Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.
Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you get in touch with technology? With
Speaker 1: tech Stuff from how stuff works dot Com. Hi there, everybody,
Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff. My name is Chris Pallette. I'm
Speaker 1: the tech editor here at how stuff Works dot Com.
Speaker 1: And sitting across from me, as he often does on
Speaker 1: days such as this one, you know we're recording the
Speaker 1: podcast because he's my co host. That would be senior
Speaker 1: writer Jonathan Strickland. What an intro? That was more like
Speaker 1: what intro? So you want to talk about some more electronics? No,
Speaker 1: but we're gonna no, no, no, this is important stuff.
Speaker 1: Um So yeah, it's and it's interesting stuff. It is
Speaker 1: interesting stuff. It's just it's it's definitely. Uh, it's definitely
Speaker 1: something that that I wish I'd paid more attention to
Speaker 1: when I was in high school. I understand exactly what
Speaker 1: you mean. So last time we talked out electronics, the
Speaker 1: theory that goes behind electronics, right, we we got into, uh,
Speaker 1: what we started with adams and and how the negatively
Speaker 1: charged portion of them, the electron is the basis of electricity,
Speaker 1: and we got into how they can be used to
Speaker 1: create circuits and right, and that some materials resist the
Speaker 1: flow of electrons and others are particularly good at conducting.
Speaker 1: And we talked about Benjamin Franklin who gave us the
Speaker 1: whole concept of currents and described current as moving uh,
Speaker 1: as positive particles moving towards the negative terminal, which sadly
Speaker 1: is the opposite of what is happening, is that we
Speaker 1: have negative particles moving towards a positive terminal. So current
Speaker 1: goes one way, electron flow goes the other way. And
Speaker 1: Benjamin Franklin was a brilliant woman izer. I think we
Speaker 1: also covered that. Well we didn't use that word. No, No,
Speaker 1: I think I think I called him a gad about town. No,
Speaker 1: actually you didn't. Well it was a long time ago anyhow.
Speaker 1: But yeah, we we got into the basic, the very
Speaker 1: basics of electricity and UH and how it moves. So
Speaker 1: now we're gonna talk about circuits. Yes, it's a little
Speaker 1: more about circuits. So we described last time as a
Speaker 1: circuit as a kind of a pathway for electrons, a
Speaker 1: complete closed pathway. UM. And electrons actually have to have
Speaker 1: a pathway for them to flow in the first place. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they can well, I mean they can flow well, well,
Speaker 1: they can zip around pretty much anywhere because because I
Speaker 1: think of it this way, plasma that's an ionized gas.
Speaker 1: That's a gas in which electrons are zipping around all
Speaker 1: over the place on their own. They become stripped from
Speaker 1: their their respective atoms. But you can't really direct that
Speaker 1: electron flow, so exec to go from point A to
Speaker 1: point B. Yes, yes, so yeah, the circuit is a
Speaker 1: way to direct the actual flow of electrons um and
Speaker 1: you create it. It's like creating a highway system. Really yeah,
Speaker 1: for some oftimes particles. So, uh, let's a very basic
Speaker 1: circuit would be just say, take a battery which has
Speaker 1: two terminals, positive and a negative terminal, and you attach
Speaker 1: it to a circuit so that you've got a a wire, well,
Speaker 1: let's say a copper wire that connects one end of
Speaker 1: the battery to the other. Will that be a very
Speaker 1: very basic circuit that doesn't actually do anything other than
Speaker 1: allow the electrons to move from the negative end to
Speaker 1: the positive end, which means the current is flowing from
Speaker 1: the positive end to the negative end. That's all it's doing.
Speaker 1: Wouldn't be doing any work, wouldn't really be interesting. All
Speaker 1: it would really do is slowly kill your battery as
Speaker 1: the chemicals within it create the electrons necessary to generate
Speaker 1: the electron flow. Okay, so clearly that wouldn't be enough.
Speaker 1: You need to add some more elements to it. So
Speaker 1: let's say you were too uh put a uh what
Speaker 1: what would you like to put in in our our
Speaker 1: basic circuit first, and we'll talk about what it does. Okay, Well, um,
Speaker 1: a resistor, a capacitor, um switch, anything you want. The
Speaker 1: switch is the easy part, switch because it's essentially a
Speaker 1: gateway for the circuit. Yeah. So a switch, if a
Speaker 1: switch is just a brake somewhere in the circuit really
Speaker 1: where if you open the switch, then the pathway is
Speaker 1: interrupted and so electrons can no longer flow along the path.
