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Speaker 1: Welcome to Aaron Benky's Cabinet of Curiosities, a production of

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Speaker 1: I Heart Radio and Grim and Mild. Our world is

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Speaker 1: full of the unexplainable, and if history is an open book,

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Speaker 1: all of these amazing tales are right there on display,

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Speaker 1: just waiting for us to explore. Welcome to the Cabinet

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Speaker 1: of Curiosities. All around our homes are simple inventions, bound

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Speaker 1: by one common thread. The notebook on our desk, the

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Speaker 1: GPS on our phone, and the toothbrush on our bathroom

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Speaker 1: sink each got their starts in China. China was the

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Speaker 1: birthplace of many inventions we still use today, including the

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Speaker 1: wooden coffin, paper currency, and the common match. Most importantly, though,

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Speaker 1: China was responsible for what has been cleared the Four

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Speaker 1: Great Inventions by British scientists and sinologist Joseph Needham. These

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Speaker 1: were inventions that were not only indicative of China's advancements

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Speaker 1: in the field of science and technology, but also profoundly

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Speaker 1: changed the world. The four Great inventions that need enlisted

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Speaker 1: were paper, the compass, movable type printing, and a unique

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Speaker 1: explosive substance known as gunpowder. Gunpowder revolutionized how wars were fought,

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Speaker 1: when it was first applied to arrows, which were ignited

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Speaker 1: and then launched toward enemies. The chemical formula for gunpowder

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Speaker 1: first appeared around the eleventh century during the Song dynasty.

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Speaker 1: In one iteration, it was said to have been made

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Speaker 1: by combining six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter. The

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Speaker 1: more it was used, however, the more the formula was

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Speaker 1: tweaked to burn longer and provide a greater bang for

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Speaker 1: the buck. Gunpowder brought forth a new age of weaponry.

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Speaker 1: Bombs and early gun type weapons called fire lances made

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Speaker 1: their debut over the coming years. It's been speculated that

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Speaker 1: the Mongols first introduced year up to gunpowder in twelve

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Speaker 1: forty one during the Battle of Mohi in Hungary. Obviously,

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Speaker 1: good inventions tend to spread. By the mid thirteenth century,

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Speaker 1: gunpowder had been adopted by the Middle East and Europe.

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Speaker 1: Kings and generals couldn't get enough of it. The black

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Speaker 1: powder was more valuable than gold in many ways, as

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Speaker 1: it gave those who possessed it a major advantage on

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Speaker 1: the battlefield. But outside of China, gunpowder was difficult to

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Speaker 1: make thanks to one key ingredient, saltpeter. Saltpeter was the

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Speaker 1: name given to a variety of nitrate salts, such as

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Speaker 1: calcium nitrates and potassium nitrates. Saltpeter got its name from

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Speaker 1: its white color and powdery texture, but even though it

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Speaker 1: looked like common table salt, it was not as commonly found.

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Speaker 1: During the Middle Ages, no one knew how to manufacture saltpeter,

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Speaker 1: but they did notice that it grew in some less

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Speaker 1: than pleasant places. You see, cleanliness was not a main

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Speaker 1: focus for most Europeans for a long time. The lack

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Speaker 1: of clean water meant bathing only happened occasionally, if ever

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Speaker 1: at all. Human waste was often funneled down into cesspools,

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Speaker 1: while castles had it dropped into their moats to make

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Speaker 1: the water unsafe for enemies to swim through. One accidental

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Speaker 1: byproduct of all this refuse saltpeter. It was scraped from floors, barns,

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Speaker 1: and cesspits all over Europe and collected to make gunpowder.

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Speaker 1: This spawned an entire industry of cleaners called peterman who

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Speaker 1: would enter people's homes and harvest the calcium nitrate. Of course,

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Speaker 1: that created a whole new problem. When surfaces were clean,

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Speaker 1: saltpeter wouldn't grow. After a while, a shortage forced people

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Speaker 1: to think outside the box and inside the barn. You see,

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Speaker 1: saltpeter wasn't a fungus or a type of mold. It

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Speaker 1: didn't grow in the natural sense. It was left behind

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Speaker 1: by the bacteria that fed on waste. Horses and other

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Speaker 1: livestock would relieve themselves on the floors of their stables,

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Speaker 1: and that urine would soak in and wicke its way

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Speaker 1: up the plaster like walls, becoming a breeding ground for saltpeter,

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Speaker 1: as did feces, and so saltpeter farming was born. Farmers

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Speaker 1: looking to make extra gold or silver cultivated the deposits

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Speaker 1: left by their own livestock. They stored it for months,

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Speaker 1: sometimes a year at a time, and let nature do

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Speaker 1: its work. When it was finally viable, the enterprising farmers

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Speaker 1: would then purify it and sell it. Horses, sheep, cattle,

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Speaker 1: and even dogs were put to work eating and pooping

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Speaker 1: for the good of their countries. Through trial and error,

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Speaker 1: the farmers managed to discern which kinds of waste rendered

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Speaker 1: the most potent saltpeter. This ingenuity, combined with an abundance

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Speaker 1: of domesticated animals, helped Europe surpass all other nations in

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Speaker 1: saltpeter production and strength. They also learned that horses and

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Speaker 1: cows did not produce the best saltpeter, that came from

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Speaker 1: a very different beast. Entirely, the best saltpeter came from

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Speaker 1: the urine of animals that were all too common back then.

