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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff

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Speaker 1: works dot com. Hey guys, welcome to the podcast. This

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Speaker 1: is Alison Laddermiliks, science editor at how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: And this is Robert Lamb, science writer and how stuff

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Speaker 1: works dot com. So Robert, I'm gonna take you back

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Speaker 1: a few summers. It was sunny. How was at my

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Speaker 1: sister in laws. We were in the pool. It was

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Speaker 1: a fine pool. It was a fine summer day. I

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Speaker 1: was enjoying myself thoroughly. And on that day I had

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Speaker 1: a very unique experience. I was swimming with my nephews

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Speaker 1: and all of a sudden I spelled this odor. It

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Speaker 1: was a strong odor, and it was it was emanating

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Speaker 1: from my mischievous, giggling little nephew. And I didn't know

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Speaker 1: what the odor was. I never smelled it before. I'd

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Speaker 1: never smelled this odor before, But good lord, was it that.

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Speaker 1: And all of a sudden I got a little excited

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Speaker 1: because I think what I was smelling for the very

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Speaker 1: first time that day was asparagus. P and in your

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Speaker 1: oul of all places, well, no mine, my sister in law,

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Speaker 1: thank goodness. But yeah, and this was exciting to me

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Speaker 1: because I had always heard about asparagus P and some

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Speaker 1: of us maybe who can smell it, or some of

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Speaker 1: us who can't smell it, and I thought that maybe

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Speaker 1: maybe for the first time, I had this experience where

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Speaker 1: I could smell asparagus P. Right, and if for those

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Speaker 1: of you out there who don't know what we're talking about,

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Speaker 1: the scientific literature refers to it as quote an odor

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Speaker 1: compared to that of rotten boiled cabbage. And it did

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Speaker 1: indeed smell like rotten boiled cabbage. It was it was powerful,

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Speaker 1: it was distinct. I tend to think of it smelling

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Speaker 1: kind of like like a robot p or something. I

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Speaker 1: don't know. The reason I was so excited by this

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Speaker 1: was because I thought that I couldn't smell it, and

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Speaker 1: I've been told that there are certain people who can

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Speaker 1: smell said asparagus P, and so this was the very

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Speaker 1: first time. But as it turns out, there's this whole

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Speaker 1: scientific school of thought on you know, asparagus P, whether

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Speaker 1: they're and it's split into two camps, right right. On

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Speaker 1: one hand, you have the people, um, the scientists who

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Speaker 1: support the idea of excretors and non excretors. UM. According

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Speaker 1: to this line of thinking, you have people like me

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Speaker 1: an excretor who's urine smells like, uh, well, it smells

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Speaker 1: funny following the consumption of asparagus. And then we have

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Speaker 1: people like you, a non excreader. Right, I would have

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Speaker 1: been a non excretor, so this was my first encounter

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Speaker 1: with an excretor. Right. But then there are also people

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Speaker 1: who who claim that it's not really an issue of

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Speaker 1: whether or not you're urine smells funny after asparagus. There

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Speaker 1: they argue that everybody's urine smells funny following asparagus, insist

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Speaker 1: that some of us can sniff it up, you can

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Speaker 1: smell it, and some people can't. Your story, however, tends

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Speaker 1: to tends to a point more in the direction of

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Speaker 1: the excret or non excretor argument. So this is one

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Speaker 1: of those examples where I'm a little being fuddled by

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Speaker 1: the fact that takes up space and our on our genes. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: this is this is definitely one of those where you

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Speaker 1: read any kind of scientific mention of it, and there

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Speaker 1: you think they're definitely people out there going, hey, is

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Speaker 1: my tax money going to support some scientists smell in

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Speaker 1: a bunch of asparagus, p you know, and it's uh

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Speaker 1: it's it's not not really like that per se. So

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Speaker 1: I think some people maybe and in fact, they have

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Speaker 1: been messing around with it since what. Yeah, that's the

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Speaker 1: that's the earliest written document documentation of asparagus. P Uh.

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Speaker 1: They may have you smelled it before that. There may

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Speaker 1: have been uh, there may have been instances like your

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Speaker 1: experience with like ancient Roman baths suddenly reaking of boiled cabbage.