Speaker 1: When the switch is closed, the pathway is complete and whole,
Speaker 1: and then the electrons can flow freely. So there's your switch.
Speaker 1: That was easy, all right. Hit me with another one,
Speaker 1: Come on, come on, okay, let's throw a resistor. Resistor alright,
Speaker 1: So resistors um resistors are this special kind of device
Speaker 1: that reduces electron flow. Okay, I'll tell you what. I'll
Speaker 1: tell you what. Before we add the resistor, let's add
Speaker 1: something to the circuit like say a lightbulb. Okay, so
Speaker 1: when you have the battery and you have a light
Speaker 1: bulb and you have the switch. So when you open
Speaker 1: the switch, the circuit completes and the flow of electrons
Speaker 1: goes through the light bulb and the light bulb comes on.
Speaker 1: But then if you throw a resistor in there and
Speaker 1: it slows down the flow of electrons, then theoretically, if
Speaker 1: I'm not mistaken, the light bulb should dim somewhat. Yeah, well, yeah,
Speaker 1: because the the it reduces the it's it's they don't
Speaker 1: they don't block the flow of electrics. There's resisting I mean,
Speaker 1: how aptly named can it be? Yeah, and the you
Speaker 1: might wonder why you would have a resistor in there,
Speaker 1: but there's lots of reasons. Essentially, what you're talking about
Speaker 1: whenever you're building any kind of circuit, you're talking about
Speaker 1: controlling electrons, and electrons behave in a very predictable way.
Speaker 1: But you may need to throw resistors in there so
Speaker 1: that you don't overpower a certain part of your circuit
Speaker 1: um or it may be that you know, it's really
Speaker 1: it's really just traffic control. This is really what it
Speaker 1: comes down to, is that the the amount number and
Speaker 1: the voltage and current that you are generating maybe too
Speaker 1: great for parts of the circuits. So the resistors are
Speaker 1: thrown in there as part of traffic control. That's a
Speaker 1: very simple way of putting it, and it doesn't get
Speaker 1: all the subtle nuances that that really come along with resistors.
Speaker 1: But without really getting into, uh, really the nitty gritty
Speaker 1: of electronics, I think it's it serves as a basic foundation. Okay,
Speaker 1: So do you want to talk about capacitors next, since
Speaker 1: you've already mentioned them kind of don't belong in our
Speaker 1: circuit in a way, because I've made too simple a circuit. Yeah,
Speaker 1: but because you really wouldn't need a capacitor in this case. No, no, no,
Speaker 1: But a capacitor is uh, it's it's we mentioned it
Speaker 1: in the last podcast actually because we're talking about capacity tense,
Speaker 1: but a capacitor uh involved isn't. What's involved in there
Speaker 1: is you've got two different plates that are separated by
Speaker 1: either space or more likely some sort of uh insulating
Speaker 1: material in between the plates um and the plates hold
Speaker 1: opposite charges, and they can store a charge and then
Speaker 1: eventually they can discharge that charge. So they're they're kind
Speaker 1: of like a battery in a way except that, um,
Speaker 1: they pretty much discharge all at once. They don't tend
Speaker 1: to discharge over time. That and and uh, this capacitor
Speaker 1: is different from a battery, and that the battery is
Speaker 1: actually creating electricity through a chemical reaction, and the capacitor
Speaker 1: you stores and electric Yeah, and uh, capacitors can be polarized. UM,
Speaker 1: as you point, which, which would you know, permit the
Speaker 1: flow of electricity in one direction only if you were
Speaker 1: to reverse the attempt to reverse the flow of electricity
Speaker 1: in the other direction. I you don't. You don't want
Speaker 1: to do that because it would there's a very very
Speaker 1: good chance that it will explode, which is a bad thing.
Speaker 1: This is why in Star Trek they always reverse the polarity.
Speaker 1: I don't know if that's true or not. I just
Speaker 1: wanted to say it because as soon as you said polarity,
Speaker 1: that's the first thing I thought of. Well, no, that's that.
