1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,559 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show. 2 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:08,399 Speaker 1: Welcome to this Day in History Class, where History waits 3 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:19,800 Speaker 1: for no One. The day was May one, eight twenty 4 00:00:21,120 --> 00:00:25,280 Speaker 1: radical activists Arthur Thistlewood and four other men were executed 5 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:28,800 Speaker 1: in London for high treason after plotting to assassinate the 6 00:00:28,840 --> 00:00:33,600 Speaker 1: Prime minister's entire cabinet. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, 7 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:38,040 Speaker 1: most of Britain was still dealing in agriculture, but urbanization 8 00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:43,200 Speaker 1: and industrialization were taking over in some areas. The conclusion 9 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:46,680 Speaker 1: of the Napoleonic Wars and the War of eighteen twelve 10 00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:50,160 Speaker 1: had brought in a bunch of returning soldiers and sailors 11 00:00:50,280 --> 00:00:55,760 Speaker 1: looking for work. Inflation, food shortages, and poor working conditions 12 00:00:55,800 --> 00:01:00,560 Speaker 1: were rampant. Cities were becoming overcrowded, and poverty, crime and 13 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: disease were quickly becoming more of a problem. Workers had 14 00:01:05,319 --> 00:01:08,880 Speaker 1: low pay and they often faced harsh punishments for their mistakes. 15 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:15,119 Speaker 1: The Combination Acts of seventeen forbade working men from collective 16 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:20,399 Speaker 1: bargaining and forming trade unions. This caused a lot of unrest. 17 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:25,920 Speaker 1: By twenty people had already been protesting mechanization and calling 18 00:01:25,959 --> 00:01:30,920 Speaker 1: for reform. Arthur Thistlewood was one of these people. Fueled 19 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:33,600 Speaker 1: by his drive to overthrow the government and his own 20 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:37,560 Speaker 1: financial woes. This a Wood became involved in radical groups. 21 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:43,760 Speaker 1: He became associated with Thomas Spence, a revolutionary who advocated 22 00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:47,640 Speaker 1: for the common ownership of land. The government did not 23 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:51,960 Speaker 1: perceive Thistlewood as a threat at first, but after Thistlewood 24 00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:55,160 Speaker 1: took part in a failed plan to invite Napoleon to 25 00:01:55,280 --> 00:02:00,640 Speaker 1: invade Britain, the government took notice. Thomas Spent died in 26 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:06,000 Speaker 1: eighteen fourteen, but his followers, the Spenciens, remained, and Thistlewood 27 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:11,000 Speaker 1: became one of their organizers. In December eighteen sixteen, he 28 00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:14,240 Speaker 1: helped plan a riot at Spa Fields with the aims 29 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:17,320 Speaker 1: of seizing the Bank of England and the Tower of London. 30 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 1: Thistlewood was later arrested, but he got off through either 31 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:27,960 Speaker 1: an acquittal or withdrawn charges. By eighteen eighteen, Spenciens were 32 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: tired of failed plots, but Thistlewood was still stirring the pot. 33 00:02:33,480 --> 00:02:38,600 Speaker 1: He challenged Home Secretary Henry Addington, first Viscount Sidmus, a 34 00:02:38,639 --> 00:02:43,040 Speaker 1: former Prime Minister, to a duel. This earned Thistlewood a 35 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:46,360 Speaker 1: year in prison for threatening a breach of peace, a 36 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:51,280 Speaker 1: sentence that began in May eighteen eighteen, but Thistlewood's rebellion 37 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:54,960 Speaker 1: did not in there Parliament passed the Six Acts of 38 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:59,239 Speaker 1: eighteen nineteen, which were created to suppress radical movements and 39 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:03,480 Speaker 1: restricted people's rights to hold public meetings and distribute political literature. 40 00:03:04,840 --> 00:03:07,880 Speaker 1: Once this ale Wood was released from prison, he began 41 00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:11,680 Speaker 1: plotting to kill all of the prime Minister's cabinet. He 42 00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 1: and a group of co conspirators rented rooms on Cato 43 00:03:15,200 --> 00:03:18,440 Speaker 1: Street in London to get ready for the mass assassination. 44 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 1: This a Wood found out, possibly through a man named 45 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: George Edwards, that the cabinet ministers were planning on having 46 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:29,559 Speaker 1: one of their regular dinners at the Earl of Haroldby's 47 00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:35,480 Speaker 1: home and Grosvenor Square on February eighteen twenty. He decided 48 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:38,120 Speaker 1: that this would be the perfect time to assassinate the 49 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:42,000 Speaker 1: cabinet so he could install a provisional government that worked 50 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:45,560 Speaker 1: in the interests of the people. The conspirator's plan was 51 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:49,240 Speaker 1: to rush in the Earl's home, subdue the servants, murder 52 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:52,600 Speaker 1: all the cabinet ministers in the dining room, then set 53 00:03:52,680 --> 00:03:56,280 Speaker 1: up the provisional government and the Lord Mayor's home. But 54 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:59,520 Speaker 1: Thomas Haydn, whom this ale would had tried to get 55 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:03,760 Speaker 1: to join the plot, told Lord Castlereagh of the conspiracy. 