1 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:06,040 Speaker 1: On this episode of Newts World, I want to talk 2 00:00:06,040 --> 00:00:10,600 Speaker 1: about George Catholic Marshall. Marshall is I think one of 3 00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 1: the greatest Americans, somebody who in some ways is comparable 4 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:18,440 Speaker 1: to George Washington. He was a man of enormous integrity, 5 00:00:19,079 --> 00:00:24,279 Speaker 1: of great professional dignity, a man who had focused on 6 00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:29,720 Speaker 1: his profession, who believed in serving his country, and who 7 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 1: was really very filled with the need for integrity. There's 8 00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:38,120 Speaker 1: a great moment where Franklin Dolnor Roosevelt, who's amazing at 9 00:00:38,159 --> 00:00:42,560 Speaker 1: manipulating people, turns to Marshall early in their relationship and says, 10 00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:45,839 Speaker 1: do you mind if I call you George, And he 11 00:00:45,880 --> 00:00:49,519 Speaker 1: immediately responds, yes, I very much prefer you call me 12 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:53,960 Speaker 1: General Marshall. And the reason was he knew that if 13 00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:57,560 Speaker 1: Roosevelt could get inside his skin and Roosevelt could treat 14 00:00:57,640 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 1: him as a familiar person, Roosevelt was just played manipulating, 15 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:05,560 Speaker 1: and so he wanted to keep the distance. He was 16 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:09,040 Speaker 1: a man who, in later years, from the sheer burden 17 00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:13,000 Speaker 1: of responsibility, was seen as austere and aloof and yet 18 00:01:13,319 --> 00:01:15,600 Speaker 1: if you go back and look when he's younger, he 19 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:20,440 Speaker 1: goes to parties, he dances he has a number of girlfriends. 20 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:25,600 Speaker 1: He ultimately enjoyed life, but gradually, steadily he became more 21 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:39,039 Speaker 1: aloof and more distant. Marshall went to the Virginia Military 22 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:43,319 Speaker 1: Institute and graduated from there at a time when still 23 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:47,360 Speaker 1: had enormous prestige as the place that had produced Stonewall Jackson, 24 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:51,040 Speaker 1: and that was seen really as almost comparable to West Point. 25 00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:57,520 Speaker 1: Marshall is so smart and worked so hard that early 26 00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:00,760 Speaker 1: in his career as a captain, he was sent to 27 00:02:00,800 --> 00:02:04,600 Speaker 1: the Philippines. And in the Philippines they had very large 28 00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:08,360 Speaker 1: war games when the two American forces would line up 29 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:12,120 Speaker 1: against each other, and Marshall was the chief planner in 30 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:14,600 Speaker 1: chief of staff for one of the sides, as a 31 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:19,520 Speaker 1: very young man, and his side one decisively they annihilated 32 00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:22,720 Speaker 1: the other side in the war game. The army at 33 00:02:22,760 --> 00:02:27,080 Speaker 1: that time had a questionnaire an annual review, and said, 34 00:02:27,200 --> 00:02:30,280 Speaker 1: if you went to war tomorrow, would you want this 35 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:34,280 Speaker 1: person to serve under you? The commanding General of the 36 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: Philippines wrote about this young captain, No, if I went 37 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:41,920 Speaker 1: to war tomorrow, I would want to serve under Marshall. 38 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: So already as a captain he was seen as a 39 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:50,320 Speaker 1: man of extraordinary capabilities and a man who understood the 40 00:02:50,440 --> 00:02:52,840 Speaker 1: art of war and the art of leadership. And it 41 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:55,600 Speaker 1: was the too combined that made him so amazing. He 42 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: wasn't just intellectually smart, although he really was. He was 43 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:04,720 Speaker 1: also a man of such enormous integrity that people looked 44 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: at him and almost automatically followed him. That's why I 45 00:03:08,080 --> 00:03:11,320 Speaker 1: draw the parallel to George Washington. There are some men 46 00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,960 Speaker 1: and women, Margaret Thatcher would be an example, who simply 47 00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:21,079 Speaker 1: exued command, and Marshall was in that tradition. Marshall ends 48 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: up going to Europe and World War One serves under Pershing, 49 00:03:25,400 --> 00:03:27,600 Speaker 1: who is the commander of the American military at that 50 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: time in Europe, and Marshall ends up as chief of 51 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:33,280 