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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff

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Speaker 1: works dot com. Wow, hey, guys, welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: This is us and I don't know, like the science

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Speaker 1: editor how stuff works dot com. And this is Robert Lamb,

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Speaker 1: science writer at how stuff works dot com. And uh,

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Speaker 1: in the podcast room here, the temporary room is pretty,

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Speaker 1: uh it's kind of toasty, but the rest of the

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Speaker 1: office it's uh, pretty freezing, pretty frigid. Yeah, it's the

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Speaker 1: time of the year where like it's getting warmer outside,

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Speaker 1: but the air conditioning is already on and it's a

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Speaker 1: little too ambitious, right, And there's somebody in the office

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Speaker 1: who's always hot, you know, so you've got to turn

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Speaker 1: it down for them. And then there's somebody who's always

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Speaker 1: all tiny and keeps space heaters on underneath your desk

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Speaker 1: and piles on the shawls. And then there's that one

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Speaker 1: guy that's bringing in frozen corpses of like dead rich

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Speaker 1: people so that they can be thought out like centuries

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Speaker 1: from now in the future when they created cures for

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Speaker 1: their various ailments, right right, the cryonics guy. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: that's the topic of today's podcast, is in fact cryonics

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Speaker 1: death on ice. Yeah, and this is I mean, this

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Speaker 1: is a pretty snazzy topic. It's been in the news

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Speaker 1: pretty much a lot over the past decade especially, and uh,

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Speaker 1: and it's all over sci fi just you know, just

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Speaker 1: the idea of people people freezing themselves when they die

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Speaker 1: so they can live forever. It's kind of morbid neural answer.

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Speaker 1: The test or Ashpools, the clan, the main clan in there. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they're all like frozen up in the orbit, right and

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Speaker 1: all as crazy as a rat and a coffee can indeed. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so just to refresh your memory. Cryogenics is just the

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Speaker 1: area of science that deals with what happens at really

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Speaker 1: low tempts. It doesn't just deal with us humans. Cryonics

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Speaker 1: is the technique used to store human bodies are really

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Speaker 1: low temperatures with the hope of one day reviving them.

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Speaker 1: And it is being performed today that the freezing part

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Speaker 1: that is not necessarily the reviving part. But the technology

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Speaker 1: is really still in its infancy. And here's the really

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Speaker 1: interesting thing that's stuck with me when we were researching

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Speaker 1: this is that you don't have to freeze your whole body.

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Speaker 1: You can, in fact, just freeze your your head. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: or if you want to get more reductionists. You can

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Speaker 1: just freeze your brain. Yeah, I mean, and you know

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Speaker 1: this is uh if anybody's watched Futurama, you know there's

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Speaker 1: a whole deal with like celebrities and they're they're they're

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Speaker 1: just these all these heads and jars. So in the

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Speaker 1: future you can go to a museum and meet like

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Speaker 1: past presidents in there. You know, did they talk? They talk?

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Speaker 1: You know, even people who are clearly not uh preserved

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Speaker 1: and frozen. You know, it'll be like like people like

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Speaker 1: George Washington will be ahead and at jar and then

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Speaker 1: it'll be the Beastie Boys. So why are we so

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Speaker 1: interested in this? Well, because it's it's that one. It's

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Speaker 1: one of those topics that that it once it's one

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Speaker 1: of those topics that is yes, it's kind of gasly

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Speaker 1: engross and and uh and bizarre, but it's also chance

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Speaker 1: of immortality. It's it's a it's a shot at preserving

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Speaker 1: life or um postponing down. Yeah, yeah, preserving the human mind.

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Speaker 1: And yeah, I mean ultimately it's all about like cheating death.

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Speaker 1: It's it's kind of like the modern equivalent of the

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Speaker 1: of like the Pharaoh going into the pyramid, you know,

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Speaker 1: like based on the best information at the time that

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Speaker 1: he was getting from the priest that you know, if

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Speaker 1: you go into this pyramid with all your stuff, then

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Speaker 1: you're going to be set for the afterlife. And this

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Speaker 1: is kind of like a scientific take on it, you know,

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Speaker 1: where it's like, hey, some people would argue it's not

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Speaker 1: very scientific, but we'll get into that. But it's using

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Speaker 1: the it's employing the science. Is you know, whether whether

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Speaker 1: the science actually backs it up completely and you know,

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Speaker 1: we can get into that, but but they're they're making

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Speaker 1: a scientific argument for delivery into what is essentially the afterlife.

