

395
00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:27,480
Speaker 2: it either wants to get rid of that one electron

396
00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:29,920
Speaker 2: so that it can lose that shell and go down

397
00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:32,240
Speaker 2: to the next shell which is full, or it can

398
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Speaker 2: fill its shell like fluorine wants to with an extra electron.

399
00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:38,600
Speaker 2: Either way, they're super reactive, and it all happens in

400
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:42,359
Speaker 2: the outermost shell, the valance shell, and that's why that's

401
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:43,880
Speaker 2: where all that action happens.

402
00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:46,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know what something we haven't even said

403
00:22:46,920 --> 00:22:49,359
Speaker 1: that I think is important that dawned on me. What

404
00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:54,800
Speaker 1: is the periodic table. Isn't just a like, let's just

405
00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,560
Speaker 1: do this thing so we can group them together a

406
00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:01,040
Speaker 1: periodic table. The periodic table is made organize this way

407
00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:04,000
Speaker 1: so chemist and people that really know what they're doing

408
00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:08,560
Speaker 1: can look at a poster on a wall at any

409
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,879
Speaker 1: of those squares and know Because of where it is

410
00:23:12,320 --> 00:23:15,560
Speaker 1: on the row, where it is on the column, what

411
00:23:15,680 --> 00:23:17,600
Speaker 1: color it is, and what block it is, and we'll

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00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:19,680
Speaker 1: get to those things in a minute. And they can

413
00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:23,040
Speaker 1: know a lot of very specific things just because of

414
00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:25,600
Speaker 1: where it sits and what it looks like and what

415
00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:26,159
Speaker 1: color it is.

416
00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:28,840
Speaker 2: Yeah, they can tell you whether it's going to blow

417
00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:33,320
Speaker 2: up in water, like exactly like I guess apparently sodium

418
00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:36,080
Speaker 2: pure sodium does. They can tell you if it's shiny.

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Speaker 2: There's all of this has to do just almost entirely

420
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Speaker 2: with the number of electrons it has in its outermost shell.

421
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:44,760
Speaker 1: All that stuff.

422
00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:49,200
Speaker 2: That's the evolution of the periodic table. People notice properties,

423
00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:52,720
Speaker 2: physical properties, They noticed appearance, stuff like that, and then

424
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:55,400
Speaker 2: as they learned more and more about the atom, they

425
00:23:55,600 --> 00:24:00,119
Speaker 2: figured out why in the atom those properties existed. They

426
00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:03,480
Speaker 2: were able to classify those things together in the periodic table. So,

427
00:24:03,680 --> 00:24:05,439
Speaker 2: like you said, a chemist today can look at that

428
00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:07,159
Speaker 2: and be like, oh, that's going to be a shiny

429
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:09,480
Speaker 2: metal that will explode in your hand if you look

430
00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:12,760
Speaker 2: at it wrong, because it's in this group of elements, right,

431
00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:16,119
Speaker 2: And I saw it described by a chemist really well,

432
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,960
Speaker 2: if you like, to a chemist, a periodic table looks

433
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:23,000
Speaker 2: like a map to us. Like if you look at

434
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,720
Speaker 2: a map of the United States, you know that if

435
00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:28,399
Speaker 2: you are looking at someplace in the north, it's going

436
00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:32,000
Speaker 2: to be colder there than somewhere in the south. You

437
00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:34,399
Speaker 2: don't know exactly what the temperature is or anything like

438
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,200
Speaker 2: that necessarily, but you know, generally based on this map,

439
00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:39,159
Speaker 2: it's a map to the elements.

440
00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:42,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it also might you know, you might think

441
00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:45,439
Speaker 1: if you're looking at a map of the South, like

442
00:24:45,520 --> 00:24:48,600
Speaker 1: that's where people are more like this and in the

443
00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:51,040
Speaker 1: Midwest people maybe you know, it tells you. A map

444
00:24:51,119 --> 00:24:52,600
Speaker 1: tells you a lot more than just like what the

445
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,479
Speaker 1: weather's like. Yeah, just like a periodic table. So if

446
00:24:56,080 --> 00:25:00,560
Speaker 1: a scientist, if a chemist looks at silicon, I look

447
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:03,000
Speaker 1: at it and I see a capital S lowercase I,

448
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,600
Speaker 1: the word silicon, the number fourteen in the left hand corner,

449
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:10,840
Speaker 1: and that it's yellow. A chemist looks at it and says, well,

450
00:25:10,880 --> 00:25:15,320
Speaker 1: I see it's in between on the row aluminum and phosphorus,

451
00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:20,200
Speaker 1: and in the column it's below carbon and above germanium.