56 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:07,080 Speaker 1: Once Lord Harold be found out, he cancel the dinner. 57 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: George Edwards was also a government spy, and he'd been 58 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:16,919 Speaker 1: passing along information about Thistlewood the Bow Street Runners. A 59 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:20,800 Speaker 1: police force rated the conspirators hide out on Cato Street 60 00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: on the evening of the three as they were preparing 61 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:27,720 Speaker 1: to leave. In the scuffle, Thistlewood ended up killing an 62 00:04:27,760 --> 00:04:31,400 Speaker 1: officer and escaping, but he was caught the next morning. 63 00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:36,440 Speaker 1: The childs for the conspirators began on April seventeen eighty. 64 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: In the end, all the men on trial were found 65 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:43,680 Speaker 1: guilty of high treason. Five of the men's sentences were 66 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:48,840 Speaker 1: commuted to transportation at New South Wales. About two weeks later, 67 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:54,560 Speaker 1: on May one, Thistlewood, James Inks, James Brunt, William Davidson, 68 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:59,600 Speaker 1: and Richard Tidd were hanged and posthumously beheaded at Newgate Prison. 69 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:04,800 Speaker 1: Around one hundred thousand people gathered to watch the execution. 70 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:08,440 Speaker 1: So many people tried to climb a railing at St. 71 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:11,640 Speaker 1: Sepulcher's Church that it fell under the stress of the 72 00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:16,039 Speaker 1: load of people. This the Wood said in his last speech, 73 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:20,640 Speaker 1: Albion is still in chains of slavery. I quit it 74 00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,160 Speaker 1: without regret. I shall be consigned to the grave, and 75 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:26,960 Speaker 1: my body will be immured beneath the soil whereon I 76 00:05:27,080 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 1: first drew breath. My only sorrow is that that soil 77 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 1: should be a theater for slaves, for cowards, and for despots. 78 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:38,560 Speaker 1: My motives, I doubt not, will hereafter be justly appreciated. 79 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:44,839 Speaker 1: Albion just means Britain. Because government officials did not want 80 00:05:44,839 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: the execution to incite a riot, they deployed soldiers around 81 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,919 Speaker 1: the prison and had the conspirators bodies interred in the 82 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:54,599 Speaker 1: jail the same day. After the failure of the Cato 83 00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:59,159 Speaker 1: Street Conspiracy, much of the radical activity around labor reform ended. 84 00:05:59,800 --> 00:06:05,040 Speaker 1: The Spencan philanthropists disbanded. The government pointed to the conspiracy 85 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:09,240 Speaker 1: as proof that the Six Acts were necessary to maintain order. 86 00:06:11,240 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Chef Cote, and hopefully you know a little 87 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,560 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you'd 88 00:06:17,560 --> 00:06:20,080 Speaker 1: like to learn more about this topic, you can listen 89 00:06:20,120 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 1: to the episode of Stuff You Missed in History class 90 00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:27,320 Speaker 1: called the Cato Street Conspiracy. If you haven't gotten your 91 00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,760 Speaker 1: fill of history after listening to today's episode, you can 92 00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:35,320 Speaker 1: follow us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t d 93 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:40,440 Speaker 1: i h C podcast. Come back tomorrow for another tip 94 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:54,760 Speaker 1: it from History. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and welcome to 95 00:06:54,839 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 1: This Day and History Class, a podcast that never gives 96 00:06:57,760 --> 00:07:10,120 Speaker 1: up on history. The day was made first. Seventeen fifty three, 97 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: Carl Linnaeus published Speckius Plantarum, a two volume text that 98 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:19,640 Speaker 1: contained a list of known plant species. The work is 99 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:23,240 Speaker 1: considered the starting point for a binomial nomenclature, or the 100 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:28,360 Speaker 1: use of two terms to name a species of living organism. Aristotle, 101 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:31,400 Speaker 1: a philosopher in the fourth century b C. Did not 102 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: create an entire classification system to describe all animals, but 103 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 1: he did group similar organisms together under the term genus, 104 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: and he recognized different species within a genus. He sought 105 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:47,760 Speaker 1: to define the differentia, or the essential defining trait of 106 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: each species. He even made a distinction between blooded and 107 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:57,440 Speaker 1: bloodless animals, which mirrors the modern distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates. 108 00:07:58,520 --> 00:08:03,320 Speaker 1: Other philosophers and biologists were dedicated to classifying organisms, though 109 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:06,840 Speaker 1: many did not base their descriptions on any solid methodology 110 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: or hierarchy. But during the Renaissance the knowledge and study 111 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 1: of the natural world expanded a lot. Still, species naming 112 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:20,440 Speaker 1: practices varied. Biologists gave some species long Latin names that 113 00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:24,160 Speaker 1: could be changed easily. That meant that the same species 114 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:28,080 Speaker 1: would have different names in different descriptions, which could cause confusion. 