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Speaker 1: Some scientists are interested in it, like astronauts, for example,

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Speaker 1: this would be pretty handy if you could freeze a

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Speaker 1: couple of astronauts for a long distance journey to another world. Um,

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Speaker 1: if you were if you happen to be suffering from

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Speaker 1: some incurable disease, you could go into the freeze until

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Speaker 1: the cure arrives. Yeah. Like Mr Burns and the Simpsons,

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Speaker 1: do you remember that one where it was the one

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Speaker 1: where Lisa is like in it's like if Lisa gets

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Speaker 1: to see what her future is going to be like

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Speaker 1: and and this your Burns, the evil boss you know,

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Speaker 1: has been has been frozen until medical science can create

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Speaker 1: a cure for seventeen stab wounds to the back. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: One thing I was thinking about was I wonder if

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Speaker 1: this could be a facet of a witness protection program

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Speaker 1: in the future. Oh yeah, yeah. I mean that's because

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Speaker 1: in a way, you're in trouble, it'll just freeze you

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Speaker 1: until yeah, put the eyes on him, um, and then

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Speaker 1: he can wake up sometime in the future when it

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Speaker 1: doesn't matter anymore. Yeah. I read the American Cranics Society

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Speaker 1: offers the quote unquote ultimate privacy option, in which your

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Speaker 1: attorney handles all the details and the society doesn't even

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Speaker 1: know your name, so you can be frozen anonymously. Just

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Speaker 1: corpsicle three, or it wouldn't be three, would be more

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Speaker 1: like a hundred and something now because according to those guys,

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Speaker 1: they're really stacking them up. So the chiggy thing about chronics,

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Speaker 1: of course, is that you have to your heart has

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Speaker 1: to stop beating in order for this procedure to be

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Speaker 1: performed on you. It can't be performed on someone who's

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Speaker 1: still alive legally speaking, yeah, because that would technically be murder. Yeah, obviously, thanks,

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Speaker 1: that's a good point. So you have to be legally dead.

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Speaker 1: And what is legally dead mean. It means your heart

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Speaker 1: stopped beating, not totally dead as in brain death. We

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Speaker 1: have an article on brain death which I read and

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Speaker 1: got side checked in when I was researching this. So

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Speaker 1: brains can survive, according to our article on brain death,

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Speaker 1: for up to six minutes after your heart stops speeding.

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Speaker 1: So it's really interesting between the time your heart stops

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Speaker 1: speeding and your brain cells start dying, there's this sort

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Speaker 1: of purgatory Yeah, well window of opportunity anyway, Yeah, right, exactly,

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Speaker 1: And this is where the Chronics people jump in, and

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Speaker 1: after the heart stops speeding, there's some cellular brain function

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Speaker 1: that they think may remain for those precious few minutes.

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Speaker 1: So Chronics preserves that sell functions so that theoretically the

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Speaker 1: person can be resuscitated in the future. Yeah. It's kind

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Speaker 1: of like, um, if you say, a struggling actor at

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Speaker 1: a pizzeria and you see like a family with a

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Speaker 1: bunch of breadsticks on the table and they like totally

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Speaker 1: get up and leave the breadsticks when they go. It's

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Speaker 1: like if you can swoop in and get those breadsticks

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Speaker 1: before they come and bust the table window of opportunity.

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Speaker 1: So let's get into the process of freezing a body.

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Speaker 1: So you're interested in joining a chronics facility, Well, you'd

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Speaker 1: have to pay an annual membership fee and this can

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Speaker 1: be in the area of four hundred dollars a year,

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Speaker 1: or you can just get it all over at once,

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Speaker 1: because what if your estate isn't taken care of. What

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Speaker 1: if your person who is the executor of your state,

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Speaker 1: you know, loaves off and decides to spend it on

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Speaker 1: something else, will you just pay up front? Essentially? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we're talking long term planning here, Like you guess you

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Speaker 1: could have like if you're just rolling the dough, you

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Speaker 1: could have some sort of account set up where the

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Speaker 1: interest off of your massive amount of money, um, you know,

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Speaker 1: goes to pay for your yearly fee. It's kind of like, uh,

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Speaker 1: what we need have those condos and you have to

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Speaker 1: pay for like the lawn time share. Yeah no, no,

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Speaker 1: but with the like the association fee. Oh yeah right,

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Speaker 1: And some of the organizations has cut me up offered