452
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:23,000
Speaker 1: And I see it's numbers fourteen and it's yellow, which

453
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:25,479
Speaker 1: means it's a metaloid. So I can tell you like

454
00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:29,800
Speaker 1: these twelve things about silicon just because of where it

455
00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:33,080
Speaker 1: sits on that map. Yes, it's pretty amazing. I just

456
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:34,920
Speaker 1: I don't get it, but it's amazing, right.

457
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,119
Speaker 2: I was just going to say, we're not going to

458
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:39,560
Speaker 2: explain what those fourteen things are because now there are

459
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,240
Speaker 2: the kind of things you have to go to graduate

460
00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:45,760
Speaker 2: school in chemistry to truly understand. It's okay that we

461
00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:48,040
Speaker 2: don't understand it. All you have to take away from

462
00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:49,680
Speaker 2: this and all we're trying to get across, is that

463
00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:53,359
Speaker 2: trained chemists can look at the periodic table and realize

464
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:56,840
Speaker 2: a lot about whatever element they're looking at and figure

465
00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:58,719
Speaker 2: out how to mix it with other elements to do

466
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,280
Speaker 2: amazing things. Or if you put together these two things,

467
00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:05,280
Speaker 2: this is probably the reaction that you're going to have.

468
00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's also for someone like us. It can

469
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,520
Speaker 1: get really confusing because when you look at different periodic tables,

470
00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,760
Speaker 1: one thing you'll notice is that the colors may be different,

471
00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:19,840
Speaker 1: like that there is no unless I'm wrong, there isn't

472
00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:22,600
Speaker 1: one completely settled. This is the only way to do it.

473
00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:26,040
Speaker 1: Periodic table. Oh no, as far as a lot of

474
00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:28,960
Speaker 1: it goes. But like you know, depending on who you

475
00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:31,160
Speaker 1: are and how you want to organize a periodic table

476
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,320
Speaker 1: that you use. Those colors may mean different things, so

477
00:26:34,359 --> 00:26:37,480
Speaker 1: it can get really really confusing. Oh yeah when it

478
00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:38,680
Speaker 1: comes to that stuff.

479
00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:41,560
Speaker 2: For sure. And usually there is like a key or

480
00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:44,800
Speaker 2: a legend on the periodic table that says, this is

481
00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:47,840
Speaker 2: what these colors mean. But if you take away the colors,

482
00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:51,520
Speaker 2: the layout of them across and down, if you look

483
00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:53,800
Speaker 2: at a periodic table, that's generally going to be the

484
00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:57,399
Speaker 2: same for any periodic table that looks even roughly like

485
00:26:57,440 --> 00:26:59,679
Speaker 2: what you're looking at. It's the colors that really kind

486
00:26:59,720 --> 00:27:02,640
Speaker 2: of change things up. But more and more, as we've

487
00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:06,000
Speaker 2: learned more about the atom, starting in the early twentieth

488
00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:09,880
Speaker 2: century onward, and quantum mechanics kind of became a thing

489
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,719
Speaker 2: that got incorporated into the periodic table as well, And

490
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:17,680
Speaker 2: that is where we get to essentially the third way

491
00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:23,720
Speaker 2: that the whole thing's organized, which is by blocks, subshells, S, P, D,

492
00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:33,040
Speaker 2: and F and so the number the number of shells

493
00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:37,840
Speaker 2: that an element has that's its period across, the number

494
00:27:37,920 --> 00:27:42,439
Speaker 2: of electrons in its outermost shell that's its group. The

495
00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:48,520
Speaker 2: blocks describe where the outer most electron is, and if

496
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:50,240
Speaker 2: you'll allow me for a second to just kind of

497
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:54,200
Speaker 2: take a little divergence here. It helps under it helps

498
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:54,840
Speaker 2: you understand it.

499
00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:57,120
Speaker 1: I think, please, can we talk about baseball?

500
00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:01,119
Speaker 2: No, not that kind of divergence, like deeper into chemistry

501
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:02,160
Speaker 2: kind of divergence.

502
00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:04,720
Speaker 1: Okay, I'm gonna go out and think about baseball.

503
00:28:04,800 --> 00:28:10,840
Speaker 2: Okay. So, so that whole model that Nils Bor gave

504
00:28:10,920 --> 00:28:14,639
Speaker 2: us of, like the planetoid nucleus and or the sun

505
00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:18,359
Speaker 2: like nucleus and the planetoid electron orbiting it, that is

506
00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,360
Speaker 2: really off. That's not at all what they're like. It's

507
00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:24,639
Speaker 2: good for people who don't really care about this kind

508
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:27,760
Speaker 2: of thing to walk around thinking, but when you actually

509
00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:30,760
Speaker 2: start to try to understand the periodic table, it really

510
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:32,800
Speaker 2: gets in the way. So if you can kind of

511
00:28:32,840 --> 00:28:37,280
Speaker 2: throw that out and instead think of electrons as not

512
00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:42,600
Speaker 2: particles like planetoids, they're actually waves of energy, right, and

513
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:47,720
Speaker 2: they like to orbit atoms because their negative electrical charge

514
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:50,920
Speaker 2: is attracted to the positive electrical charge of the protons.