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Speaker 1: That's a terrible, terrible thought. But but yeah, is the

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Speaker 1: first time people started talking about in nineteen fifty six

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Speaker 1: is when the excretor non excretor argument came about. And

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Speaker 1: do they know what the genetic mechanism is at work? Yes,

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Speaker 1: it is M I M. That's stands for missing in

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Speaker 1: metastasis uh one oh eight three nine. But they're still

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Speaker 1: split on the excrutor versus the American Journal of Human Genetics. Uh,

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Speaker 1: they're still still kind of up in the air. But

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Speaker 1: we like to say we know that more or less

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Speaker 1: a genetic address that this, uh, this issue is stemming from.

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Speaker 1: So that's definitely one of the stranger genetic um markers. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: what we're talking about here is uh genetic polymorphism, which

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Speaker 1: is the fancy way of saying, uh, my genes are

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Speaker 1: different than your genes. Sure, yeah, So asparagus is one

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Speaker 1: of those examples where it's not entirely straightforward. You may

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Speaker 1: have a marker, but you may not have that particular

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Speaker 1: behavior or ability expressed. But sometimes things are more straightforward,

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Speaker 1: and the they call them man Delian traits after Gregor Mendel,

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Speaker 1: the guy who came up with those two by two

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Speaker 1: boxes in which you had to put in, you know,

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Speaker 1: eye color and figure out what the dominant or recessive

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Speaker 1: gene was. Right, so you have things like whether you're

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Speaker 1: an albino or not. You know, are these very um,

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Speaker 1: are these very straightforward examples where a single gene controls

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Speaker 1: the expres So albino said, whether or not you have

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Speaker 1: a cleft chin, whether you have dimples, and then um,

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Speaker 1: you have some fun ones. And one of these that

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Speaker 1: I'd never come across before, it was whether or not

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Speaker 1: you have hair on your mid digit. And this is uh, yeah,

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Speaker 1: this is a pretty cool. If you look at your

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Speaker 1: fingers right now, unless you're driving, um, look at your fingers,

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Speaker 1: you'll notice that each finger is basically can be divided

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Speaker 1: into three sections. That middle section, uh might take a

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Speaker 1: look at that and see if there's any hair on it.

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Speaker 1: Uh and uh, if you have hair on it, then yes,

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Speaker 1: you have mid digit finger hair exactly. And if you don't,

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Speaker 1: then I guess you have mid digit finger baldness. I

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Speaker 1: have the mid digit finger baldness. I have to admit. See,

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Speaker 1: I think that maybe you're not looking hard enough, because

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Speaker 1: I actually do have a little tiny I'm secretly shaving

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Speaker 1: them out of shame every morning so that nobody notices

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Speaker 1: I have like a little mid digit mohawk. Um. But

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Speaker 1: I also read something that said some people, some people's

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Speaker 1: hair there it gets worn off by toil and uh,

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Speaker 1: stuff like housework or you know, if you're working with

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Speaker 1: your hands a lot, that maybe you do have that genu.

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Speaker 1: Maybe you do have that phenotype. But this seems like

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Speaker 1: a great, great opening for some sort of weird Victorian fad,

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Speaker 1: you know, where you have like fake hair on your

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Speaker 1: mid knuckle to show how little you have to work.

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Speaker 1: But maybe that's just me. Right, you have like Harry

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Speaker 1: middle fingers or Harry mid digit. Right, you put um

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Speaker 1: and then so carrying this on a little bit um.

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Speaker 1: Another another man Delian trade that's very straightforward is the

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Speaker 1: bitter taste perception. And you guys have probably heard of

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Speaker 1: this UM with respect to supertasters. So this just basically

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Speaker 1: measures UM. And this is different than just mere food snobbery,

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Speaker 1: where where someone has a lot of cool lingo they

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Speaker 1: throw around and pretend to appreciate the food on levels

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Speaker 1: of the average person cannot even aspire to these people. Supposally,

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Speaker 1: you're actually experiencing different tastes and higher sensitivity to certain tastes. UM.