Speaker 1: staff of one of the largest military operations of World 52 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,800 Speaker 1: War One. Everything has to work. This is the first 53 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:39,760 Speaker 1: time that the American Army is operating on a large 54 00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 1: scale since the Civil War, which remember is fifty years earlier, 55 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:47,600 Speaker 1: so there's no institutional memory of being a big army. 56 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 1: The army had been scattered all across the West, is 57 00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 1: in small packets at various obsolete forts, really, many of 58 00:03:54,840 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: them coming out of the Indian Wars and They fascinating 59 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 1: thing was that this is a army which was so 60 00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:06,000 Speaker 1: small that when Pancho Villa led a group of Mexican 61 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:09,320 Speaker 1: soldiers across the border at Columbus, New Mexico, and the 62 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,160 Speaker 1: US government decided to chase him, they literally rented cars 63 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:16,840 Speaker 1: to get to Columbus, New Mexico. They had airplanes that 64 00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:20,080 Speaker 1: were so underpowered they couldn't get through the passes and 65 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,599 Speaker 1: the mountains of Mexico. They had a very small army 66 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:27,159 Speaker 1: and a very small force, but they kept learning and growing, 67 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:30,359 Speaker 1: people like George Patton, for example, who was part of 68 00:04:30,360 --> 00:04:33,599 Speaker 1: the expedition in New Mexico. So Marshall's part of a 69 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:38,159 Speaker 1: group that is rising very rapidly. As the army goes 70 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:41,120 Speaker 1: from a very tiny force to a three million man 71 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:45,640 Speaker 1: force with a million of them in Europe, they understand 72 00:04:46,040 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 1: that they don't understand that is modern warfare had evolved 73 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: with artillery, with machine guns, with barbed wire, with the 74 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: beginning of the tank, and the Americans didn't have any 75 00:04:58,880 --> 00:05:01,120 Speaker 1: of those experiences. They didn't how to do it. So 76 00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 1: the first phase of the American Army in Europe and 77 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:06,719 Speaker 1: World War One was learning from the French and the British. 78 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:08,960 Speaker 1: What is it that big armies did? How did they 79 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:11,440 Speaker 1: do it? And Marshall was one of the chief people 80 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:16,600 Speaker 1: at learning. He helped organize the largest American offensive, which 81 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:20,720 Speaker 1: involved moving thousands and thousands of men in combat. He 82 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 1: understood a lot more about operating with allies because he 83 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,000 Speaker 1: had to work with both the British and the French. 84 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:31,200 Speaker 1: And out of all that, his reputation kept growing and 85 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:33,920 Speaker 1: people thought, you know, this is a leader of the future, 86 00:05:34,320 --> 00:05:37,400 Speaker 1: this is one of the gifted people around whom we're 87 00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:40,640 Speaker 1: going to build the American military. And then the war ends, 88 00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:43,080 Speaker 1: and I think it's very hard for us looking back 89 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 1: to realize that this tiny army, which had exploded for 90 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:49,920 Speaker 1: four years into a big army, went back to being 91 00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 1: a tiny army. And the result was that people like 92 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:58,640 Speaker 1: George Marshall really had relatively boring lives for a while now. 93 00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:01,599 Speaker 1: In Marshall's case, because he was seen as a great trainer. 