515
00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:55,880
Speaker 2: That's why they're orbiting or flying around that nucleus. But

516
00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:58,680
Speaker 2: they don't do it in like these tight little orbits

517
00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:02,680
Speaker 2: like a planet does around like the Sun. Instead, they

518
00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:08,520
Speaker 2: inhabit three dimensional areas that follow predictable shapes. Depending on

519
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:13,160
Speaker 2: the energy level of that electron. You can say what

520
00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:17,440
Speaker 2: shape it's going to follow around that nucleus, but you

521
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:20,160
Speaker 2: can't say where it is at any given point in time,

522
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:25,080
Speaker 2: thanks to our friend Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Heisenberg said, you

523
00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:30,080
Speaker 2: can know the velocity of an object, or you can

524
00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:33,440
Speaker 2: know the location of a quantum object. You can't know both.

525
00:29:34,040 --> 00:29:37,240
Speaker 2: And because we know the energy of an object, we

526
00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:40,920
Speaker 2: can figure out its velocity at speed like an electron,

527
00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:43,760
Speaker 2: which means we can't know where it is. So these

528
00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:48,440
Speaker 2: orbits actually are where they may be ninety percent of

529
00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:52,440
Speaker 2: the time. That's what an actual electron orbit is. And

530
00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:56,080
Speaker 2: again it follows is weird, cool looking little three dimensional

531
00:29:56,360 --> 00:30:00,240
Speaker 2: four leaf clover shapes just really neat and depending on

532
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 2: on the energy of the electron, it's going to inhabit

533
00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:07,800
Speaker 2: a specific place ninety percent of the time around the

534
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:11,600
Speaker 2: nucleus of that atom, either close to the atom further

535
00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:14,440
Speaker 2: out further out, depending on the shell that it's associated with.

536
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:19,680
Speaker 2: And the block is where the highest energy the outermost

537
00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:24,160
Speaker 2: electron is in that position. And again it's denoted by

538
00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:28,560
Speaker 2: SPD and F and it gets way more arcane than that.

539
00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:31,520
Speaker 2: But all you have to remember is that when you're

540
00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:35,720
Speaker 2: looking at blocks, they're talking about the specific location of

541
00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:40,400
Speaker 2: the most energetic electron. And again, since the outermost electrons

542
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,520
Speaker 2: are where all the action happens, the most energetic of

543
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:47,840
Speaker 2: the outermost electrons are really where the action happens. And

544
00:30:48,160 --> 00:30:53,240
Speaker 2: that's why it's become a little more sophisticated, a little

545
00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:56,280
Speaker 2: more refined over time, thanks to the addition of quantum

546
00:30:56,360 --> 00:31:01,120
Speaker 2: mechanics in our understanding of the atom. Are you there, Chuck?

547
00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:02,880
Speaker 2: Did you outside?

548
00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:05,760
Speaker 1: Sorry, I just came back in. I didn't actually think

549
00:31:05,760 --> 00:31:08,040
Speaker 1: about baseball. I was just kidding. I watched an entire

550
00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:08,640
Speaker 1: baseball game.

551
00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:09,200
Speaker 2: Oh, who won?

552
00:31:11,560 --> 00:31:15,360
Speaker 1: I have no joke. My brain is too mushy for

553
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:18,800
Speaker 1: a joke right now. No, I actually listened to that

554
00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:20,040
Speaker 1: and I learned from you.

555
00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 2: So oh. I appreciate that. Thank you, because I felt

556
00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:26,200
Speaker 2: like I was hanging from a trapeze by my fingernails.

557
00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:28,600
Speaker 1: Well, I was underneath you with a net. That's all

558
00:31:28,640 --> 00:31:29,120
Speaker 1: I'm good for.

559
00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:31,480
Speaker 2: It, Thanks, buddy, I appreciate it. And by the way,

560
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:33,920
Speaker 2: I didn't want to just walk past. That's all you're

561
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:37,240
Speaker 2: good for. I just couldn't even bring myself to recognize

562
00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:39,520
Speaker 2: such a dumb thing that was said.

563
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:42,880
Speaker 1: I appreciate that. So the final thing we got to

564
00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:44,479
Speaker 1: talk about is kind of brings it back to the

565
00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:47,960
Speaker 1: beginning of how they originally just started to think about

566
00:31:47,960 --> 00:31:51,040
Speaker 1: grouping things, which was by their atomic mass. That the

567
00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:53,600
Speaker 1: sort of very basic thing that they first thought they

568
00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:57,200
Speaker 1: could use as a grouping device. And they still will

569
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:00,600
Speaker 1: indicate the atomic mass on most periodic tables, but the

570
00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:05,360
Speaker 1: atomic mass is actually a weighted average of the amount

571
00:32:05,360 --> 00:32:09,320
Speaker 1: of protons plus neutrons, But it depends on how abundant

572
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:12,120
Speaker 1: different isotopes in that element are out in nature, and

573
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:15,480
Speaker 1: it's not always the same. So carbon is a great

574
00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:19,200
Speaker 1: example that Livia used. It always has six protons, usually

575
00:32:19,280 --> 00:32:22,640
Speaker 1: has six neutrons, but sometimes can have seven or eight.

