1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello, everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,960 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:07,400 Speaker 1: in history in this episode. They're both good, if I 4 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:12,160 Speaker 1: do say so myself. On with the show. Hi, I'm Eves, 5 00:00:12,840 --> 00:00:16,120 Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, a show 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:28,639 Speaker 1: that on covers history one day at a time. The 7 00:00:28,760 --> 00:00:34,760 Speaker 1: day was June one, forty three. Isabella Bomfree changed her 8 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: name to so Journal Truth Truth was an abolitionist and 9 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:45,159 Speaker 1: activists who dedicated her life to championing human rights. Isabella 10 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: Bomfree was born around in Ulster County, New York. Her father, James, 11 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 1: was nicknamed bom Free and her mother, named Elizabeth, was 12 00:00:56,680 --> 00:01:00,520 Speaker 1: known as a mau Maubt. She was a second youngest 13 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:04,160 Speaker 1: of thirteen children born to her parents, but her siblings 14 00:01:04,160 --> 00:01:07,360 Speaker 1: were sold or given away before she was born. In 15 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:10,600 Speaker 1: her younger years, Isabella lived on an estate that Dutch 16 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:14,560 Speaker 1: colonists owned, and the first language she spoke was Low Dutch, 17 00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:17,560 Speaker 1: but when her owner died, she was put up for 18 00:01:17,600 --> 00:01:21,560 Speaker 1: auction and separated from her parents. Her next owner was 19 00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:25,680 Speaker 1: English speaking, but she was mistreated for her inability to 20 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:31,160 Speaker 1: understand English. After that, a Dutch tavern keeper purchased her, 21 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:35,280 Speaker 1: and in eighteen ten, John Dumont purchased her for three 22 00:01:35,360 --> 00:01:41,039 Speaker 1: hundred dollars. Dumont enslaved her for two decades. She performed 23 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:46,039 Speaker 1: heart labor, including tasks like planting, plowing, cultivating and harvesting crops, 24 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:52,280 Speaker 1: milking animals, sewing, cooking, and cleaning the house. Dumont's wife, Elizabeth, 25 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: despised her and John raped her. That rape resulted in 26 00:01:58,240 --> 00:02:02,720 Speaker 1: her child, named Diane Uh. When she was enslaved at 27 00:02:02,720 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 1: the Dumonts, she fell in love with an enslaved man 28 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:10,760 Speaker 1: named Robert from a nearby farm, but Robert's owner beat 29 00:02:10,840 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 1: him to death for meeting Isabella. Years later, she met 30 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:19,600 Speaker 1: another enslaved man named Thomas and had three children with him, 31 00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:24,000 Speaker 1: named Peter, Elizabeth, and Sophia. At the end of the 32 00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:27,680 Speaker 1: eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, laws 33 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 1: in New York provided for the emancipation of enslaved black people, 34 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:35,880 Speaker 1: though there were stipulations and many continued to be enslaved. 35 00:02:36,639 --> 00:02:40,120 Speaker 1: Dumont agreed to emancipate Isabella before she was set to 36 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:43,520 Speaker 1: be free by law, but he renegged on his promise 37 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:47,519 Speaker 1: and she fled with her daughter Sophia. She found refuge 38 00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:50,680 Speaker 1: with the van Wagenens in New Pault's, New York, who 39 00:02:50,720 --> 00:02:53,359 Speaker 1: paid her twenty dollars for her work until the date 40 00:02:53,400 --> 00:02:59,400 Speaker 1: of her emancipation July fourth, eighteen seven. But Dumont had 41 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:04,280 Speaker 1: illegally old Isabella's son, Peter south to Alabama. She was 42 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:07,799 Speaker 1: dedicated to finding Peter, and after taking her son's case 43 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:11,559 Speaker 1: to illegal hearing at court, Peter was returned from Alabama 44 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:15,359 Speaker 1: and freed. While she was staying with the van Wagenens, 45 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: she became a devout Christian. In eighteen twenty nine, she 46 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,280 Speaker 1: and Peter moved to New York City. She became a housekeeper, 47 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:26,480 Speaker 1: and when she was accused of being an accomplice to 48 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: murder and poisoning a couple, she was acquitted of her 49 00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:33,080 Speaker 1: charges and turned around and fouled a slander suit against 50 00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:36,320 Speaker 1: the couple that claimed she tried to poison them. She 51 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:40,920 Speaker 1: won the suit, but Isabella would meet more misfortune. Her 52 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:43,920 Speaker 1: son Peter, had taken a job on a whaling ship 53 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:47,160 Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty nine. The ship he was supposed to 54 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:49,840 Speaker 1: be on returned to New York in eighteen forty two, 55 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:52,960 Speaker 1: but he was not on it and she never heard 56 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:57,120 Speaker 1: from him again. The next year, Isabella decided to change 57 00:03:57,120 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 1: her life drastically as a Methodist. She said she was 58 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: called to speak God's truth across the countryside. On June one, 59 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:12,120 Speaker 1: forty three, she took the name Sojourner Truth. In her autobiography, 60 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: she said the following. My name was Isabella. But when 61 00:04:16,279 --> 00:04:19,279 Speaker 1: I left the House of Bondage, I left everything behind. 