Speaker 1: But that is an important thing though, I mean, do
Speaker 1: not do not try this at home thing. Don't reverse
Speaker 1: the electrical flow through a polar esque capacity. There are
Speaker 1: other dangerous there are other UM. Capacitors are dangerous in general,
Speaker 1: there are other things. Yes, we we did mention this
Speaker 1: in the in the last episode as well. A capacitor,
Speaker 1: since it does store electric charge and then can discharge
Speaker 1: it very rapidly, can't does have the potential to be dangerous. Now,
Speaker 1: a small capacitor is not really that dangerous. It could
Speaker 1: deliver a shock and you might even you know, might
Speaker 1: be a shock strong enough for you to feel. But
Speaker 1: larger capacitors are are really dangerous, and you find them
Speaker 1: in electronics that are around you right now, probably things
Speaker 1: like well old computer monitors, television sets, things like that,
Speaker 1: they have these capacitors and them that store up a
Speaker 1: pretty deadly charge and even if the device is not
Speaker 1: plugged in or turned on at the time, the capacitor
Speaker 1: can still hold that charge and it could be enough
Speaker 1: to cause you injury or even kill you. So that's
Speaker 1: another good reason to never really mess around with uh
Speaker 1: with large electronics, even if they're unplugged, and you know,
Speaker 1: definitely don't do it thinking that you're completely safe from
Speaker 1: getting shocked, because that's just not the case. It all
Speaker 1: depends on what's in that circuitry. So, um, let's see,
Speaker 1: we talked about capacitors, We've talked about resistors, we talked
Speaker 1: about switches. There are inducers, which again are that's where
Speaker 1: you would have a coil of wire that would induce
Speaker 1: a magnetic field, often used in things like electric electronic motors,
Speaker 1: also used in UH from what I understand, and those
Speaker 1: devices that sit under the street of traffic lights. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that that's interesting. You're talking about the sensors that can
Speaker 1: tell if they're is a car at a cross like
Speaker 1: an intersection, so that knows to turn the left turn
Speaker 1: light on for example right right, so when your car
Speaker 1: is there if it has not. Not all intersections have these.
Speaker 1: There are many different ways that UH that traffic the
Speaker 1: different traffic devices used to detect whether or not a
Speaker 1: car is at a traffic stops. Some don't use anything
Speaker 1: at all. It's just a simple timer, but on other
Speaker 1: traffic stops they the it's on a not just a
Speaker 1: timed system, but it will detect whether or not a
Speaker 1: car is at a particular location and that will indicate
Speaker 1: whether or not needs to turn on a turn signal
Speaker 1: or if it needs to just change the lights so
Speaker 1: that the traffic can move in a different direction. The
Speaker 1: way it does this is you have these um these
Speaker 1: essentially inducers underneath the street and when your car is
Speaker 1: on top of them, that's all big metal, you know,
Speaker 1: big old hunkle metal which can create it can attract
Speaker 1: with the magnetic field that's created by the inducers, generates
Speaker 1: the electric current, which then runs to the system and
Speaker 1: tells the system, Hey, there's a big honking car here
Speaker 1: that needs to turn. Maybe we should put on that
Speaker 1: arrow yep. And then there are diodes, which are another
Speaker 1: for a form of traffic control because they only permit
Speaker 1: electricity to flow in one direction. That's a very useful
Speaker 1: element to have, especially if you're using alternating current, I
Speaker 1: mean direct current moves in one direction anyway, alternating current.
Speaker 1: That's when you're starting to look at things like diodes,
Speaker 1: where because of the nature of the current itself, you
Speaker 1: need to have some sort of element there to direct
Speaker 1: electron flow properly. Uh. There might be some parts of
Speaker 1: the circuit that it's all right for the electrons to
Speaker 1: flow one way versus the other way, there's no real difference.
Speaker 1: And then there are other parts where you may need
Speaker 1: a diode there to act as kind of a traffic stop.
Speaker 1: Do you do you want to briefly mention light emitting
Speaker 1: diodes LEDs, yes, UM so because they are a form
Speaker 1: of diet. It's a form of diode. It's the little
Speaker 1: lights that you see in lots of different things. Like
Speaker 1: you know, my my phone has an LED at the
Speaker 1: top that indicates whether or not I've missed a call.