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Speaker 1: They roamed the land and went to the bathroom wherever

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Speaker 1: they stood, and honestly, they couldn't help themselves. The strongest

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Speaker 1: saltpeter you see was produced by drunks in rural Texas,

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Speaker 1: in entertainment was hard to come by. Aside from the

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Speaker 1: Sunday church services and social groups, folks had to look

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Speaker 1: for ways to keep themselves occupied. But every once in

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Speaker 1: a while something would happen that would horrify and enthrall them. Disasters,

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Speaker 1: both man made and natural, made for welcome distractions from

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Speaker 1: the mundanity of their lives, and in eighteen six such

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Speaker 1: a disaster arrived, one so explosive it captivated forty thou

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Speaker 1: people and killed two all because of one man's actions.

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Speaker 1: His name was William George Crush, and he worked for

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Speaker 1: the Missouri Kansas Texas Railroad, also known as the Caddy.

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Speaker 1: Caddy had been successful up until that time, earning over

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Speaker 1: four million dollars the previous year from both passenger ticket

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Speaker 1: sales and hauling freight. However, other railroad companies hadn't fared

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Speaker 1: so well since the start of an economic depression in

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Speaker 1: Many had gone belly up, and Crush had no intention

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Speaker 1: of letting Caddies succumb to the same fate. One way

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Speaker 1: the railroad had found to boost their revenues was by

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Speaker 1: boosting the size of their locomotives. The old thirty five

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Speaker 1: tons steamers had been retired in favor of sixty ton

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Speaker 1: models capable of moving faster, traveling farther, and carrying more weight.

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Speaker 1: That left the Caddy with an abundance of older, smaller

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Speaker 1: locomotives and nowhere to put them. So Crush came up

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Speaker 1: with an idea. He'd bring two of the old steam

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Speaker 1: engines to Texas and invite people to come out and

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Speaker 1: watch them roll through town before they disappeared for good.

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Speaker 1: With permission from the company's higher ups, the enterprising agent

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Speaker 1: commissioned to thirty five ton locomotives and had a long

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Speaker 1: track installed just north of Waco in a temporary town

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Speaker 1: that he called Crush. He saw this event as a

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Speaker 1: big ticket draw for the local population and made sure

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Speaker 1: that there were plenty of concession stands and a restaurant

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Speaker 1: ready to accommodate them all. Now, a couple of trains

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Speaker 1: passing through town doesn't sound like a lot of fun

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Speaker 1: for most people today, but in eight nineties six, it

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Speaker 1: was better than nothing. On September fift visitors paid two

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Speaker 1: dollars for their own train tickets to travel up to Crush,

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Speaker 1: Texas and watch the locomotives go by. Two hundred police

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Speaker 1: officers swarmed the makeshift town to keep everyone in line,

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Speaker 1: which proved more difficult than they had expected. The crowds

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Speaker 1: pressed forward, hoping to get close to the action, as

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Speaker 1: the police pushed them back to a safer distance. Crush

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Speaker 1: had become a microcosm of Greater Texas, with individuals from

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Speaker 1: all walks of life and attendance. Farmers stood beside doctors,

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Speaker 1: lawyers mingled with shopkeepers, and the audience had grown from

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Speaker 1: ten thousand in the morning to forty by four pm.

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Speaker 1: William Crush rode into town on a white horse. Just

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Speaker 1: after five pm, a site that might have appeared as

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Speaker 1: an omen to Simon the crowd with a wave of

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Speaker 1: his hat. The trains took off. They chugged along the

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Speaker 1: track with box cars full of railroad ties, picking up

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Speaker 1: speed as they went, except something was wrong. The trains

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Speaker 1: had been oriented in opposite directions on the same track.

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Speaker 1: The crowd leaned in as the locomotives pushed forward, steam

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Speaker 1: spewing from their stacks while their whistles filled the air

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Speaker 1: with shrieks of panic. The ground rumbled, people gasped. Within moments,

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Speaker 1: the two trains had collided head first. Wood splintered and

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Speaker 1: metal groaned as each of their boilers exploded, sending shrapnel

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Speaker 1: and debris flying into the sky. Everyone ran from the

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Speaker 1: scene when they realized that what went up had to

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Speaker 1: come down. Pieces of the trains crashed into two unfortunate souls.

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Speaker 1: Six others were injured, including a photographer who was partially

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Speaker 1: blinded by a torpedo like bolt that took out one

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Speaker 1: of his eyes. However, despite the tragedy, the event went

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Speaker 1: off exactly as Crush had hoped. The trains were never

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Speaker 1: meant to just roll lawned by each other. He'd set

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Speaker 1: up the crash at Crush as a publicity stunt to

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Speaker 1: improve business for the local railroad. His managers, though, were

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Speaker 1: less than pleased. William was immediately fired after the event,

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Speaker 1: before being rehired the very next day. It turns out

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Speaker 1: that the spectacle had been a huge success, and newspaper

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Speaker 1: headlines had declared Crush a marketing genius. Other railroads put

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Speaker 1: on their own crashes in the years to come, but

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Speaker 1: few would capture the electricity of the one that had

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Speaker 1: been staged in Texas. Advertising can be brutal. Building excitement

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Speaker 1: for a product takes finesse and an understanding of what

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Speaker 1: customers want, sometimes before they even know they want it.

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Speaker 1: But for people in Texas, in what they wanted was

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Speaker 1: pretty simple to see two trains crash. I hope you've

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Speaker 1: enjoyed today's guided tour of the Cabinet of Curiosities. Subscribe

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Speaker 1: for free on Apple Podcasts, or learn more about the

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Speaker 1: show by visiting curi Pocities podcast dot com. The show

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Speaker 1: was created by me Aaron Manky in partnership with how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works. I make another award winning show called Lore,

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Speaker 1: which is a podcast, book series, and television show, and

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Speaker 1: you can learn all about it over at the World

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Speaker 1: of Lore dot com. And until next time, stay curious, Yeah,