576
00:32:23,040 --> 00:32:25,720
Speaker 1: So instead of having an atomic mass of just twelve

577
00:32:26,120 --> 00:32:29,520
Speaker 1: six plus six, they take a weighted average and it

578
00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:32,640
Speaker 1: weighs out to twelve point zero one point one. So

579
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:35,720
Speaker 1: if you see those numbers with a decimal point, you

580
00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:38,880
Speaker 1: can understand that that's because it's a weighted average and

581
00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:40,240
Speaker 1: not just a locked in number.

582
00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:42,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, and it doesn't necessarily have much to do with

583
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,640
Speaker 2: the periodic table. But you've mentioned isotopes, and all those

584
00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:49,400
Speaker 2: are as an element with more or less electrons than

585
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:52,239
Speaker 2: it has when it's stable in a neutral charge. If

586
00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:55,280
Speaker 2: you take away an electron, it has more positively charged

587
00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:58,720
Speaker 2: protons and electrons, so that's a positive iyon. If you

588
00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:02,680
Speaker 2: add an electron, like say fluorine wants to do, it

589
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:06,480
Speaker 2: becomes a it has more electrons than protons, so it

590
00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:11,600
Speaker 2: becomes a negatively charged isotope. So those are possible too.

591
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:14,480
Speaker 2: But just bear in mind you're not changing the number

592
00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:16,960
Speaker 2: of protons, because if you do that you have a

593
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:19,600
Speaker 2: new element. You're just changing the number of electrons, either

594
00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:21,840
Speaker 2: adding or taking away. And one of the other things

595
00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:24,360
Speaker 2: about the periodic table is you can point to different

596
00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:27,160
Speaker 2: different sections and be like, those are the ones that

597
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:31,440
Speaker 2: form positive ions because they give away their extra electron.

598
00:33:31,720 --> 00:33:34,200
Speaker 2: Those are the ones that form negative ions because they

599
00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:37,600
Speaker 2: attract extra electrons that they normally have in their neutrally

600
00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:40,440
Speaker 2: charged state. That's another thing that you can just point

601
00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:41,720
Speaker 2: to at the periodic table.

602
00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:44,360
Speaker 1: Pretty amazing, it is.

603
00:33:45,040 --> 00:33:46,760
Speaker 2: I mean, the fact that people have figured this out

604
00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:49,560
Speaker 2: is just hats off to all of the scientificals that

605
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:51,320
Speaker 2: were involved in this. Over the years.

606
00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:55,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, I say, we take a break, sure, and when

607
00:33:55,160 --> 00:33:56,760
Speaker 1: we come back, we're going to tell you about how

608
00:33:56,800 --> 00:33:59,600
Speaker 1: things got very interesting in terms of the periodic table.

609
00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:01,280
Speaker 1: And then I jeen thirties right after this.

610
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,120
Speaker 2: Chuck, I feel like we made it through the hardest part.

611
00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:31,120
Speaker 2: We're out of the out of the woods.

612
00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:35,840
Speaker 1: As I'm shaking a little less, I am too, but

613
00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:38,920
Speaker 1: I won't fully relax for another fifteen.

614
00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:41,920
Speaker 2: Just hang in, hang in there, We'll get it all right.

615
00:34:41,920 --> 00:34:43,719
Speaker 1: So what happened in the nineteen thirties.

616
00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:46,600
Speaker 2: Oh, well, a guy named doctor Lawrence I can't remember,

617
00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:49,960
Speaker 2: but he the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories named after him, in

618
00:34:50,040 --> 00:34:55,000
Speaker 2: part invented particle accelerators, where you use incredible amounts of

619
00:34:55,120 --> 00:35:00,400
Speaker 2: energy to throw trillions of particles of different weights or

620
00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:05,759
Speaker 2: specific weights at a target atom. Tell them what Einstein how?

621
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:08,480
Speaker 2: Einstein described this process.

622
00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:11,319
Speaker 1: Like shooting birds in the dark in a country where

623
00:35:11,360 --> 00:35:13,320
Speaker 1: there are only a few birds.

624
00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:16,280
Speaker 2: Right, Like, the chances of you actually having a collision

625
00:35:16,320 --> 00:35:21,000
Speaker 2: are so remote that you like, they're almost indescribable mathematically.