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Speaker 1: discounts on fees for students. So if you're struggling students

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Speaker 1: but are still interested in chronics, you can start now

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Speaker 1: and just pay a discounted fee weight, but you have

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Speaker 1: when you have to be dead, like that's you're not

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Speaker 1: really struggling anymore at that point. Well, I think they

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Speaker 1: offer payment programs. I think that's the idea behind it,

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Speaker 1: unless in that you're you're you're not brain dead, so

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Speaker 1: like for six years. So however long you're frozen, you're

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Speaker 1: still having that dream about about how you didn't drop

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Speaker 1: that class in time right right right, you're showing up

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Speaker 1: naked for a test. That's the worst. Um. So the

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Speaker 1: first step is joining this facility and paying out some cash.

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Speaker 1: But then things start to get interesting. When your heart

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Speaker 1: stops speeding and you're pronounced legally dead. Then there's an

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Speaker 1: emergency response team from the facility and they spring into action.

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Speaker 1: So the problem here that I was thinking about is

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Speaker 1: what do you do if you die in accidental death

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Speaker 1: and you're kind of stuck, and what happens is the

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Speaker 1: chronics company refund your money. I would hope you would

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Speaker 1: have like a voucher, you know that It's like if

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Speaker 1: I'm not able to use it, then I've got like

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Speaker 1: a you know, a freezing voucher that I can pass

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Speaker 1: on to somebody else that I care about that's a

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Speaker 1: good idea. I mean, that's just my idea. I have

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Speaker 1: no idea what they do, right, So the team springs

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Speaker 1: into action, and the first thing they do is they

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Speaker 1: stabilize your body. They're supplying your brain with enough oxygen

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Speaker 1: and blood to preserve minimal function until you can be

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Speaker 1: transported to the suspension facility. So at this point they

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Speaker 1: put you on ice ice. Yeah, and we're just talking

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Speaker 1: normal ice here, just to cool you down. Um. And

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Speaker 1: then they also inject you with an antecout coagulant to

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Speaker 1: keep your blood from clotting during the trip. And then

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Speaker 1: a medical team just awaits the arrival of your body

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Speaker 1: at the cryonic facility. And that is when the actual

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Speaker 1: of freezing begins. When you get there, you can't really

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Speaker 1: just put people into a vat of liquid nitrogen because

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Speaker 1: the water inside their cells would freeze, and when water freezes,

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Speaker 1: it expands, and then your cells would be in bad shape.

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Speaker 1: They would shatter. Yeah. Anybody who's ever, you know, put

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Speaker 1: a glass of anything in the freezer has observed this.

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Speaker 1: Now imagine that with the whole body. That's not good,

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Speaker 1: not good at all. So the cronics you must first

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Speaker 1: remove the water from your cells and replace it with

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Speaker 1: this funky mixture called a cryo protective. It's a sort

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Speaker 1: of human anti freeze. Yeah, and the goal here is

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Speaker 1: to protect the organs of the tissue from forming those

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Speaker 1: ice crystals at those really low temperatures. Yeah. You don't

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Speaker 1: want your organs to get freezer burned. Yeah. So this

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Speaker 1: is called vitrification, deep cooling without the freezing and puts

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Speaker 1: the cells into a s state of suspended animation. Next,

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Speaker 1: your body is laid on a bed of dry ice

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Speaker 1: until it reaches the temperature necessary, which is roughly around

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Speaker 1: negative degrees celsius. And you you can only imagine it

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Speaker 1: looks really gnarly at this point because it's like a

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Speaker 1: like a haunted house. It's like all that dry ice

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Speaker 1: is smoking and your corpse is setting on top and there.

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Speaker 1: I'm just saying, it probably looks pretty cool. Yeah, So

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Speaker 1: that completes the vitrification process. Also, what he's with the

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Speaker 1: name that is not a very attractive name. I don't know,

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Speaker 1: you feel okay with it? Well, it's kind of it

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Speaker 1: sounds like it's got to be that strongly like vigorous. No,

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Speaker 1: it's like a file. Anyway. The next step is inserting

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Speaker 1: the body into an individual container that's placed into this

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Speaker 1: huge tank filled with liquid nitrogen at a temperature around

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Speaker 1: negative one celsius. And check this out. They store you

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Speaker 1: head down, so if there's ever a leak in the tank,

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Speaker 1: your brain stays immersed in the freezing liquid. And if

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Speaker 1: there is a leak, they do check to see if

