Speaker 1: Brought to you by Toyota. Let's go places. Welcome to
Speaker 1: Forward Thinking Hither Everyone, Welcome to Forward Thinking, the audio
Speaker 1: podcast that looks at the future and says, do you
Speaker 1: want to kick it in the front seat or sit
Speaker 1: in the backseat. I'm Jonathan Strickland, I'm Lauren voc Obama.
Speaker 1: I'm Joe McCormick. Can you tell I don't share these
Speaker 1: before I go into them. We wanted to talk a
Speaker 1: bit today about Torque, which was a phenomenal movie about
Speaker 1: motorcycles going really fast. Yeah, I didn have ice Cube.
Speaker 1: I don't know, I haven't seen it. I really didn't
Speaker 1: prepare for this podcast very well. You know what. In fact,
Speaker 1: scrap it, We're going to talk about Torque the rotational
Speaker 1: force insteady Joe, Well, we can't talk about that because
Speaker 1: at least one of us has seen it, Okay, So uh,
Speaker 1: we started thinking about this because we saw that video
Speaker 1: of pickup truck towing a Space shuttle. Yeah, which is huge.
Speaker 1: I mean you're literally huge. You're talking about literally literally huge.
Speaker 1: Literally what you're talking about. You're talking about a standard
Speaker 1: pickup truck pulling the Space shuttle, which is enormous and heavy,
Speaker 1: and the fact that a standard truck could do it, Like,
Speaker 1: how could it? How could it generate the force necessary
Speaker 1: to do that? Um? And what is that force? Yeah?
Speaker 1: Of course the force is something the force. Of course.
Speaker 1: The force, of course is something you've probably heard about
Speaker 1: with relation to cars, like it's torque. Sure, yeah, but
Speaker 1: what is torque? Um? And I didn't actually know when
Speaker 1: I had to look this up. Yeah, we're not pretty embarrassing, right, Um,
Speaker 1: But torque is really fundamental. It's something we should know.
Speaker 1: It's rotational force. Um. So if you just imagine that
Speaker 1: you have like a screw or a bolt with a
Speaker 1: nut on it. Came and say ice cube has a
Speaker 1: bolt with the nut on it on his motorcycle, right,
Speaker 1: and he wants to unscrew the nut. Um. So he
Speaker 1: gets a wrench out and he puts the wrench on
Speaker 1: the nut and he pushes the wrench. What the force
Speaker 1: he's generating there is called torque. It's rotational force. So
Speaker 1: it's force going around a fulcrum involving a lever. Got you.
Speaker 1: And the way you'd calculate um torque is by multiplying
Speaker 1: the force you're applying to the wrench by the length
Speaker 1: of the wrench so by by changing the length of
Speaker 1: the wrench, you change the amount of rotational force, even
Speaker 1: if you are pushing the same amount. So if you
Speaker 1: have a shorter wrench and you're pushing a certain you're
Speaker 1: exerting a certain amount of force on it. Versus a
Speaker 1: longer wrench and exerting uh, that same amount of force
Speaker 1: on it, it's a different amount of tork. Right. If
Speaker 1: you can let's say ice cube can apply two pounds
Speaker 1: of pressure to the wrench. Um, if he has a
Speaker 1: one ft wrench, that's two foot pounds of pressure of
Speaker 1: torque that he can put on that nut. But if
Speaker 1: he has a nine foot wrench, that's eighteen foot pounds
Speaker 1: of guts that he can of torque that he can
Speaker 1: apply to the nut. Um. So obviously having a longer
Speaker 1: lever gives you a great advantage I see. Um. And
Speaker 1: this actually comes in when you're talking about transmissions and
Speaker 1: gears in cars. Um, So how does torque figure into
Speaker 1: a car? All? Right? So, torque in the sense of
Speaker 1: a vehicle. Uh, you know, vehicle's engine is all about
Speaker 1: generating torque, and it doesn't in a very kind of
Speaker 1: indirect way in a sense because you know, you've got
Speaker 1: an engine going. You've got a combust internal combustion engine going. Uh,
Speaker 1: the main energy, the main power that you're generating. You're
Speaker 1: moving these pistons in and out of cylinders, right, That's
Speaker 1: what's called a reciprocating motion. So it's just going up
Speaker 1: and down. But you have to translate this into rotational motion.