Speaker 1: By the way, it's probably gonna vibrate any second now
Speaker 1: as it tells me that I'm supposed to uh to
Speaker 1: be researching for tweet of the week. But yeah, there
Speaker 1: are other you know, light emitting diodes that you see
Speaker 1: all over the place. There televisions that use light emitting
Speaker 1: diodes UM as the way to generate a picture. It's
Speaker 1: a pretty common technology. It's and it's very very simple
Speaker 1: at the heart of it, but it's it's a definitely
Speaker 1: important component. But you also have transistors, which are really important.
Speaker 1: They can act as both switches and amplifiers, right and
Speaker 1: again this is more of an alternating current kind of thing,
Speaker 1: but this transistors are are really that forms the basic
Speaker 1: of things like the microprocessor UM technology that we all
Speaker 1: have come to depend upon when it comes to things
Speaker 1: like you know, computers and smartphones and MP three players
Speaker 1: things like that. Otherwise they'd be giant because we'd be
Speaker 1: still using vacuum tubes. So yeah, transistor effectively takes the
Speaker 1: takes the place of a vacuum tube. But it is
Speaker 1: again another traffic control system. And also, like I said,
Speaker 1: an amplifier, So you may need to um amplify the
Speaker 1: the flow of electrons in order to make your electronics
Speaker 1: work properly. Transistors can do that, and uh, they've gotten
Speaker 1: incredibly small over the years. Like if you ever see
Speaker 1: a picture of the first transistor, it's a large object.
Speaker 1: I mean it's it's clunky looking, um and you know,
Speaker 1: it definitely does not look elegant at all. Today you
Speaker 1: have transistors that are measured in nanometers and uh those
Speaker 1: are really really teeny yeah, one allienth of a meter.
Speaker 1: I believe that is very very small. So these transistors
Speaker 1: now you can find billions and billions of them, to
Speaker 1: quote Carl Sagan on a single processor chip, or at
Speaker 1: least more than a billion um That's it's it's it
Speaker 1: boggles my mind. I don't know about anyone else's, but
Speaker 1: to think that there are all these teeny tiny uh switches. Now,
Speaker 1: in this case, we're talking about digital circuits as opposed
Speaker 1: to analog ones. But um, I mean that's all solid
Speaker 1: state stuff. So and before we now that we've talked
Speaker 1: about some basic elements, I mean, there're more that we
Speaker 1: could talk about. But I also wanted to talk about
Speaker 1: the different the three different types of basic circuitry. You've
Speaker 1: got your basic circuit, which is just a simple pathway,
Speaker 1: You've got your circuit in series, and you have your
Speaker 1: parallel circuits. I'm done talking about them now. So a
Speaker 1: base circuit, you would have a pathway that leads to
Speaker 1: whatever element that you're trying to power, whether it's a
Speaker 1: light bulb or what. Let's see, stick with light bug
Speaker 1: because it's a very simple example. So with the basic circuit,
Speaker 1: you would have say, a battery that's providing I'm just
Speaker 1: gonna be arbitrary here. Let's say three volts of electricity
Speaker 1: and the the electricity is flowing through uh and powering
Speaker 1: this one light bulb. Um, when it gets to the
Speaker 1: other side, you've got zero volts because the the light
Speaker 1: bulb is consuming that voltage. All right, that it's all
Speaker 1: the pressure is going to the light bulb. Okay, got it. Now,
Speaker 1: Let's say that you hook up a second and third
Speaker 1: light bulb to that same circuit. So now you've got
Speaker 1: three light bulbs in series, a series of light bulbs, right,
Speaker 1: because so the so what you're saying is the electrons
Speaker 1: flow into the first light bulb and out of the
Speaker 1: first light bulb to the second, right, So it's you know,
Speaker 1: going through a series of light bulbs once then too
Speaker 1: than three. Yes, now all three of those lightbulbs will light,
Speaker 1: but they'll each be one third as bright as the
Speaker 1: one lightbulb basic circuit would be. So light bulb one
Speaker 1: is going to be the brightest. No, no no, all three
Speaker 1: will be the same brightness, sharing exactly. So you're so sorry.
Speaker 1: That's what I was thinking at first, and then that's
Speaker 1: when you said that I interpreted it differently after apologie.
Speaker 1: It was probably the way I worded it. Circuit number
Speaker 1: one would be three times as bright as circuit number two.