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Speaker 1: Although they're they're pretty rare, pretty rare folks, but generally UM.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes they're just testing whether you can taste PTC or

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Speaker 1: p r OP. And these are these bitter bitter tastes,

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Speaker 1: and they kind of accidentally came across this discovery. And

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Speaker 1: you might say, why, why why are we occupying time

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Speaker 1: and money on this thing? Well, you know, it does

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Speaker 1: have some ramifications for things like nutrition and health. I mean,

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Speaker 1: if you if your tasteboats are a certain way, then

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Speaker 1: you'll be inclined to eat certain foods, and that has

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Speaker 1: ramifications for your nutrition and your overall health I suppose.

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Speaker 1: And even some of these that sound you know, kind

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Speaker 1: of pointless. Uh, It's it's important to realize that, you know,

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Speaker 1: we were continuing to learn more about who we are.

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Speaker 1: We've mapped the human genome, you know, and UH, And

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Speaker 1: it's kind of like mapping a city. You know, there

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Speaker 1: are certain parts of a city you need to know

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Speaker 1: where they are. You know, you need to know where

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Speaker 1: the hospital is. You need to know where the courthouses.

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Speaker 1: Right to the hospital. The courthouse in this instance might

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Speaker 1: be like the b R A, b r C A

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Speaker 1: one or b r C A to the breast cancer

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Speaker 1: genes that they've done so much record, those are the

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Speaker 1: ones that, you know, were they want to be able

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Speaker 1: to know, you know, what we're doing with those particular genes. UM. However,

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Speaker 1: any complete map is also going to have other things

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Speaker 1: on there, like the local taco bell or you know,

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Speaker 1: or the the yacht club. You know, places that you

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Speaker 1: you either have no interest, you know, or or desire

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Speaker 1: in going to. But it's part of having a complete map.

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Speaker 1: And then there are instances where UM seemingly uninteresting or

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Speaker 1: unimportant UM item on the map can actually clue us

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Speaker 1: into others such as UH. If if, for instance, the

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Speaker 1: taco bell was also indicator to turn for the hospital exactly,

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Speaker 1: then then it would be important to know where the

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Speaker 1: taco bell is. And something that kind of falls in

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Speaker 1: this category is another one of these straightforward traits called

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Speaker 1: ear wax. Yes, and you probably don't need somebody to

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Speaker 1: test your do a little genetic testing on you to

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Speaker 1: figure out what kind of irrects you have. You probably

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Speaker 1: know what kind of areas you need is a finger

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Speaker 1: or a Q tip. So ir rex comes into flavors.

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Speaker 1: Don't say flavors. I only see flavors because they describe

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Speaker 1: it as wet and golden in golden reminds me of raisins,

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Speaker 1: and that's why I think of that. And then there's

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Speaker 1: also the dry and flaky cud right, So so those

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Speaker 1: are the two kinds of ear wax. It's like gross

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Speaker 1: and grosser, the two different varieties. And this is what

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Speaker 1: the ABC leven gene is supposedly there for. But the

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Speaker 1: other thing that the this gene is implicated in is

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Speaker 1: UH the production of classroom, which is an early form

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Speaker 1: of breast milk for nursing moms. So on some level,

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Speaker 1: ear wax and breast milk may have some sort of

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Speaker 1: very intricate relationship that we don't know how it works. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's it's also linked to UH also linked to some

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Speaker 1: some body odor issues as well, and it's you know,

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Speaker 1: it's one of those things where ear wax not really

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Speaker 1: an issue, body odor sometimes an issue. Breast cancer definitely

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Speaker 1: an issue. So we've also found some really interesting genetic

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Speaker 1: markers linked to sleep issues. For instance, there's the period

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Speaker 1: three genetic marker, which scientists have studied um in relation

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Speaker 1: to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation we all know as generally

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Speaker 1: a bad thing. You know, you see the idea, you

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Speaker 1: don't get enough sleep, you're more susceptible to illness, you

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Speaker 1: might be crankier, You're gonna have a harder time at

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Speaker 1: work the next day, may crash on the highway on

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Speaker 1: your way to work. Right, you might see phantoms, et cetera.