Speaker 1: So those pistons are connected to a crank shaft, and
Speaker 1: a crank shaft its job is to rotate. It takes
Speaker 1: that reciprocating motion and translates into the rotational motion that
Speaker 1: is what powers the rest of the drive train, and
Speaker 1: that's ultimately what's going to make the wheels turn. But
Speaker 1: to get there, we have to go through some interesting
Speaker 1: turns here. So the crankshaft connects to something that's called
Speaker 1: the the flywheel. The fly wheel is connected to a
Speaker 1: clutch plate, and the clutch plate is connected to handbone,
Speaker 1: and the handbone is connected to think about no, no, no.
Speaker 1: The clutch plate is connected to a pressure plate, and
Speaker 1: that's where we are allowed to shift gears without everything
Speaker 1: grinding to a halt. Right in a manual transmission car,
Speaker 1: that is where the clutch connects when you when you depress,
Speaker 1: when when when you press it on the clutch, that
Speaker 1: is actually disconnecting the engine from the entire transmission right right,
Speaker 1: It lifts that pressure plate so that you no longer
Speaker 1: are getting power from the engine delivered to the drive train,
Speaker 1: because otherwise, all those gears that are in the rest
Speaker 1: of what I'm about to describe would be turning and
Speaker 1: uh and the shifting would be very messy to the
Speaker 1: point where you could cause huge amounts of damage to
Speaker 1: your vehicle. That's why you know, using the clutch and
Speaker 1: a manual transmission is so important. Automatic transmissions it all
Speaker 1: takes care of that for you, assuming everything's working correctly.
Speaker 1: All right. So you've got the flywheel and you've got
Speaker 1: the clutch plate and everything that that it's in turn
Speaker 1: is connected to what's called the gear shaft, which continues
Speaker 1: transmitting this rotational force, or the lay shaft is connected
Speaker 1: to the gear shaft. So you've got gear shaft going
Speaker 1: into lay shaft. The lay shaft has lay shaft gears
Speaker 1: on it. UH. These are gears that are directly connected
Speaker 1: to the lay shaft. And you start off with some
Speaker 1: small gears on the lay shaft and they get progressively
Speaker 1: larger as you go down the lay shaft. Keep in mind,
Speaker 1: I'm just kind of describing a typical manual transmission vehicle here.
Speaker 1: They are. They do come in different variations. But so
Speaker 1: you've got that small gear on the end and they
Speaker 1: get progressively larger as it goes on. You have a
Speaker 1: second shaft that's near this lay shaft. It's called the
Speaker 1: main shaft, all right. The main shaft also has gears
Speaker 1: on it. The gears go from large too small, and
Speaker 1: they interconnect with the the lay shaft gears. Now here's
Speaker 1: the thing. If all of those gears were turning at
Speaker 1: the same time, you wouldn't have any way of shifting gears, right,
Speaker 1: they would all be speed would be a single speed, yeah,
Speaker 1: you would. You would have one single range of motion
Speaker 1: you go in before you start to burn out your engine.
Speaker 1: So in order to have those gears turn freely without
Speaker 1: necessarily turning anything else in the vehicle, those gears are
Speaker 1: all mounted on ball bearings, right, so they can turn.
Speaker 1: The lay scheft gears can turn and turn and turn.
Speaker 1: The main scheft gears will turn, but they're not turning
Speaker 1: the main shaft itself. The main shaft can remain completely
Speaker 1: still while those gears are turning around and around because
Speaker 1: they're just mounted on it. Yeah, exactly, they're floating it,
Speaker 1: thank you, Lauren. And then you have what is called
Speaker 1: the dog clutch or dog collar, which engages the side
Speaker 1: of these uh main cheft gears. There, the main scheft
Speaker 1: gears have these holes along the side of the gear.