94 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:04,240 Speaker 1: He ended up at Fort Benning, which is where the 95 00:06:04,279 --> 00:06:08,040 Speaker 1: infantry was based, and he produced a book which I 96 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:10,560 Speaker 1: still recommend to people. In fact, one of the fun 97 00:06:10,640 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: things when Klissen I were doing a movie about Ronald Reagan, 98 00:06:13,880 --> 00:06:17,520 Speaker 1: we went to Reagan's ranch, and Reagan had served in 99 00:06:17,600 --> 00:06:21,200 Speaker 1: the Army reserves in the nineteen thirties. In fact, he 100 00:06:21,279 --> 00:06:24,880 Speaker 1: was in the last cavalry unit with horses that the 101 00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:28,240 Speaker 1: US Army had in the late nineteen thirties. And there 102 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:32,240 Speaker 1: on the bookshelf at the Reagan ranch is the nineteen 103 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: thirty nine edition of Infantry at War, with the introduction 104 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:40,320 Speaker 1: by George Marshall. This is a book which was designed 105 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:43,400 Speaker 1: to teach you how to think, and it was designed 106 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: not to teach you a wrote cookbook, do AD b DC. Instead, 107 00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:50,599 Speaker 1: it was designed to teach you, when you approach a problem, 108 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:52,919 Speaker 1: here are the kind of things you ought to be 109 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:57,279 Speaker 1: thinking about. So Marshall had operated in an environment where 110 00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:00,800 Speaker 1: he was really trying to understand the nature year of warfare, 111 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:03,719 Speaker 1: and he was trying to understand how it would evolve 112 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:08,920 Speaker 1: and how new technologies would affect it. Marshall also had 113 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:12,640 Speaker 1: this passion for learning, so, for example, at one point 114 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:15,760 Speaker 1: he actually took a course in being a blacksmith. He 115 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:18,800 Speaker 1: wanted to know every aspect. He wanted to understand air 116 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:21,880 Speaker 1: power as it evolved. When he was a young officer 117 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: serving the Philippines, he got permission to go to the 118 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:28,320 Speaker 1: great battlefields of the Russo Japanese War of nineteen o 119 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:31,200 Speaker 1: four nineteen oh five, just to see what the battlefields 120 00:07:31,200 --> 00:07:34,160 Speaker 1: were like, because they were the forerunner of what happened 121 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:36,960 Speaker 1: in Western Europe in terms of the use of machine 122 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:41,000 Speaker 1: guns and artillery and barbed wire. He was constantly learning, 123 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:44,800 Speaker 1: constantly trying to improve himself, and in that process he 124 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 1: also kept a little black book. Now, this is a 125 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:51,240 Speaker 1: man who all through the nineteen twenties and nineteen thirties 126 00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:54,720 Speaker 1: had this idea that at some point he would be 127 00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:57,880 Speaker 1: in charge of the army, and the army would expand, 128 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:02,000 Speaker 1: and when it expanded, wanted to be able to pick 129 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:05,120 Speaker 1: the right people. So when he found somebody who was 130 00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:09,280 Speaker 1: really smart and he thought really capable, they went in 131 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 1: his book, and he gradually built sort of an address book, 132 00:08:12,880 --> 00:08:15,600 Speaker 1: if you will, of all of the key players who 133 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: he would get promoted in World War Two. At the 134 00:08:19,240 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: same time. There's a great story in the case of 135 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:26,040 Speaker 1: one particular officer. Marshall got his name wrong and thought 136 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:29,040 Speaker 1: he was somebody else, and for two years blocked his 137 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:32,320 Speaker 1: being promoted until somebody finally got to him and said, 138 00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:36,000 Speaker 1: you know, General Marshall, that's not the person you think 139 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:38,880 Speaker 1: it is, and so at that point they played catchup 140 00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 1: and the guy ended up becoming a general officer. So 141 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:49,280 Speaker 1: Marshall is quietly steadily working. The army's very small, very underfunded, 142 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 1: but at the same time there's a sense among almost 143 00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:56,400 Speaker 1: all the senior officers that they're going to go back 144 00:08:56,440 --> 00:08:58,560 Speaker 1: to war. Now. They don't think they're going to go 145 00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:01,280 Speaker 1: to war in the Suffolk. They think they're going to 146 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:03,880 Speaker 1: go to war with Germany. They think that the rise 147 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:06,839 Speaker 1: of Hitler makes it almost inevitable that there will be 148 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:10,520 Speaker 1: a great European war, and they fully expect that they'll 149 00:09:10,559 --> 00:09:13,839 Speaker 1: have to fight that war. And so Marshall is one 150 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:17,280 Speaker 1: of the people who is