62 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:22,200 Speaker 1: I wasn't going to keep nothing of Egypt on me, 63 00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: and so I went to the Lord and asked him 64 00:04:24,880 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: to give me a new name. And the Lord gave 65 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:30,400 Speaker 1: me so Journal, because I was to travel up and 66 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:33,640 Speaker 1: down the land, showing the people their sins and being 67 00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,960 Speaker 1: a sign unto them. Afterwards, I told the Lord I 68 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: wanted another name, because everybody else had two names, and 69 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:43,760 Speaker 1: the Lord gave me Truth, because I was to declare 70 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:48,839 Speaker 1: the truth to the people. After she moved to Massachusetts 71 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:53,880 Speaker 1: and joined the Northampton Association of Education and Industry utopian 72 00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:57,080 Speaker 1: community that was a stop on the underground railroad. She 73 00:04:57,240 --> 00:05:02,080 Speaker 1: met abolitionists like Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison. As 74 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:05,719 Speaker 1: tension over slavery rose in the country, Truth began a 75 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 1: public lecture tour and traveled to states talking about her 76 00:05:08,839 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: experiences as an enslaved woman. She bought a house in Northampton, 77 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:15,760 Speaker 1: which she paid off in a few years by selling 78 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 1: photos of herself. Throughout the rest of her life, she 79 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:22,120 Speaker 1: continued to travel and advocate for the rights of women 80 00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:27,080 Speaker 1: and black people. She spoke out for abolition, women suffrage, desegregation, 81 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:32,119 Speaker 1: and land grants performerly enslaved people, and she recruited black 82 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:35,240 Speaker 1: men for the Union Army during the Civil War. In 83 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:39,680 Speaker 1: her later years, she became skeptical of interracial cooperation and 84 00:05:39,720 --> 00:05:44,440 Speaker 1: supported racial separation and of black western homeland. She died 85 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:49,160 Speaker 1: in eighteen eighty three in Battle Creek, Michigan. I'm Eve 86 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:51,680 Speaker 1: Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little more about 87 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:55,719 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. If there's something that 88 00:05:55,760 --> 00:05:58,279 Speaker 1: I missed in an episode, you can share it with 89 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: everybody else on Twitter, Instagram or Facebook at t d 90 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:07,560 Speaker 1: I HC podcast. And if you want to learn more 91 00:06:07,640 --> 00:06:11,560 Speaker 1: about people who rebelled and resisted the status quo in history, 92 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: you can listen to the new podcast Unpopular. It's a 93 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:18,839 Speaker 1: show that I host about people in history who really 94 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: challenged the conventions of their day and took a stand 95 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: against them. Thanks for joining me on this trip through time. 96 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:40,599 Speaker 1: See you here in the exact same spot tomorrow. Hey, y'all, 97 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,360 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to the Stand History Class, a 98 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:46,440 Speaker 1: podcast that truly believes no day in history is a 99 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:57,640 Speaker 1: slow day. The day was June one, ninety four. The 100 00:06:57,720 --> 00:07:00,400 Speaker 1: Timelike maneuver was unveiled in an article hole in the 101 00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:04,680 Speaker 1: journal Emergency Medicine. The Heimlich maneuver is a technique used 102 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: to stop a person from choking. At the time, choking 103 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,560 Speaker 1: was a common cause of accidental death in the US. 104 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:15,360 Speaker 1: The American Red Cross recommended slapping a choking victim on 105 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:18,000 Speaker 1: the back to help them if coughing did not work. 106 00:07:18,680 --> 00:07:21,280 Speaker 1: That would dislodge the food or other objects that caused 107 00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:24,960 Speaker 1: the person to choke, but some doctors believed that backslaps 108 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,880 Speaker 1: could lodge an object deeper in the airway. A thoracic 109 00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: surgeon named Dr Henry Heimlike decided to find a better 110 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 1: way to rescue people who were choking. In the nineteen sixties, 111 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:39,720 Speaker 1: Heimlich had invented a device that drained fluid from open 112 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:43,280 Speaker 1: test wounds that used a flutter valve to prevent backflow. 113 00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:46,400 Speaker 1: The Heimlich valve saw use in the Vietnam War, as 114 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:50,160 Speaker 1: well as American hospitals. Of the early nineteen seventies, Heimlich 115 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 1: had turned his attention to anti choking techniques. He first 116 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,440 Speaker 1: tested his methods on dogs, then worked to adapt his 117 00:07:57,480 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: procedure for people. He wanted any body to be able 118 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: to perform the procedure, not just medical professionals. On June one, 119 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:10,240 Speaker 1: nine four, the journal Emergency Medicine published an article by 120 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:13,760 Speaker 1: Himlike that detailed a method for helping people who are choking. 