Speaker 1: The dog clutch or dog collar has these teeth along
Speaker 1: the side of it. And when that connects to the
Speaker 1: gear uh the MOE, the turning motion of the main
Speaker 1: shaft gear translates over into turning motion on that dog
Speaker 1: clutch or dog color, which then provides the rotational force
Speaker 1: necessary to move further down the drive train, ultimately ending
Speaker 1: at the tires. Right. Uh yeah, These these dog collars
Speaker 1: are what are connected to your gear shift in for example,
Speaker 1: a five speed manual car um and and that's that's
Speaker 1: what you're engaging with two right to to connect all
Speaker 1: of the shafts together and get that power out. And
Speaker 1: only one dog clutch or dog collar is engaged at
Speaker 1: any one time. Right, So if you're in first gear,
Speaker 1: that a dog clutches in that first main shaft gear.
Speaker 1: And because the main shift gear is large and the
Speaker 1: lay shaft gear is small that lay shaft gears, turning
Speaker 1: it more rotations per minute, and that's quite a bit
Speaker 1: of speed. But it's then translating that to a larger gear,
Speaker 1: which decreases the speed. You get fewer rotations per minute,
Speaker 1: but it increases the torque. That's where you get the
Speaker 1: torque in those low gears. And the important part of
Speaker 1: the torque at low gears is that you're trying to
Speaker 1: move a vehicle from a still position to being in motion,
Speaker 1: and that takes a lot of force. It's like it's
Speaker 1: like using a longer handled lever exactly. Yeah, if you've
Speaker 1: got a really heavy vehicle, then you're gonna need a
Speaker 1: good amount of force to get it moving. But once
Speaker 1: it gets moving, and once it starts to UH to hit,
Speaker 1: it's its top speed in that gear, you need to
Speaker 1: shift to a higher gear in order to make sure
Speaker 1: you're not making the engine work too hard. It's just
Speaker 1: gonna start burning out otherwise, And so that's when you
Speaker 1: would in a manual transmission car press on the clutch.
Speaker 1: You would disengage the drive train from the engine. You
Speaker 1: would be able to then shift from one to two.
Speaker 1: The dog clutch would disengage from the first main shift
Speaker 1: gear and engage the second main shift gear. Uh. Now
Speaker 1: you have a dog clutch between every couple of gears,
Speaker 1: So between one and two, between three and four, and
Speaker 1: between five and reverse. Reverse is a little different because
Speaker 1: you actually have to have a third smaller gear in
Speaker 1: between the main shift gear and the lay shaft gear
Speaker 1: to reverse the rotation direction. And you also have another
Speaker 1: set of gears further down the drive train that that
Speaker 1: changes the rotational direction for the tires to work. Otherwise
Speaker 1: you would be trying to put trying to turn the
Speaker 1: tires in a direction that's not aligned with their actual uh,
Speaker 1: the way they're mounted in a car. So you have
Speaker 1: to use differential too. That's exactly I have to move independently.
Speaker 1: That's true as well. Yes, all of that is important
Speaker 1: for it to work. And what we just described really
Speaker 1: is a manual five speed, manual transmission rear wheel drive car.