preparing for that kind of 151 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: a fight. He had been trained by Fox Connor, who 152 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:24,400 Speaker 1: was General Pershing's chief of staff. Connor was probably the 153 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:28,120 Speaker 1: smartest man in the Army in World War One. Connor's 154 00:09:28,120 --> 00:09:32,280 Speaker 1: other great protegee was Dwight David Eisenhower, and Connor made 155 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:36,440 Speaker 1: sure that Marshall was aware of Eisenhower. Eisenhower had gone 156 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:40,880 Speaker 1: off to the Philippines working for Douglas MacArthur, who, after 157 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,280 Speaker 1: he retired as Army chief of staff, was hired by 158 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:47,720 Speaker 1: the Philippine government to build a Philippine security system. He 159 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:50,559 Speaker 1: asked Eisenhower to go with him, and the Army had 160 00:09:50,559 --> 00:09:53,600 Speaker 1: a system since the Philippines were still an American territory 161 00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:55,920 Speaker 1: at that point, that you could go to the Philippines, 162 00:09:56,160 --> 00:09:59,160 Speaker 1: you could also work with the Philippine government as well 163 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: as the American because we were, in principle helping the 164 00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:06,920 Speaker 1: Philippines prepare for independence, something which we felt strongly about. 165 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:09,960 Speaker 1: As a country, we were pretty anti colonial, which she 166 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,840 Speaker 1: caused problems later with Churchill and the British Empire, as 167 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:16,040 Speaker 1: we wanted to defeat Hitler, but we didn't necessarily want 168 00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:20,240 Speaker 1: to prop up empires. So Marshall's aware of Eisenhower, and 169 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:24,480 Speaker 1: that becomes very important right after Pearl Harbor, and I'll 170 00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:29,320 Speaker 1: explain why Marshall believed in delegating. He believed that you 171 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:34,640 Speaker 1: found good people and you assigned them tasks, and if 172 00:10:34,679 --> 00:10:36,640 Speaker 1: they were smart, they got the job done, and then 173 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:38,720 Speaker 1: you gave him a bigger job. If they didn't get 174 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:41,439 Speaker 1: the job done, they disappeared, and he wouldn't look for 175 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:45,520 Speaker 1: other really smart people. Eisenhower, having served in the Philippines 176 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:49,120 Speaker 1: and having our reputation as a very good planner was 177 00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:53,880 Speaker 1: brought in shortly after Pearl Harbor, and Marshall said, I 178 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:57,800 Speaker 1: want you to review everything we can do to save 179 00:10:57,880 --> 00:11:02,440 Speaker 1: the American forces in the Philippines. I spent weeks studying 180 00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:06,200 Speaker 1: at looking at shipping, looking at naval power, looking at 181 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: air power. And in this famous memo, he says, look, 182 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:12,760 Speaker 1: even with all of our resources, we can't do everything. 183 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:16,320 Speaker 1: We have to set priorities. We have to recognize what 184 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:20,000 Speaker 1: really matters, focus on it, and not just squander our 185 00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:24,480 Speaker 1: resources all around the world. And he basically said to Marshall, 186 00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:27,079 Speaker 1: You're not going to be able to rescue the Philippines. 187 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:32,120 Speaker 1: It's not possible. The Japanese navies victory of Perrbor means 188 00:11:32,240 --> 00:11:35,079 Speaker 1: that we're not going to be able to force our 189 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:38,559 Speaker 1: way through by sea. That's impossible to do it by 190 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,960 Speaker 1: air with the technology of that period. And we're going 191 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:45,120 Speaker 1: to lose the thousands of men who are currently serving 192 00:11:45,120 --> 00:11:47,640 Speaker 1: in the Philippines. And you just need to accept it 193 00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:51,240 Speaker 1: and move on and focus your resources on what is doable, 194 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:55,240 Speaker 1: not what is impossible. Now, this was a particularly tough 195 00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:58,319 Speaker 1: memo for Eisenhower write because he had served in the 196 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:02,400 Speaker 1: Philippines and knew most of the key people who he 197 00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:05,240 Speaker 1: was consigning to either die or end up in a 198 00:12:05,320 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: Japanese prison of war camp. What had convinced Marshall of 199 