115 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: On top of this, imperialism, colonialism, and global exploration was 116 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:37,480 Speaker 1: giving Europeans more access to plants and animals they were 117 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:43,080 Speaker 1: previously unfamiliar with. Carl Annaeus was a Swedish physician and botanist. 118 00:08:43,480 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 1: In thirty five, he published Sustema Naturae. The work described 119 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:52,680 Speaker 1: a new taxonomy for three kingdoms in nature, the animal kingdom, 120 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:57,360 Speaker 1: the plant kingdom, and the mineral kingdom. Kingdoms were divided 121 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 1: into classes, genera and species. The first edition of the 122 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: text only contained eleven pages. On May one, seventeen fifty three, 123 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:12,040 Speaker 1: Linnaeusis Specius Plantarum was published. Technically, volume one of the 124 00:09:12,080 --> 00:09:15,520 Speaker 1: book was published on and volume two was published on 125 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:18,679 Speaker 1: August sixteenth, but May first has been deemed the date 126 00:09:18,760 --> 00:09:22,560 Speaker 1: of issue for both. By this time, more editions of 127 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:26,720 Speaker 1: Systema Nature had been published and the classification system had 128 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:32,160 Speaker 1: become more complex and Specias plantarum, Linnaeus described thousands of 129 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:36,320 Speaker 1: plants species. He defined twenty four classes of plants based 130 00:09:36,360 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: on their reproductive organs. In this sexual system, as Linnaeus 131 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: called it, the number and position of stamens and pistols 132 00:09:43,960 --> 00:09:48,679 Speaker 1: determined a plant's class and order. The Linnaean system also 133 00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:51,560 Speaker 1: used by no meal names for plants. He was not 134 00:09:51,679 --> 00:09:53,960 Speaker 1: the first to use by no meal nomenclature, but he 135 00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:57,599 Speaker 1: did simplify naming, and he used by no meals consistently. 136 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:00,240 Speaker 1: At this point, organism names were made up of a 137 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:04,640 Speaker 1: string of two or more descriptive words, but Linnaeus limited 138 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:08,040 Speaker 1: names to just two terms, a Latin genus name and 139 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:11,640 Speaker 1: a so called trivial name. For instance, the honeybee, which 140 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 1: previously had twelve words in its name, was labeled Opice molifera. 141 00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:21,319 Speaker 1: At the time, many scientists did not accept his naming system, 142 00:10:21,320 --> 00:10:24,640 Speaker 1: but more editions of Specius plantarum were released, with a 143 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:29,800 Speaker 1: new species added to each. The books simplified classification system 144 00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:33,880 Speaker 1: made botany accessible to more people and contributed to the 145 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:36,840 Speaker 1: rise of the field in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 146 00:10:37,960 --> 00:10:41,840 Speaker 1: In taxonomy, The principle of priority says that the first 147 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:46,119 Speaker 1: properly published name of a species or genus takes precedence 148 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:50,679 Speaker 1: over any published later. The International Botanical Congress is in 149 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:54,440 Speaker 1: nineteen o five in nineteen ten established the publication of 150 00:10:54,640 --> 00:10:58,200 Speaker 1: Specius plantarum as the starting point for the naming of 151 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:03,280 Speaker 1: many plant groups. The tenth edition of Sustema Nature, published 152 00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: in seventeen, marks the starting point for zoological nomenclature. The 153 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:12,680 Speaker 1: International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, fun Gi and Plants 154 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:18,160 Speaker 1: now sets rules and recommendations on formal botanical names. I'm 155 00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:20,760 Speaker 1: Eves Jeff Cote and hopefully you know a little more 156 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:24,800 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. If you have 157 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:26,840 Speaker 1: any kind words to share with us, you can hit 158 00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:29,599 Speaker 1: us up on social media where at t d I 159 00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:33,120 Speaker 1: HC podcast. You can also send us a note via 160 00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:37,080 Speaker 1: email at this day at I heeart media dot com. 161 00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:39,559 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening to the show, and we'll see tomorrow. 162 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:55,240 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from My Heart Radio, visit the iHeart 163 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:57,760 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 164 00:11:57,760 --> 00:11:58,440 Speaker 1: favorite shows.