Speaker 1: But there are lots of different variations of this that
Speaker 1: have different layouts, and in fact, an automatic transmission is
Speaker 1: different in that all of these different gears. These gears
Speaker 1: and when you're talking about the small gear to the
Speaker 1: large gear, that's what we're talking about. Gear ratios with
Speaker 1: an automatic transmission, all those gears are located within one
Speaker 1: device essentially, and it is a little difficult to describe
Speaker 1: without visual representation, but it's the same process that more
Speaker 1: or less that's going on with a manual transmission. It's
Speaker 1: just that they're all those gears are located in this
Speaker 1: one thing. It's really awesome the way it works, but
Speaker 1: it's almost impossible for me to describe without pictures that
Speaker 1: the furthest dig out was that it kind of looks
Speaker 1: like that thing from Event Horizon, and then I just
Speaker 1: my brain shut. That's I think that's I think that's
Speaker 1: important for everyone. And if you don't recognize that, you
Speaker 1: need to go out and watch Event Horizon in the
Speaker 1: dark by yourself, preferably. It's amazing that the entire drive
Speaker 1: train of a car, with all of the complicated parts
Speaker 1: it has in it, is just taking a twisting motion
Speaker 1: from one place to another, and it's also having to
Speaker 1: translate that twisting motion to different directions, right because because
Speaker 1: you'll have rear differentials, right, Yeah, you get to a
Speaker 1: point where, yeah, you get a white where you need
Speaker 1: to translate that rotationary force so that it will turn
Speaker 1: tires in such a way that will move the vehicle,
Speaker 1: and that means actually shifting the direction of the road
Speaker 1: the rotating motion. What you do with more gears, it's
Speaker 1: just a different alignment of gears to uh make sure
Speaker 1: that the tires are are turning properly. Otherwise they would
Speaker 1: uh they you, your car would just not work. It
Speaker 1: would't it wouldn't turn, the wheels wouldn't turn because the
Speaker 1: rotational force would not be in the right direction. So
Speaker 1: I've heard people make the distinction between torque and horsepower, um,
Speaker 1: And apparently that's kind of a gearhead distinction to make,
Speaker 1: but essentially the way it comes down to in practical uses,
Speaker 1: you would often describe like a very powerful truck or
Speaker 1: something like that as being torque heavy, having strong torque
Speaker 1: because it it's good at um getting the ball rolling
Speaker 1: like initial huge load to a slow roll. Um. Whereas
Speaker 1: I think and correct me if I'm wrong, But usually
Speaker 1: you'd hear horsepower more often talking about like a very
Speaker 1: powerful engine like in a sports car or something. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's not unusual at all, that can deliver work over
Speaker 1: time and distance. That's accurate, I would say, I think
Speaker 1: that I think you summed it up well. Yeah, now,
Speaker 1: I feel free to write in if you know more
Speaker 1: about cars than I do, they're gonna be writing in
Speaker 1: about my uh my summary because I I oversimplified and
Speaker 1: I think I probably use crankshaft at least once when
Speaker 1: I met gear shaft. But that's because I was glancing
Speaker 1: at my notes hurriedly, right, and I'm not and I'm
Speaker 1: not a car. Also also technically that the gear shaft
Speaker 1: is usually called a laft. That's true, It's a lay shaft.
Speaker 1: The gear shafts attached to the lay shaft, which has
Speaker 1: the lay shaft gears. Yeah, so we're but we're here
Speaker 1: to talk about the future, okay, right, Yeah, this is
Speaker 1: this is all. This is all how and have been
Speaker 1: basically working since the early right. I thought this topic
Speaker 1: was kind of funny because I started to think about it,
Speaker 1: and what on earth is the future of torque. I mean,
Speaker 1: engines in the future will be so strong they will
Speaker 1: turn the wheels really hard, bigger. I think I think
Speaker 1: that's part of it, though, I mean, you look at
Speaker 1: some of the enormous vehicles that we have we have
Speaker 1: designed over the years, like some of the truly enormous ones,
Speaker 1: things like the stuff that has to move rockets and
Speaker 1: space shuttles like the the the huge ones that go
Speaker 1: at a snail's pace, crawling towards the launch pad carrying
Speaker 1: an entire launch vehicle on them. These things have to
Speaker 1: generate huge amounts of torque in order to be able
Speaker 1: to move across the ground, you know, So we wouldn't
Speaker 1: have been able to do that a hundred years ago.