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Speaker 1: there are leaks periodically. Yeah, because you don't want to like,

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Speaker 1: you know, they crack the v open you know, um,

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Speaker 1: a couple of millennium in the future and they're like, oh, well,

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Speaker 1: only as feet survive. The other thing is you're going

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Speaker 1: to have some company in your container, as a lot

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Speaker 1: of people, well not a lot, but a few people

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Speaker 1: are typically stored in a container. I bet, I bet

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Speaker 1: if you paid down, you know, some more money, you

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Speaker 1: could probably get a solo tank totally if you're just

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Speaker 1: like super you know, weird about that kind of thing. So,

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Speaker 1: now that you're all handy and frozen and upside down

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Speaker 1: in the tank, how do you revive someone? Well, you don't.

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Speaker 1: And this is where the chronics problem starts to get

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Speaker 1: a little messy. Yeah, it's kind of a it's like

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Speaker 1: a gamble, really, it's it's saying, Hey, we're gonna go

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Speaker 1: ahead and chill this out, and eventually science is gonna

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Speaker 1: catch up with us and they're gonna be able to

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Speaker 1: do something with it. Yeah, in a weird way, it's

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Speaker 1: sort of a faith in science, which is nice. Yeah. Again,

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Speaker 1: it's like applying the it's applying science in the same

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Speaker 1: way that one might have applied a religion in in

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Speaker 1: ancient times. So a couple of points in chronics favor

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Speaker 1: if you're considering this. Living organisms can be and have

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Speaker 1: been brought back from a dead or near dead state.

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Speaker 1: You things like defibrillators and CPR are bringing back accident

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Speaker 1: and heart attack victims all the time. Yeah. And then

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Speaker 1: you have other organisms that can quote freeze themselves, like

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Speaker 1: the wood frog. The wood frog is awesome. So it

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Speaker 1: can deal with freezing of up to six seventy of

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Speaker 1: their body water. It can maintain a minimum body temperature

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Speaker 1: of negative six degrees celsius, and for four weeks it

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Speaker 1: can stay frozen. It's pretty good. I'm impressed. So what

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Speaker 1: helps the wood frog to survive the freeze? Well, one

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Speaker 1: of the responses promoting the tolerance and these frogs is, uh,

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Speaker 1: they're able to redistribute the water within their body. So

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Speaker 1: all that water that's normally found all over the tissues

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Speaker 1: is concentrated within the limp system and the column. Oh cool,

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Speaker 1: so they just, yeah, they repurpose it to areas that

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Speaker 1: aren't going to be damaged by that crystallization process, exactly, exactly.

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Speaker 1: And the other cool thing about the wood frog is

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Speaker 1: it has this inherent cryoprotectant in the form of glucose

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Speaker 1: from liver glacitchen and then it can quickly make and

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Speaker 1: send it to the rest of the body. So this

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Speaker 1: happens really fast. O. Cool. So is it so basically

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Speaker 1: that this is a creature that is evolved to deal

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Speaker 1: with with cold spells? And uh, and so it can

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Speaker 1: survive cold spells. Yeah, and it has a good company.

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Speaker 1: They are about a dozen different reptiles and amphibians that

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Speaker 1: can freeze themselves, according to Miami University Department of Zoology.

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Speaker 1: So maybe we should like just throw this out there.

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Speaker 1: Maybe we should be looking to the continuing evolution of

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Speaker 1: say Canadians or you know, Siberians. Yeah, anybody living in

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Speaker 1: extreme temperatures. You know, nature is eventually going to catch up.

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Speaker 1: Just quit turning on the heat. And ruin and things.

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Speaker 1: You know. So one thing reassuring about about all this

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Speaker 1: is that we can freeze certain human materials, say embryos

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Speaker 1: and semen most definitely, that was an interesting thing to

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Speaker 1: look into while we're researching this podcast. Yeah, human embryos

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Speaker 1: that are frozen in fertility clinics or defrost and implanted

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Speaker 1: and mother's theaters and they grow into you know, totally

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Speaker 1: normal human beings. It's a great example we can put

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Speaker 1: of us putting life on ice and then in a

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Speaker 1: way reviving it. Right, So if I were considering chronics,

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Speaker 1: I would think that would be something that would point

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Speaker 1: me in its favor. Well, we can do it with

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Speaker 1: seuman and embryos. Granted it's not a human body. And

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Speaker 1: the argument there is that the human body is enormously complicated.