626
00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:24,840
Speaker 2: But if you shoot trillions of particles, you really increase

627
00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:27,319
Speaker 2: your chances of there being some kind of collision and

628
00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:31,400
Speaker 2: when you collide a one particle one atom with another

629
00:35:31,440 --> 00:35:34,680
Speaker 2: atom with enough energy, they can combine. And when you

630
00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:37,800
Speaker 2: add proton to proton, remember, you get a new element.

631
00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:41,040
Speaker 2: And so with particle accelerators they were able to start

632
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:44,560
Speaker 2: creating elements that you can't find in nature. And then

633
00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:46,040
Speaker 2: you started doing this all the way back in the

634
00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:49,520
Speaker 2: nineteen thirties, and this research is what actually directly led

635
00:35:49,840 --> 00:35:55,399
Speaker 2: to nuclear bomb. Apparently, when Einstein heard that Lawrence had

636
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:58,959
Speaker 2: created this particle accelerator, he advised FDR to start working

637
00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:01,319
Speaker 2: on a bomb because it was now a thing, like

638
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:06,520
Speaker 2: the world had just been prepared scientifically for a bomb

639
00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:07,439
Speaker 2: to exist soon.

640
00:36:08,320 --> 00:36:12,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, so lab created elements, like you said, started being

641
00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:16,640
Speaker 1: a thing in nineteen thirty seven. Anything past uranium on

642
00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:20,640
Speaker 1: the chart you cannot find in nature because it decays

643
00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:23,759
Speaker 1: much too fast to even be around and know it's

644
00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:27,400
Speaker 1: a thing and study. But so anything past uranium as

645
00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:32,960
Speaker 1: LAB created. And in nineteen thirty seven, technetium was the

646
00:36:33,080 --> 00:36:36,759
Speaker 1: very first blank spot to be filled in with a

647
00:36:36,840 --> 00:36:42,000
Speaker 1: LAB created element as number forty three nuclear bombs that

648
00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:46,399
Speaker 1: you mentioned when they started doing the nuclear tests out

649
00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:49,040
Speaker 1: on the Marshall Islands in the fifties, they would send

650
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:53,880
Speaker 1: planes out into these explosions with filters on them to

651
00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:58,160
Speaker 1: scoop up unusual atoms and discover potentially elements. That is

652
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:03,160
Speaker 1: how we got element ninety nine named Einsteinium. And I

653
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:05,240
Speaker 1: guess we should talk a little bit about the naming

654
00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:09,399
Speaker 1: because the IUPAC actually has rules around this. It says

655
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:13,400
Speaker 1: new elements have to be named, and this is very interesting.

656
00:37:14,239 --> 00:37:17,840
Speaker 1: A mineral, a place or a country, a property, or

657
00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:23,480
Speaker 1: a scientist or a mythological concept, which is fascinating. So

658
00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:26,319
Speaker 1: we have some of the latest elements. I believe in

659
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:28,880
Speaker 1: twenty sixteen is when we got one thirteen through eighteen.

660
00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:35,000
Speaker 1: We got the element tennessine because it was there were

661
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:38,919
Speaker 1: institutions in Tennessee that led to the discovery of this

662
00:37:39,080 --> 00:37:42,160
Speaker 1: super heavy element, and so they named it Tennessee and

663
00:37:42,239 --> 00:37:44,160
Speaker 1: most of them sort of follow that naming convention.

664
00:37:44,280 --> 00:37:48,400
Speaker 2: Yeah, Nihonium is named after Nihan, which is the Japanese

665
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:53,440
Speaker 2: name for Japan. A Muscovian is named after Moscow where

666
00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:59,080
Speaker 2: a lab where that was created in a Ghanissan Oganissan

667
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:03,279
Speaker 2: Organisan aganison, that's what it is. It's named after a

668
00:38:03,320 --> 00:38:08,240
Speaker 2: guy named Yuri Oganessian who is a Russian essentially element hunter.

669
00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:13,000
Speaker 2: Now he has got tons of funding behind him, has

670
00:38:13,040 --> 00:38:15,960
Speaker 2: set up new particle accelerators with more and more energy,

671
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:20,480
Speaker 2: and is bashing things together in the search for entirely

672
00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:24,640
Speaker 2: new elements that not only don't exist on Earth, they

673
00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:27,879
Speaker 2: may not exist anywhere else in the universe. They may

674
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:33,640
Speaker 2: only exist theoretically until Aganessian manages to smash the right

675
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:37,520
Speaker 2: atoms together to create those elements for a pico second.

676
00:38:38,120 --> 00:38:41,359
Speaker 2: Like they're so unstable that they last almost no time

677
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:43,920
Speaker 2: at all, which makes them totally useless to us.

678
00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:45,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, as of now.

679
00:38:45,719 --> 00:38:48,120
Speaker 2: The fact that, like you said, they predicted I think

680
00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:50,560
Speaker 2: it's going to go up to one hundred and seventy three.