Speaker 1: And part of that is not just I mean, the
Speaker 1: very the very nature of torque is not going to change, right,
Speaker 1: That's a fundamental things. But but it's but it's our
Speaker 1: ability to generate that that changes, and that's based upon
Speaker 1: making stronger engines and building stronger materials that can withstand
Speaker 1: this huge amount of force that we apply to them
Speaker 1: in order to translate that into torque. So there is
Speaker 1: a future, it's just we're talking about improving mechanical processes
Speaker 1: rather than like the torque itself remains unchanged, because that's
Speaker 1: just a fundamental thing, right. It's also about the efficiency
Speaker 1: of an engine because um, you know, right now automatic
Speaker 1: transmissions might have um up to up to eight gears,
Speaker 1: up to eight speeds working in them, and and they're
Speaker 1: constantly developing these more and more complex automatic transmissions right now,
Speaker 1: nine and ten speeds are the next big thing that's
Speaker 1: being expected to debut in uh or so, And that's
Speaker 1: that's important because it does keep the engine from having
Speaker 1: to work too hard. Uh. And it also makes those
Speaker 1: those transit transitions from one speed to the next much
Speaker 1: more smooth, right. It just it allows the engine to
Speaker 1: work within its optimal parameters. Excellent, it's happy place, happy place. Yeah. So,
Speaker 1: so that way, the engine is always operating exactly where
Speaker 1: it best works and not. It doesn't have to do
Speaker 1: too much work to go from one gear to the next,
Speaker 1: you know, it doesn't. It doesn't have to operate in
Speaker 1: the red for too long in order for it to
Speaker 1: switch from one gear to the next. Could it could
Speaker 1: wind up saving gas mileage by five to ten showing
Speaker 1: up one gear. That's that's fantastic, not only for a
Speaker 1: person's checkbook or whatever, or their wallet, but also for
Speaker 1: the environment. So so I was curious. I asked a
Speaker 1: friend of mine, who works on cars and who does
Speaker 1: know about cars, what some of these advances might have
Speaker 1: been in the you know, in recent decades, or maybe
Speaker 1: not even that reason, but just in the history of
Speaker 1: cars that have made them generate more torque UM, and
Speaker 1: he gave a couple of examples that I thought were interesting.
Speaker 1: One thing he suggested was possibly a fuel injection okay, sure,
Speaker 1: the way the it injects fuel like ionized or atomized, yeah,
Speaker 1: atomized fuel that helps the pistons generate more torque when
Speaker 1: they explode. UM and internal combustion, external combustion. Right. He
Speaker 1: mentioned UM more more precise machining tolerances, and that was
Speaker 1: interesting to me, just the idea that UM. You know,
Speaker 1: as as our factories get smarter and our ways of
Speaker 1: making engines get more and more precise, you're having a
Speaker 1: tighter fit between the piston and the cylinder. UM, just
Speaker 1: because I guess we're better at make yeah right, right,
Speaker 1: we're their machine operated, our machine made, rather than human made.
Speaker 1: And the computer design can be far more precise than
Speaker 1: what a person would be able to at this point.
Speaker 1: And this really close fit apparently enables the engine to
Speaker 1: generate more force, and we could see other applications of
Speaker 1: torque UH in the future. One of the things we
Speaker 1: talked about were space elevators. This idea of a vehicle
Speaker 1: that climbs a ribbon that reaches all the way out
Speaker 1: into space. Clearly, you would have to have a vehicle,
Speaker 1: some sort of climbing vehicle that would be able to
Speaker 1: generate quite a bit of torque to climb such a ribbon.
Speaker 1: So that would be another future application of it. It's uh,
Speaker 1: not necessarily that we don't have the the climbing technology
Speaker 1: right now that could do this. We might very well
Speaker 1: be able to make such a vehicle. It's the tether
Speaker 1: that's giving us the real sticking problem with that one.
Speaker 1: But the whole other episode about that. Yeah, but that's
Speaker 1: a but that's a possible uh you know, future use
Speaker 1: of or application of torque. Well, it's just, um, right now,
Speaker 1: when we go to space, we only have one way
Speaker 1: to do it. And it's funny because when you think
Speaker 1: about it, there aren't really all that many different ways
Speaker 1: we know about to make something go right well, and
Speaker 1: once we get into space there are a few more
Speaker 1: options we have. But getting to space is you know,
Speaker 1: it's pretty much you need a you need a rocket.