Speaker 1: Circuit number to would have three times as many lights,
Speaker 1: but each light would be one third as bright as
Speaker 1: the light on the first circuit. So essentially they're they're
Speaker 1: having to share the same number of electrons being generated
Speaker 1: by the two I'm assuming two batteries because we were
Speaker 1: saying three volts. That's you know, the average say double
Speaker 1: a battery would be one and a half volts. So right,
Speaker 1: I'm going to say yes, So let's let's talking about
Speaker 1: that and now parallel circuits. So a serious circuit. That's
Speaker 1: kind of easy to imagine because you're talking about a
Speaker 1: loop with three light bulbs along the loop. Now, if
Speaker 1: you're talking talking about a parallel circuit, you're talking about
Speaker 1: let's think of a large loop, all right, that starts
Speaker 1: from the battery, loops out and then comes back to
Speaker 1: the battery. So on the far edge, there's one light bulb. Okay,
Speaker 1: then you you bisect the loop with like a shortcut. Essentially,
Speaker 1: got it all right. Along that shortcut you have a
Speaker 1: light bulb, and then you have maybe let's say that
Speaker 1: it's like the one third the distance out to the
Speaker 1: to the edge, and then two thirds of the distance
Speaker 1: out to the edge you have another shortcut. So essentially
Speaker 1: you've got three pathways that all connect to one major
Speaker 1: circuit from the positive end of the battery to the
Speaker 1: negative end of the battery. This is this is hard
Speaker 1: to imagine. It's it's a lot easier if you guys
Speaker 1: look up what a parallel circuit looks like. It's kind
Speaker 1: of hard to explain. But in this case, uh, you've
Speaker 1: got you know, it's a little different. It's not you're
Speaker 1: gonna have a third of the current going through each
Speaker 1: um light bulb. Okay, the voltage remains the same. The
Speaker 1: current will be one third. So in the series, you're
Speaker 1: talking about the voltage reducing each time it goes through
Speaker 1: a light bulb, but the current would remain uh constant.
Speaker 1: In parallel, the current is reduced, the voltage remains constant. Okay,
Speaker 1: So the pressure is the same, the current is decreased. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's a little difficult to imagine. I just tried, by
Speaker 1: the way, listeners, just so you know, I want to
Speaker 1: I want this in the interest of full disclosure. I
Speaker 1: just attempted to create an analogy, and I got so
Speaker 1: bogged down in my analogy that I just told Liz
Speaker 1: to cut that. So if she hasn't cut that, she's
Speaker 1: been a very bad is But Liz is awesome, so
Speaker 1: I know she will cut it. Okay. But yeah, so
Speaker 1: basic series parallel. And here's the thing is that the
Speaker 1: different elements we talked about, like resistors and uh and
Speaker 1: things of that nature, capacitors, they all behave differently depending
Speaker 1: on whether the circuit is in parallel or is in series, UM,
Speaker 1: And it's not always intuitive until you really get a
Speaker 1: real firm grasp on what each element is doing. That's
Speaker 1: why electronics is is a pretty complex subject in general
Speaker 1: and very difficult for me to talk about in particular.
Speaker 1: If you would like to speak about Middle English literature,
Speaker 1: that would be awesome because I could let my brain rest.
Speaker 1: All right, let's see, um trying to go through mine
Speaker 1: notes here, because you've touched on just about everything I had. Well,
Speaker 1: we have, we've cut is I mean without getting into
Speaker 1: to a lot of heavy duty stuff like doping and semiconductors. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I think I think that would be a good uh
Speaker 1: stuff to say for the third part we're getting we're
Speaker 1: getting up there in time now anyway. And the integrated
Speaker 1: circuits too, because integrated circuits are very important, especially for
Speaker 1: a lot of this stuff that we use in our
Speaker 1: in our homes today. I think we can save that, Yeah,
Speaker 1: we can save that for electronics three, where we'll talk
Speaker 1: specifically about the kinds of circuits that we use in computers.