681
00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:54,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we're at one hundred and what eighteen.

682
00:38:55,040 --> 00:38:58,799
Speaker 2: Makes people like Agnessian just crazy, like they want to

683
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:02,680
Speaker 2: find them all. Actually found a couple of those most

684
00:39:02,719 --> 00:39:06,720
Speaker 2: recent ones that were inducted, I guess in the periodic

685
00:39:06,760 --> 00:39:08,080
Speaker 2: table in twenty sixteen.

686
00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:13,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, and this is kind of cool too. Oganessian apparently

687
00:39:13,320 --> 00:39:18,120
Speaker 1: wanted to name that element stardust in honor of David Bowie,

688
00:39:18,840 --> 00:39:20,400
Speaker 1: but it didn't fit the naming criteria.

689
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:24,760
Speaker 2: Oh yeah, yeah, too bad, so sad, Yeah.

690
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:29,239
Speaker 1: Too bad. So as far as the sort of the

691
00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:32,719
Speaker 1: coda on this, Livia is keen to point out that

692
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:36,560
Speaker 1: there are gaps in the framework. Still, there are issues.

693
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,600
Speaker 1: When you look at the periodic table, you needn't only

694
00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:43,560
Speaker 1: look at the very first one hydrogen at the far

695
00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:45,759
Speaker 1: left of the table. It's there because it has that

696
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:49,279
Speaker 1: one electron, but it is not like any of the

697
00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:51,359
Speaker 1: rest of its group, because the rest of them are

698
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:55,440
Speaker 1: all alkali metals. It's actually more similar to something like chlorine,

699
00:39:55,480 --> 00:39:58,680
Speaker 1: which is in the second column from the right. But

700
00:39:58,920 --> 00:40:03,240
Speaker 1: you know, there's still debate on like it's not settled

701
00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:06,080
Speaker 1: on where things should be placed on these various and

702
00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:08,360
Speaker 1: there have been you know, there are alternative tables that

703
00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:11,000
Speaker 1: people have put out over the years with different tweaks,

704
00:40:11,080 --> 00:40:13,839
Speaker 1: some small, some large, and it's pretty interesting, I think.

705
00:40:14,040 --> 00:40:18,360
Speaker 2: And there's also that two period section that's always removed

706
00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:22,000
Speaker 2: from the rest of the periodic table. It's put down

707
00:40:22,040 --> 00:40:26,600
Speaker 2: below it. Those two sections actually go in that's the

708
00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:30,480
Speaker 2: f block, right, yeah, the bottom two rows, so they

709
00:40:30,520 --> 00:40:35,480
Speaker 2: come after I think, bury them and just go all

710
00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:38,359
Speaker 2: the way over to oh, I can't remember the other one,

711
00:40:38,360 --> 00:40:42,879
Speaker 2: but imagine that the periodic table was looked like it did,

712
00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:45,719
Speaker 2: but then the bottom two rows were about twice as

713
00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:49,080
Speaker 2: long as they are now. It looked weird, and it's

714
00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:52,520
Speaker 2: because you would take that lower F block and put

715
00:40:52,520 --> 00:40:55,959
Speaker 2: it into its proper place if you're arranging these things

716
00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:59,080
Speaker 2: by atomic number. But the reason why the F block

717
00:40:59,160 --> 00:41:02,480
Speaker 2: is pulled out is because those two rows of elements,

718
00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:06,160
Speaker 2: the actin needs and lath the needs. I think they

719
00:41:06,239 --> 00:41:10,239
Speaker 2: might like follow an atomic number in that way, but

720
00:41:10,280 --> 00:41:14,800
Speaker 2: their properties are totally different from their periods or their groups.

721
00:41:15,320 --> 00:41:17,560
Speaker 2: And the reason why is because they're the only two

722
00:41:18,160 --> 00:41:24,880
Speaker 2: groups that have the F position subshell filled by an electron,

723
00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:30,120
Speaker 2: which completely alters their everything. It's just different than all

724
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:33,560
Speaker 2: of the other ones. And it's different enough that they

725
00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:35,719
Speaker 2: just basically removed it until they can figure out where

726
00:41:35,719 --> 00:41:38,640
Speaker 2: it should sit, because depending on how you interpret where

727
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:42,120
Speaker 2: like how the periodic table should be laid out, they

728
00:41:42,160 --> 00:41:44,560
Speaker 2: should go here, they should go there, or they should

729
00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:46,200
Speaker 2: just stay out like they are now.

730
00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:50,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, there are some and it's kind of fun to

731
00:41:50,719 --> 00:41:52,239
Speaker 1: look some of these up if you want to see

732
00:41:52,239 --> 00:41:56,279
Speaker 1: some kind of cool at the very least just esthetic examples.