00:12:09,520 --> 00:12:13,880 Speaker 1: was that Ike was a man of enormous integrity. He 200 00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:17,120 Speaker 1: was both intellectually correct, but also it was a very 201 00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:21,120 Speaker 1: hard moral decision to follow strategic principles and do the 202 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:25,600 Speaker 1: right thing. And therefore Eisenhower began moving down the road 203 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:31,160 Speaker 1: in the right direction. Ironically, at one point, Marshall said 204 00:12:31,160 --> 00:12:33,560 Speaker 1: to Eisenhower, do you not think you're going to get 205 00:12:33,559 --> 00:12:36,160 Speaker 1: a battlefield command? Now? Ike had not had a battlefield 206 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:38,760 Speaker 1: command in World War One. He'd been assigned to Camp 207 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:42,720 Speaker 1: Colt at Gettysburg and had led the Army's tank training school, 208 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,080 Speaker 1: and he really felt deeply he wanted to be in combat. 209 00:12:46,120 --> 00:12:50,080 Speaker 1: He wanted to lead troops in battle. And Marshall was 210 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:53,160 Speaker 1: just saying to him, the headquarters matters. You're one of 211 00:12:53,200 --> 00:12:55,760 Speaker 1: the greatest planners we have, and you're going to spend 212 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:59,280 Speaker 1: this entire word at desk here in Washington, DC. Well, 213 00:12:59,320 --> 00:13:01,120 Speaker 1: in one of the key moments in World War Two, 214 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:05,800 Speaker 1: Eisenhower blows up and says, I don't care where I'm assigned, 215 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,680 Speaker 1: and I kind of resent you saying that you think 216 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:10,400 Speaker 1: I should be here. I should be here. I'm going 217 00:13:10,480 --> 00:13:13,719 Speaker 1: to do my duty. I'm not going to follow my ambition. 218 00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:17,559 Speaker 1: Now that's really important because a few weeks later, Marshall 219 00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: sends EISENHOWERD to London and says, go and start working 220 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:23,240 Speaker 1: with the British and figure out what we need to 221 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:26,240 Speaker 1: do to create a combined force so that the Allies 222 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:29,840 Speaker 1: can work together. I think had Eisenhower not been so 223 00:13:30,679 --> 00:13:34,280 Speaker 1: aggressively tough, that Marshall would not have sent him because 224 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:37,800 Speaker 1: Ike was still very, very junior. He jumps during the 225 00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:41,200 Speaker 1: war period from lieutenant colonel to four star general, which 226 00:13:41,240 --> 00:13:43,120 Speaker 1: is one of the most rapid rises in all of 227 00:13:43,160 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 1: American history. All that's done with Marshall protecting him, guiding him, 228 00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 1: advising him, and you can see the balance of power shifting. 229 00:13:51,160 --> 00:13:53,680 Speaker 1: By the way in the early days, it's clear that 230 00:13:53,720 --> 00:13:58,120 Speaker 1: Eisenhower is very junior and he deeply respects Marshall. By 231 00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:02,400 Speaker 1: the summer of nineteen forty four, Eisenhower's very experienced, and 232 00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:05,520 Speaker 1: when Marshall wants him to do something he thinks is wrong, 233 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:08,400 Speaker 1: he just tells me, this fuln't work. I'm not couldn't 234 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:11,480 Speaker 1: do it. And Marshall, by that stage trusted Ike enough 235 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:15,000 Speaker 1: that he basically allowed him to do the things he 236 00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:17,520 Speaker 1: thought was right. Marshall would give him advice, but he 237 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:36,440 Speaker 1: wouldn't give him orders. There's a huge difference. Marshall was 238 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:40,680 Speaker 1: extraordinarily good at organizing and delegating the people. In fact, 239 00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:44,960 Speaker 1: and Drucker's extraordinary book The Effective Executive, which I always 240 00:14:45,520 --> 00:14:48,760 Speaker 1: recommend to everyone, Marshall is one of the key people 241 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,640 Speaker 1: that he describes in the book as an effective executive. 