Speaker 1: Because a lot of the stuff we've been talking about
Speaker 1: with resistors and switches things like that, UM, most of
Speaker 1: that deals with physical circuitry that you would find in
Speaker 1: uh yeah even right, Yeah, I mean this is this
Speaker 1: is this is simple stuff. I mean, once you get
Speaker 1: into the heart of a computer or an electronic device, um,
Speaker 1: even it seems like simple, simple electronic devices. Now I'll
Speaker 1: have chips in them with tons and tons of transistors
Speaker 1: on them and all kinds of different things, which is
Speaker 1: wonderful because it makes them very sophisticated, but it also
Speaker 1: is makes it very difficult to talk about how they're
Speaker 1: wide right. Yeah, But we'll we'll tackle uh, digital circuitry
Speaker 1: in a future podcast, which that'll be and we've talked
Speaker 1: a little bit about it before with microprocessors and things
Speaker 1: like that, and I'm actually on fairly firm ground with that.
Speaker 1: It's funny because you think about it, this this basic
Speaker 1: electronic stuff, which really should be the foundation of my
Speaker 1: knowledge for things like microprocessors. Um, I kind of skipped
Speaker 1: that and went straight to the microprocessors, and uh it
Speaker 1: shows yeah, well, um yeah, I mean there there are
Speaker 1: plenty of other little things we could talk about two
Speaker 1: like their mists and photo resistors and sure, I mean
Speaker 1: we could talk about like microphones, which take a physical
Speaker 1: element converted into electricity, send the electricity through a circuit
Speaker 1: which then eventually makes its way to a speaker, which
Speaker 1: then converts the electrical electrical signal into a physical signal. Again. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean that's that's really when we're talking about when
Speaker 1: we say that electricity does work. That's kind of the
Speaker 1: work it it could do. Like it can take sound
Speaker 1: waves converted into electrical impulses, send it to a speaker,
Speaker 1: which then converts it back into sound waves. Pretty cool stuff. Yea,
Speaker 1: you know, the process of changing one type of energy
Speaker 1: into the other ran. Yeah, so alternating to direct us
Speaker 1: that what you're talking about, you know, like transducers and
Speaker 1: then again talking about transformers, about changing the voltage from
Speaker 1: high voltage to lower vice versa. Yeah, there are a
Speaker 1: lot of elements we can get into. So we'll probably
Speaker 1: be doing these electronics updates occasionally for the rest of
Speaker 1: our natural lives. Well, if you have something specific to
Speaker 1: that you'd like us to talk about um with regard
Speaker 1: to electronics, please let us know. Yeah, write us an
Speaker 1: email our addresses tech stuff at how stuff works dot
Speaker 1: com and we will be glad to tackle it, especially
Speaker 1: if we can have enough time to make sure we
Speaker 1: understand it before we start talking about it. Yeah, you know,
Speaker 1: anything from from some of the stuff that we've already mentioned.
Speaker 1: You know, motors, um, you know, changing mechanical I mean
Speaker 1: electrical electrical energy into mechanical energy, all sorts of stuff
Speaker 1: like that that we haven't we haven't yet gotten to.
Speaker 1: If there's something in specific you'd like to know about,
Speaker 1: please let us know. Yeah, if you want to know, uh,
Speaker 1: you know how Benjamin Franklin was able to win over
Speaker 1: the ladies. That's more of us stuff you miss in
Speaker 1: history class. But you know what, um, I'm willing to
Speaker 1: look into it. That that is part of the the
Speaker 1: uh that that also involves chemistry and you know, attracting. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's also getting into science. Then, because we're now you're
Speaker 1: starting to sound like a quirk. Alright, Well that wraps
Speaker 1: this up. How's that for a for an outro which
Speaker 1: a word that does not exist? All right, guys, thanks
Speaker 1: so much for listening. I hope this wasn't too dry
Speaker 1: for you. We decided to try and tackle it because
Speaker 1: we talked about electronics all the time and we kind
Speaker 1: of take for granted exactly what goes into making them work.
Speaker 1: And again we're just hitting the basics now, we haven't
Speaker 1: even really gotten into the specifics. I mean, I'm sure
Speaker 1: you've all noticed, so uh, stick with us. We're gonna
Speaker 1: do some more of these in the future. We're gonna
Speaker 1: take a break from doing them in the in the
Speaker 1: near future and do some stuff that makes our brains
Speaker 1: hurt a little less. So stick with us, and we
Speaker 1: will talk to you again really soon. For more on
Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, visit how stuff Works
Speaker 1: dot com and be sure to check out the new
Speaker 1: tech stuff blog now on the house Stuff Works homepage.
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