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Speaker 1: So it's one thing to d ice semen or embryos,

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Speaker 1: but it's another thing entirely to d ice human being. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but I guess it seems like a natural progression, um

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Speaker 1: a complicated, natural, complicated one. But like I take for instance,

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Speaker 1: UM being able to freeze organs for transplant, Like you

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Speaker 1: might think, all right, that's a very practical means. You know,

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Speaker 1: if we could, you know, somebody loses you know, dies,

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Speaker 1: we harvest their organs and then we can put them

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Speaker 1: on ice to make sure that they are ready when

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Speaker 1: somebody needs them, or that they can be transported to

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Speaker 1: the person who needs them. Uh, and that would be

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Speaker 1: you know, an actual need that would lead to better

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Speaker 1: freezing techniques. Right. Well, they are put on ice now,

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Speaker 1: but yeah, the shelf life of them is so fast.

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Speaker 1: I mean you have to move it instantly, get that

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Speaker 1: kim me on ice and bomb send it to the recipient.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like the U S courts haven't quite figured

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Speaker 1: out what to make of chronics just yet. Did you

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Speaker 1: see that new stories at you? Oh? Yeah, yeah, the

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Speaker 1: one from Iowa, right, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. The Iowa

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Speaker 1: Court of Appeals has ordered the family of a deceased

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Speaker 1: man to exhume his body so that his previous wishes

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Speaker 1: to have his head frozen by an arizona Um cryonics

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Speaker 1: company can be met. Yeah. That was strange. Independent This

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Speaker 1: seems kind of like, because how long has he been

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Speaker 1: in the ground, you know, it's just it's kind of

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Speaker 1: over at this point. What's the point of freezing it? Yeah.

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Speaker 1: This story goes on to say that He died in

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Speaker 1: February two thousand nine at age eight one, and prior

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Speaker 1: to his demise, he'd entered into this contract with the

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Speaker 1: Crownics company called alk Core Life Extension Foundation. But his

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Speaker 1: his his brother, and his sister didn't want to do it,

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Speaker 1: and so they had him buried and the appeals Kurt said, no, no,

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Speaker 1: you gotta dig that guy up and you gotta stick

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Speaker 1: him in the Chronics facility. Yeah, that's I mean, it

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Speaker 1: sounds like those breadsticks have been bust you know. I

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Speaker 1: mean there's I don't unless I'm missing something. Um in

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Speaker 1: the grounds really cold there. Um, that one's kind of

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Speaker 1: done for. Yeah, kind of odd. So this is pretty cool. Um.

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Speaker 1: I was pulling up some some different statistics and I

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Speaker 1: think you were looking at this these two. Um. The

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Speaker 1: Cryonics Institute has a bunch of comparative proceidures and policies

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Speaker 1: on their website, so you can look at like some

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Speaker 1: of the different different places you could have your body frozen.

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Speaker 1: You can stop around steal. So there's like there's Altcore

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Speaker 1: Life Extension Foundation in Arizona, American Chronic Society in California,

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Speaker 1: Chronic Institute in Michigan, Creo Roussan and um. And then

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Speaker 1: there's Suspended Animation Inc. In Florida that has a nice

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Speaker 1: ring to it. Yeah. I wonder if they do anime

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Speaker 1: there too. It's it does it sounds kind of um,

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Speaker 1: I don't know's it sounds like something out of a novel. Um. Oh.

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Speaker 1: And then there's trans Time Inc. Also in California. So

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Speaker 1: California is a hotbed of getting your body frozen pretty much. Um.

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Speaker 1: But they have all this other stuff on there too,

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Speaker 1: about like all right, which ones offer you know, just

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Speaker 1: the head um or you know, full body freezing? Um?

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Speaker 1: You know what what kind of prices are involved in?

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Speaker 1: There was one that was pretty that I was kind

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Speaker 1: of i because it had had some like it wasn't

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Speaker 1: that much per year like I think they had like

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Speaker 1: the yearly cost down to yeah, like trans Time and

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Speaker 1: uh Chronics Institute they headed down to like like one

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Speaker 1: is like ninety six dollars for yearly fee and the

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Speaker 1: other ones are and twenty And of course it still

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Speaker 1: takes an enormous amount of money to to get frozen

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Speaker 1: to begin with, but it's like hundred twenty a year.