242 00:14:53,080 --> 00:14:56,360 Speaker 1: And it is partly this ability to delegate. What had 243 00:14:56,360 --> 00:15:00,160 Speaker 1: happened in part was that Marshall had three heart attacks 244 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:04,440 Speaker 1: before the war, and his doctor said to him, you know, 245 00:15:04,480 --> 00:15:08,920 Speaker 1: you have two futures. You can delegate everything which is 246 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 1: not vital and work less and ride your horse more 247 00:15:13,840 --> 00:15:18,400 Speaker 1: and survive, or you can start training your replacement because 248 00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:20,920 Speaker 1: you're going to die, and you just have to decide 249 00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:23,120 Speaker 1: which of those two you want to do. But you're 250 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:25,520 Speaker 1: not going to be able to continue carrying the whole 251 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:30,920 Speaker 1: burden of the army and survive well. Marshall was an 252 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:35,840 Speaker 1: extraordinary discipline man, and so he built a habit. If 253 00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:39,120 Speaker 1: it wasn't vital. If it wasn't so central that he 254 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:42,120 Speaker 1: had to do it, he delegated. And then he said 255 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:45,800 Speaker 1: after the war that this ability to delegate was probably 256 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:49,000 Speaker 1: the key to his surviving the war and ironically made 257 00:15:49,080 --> 00:15:52,480 Speaker 1: him much more effective, because if it was truly a 258 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:57,080 Speaker 1: very big decision, then Marshall would make it, but if 259 00:15:57,120 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: it was anything which could be delegated, then somebody else 260 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:04,360 Speaker 1: should make it, and that began to grow At the time. 261 00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:09,360 Speaker 1: His personal deputy was Beatle Smith, who later on was 262 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: sent to Europe to be Eisenhower's deputy because he's one 263 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:15,600 Speaker 1: of the best implementers in the US Army. And there's 264 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:20,280 Speaker 1: a day where Beatle walks in and disrupts Marshall. Realizes 265 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:23,960 Speaker 1: that Marshall have been working on paperwork, and Marshall looks 266 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:27,040 Speaker 1: up and Beetle says, oh, I'm sorry but interrupted you. 267 00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:29,440 Speaker 1: And he said, look, you have already interrupted me. What 268 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: is it. Beatle says, well, we have these two guys 269 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,960 Speaker 1: out here and they have invented this thing they call 270 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:40,160 Speaker 1: a jeep, and it looks like a pretty good idea 271 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,520 Speaker 1: to me because it's going to give us a lot 272 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: of battlefield mobility. But they need fifty thousand dollars to 273 00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:48,840 Speaker 1: produce the prototype, and they can't get anybody in the 274 00:16:48,920 --> 00:16:52,880 Speaker 1: army to sign a contract. Marshall stares at him for 275 00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:55,640 Speaker 1: a second and says, you think it's a good idea? 276 00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:58,920 Speaker 1: This is yes, you know where there's fifty thousand dollars? 277 00:16:59,160 --> 00:17:02,520 Speaker 1: Said yes, said, why are you bothering me? And the 278 00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:05,200 Speaker 1: point he was making was that wasn't a big enough 279 00:17:05,320 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: decision for the chief of Staff of the US Army 280 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:11,680 Speaker 1: and a total war they have to think about, and 281 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:13,960 Speaker 1: so he just sort of shrugged it off. And he 282 00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:18,600 Speaker 1: was shrugging off hundreds of decisions which a more centralized 283 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:21,400 Speaker 1: system would have carried to the very top. Now, part 284 00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:26,439 Speaker 1: of what they did was it allowed the top people 285 00:17:26,480 --> 00:17:28,840 Speaker 1: to focus on the big picture and to make sure 286 00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:31,600 Speaker 1: that the big things happen. Part of what it did 287 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:35,080 Speaker 1: is it created great speed of decision making because people 288 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:37,200 Speaker 1: at a relatively low level could just go ahead and 289 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:39,879 Speaker 1: decide and keep moving. If they made a mistake, they 290 00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:42,159 Speaker 1: went back and fixed it. If it wasn't a mistake, 291 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: they were already moving forward. All of that led to 292 00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:48,439 Speaker 1: a much leaner, more streamlined system and allowed Marshall to 293 00:17:48,480 --> 00:17:51,440 Speaker 1: focus on really, really big issues and remember this is 294 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:55,320 Speaker 1: a military which at its peak will have mobilized fifteen 295 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:59,480 Speaker 1: million Americans, will be fighting a war across the entire planet, 296 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:03,080 Speaker 1: will be providing weapons of war to Great Britain, to 297 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:07,800 Speaker 1: the Free French, to the Polish volunteers, to Russia itself. 