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Speaker 1: It can get really bad, you know, ask Keith Richards.

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Speaker 1: I guess. But but the the issue is, uh, some

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Speaker 1: people have a short period three gene and scientists have

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Speaker 1: found that the people with the short version are better

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Speaker 1: able to cope with sleep deprivation. So like Albert Einstein

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Speaker 1: who was said to exist on only if you are

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Speaker 1: sleep at night. Yeah, or you know the college student

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Speaker 1: who can get a half hour sleep and you know,

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Speaker 1: eight red bulls later he's able to you know, go

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Speaker 1: perfectly well with the classes. Um, it's you know, these

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Speaker 1: people are the exceptions. So this is the form of

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Speaker 1: the gene or the form of the genetic variant that

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Speaker 1: you would want. I suppose, Yeah, we bathed the you know,

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Speaker 1: the point where you can pick and choose what your

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Speaker 1: genetic settings are going to be. This one would probably

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Speaker 1: be a good one. People with the longer of the gene,

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Speaker 1: these are the people that are going to be you know,

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Speaker 1: be all. If I don't get my eight hours of sleep,

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Speaker 1: you know, I'm worthless. I've got to have that, you know,

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Speaker 1: one pm nap, or I won't be able to function

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Speaker 1: that kind of thing. Do you take a one pm nap?

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Speaker 1: It's it's in my contract every day climbing to your desk,

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Speaker 1: like George Costanza, I have a little mat everything. What

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Speaker 1: about sleep? Have they found anything that sleep walking? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there's actually there's another study dealing with uh the d

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Speaker 1: QB one polymorphic amino acid UH and UH they found

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Speaker 1: that this uh, this gene is particularly associated with the

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Speaker 1: motor control issues during sleep. Um, sleep walking. So these

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Speaker 1: annoying people who kick you in bed, restless leg syndrome,

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Speaker 1: wrestless leg syndrome is thrown. And they're also those annoying

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Speaker 1: people who who howl in their sleep. I've never heard

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Speaker 1: of how some people are howlers. So so the howling

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Speaker 1: has some sort of genetic background to you at huh okay.

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Speaker 1: But then again, like a lot of the stuff, you

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Speaker 1: could so be howling in your sleep because your your

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Speaker 1: job really sucks and you have nightmares about it, you

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Speaker 1: know that kind of thing. So a lot of what

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Speaker 1: makes us who we are and how we behave isn't

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Speaker 1: so straightforward, of course, and our genetics are anything but

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Speaker 1: simple and straightforward, right, And I think a great example

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Speaker 1: is that this is the whole issue of the quote

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Speaker 1: gauging unquote um And you know, first and foremost, there

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Speaker 1: is no gauging. Nobody is saying like, yes, the you know,

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Speaker 1: the such and such three seventy six here. If it's

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Speaker 1: on your game, it's off your straight. If it's in

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Speaker 1: the middle, you're probably buy. You know, nobody's saying that.

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Speaker 1: It's said that there are probably a number of genetic

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Speaker 1: markers of scientists who are saying but it's like it's

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Speaker 1: a it's a number of different genetic settings if you will,

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Speaker 1: and they're not the only thing determining, um, you know,

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Speaker 1: how you turn out. There's also a lot of um

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Speaker 1: you know, if your upbringing, it's social issues, it's it's

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Speaker 1: your environment, um, it's your parenting right and and that

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Speaker 1: goes beyond, you know, issues of sexual orientation and into uh,

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Speaker 1: any number of of behavioral and in biological filled nature

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Speaker 1: versus nurture debate on its finest, of course. So if

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Speaker 1: you want to learn more about genetics and what can

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Speaker 1: your spit tell you about your DNA, why don't you

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Speaker 1: go on over to how stuff works dot com. We

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Speaker 1: have so much good content around this, most of which

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Speaker 1: Robert wrote, thanks for listening, guys. For more on this

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Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics, is that how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Want more how stuff works, check out our

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Speaker 1: blogs on the house stuff works dot com home page