733
00:41:56,320 --> 00:41:58,120
Speaker 1: And then they're not just like, oh, this looks cooler.

734
00:41:58,640 --> 00:42:00,839
Speaker 1: It makes sense to the person who has put out

735
00:42:00,840 --> 00:42:05,280
Speaker 1: this whatever alternative or alternate periodic table, Like in nineteen

736
00:42:05,320 --> 00:42:09,480
Speaker 1: forty nine, Lvia found one from Life magazine that is

737
00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:11,760
Speaker 1: a spiral, And there are quite a few different spiral

738
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,680
Speaker 1: or spirillic designs where you have hydrogen at the center

739
00:42:16,280 --> 00:42:21,359
Speaker 1: and it's sort of like racetrack shape. If you look

740
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:24,360
Speaker 1: at any just look up spiral based periodic chart, and

741
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:28,000
Speaker 1: they're very nice to look at, I imagine they are

742
00:42:28,120 --> 00:42:30,640
Speaker 1: much much harder to sort of make sense of and

743
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:35,520
Speaker 1: read unless you're the person who made it or a chemist. Yeah,

744
00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:38,520
Speaker 1: chemists would still probably be like, well, why are you

745
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:39,319
Speaker 1: doing it that way?

746
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:41,439
Speaker 2: I liked it the other way.

747
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:45,120
Speaker 1: Or that three D one that Timothy Stowe came up

748
00:42:45,160 --> 00:42:48,600
Speaker 1: with that I think physicists are pretty keen on that

749
00:42:48,719 --> 00:42:53,320
Speaker 1: has three axes of different colors that represent quantum numbers

750
00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:56,759
Speaker 1: that describe the electrons. But it's you know, if you

751
00:42:56,760 --> 00:42:58,719
Speaker 1: look at a three D version, that's kind of cool too.

752
00:42:59,080 --> 00:43:01,840
Speaker 1: But if you find the one, the traditional one confusing

753
00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:04,840
Speaker 1: as a non chemist, just try looking at any of

754
00:43:04,560 --> 00:43:06,360
Speaker 1: these other ones. It's really confusing.

755
00:43:06,520 --> 00:43:09,520
Speaker 2: Yeah, And it's all it is is it's saying, well, actually, no,

756
00:43:09,680 --> 00:43:12,080
Speaker 2: I think we should arrange them so that they're connected

757
00:43:12,120 --> 00:43:16,160
Speaker 2: more by this property like electro negativity, or they're shiny

758
00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:19,520
Speaker 2: where they're pretty. I like this these elements, and so

759
00:43:19,560 --> 00:43:21,760
Speaker 2: we're going to put them together. These are my favorite elements.

760
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:23,680
Speaker 2: It's just kind of like that, and so you can

761
00:43:23,719 --> 00:43:25,440
Speaker 2: bend them in all sorts of weird shapes.

762
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:29,560
Speaker 1: Yeah. I have my own periodic table I've designed. Oh yeah,

763
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:34,120
Speaker 1: and it is just a big black block and then

764
00:43:35,040 --> 00:43:37,520
Speaker 1: times new roman and yellow lettering in the middle. It says,

765
00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:39,920
Speaker 1: who gives a right?

766
00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:43,319
Speaker 2: I would have imagined it was a traditional periodic table,

767
00:43:43,360 --> 00:43:46,080
Speaker 2: but scratched out with a pen rights violently.

768
00:43:46,560 --> 00:43:48,640
Speaker 1: No, that's good. I like that better. I'm gonna change mine.

769
00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:51,440
Speaker 2: I've got one other thing that doesn't. It has a

770
00:43:51,480 --> 00:43:53,520
Speaker 2: lot to do with everything, but not anything we're going

771
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:58,200
Speaker 2: to go into. But there are some especially those elements

772
00:43:58,200 --> 00:44:00,439
Speaker 2: that don't occur in nature and they have to to

773
00:44:00,480 --> 00:44:04,440
Speaker 2: create in particle accelerators, but also some that occur in nature,

774
00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:08,160
Speaker 2: like gold and mercury are two good examples. They have

775
00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:13,359
Speaker 2: electrons that spin so fast, that are moving at such

776
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:18,840
Speaker 2: incredible energies that they actually are like a significant fraction

777
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:21,239
Speaker 2: of the speed of light. That's how fast they're going.

778
00:44:21,840 --> 00:44:25,440
Speaker 2: And it doesn't matter whether you're talking about like a

779
00:44:25,480 --> 00:44:29,360
Speaker 2: photon or a planet or a black hole or an electron.