298 00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,000 Speaker 1: A great deal of the Soviet Army is going to 299 00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:14,280 Speaker 1: war with American tanks and American trucks. All of this 300 00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:18,040 Speaker 1: is happening simultaneously, and he's having to think through waging 301 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:20,520 Speaker 1: a war in the Pacific, waging a war in the Atlantic, 302 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:25,359 Speaker 1: and so he constantly tries to pull back and think 303 00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:29,800 Speaker 1: about the very large picture. They reorganized the Pentagon, which 304 00:18:29,840 --> 00:18:32,280 Speaker 1: actually only came into existence in forty three. They built 305 00:18:32,280 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: the Pentagon while he was Chief histat They reorganized the 306 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:38,800 Speaker 1: whole structure of the American Army. They developed the Army 307 00:18:38,840 --> 00:18:42,040 Speaker 1: Air Corps. Prior to Marshall, there had been a very 308 00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:46,760 Speaker 1: bitter fight between the Air Corps and the regular Army 309 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:51,280 Speaker 1: because the land based army really disliked the Air Corps. 310 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:54,800 Speaker 1: The Air Corps consistently would go to Congress and sneak 311 00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:58,359 Speaker 1: around behind the army's official rules and get extra money 312 00:18:58,359 --> 00:19:02,640 Speaker 1: and extra authorization and so the Traditional Army was very 313 00:19:02,720 --> 00:19:06,399 Speaker 1: angry and in fact would like to have fired hap Arnold, 314 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:08,800 Speaker 1: who was the Chief of the Air Force, then called 315 00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:14,480 Speaker 1: the Air Corps, and Marshall intervened, consistently supported the development 316 00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:17,919 Speaker 1: of an Air Corps and found himself in charge of 317 00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:21,080 Speaker 1: the largest, most powerful air force in the world. Now, 318 00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:23,760 Speaker 1: there are two places that I think are fascinating where 319 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:27,880 Speaker 1: Marshal in retrospect was just plain wrong. And I want 320 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,040 Speaker 1: to give you these two examples because they'll help you 321 00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:33,320 Speaker 1: have a better sense of exactly what was going on 322 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,639 Speaker 1: and what a remarkable leader Franklin Dolnar Rozo was. The 323 00:19:37,720 --> 00:19:40,399 Speaker 1: first was the decision about the size of the Army 324 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,800 Speaker 1: and the size of the Air Force. The challenge with 325 00:19:43,920 --> 00:19:48,280 Speaker 1: big air forces is that they require enormous industrial basis. 326 00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:51,520 Speaker 1: If you're going to build B seventeens and B twenty 327 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:54,119 Speaker 1: fours and B twenty nine, you're going to have to 328 00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:57,320 Speaker 1: have huge factories. You're going to take up thousands and 329 00:19:57,440 --> 00:20:01,720 Speaker 1: thousands of workers, and by definite, you can't have as 330 00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:05,720 Speaker 1: many people available for the draft for the army. So 331 00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:09,280 Speaker 1: Marshall and the traditional Army wanted to have about two 332 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:13,480 Speaker 1: hundred divisions and he went to brief President Roosevelt and said, 333 00:20:13,520 --> 00:20:16,720 Speaker 1: this is our plan for World War two. And Roosevelt 334 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:19,879 Speaker 1: looked at it and said, well, here's the problem. I 335 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:25,040 Speaker 1: want to have fifty thousand airplanes every year, and so 336 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:28,480 Speaker 1: I want to have an industrial base which will produce 337 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,800 Speaker 1: fifty thousand airplanes every single year, and I want a 338 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:35,000 Speaker 1: bunch of them to be very large strategic bombers. To 339 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:37,320 Speaker 1: take a lot of effort and a lot of development, 340 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:41,760 Speaker 1: you can have as large an army as you can 341 00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:46,280 Speaker 1: create while you're doing fifty thousand airplanes a year. And 342 00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:50,159 Speaker 1: Marshall knew this would destroy their plan, and so he 343 00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:53,600 Speaker 1: made a very determined argument. And when he got done, 344 00:20:53,640 --> 00:20:57,240 Speaker 1: Roosevelt looked at him and said, let me repeat. We 345 00:20:57,280 --> 00:20:59,560 Speaker 1: live in an age where air power is going to dominate. 