Speaker 1: Here on Earth, that rotational force is really the most
Speaker 1: useful thing. Um, what whether you're talking about tires or
Speaker 1: tank treads or well, it's so easy, yeah, I mean,
Speaker 1: there's no reason to have a rocket powered car unless
Speaker 1: you just want to get in the Darwin Awards. Yeah,
Speaker 1: or you have an award winning series on Discovery yea
Speaker 1: or or or or yeah, if you want to get
Speaker 1: into the eighth dimension. Where are we going dimension next?
Speaker 1: When we get there real soon? Yeah? Anyway, But um,
Speaker 1: so I started to think about what are all the
Speaker 1: different ways that you can make something go that you
Speaker 1: can power a vehicle. Um. So, obviously there is friction
Speaker 1: and and if we're talking about going into space, that
Speaker 1: could be relevant in terms of space elevators, Like you
Speaker 1: just have a climber vehicle, it rolls up a tether
Speaker 1: or something like that, and that wouldn't necessarily be limited
Speaker 1: to Earth. You could have that coming off of a
Speaker 1: moon or um space station other Yeah, anything like that. Um.
Speaker 1: But then once you're in space, you've got trouble because
Speaker 1: you can't roll. You have never seen me roll in space? Man?
Speaker 1: Well you can, you know you can, you can roll,
Speaker 1: but you can't. You can't. You can't use that's fair.
Speaker 1: I can't drive, You're right, Um, no, you can't. So
Speaker 1: we we have modern rockets are what's known as a
Speaker 1: reaction drive, right, and they move by throwing something with
Speaker 1: mass out the back of them. Right. Yeah, you're burning,
Speaker 1: You're burning chemicals to blow stuff out the back, which
Speaker 1: then pushes you forward. That equal and opposite reaction deal
Speaker 1: where you've got the either it's liquid or solid chemical
Speaker 1: rockets that are just burning through this fuel. Uh not.
Speaker 1: I mean it will move you really quickly, but it
Speaker 1: also weighs a lot, and it's hard to get that
Speaker 1: stuff off the planet and still have enough to space.
Speaker 1: And the nice thing about space is that once you
Speaker 1: start generating a good amount of speed, nothing's really slowing
Speaker 1: you down until you start encountering other things like gravity
Speaker 1: or if there are enough particles to exert friction on you,
Speaker 1: that'll make you slow over time, but much less than say,
Speaker 1: in Earth's atmosphere. Right, So, so yeah, you've got that.
Speaker 1: You also have gravity. I mentioned gravity. You can use
Speaker 1: gravity to help help you propel you distances in space,
Speaker 1: but you have to plan your trajectory very precisely in
Speaker 1: that slingshot kind of action. That's exact mass driver things. Well. Also,
Speaker 1: the Voiageer spacecraft use gravity. They use the gravity of
Speaker 1: the outer planets to propel them toward the edge of
Speaker 1: the Solar System, which they are still heading towards I
Speaker 1: see what you're saying. The slingshot most Sorry I didn't
Speaker 1: catch that first, Like you go around the Sun and
Speaker 1: it throws you out of orbit or or yeah, you're
Speaker 1: not going not going completely around really close right, Yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: you have to You have to plan your trajectory just
Speaker 1: right so that you are going right or you're getting
Speaker 1: the influence of the plant's gravity, but not so much
Speaker 1: that's actually pulling you toward the surface. It's just enough
Speaker 1: to sling you a little bite direction you want to go.
Speaker 1: You spend a very very short amount of time traveling
Speaker 1: with the planet in its rotational direction, and then you
Speaker 1: use the speed of that planet a moving through space
Speaker 1: and be its rotational direction to sling shut you off.
Speaker 1: And the voyager spacecraft us that in order to both
Speaker 1: visit all the plants they needed to and then to
Speaker 1: move toward interstellar space, which they're still heading toward. That's
Speaker 1: really smart, you know. They're also their reaction drives that
Speaker 1: aren't chemically based, like they're not caused by setting something
Speaker 1: on fire and shooting exhaust out. You can have electrical
Speaker 1: reaction drives that like I that are that are throwing
Speaker 1: particles at the back, right, and you can have sales
Speaker 1: solar sales. Yeah, that's an interesting one I wanted to
Speaker 1: talk about. You know, they harness both the solar wind
Speaker 1: and just the radiation pressure exerted by the sunlight. Right,
Speaker 1: because the particles that the sun blasts out actually don't
Speaker 1: have mass, or at least we say they are massless,
Speaker 1: but they have something called relativistic mass. Yeah. Does that
Speaker 1: basically mean that we need this thing for math to work?