780
00:44:29,719 --> 00:44:34,520
Speaker 2: Anything that has mass and can move at anything like

781
00:44:34,760 --> 00:44:37,600
Speaker 2: half the speed of light is going to actually bend

782
00:44:37,680 --> 00:44:41,920
Speaker 2: time and space. And so for some kinds of elements

783
00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:46,000
Speaker 2: that have relativistic speeds, meaning they're electrons travel close to

784
00:44:46,040 --> 00:44:48,640
Speaker 2: the speed of light, they have all sorts of freaky

785
00:44:48,680 --> 00:44:52,719
Speaker 2: dicky properties. It's why gold is gold. Not going to

786
00:44:52,719 --> 00:44:55,840
Speaker 2: get into that, just trust me. It's why gold is gold.

787
00:44:56,560 --> 00:44:58,920
Speaker 2: But also it means that if you could go into

788
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:02,359
Speaker 2: those atoms and just kind of exists in them as

789
00:45:02,360 --> 00:45:05,600
Speaker 2: if they were a universe, you would see that time

790
00:45:05,640 --> 00:45:09,040
Speaker 2: and space was bent compared to how time and space

791
00:45:09,080 --> 00:45:12,919
Speaker 2: exists outside of those atoms, like on our level. That's

792
00:45:12,960 --> 00:45:16,600
Speaker 2: what atomic scientists have figured out, and it's actually kind

793
00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:20,480
Speaker 2: of having a mind breaking effect on the periodic table

794
00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:25,120
Speaker 2: to an extent amazing. I think so too. That's it, Chuck,

795
00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:28,160
Speaker 2: we did periodic tables. It's done. You did great.

796
00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:30,200
Speaker 1: Oh boy, we don't have to do it again.

797
00:45:30,440 --> 00:45:33,920
Speaker 2: No, I don't think so, I hope not. Yeah, what

798
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:38,879
Speaker 2: is this Murphy's law? Well, since I said Murphy's Law,

799
00:45:38,880 --> 00:45:41,359
Speaker 2: and Chuck laugh because he got the joke. You may

800
00:45:41,400 --> 00:45:44,000
Speaker 2: not have him. That's okay. That means it's time for

801
00:45:44,040 --> 00:45:44,600
Speaker 2: listener now.

802
00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:48,799
Speaker 1: All right, I'm gonna call this very quick follow up

803
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:51,759
Speaker 1: from our Halloween episode. As we record this, it is

804
00:45:51,800 --> 00:45:56,760
Speaker 1: actually Halloween, so that has just come out today, and

805
00:45:56,800 --> 00:46:01,160
Speaker 1: we have something from Owen that perhaps explained something that

806
00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:04,120
Speaker 1: we kind of wondered about. Hey, guys, once again loving

807
00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:07,480
Speaker 1: the Yearly Spectacular. Figured i'd mentioned my take on what

808
00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:11,960
Speaker 1: the Hermit meant. Hermit Hermit meant when he said the

809
00:46:12,040 --> 00:46:14,759
Speaker 1: man's eyes didn't match his mouth. Oh yeah, I think

810
00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:16,759
Speaker 1: it might have something to do with honesty, like the

811
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:21,120
Speaker 1: words of encouragement were somehow disingenuine. That lined up with

812
00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:23,240
Speaker 1: the idea that the hermit has sort of seen flaws

813
00:46:23,239 --> 00:46:26,239
Speaker 1: and faults. That makes sense to me. I didn't match

814
00:46:26,239 --> 00:46:26,600
Speaker 1: his mouth.

815
00:46:26,719 --> 00:46:29,120
Speaker 2: That's like the best explanation I've heard so far. It's

816
00:46:29,160 --> 00:46:31,360
Speaker 2: also the only explanation, but it's a good one.

817
00:46:31,760 --> 00:46:34,279
Speaker 1: I think it's totally it. And Owen says, regardless of

818
00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:37,319
Speaker 1: whether that's the author's intent, I'm using the description in

819
00:46:37,360 --> 00:46:40,719
Speaker 1: a song i'm writing. So thanks for the inspiration and

820
00:46:40,760 --> 00:46:43,959
Speaker 1: in all honesty, the voice work is on point this year.

821
00:46:44,960 --> 00:46:46,920
Speaker 1: That is from Oen.

822
00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:50,360
Speaker 2: Makes a Lot, Owen, Here's a here's some inspiration for

823
00:46:50,480 --> 00:46:52,040
Speaker 2: the musical part of your song.

824
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:00,120
Speaker 1: Oh.

825
00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:02,839
Speaker 2: If you want to be like Owen and write in

826
00:47:02,880 --> 00:47:05,560
Speaker 2: to explain something to us, we love that kind of thing.

827
00:47:06,040 --> 00:47:08,160
Speaker 2: You can put it in an email and send it

828
00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:14,520
Speaker 2: off to Stuff Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com.

829
00:47:14,680 --> 00:47:17,560
Speaker 3: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

830
00:47:17,640 --> 00:47:21,839
Speaker 3: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

831
00:47:21,960 --> 00:47:23,800
Speaker 3: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.