121 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:17,600 Speaker 1: The article was titled Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary. The 122 00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:20,840 Speaker 1: term cafe coronary refers to a sudden death due to 123 00:08:20,840 --> 00:08:26,239 Speaker 1: food obstructing the airway. Timelike called the method subdiare fragmatic pressure, 124 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:29,760 Speaker 1: and this method, air expelled through the victim's lungs would 125 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:33,320 Speaker 1: propel the object out of the victim's throat. There are 126 00:08:33,360 --> 00:08:36,000 Speaker 1: several positions a person can be in to administer the 127 00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:39,080 Speaker 1: Himelike maneuver. A well known one is when a person 128 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:42,360 Speaker 1: stands behind the choking victim, puts their thumb inside their 129 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:45,400 Speaker 1: fists just above the navel, and grabs their fists with 130 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:49,400 Speaker 1: their opposite hand. Then the rescuer presses inward and upward 131 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:53,000 Speaker 1: on the person's belly to free the obstruction from their airway. 132 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:55,480 Speaker 1: The maneuver can also be done on someone lying on 133 00:08:55,520 --> 00:08:59,400 Speaker 1: their back, and people can perform it on themselves. The 134 00:08:59,480 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: Himelian neuver gained popularity, and Heimlich made television appearances promoting 135 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 1: the method. Celebrities claimed it saved them from choking. A 136 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:11,640 Speaker 1: few months after the article was published, the Journal of 137 00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:15,360 Speaker 1: the American Medical Association dubbed the method the Heimlich maneuver. 138 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:20,320 Speaker 1: By nineteen seventy six, the American Heart Association and American 139 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:24,800 Speaker 1: Red Cross recommended performing abdominal thrust on a choking victim 140 00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:29,080 Speaker 1: if backslaps did not work. A decade later, both organizations 141 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:33,720 Speaker 1: stopped recommending backslaps and only recommended the Heimlike maneuver for choking. 142 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,080 Speaker 1: One of Heimlike sons, Peter Heimlich, said that his father 143 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:40,559 Speaker 1: tried to discredit the practice of hitting someone on the 144 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:43,560 Speaker 1: back to keep them from choking. Peter also said that 145 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:46,439 Speaker 1: his father funded a study in the nineteen eighties that 146 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:49,640 Speaker 1: concluded hits to the back could be more harmful than beneficial. 147 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:52,720 Speaker 1: He claimed that his father was a fraud who was 148 00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:56,160 Speaker 1: good at public relations, and that the Heimlich Institute just 149 00:09:56,360 --> 00:10:01,560 Speaker 1: promotes his father's dangerous ideas into dozen three. Henry Himlick's 150 00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:05,319 Speaker 1: colleague Dr Edward Patrick claimed that he helped develop the 151 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:08,719 Speaker 1: maneuver but was not credited for it. Himlike has been 152 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:12,079 Speaker 1: criticized for his work by others as well. He called 153 00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:14,400 Speaker 1: for the use of the Himeli maneuver and cases of 154 00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:18,160 Speaker 1: near drowning and asthma, but its effectiveness in these cases 155 00:10:18,280 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 1: has been discredited and it could even prove harmful. Himli 156 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:27,160 Speaker 1: also advocated malarial therapy, which is the controversial process of 157 00:10:27,240 --> 00:10:31,400 Speaker 1: purposefully infecting a person with malaria to help them with HIV, 158 00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:37,080 Speaker 1: lime disease, cancer, and other conditions. Now, the American Red 159 00:10:37,120 --> 00:10:40,440 Speaker 1: Cross recommends trying five backslaps for people who are conscious 160 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: and choking, and if that doesn't work, trying five abdominal thrust. 161 00:10:44,800 --> 00:10:48,559 Speaker 1: The American Heart Association still only recommends abdominal thrust for 162 00:10:48,640 --> 00:10:53,000 Speaker 1: conscious choking. Timelike claimed that his maneuver has saved tens 163 00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:56,480 Speaker 1: of thousands of lives, but there's debate over just how 164 00:10:56,520 --> 00:11:01,160 Speaker 1: effective and safe. It is. I'm eas Jeff Cote, and 165 00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,040 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 166 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. And if you have any comment, Star 167 00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:09,720 Speaker 1: suggestions are just nice notes that you want to send us. 168 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:13,120 Speaker 1: You can send those to This Day at iHeart media 169 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,160 Speaker 1: dot com. If you want to hit us up on 170 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:18,920 Speaker 1: social media, we're at t D I h C Podcast 171 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Thanks so much for listening 172 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:31,560 Speaker 1: to the show and we'll see you tomorrow. For more 173 00:11:31,559 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 1: podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 174 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,760 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.