Speaker 1: So therefore no, no, no, well kind of, but it
Speaker 1: really means that that photons have momentum, and because we
Speaker 1: have already defined momentum as mass and velocity, we sort
Speaker 1: of need them to have mass for it to make sense.
Speaker 1: But in that sense, yes, it's so that the math
Speaker 1: makes sense. But to get more into it, we would
Speaker 1: have to go all quantum and uh, honestly, I haven't
Speaker 1: had enough sugar to get there. So anyway you could
Speaker 1: argue that photons have no mass. It makes it easy,
Speaker 1: especially when you're talking about the wave like, uh, properties
Speaker 1: properties of photons. But in a in a sense, they
Speaker 1: do have a mass. It's a relativistic mass, whatever way
Speaker 1: you explain it. They push, they definitely do, because there's
Speaker 1: a great video on YouTube about how much does a
Speaker 1: shadow way, which is really the idea that when you
Speaker 1: when you have cloud cover over the Earth and no
Speaker 1: sunlight is hitting that part of the Earth, it's actually
Speaker 1: weighing a little less because it doesn't have the pressure
Speaker 1: of the planet heavy. Huh. Well, we talked about radiation
Speaker 1: pressure in an upcoming video that I'm very excited about. Yeah,
Speaker 1: me too. I'm excited because I've already shot that video
Speaker 1: to learn about it in the near future. Well, but
Speaker 1: this is cool. You could actually make a sailboat in space.
Speaker 1: Basically you just spread out a big old sale to
Speaker 1: just let the sunlight push you and the solar winds,
Speaker 1: the particles coming out of the upper atmosphere of the
Speaker 1: sun um and so there are more ways to get
Speaker 1: in around in space than I would have thought. It's
Speaker 1: a it's a lot easier to do was getting out
Speaker 1: in pushing Scotty had to do that once or twice
Speaker 1: with the Enterprise. Yeah. Yeah, it doesn't like to talk about.
Speaker 1: It doesn't doesn't reflect well on him being an engineer
Speaker 1: at all. Okay, guys, we're gonna wrap up this discussion
Speaker 1: before we do. We want to address something that went
Speaker 1: out on our previous podcast on Wednesday May about bacterial
Speaker 1: uh well bacteria that can do different stuff. Yeah. If
Speaker 1: you heard an early, uncorrected version of that podcast, you
Speaker 1: may have heard us claim that the bacteria is integral
Speaker 1: to the production of beer. Well, it turns out that's
Speaker 1: not so much the case, and we really should have
Speaker 1: known better. Um. In fact, in fact, we both did
Speaker 1: no better, but for some reason, our brains just clicked
Speaker 1: off at that point. Yeah, as it turns out, it's
Speaker 1: not bacteria that produces beer, it's yeast. Yeast, of course,
Speaker 1: which is a fungus, not a bacterial sport. And so
Speaker 1: the version of the podcast that exists now stands corrected.
Speaker 1: But in case you heard one of those earlier versions,
Speaker 1: we wanted to make sure to set things right. Yep. Um,
Speaker 1: So don't go disagreeing with your homebrewing friends. They're they're right.
Speaker 1: Yeast as a fungus, yes, and uh, it's still on
Speaker 1: micro organism. It's still something that's taking one substance and
Speaker 1: emitting another that we find very useful. So in that way,
Speaker 1: it's similar to but apart from that, very different organisms.
Speaker 1: So I'm glad we managed to clear that up. Hopefully
Speaker 1: we haven't caused too much damage along the way. Guys,
Speaker 1: if you have any suggestions for future episodes of forward
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