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Speaker 1: I probably you know, spend that much on I don't

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Speaker 1: know beer or something you know, indeed not beer, but

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Speaker 1: I don't know. Fine coffee, yeah, something caffeine to keep

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Speaker 1: you awake during your podcasts. Yeah, definitely on caffeine. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So for the price of like one year's worth of coffee,

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Speaker 1: I could to have my body frozen until they figured

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Speaker 1: out how to restore me and like put me in

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Speaker 1: like a new android body in the future. Or you

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Speaker 1: could have the exact opposite done and you could be

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Speaker 1: burned up proverb that's right, for a lot cheaper, yeah,

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Speaker 1: or composted. This gonna be the next big craze, they say,

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Speaker 1: human composting. Yeah. Yeah, there's actually a whole deal about it. Um.

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Speaker 1: And actually Mary roaches a stiff book kind of like

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Speaker 1: body farm, um kind of. I mean, it's basically operates

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Speaker 1: along the principle that you know, it's kind of like,

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Speaker 1: you know, to I feel like today's generation, a lot

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Speaker 1: of us are like like I feel it's like I'm

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Speaker 1: I would be like telling my parents and I'd be like, like,

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Speaker 1: I think, you know, being buried in the ground would

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Speaker 1: be a waste because I'm taking up like valuable you know,

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Speaker 1: real estate. It's costing money, and then what am I

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Speaker 1: doing down there. I'm just you know, being kept in

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Speaker 1: like this artificial state, you know, and still decaying when

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Speaker 1: you could just burn me, right and that will be

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Speaker 1: a lot clear and simpler. Um. But then there's this

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Speaker 1: new movement saying, well, no, actually you're you know, you're

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Speaker 1: creating emissions when you burn a body and you all

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Speaker 1: this fire, et cetera. And also it keeps it. It

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Speaker 1: requires a lot of energy to keep the incinerator at

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Speaker 1: that temperature. And then if you have you know, you

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Speaker 1: have any feelings, etcetera, you know, you might have some

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Speaker 1: you know, something in there that it burns up and

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Speaker 1: adds the pollution. Um. So they're people to say, hey,

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Speaker 1: what would be more natural than just simply becoming a

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Speaker 1: part of the earth again. You know, you're burying and

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Speaker 1: they have these these green burials you know where yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: they they talked about it in there where not much

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Speaker 1: as done to the corpse and you just you know,

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Speaker 1: you're retaken by the ecosystem. And it's actually a lot

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Speaker 1: like I believe they do that into bet you've probably

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Speaker 1: seen the pictures where they take the body and they

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Speaker 1: leave it up on the rocks for the for the scavengers.

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Speaker 1: So Yeah, it's you know, that's all about like continuing

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Speaker 1: the natural cycle, the complete opposite of freezing yourself so

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Speaker 1: that robots can rebuild your body in the future. But

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Speaker 1: go forward. If that's your thing, don't let me talk

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Speaker 1: you out of it. Yeah. So I think that wraps

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Speaker 1: it up for death and death on it in particular.

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Speaker 1: If you're curious about jeff or chronics, we have many

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Speaker 1: articles on both, so head on over to the homepage

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Speaker 1: and type in cryonics or brain death or how dying works.

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Speaker 1: Molly Edmunds were a really good article on how dying

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Speaker 1: works that I liked. Yeah, yeah, yeah, very interesting. All

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Speaker 1: the processes are going on in it. Hey, and we

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Speaker 1: also have Facebook and Twitter accounts, now be sure to

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Speaker 1: do There's stuff from the Science Lab on Facebook and

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Speaker 1: Lab stuff over on Twitter. Yeah, and you should be

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Speaker 1: able to put put Lab stuff into either, and that'll

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Speaker 1: bring you right to us. We'll keep you updated on

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Speaker 1: what we're talking about, what we're podcasting about, what we're

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Speaker 1: writing about, and uh, just what we find particularly amusing.

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Speaker 1: Like today, I ran across this awesome link from like

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00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:29,359
Speaker 1: two thousand five about this Japanese mixed martial artist who

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00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:33,200
Speaker 1: started talking about like how he would like seriously want to, like, um,

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Speaker 1: have a fight with an alien and how he might

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Speaker 1: carry it out. Excellent. Yeah, it's amazing. So if you

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Speaker 1: want to write to us and let us skip some

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Speaker 1: of their innings, send us an email. It's science stuff

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Speaker 1: at how stuff dot com for more on this and

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Speaker 1: thousands of other topics because at how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: Want more how stuff works, check out our blogs on

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