346 00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:04,000 Speaker 1: I want us to have so much air power that 347 00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:07,880 Speaker 1: no one can compete with this. So you will develop 348 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:11,840 Speaker 1: a plan that allows for a big enough industrial base 349 00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:16,159 Speaker 1: to have fifty thousand airplanes built every year, and you 350 00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:20,320 Speaker 1: will develop an army air corps that, in logistics and 351 00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:25,520 Speaker 1: pilots and the capacity to build and use airfields, will 352 00:21:25,520 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: be able to use fifty thousand airplanes a year. Given 353 00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:32,240 Speaker 1: that as your baseline, you will come back and tell 354 00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:35,120 Speaker 1: me how big the army's going to be. Well, this 355 00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,920 Speaker 1: was a revolution. By the way, historically Roosevelt was right, 356 00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:42,080 Speaker 1: which is one of the fascinating things about Marshalon. As 357 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,480 Speaker 1: brilliant as he was, there were moments in places where 358 00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 1: he didn't quite understand the flow of history. Remember he'd 359 00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:53,040 Speaker 1: come in with a two hundred division plan. He goes off, 360 00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:56,400 Speaker 1: comes back a couple of weeks later, and the American 361 00:21:56,520 --> 00:22:01,919 Speaker 1: Army has eighty nine divisions. Now his job was to 362 00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:04,840 Speaker 1: be chief of Staff of the Army, not commander in chief, 363 00:22:05,320 --> 00:22:07,480 Speaker 1: and the commander in Chief, who sitting in the White House, 364 00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:11,000 Speaker 1: had given head mis instructions. He didn't miss a beat, 365 00:22:11,119 --> 00:22:15,080 Speaker 1: he didn't sulk, he didn't get angry. He didn't necessarily 366 00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:17,560 Speaker 1: think Roosevelt was right, but he thought Roosevelt was commander 367 00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:20,920 Speaker 1: in chief. So he saluted and he built then eighty 368 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:24,200 Speaker 1: nine division army with the most powerful air force in history. 369 00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:29,480 Speaker 1: The other great example Marshall really believed in an American 370 00:22:29,560 --> 00:22:33,919 Speaker 1: doctrine of focusing power. It's something which we'd gotten with 371 00:22:34,119 --> 00:22:37,440 Speaker 1: General Grant and General Sherman in the Civil War because 372 00:22:37,480 --> 00:22:40,840 Speaker 1: we could mobilize such huged forces is something that Pershing 373 00:22:40,840 --> 00:22:44,080 Speaker 1: had carried to Europe with him in nineteen seventeen, and 374 00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:48,480 Speaker 1: so Marshall's ideal for going after Hitler would be to 375 00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:52,120 Speaker 1: have landed in nineteen forty two or forty three on 376 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:56,800 Speaker 1: the French coast and driven straight into Germany. Now there 377 00:22:56,840 --> 00:22:59,280 Speaker 1: was a couple of big problems with that. First of all, 378 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:02,240 Speaker 1: the American in military in nineteen forty two and forty 379 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:06,040 Speaker 1: three probably could not have successfully landed on the French coast. 380 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:10,119 Speaker 1: It took the fighting in North Africa and Sicily and 381 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,680 Speaker 1: in Italy to get that for seasoned enough that it 382 00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:16,120 Speaker 1: could actually stay in the field against the German army 383 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:21,200 Speaker 1: and be successful. Second, in nineteen forty two and forty three, 384 00:23:21,320 --> 00:23:24,360 Speaker 1: the Russians had not yet degraded the German army enough, 385 00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,600 Speaker 1: so though that a much stronger, more powerful German army 386 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:31,840 Speaker 1: than was available by June of nineteen forty four. Third, 387 00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:37,760 Speaker 1: the British were terrified of going into France. Their memory 388 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:41,080 Speaker 1: of World War One was of an enormous bloodbath. A 389 00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:44,840 Speaker 1: tremendous percentage of young British males had been killed. They 390 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:46,959 Speaker 1: were desperately afraid they were going to get caught up 391 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:50,360 Speaker 1: in another trench war and lose another generation of young men. 392 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,440 Speaker 1: And so Churchill really really didn't want to land in 393 00:23:54,480 --> 00:23:57,520 Speaker 1: France and talked openly to Roosevelt that he had this 394 00:23:57,800 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: imag his nightmare what would happen. But they were under 395 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 1: great pressure from Stalin, who was fighting an all out 396 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:09,399 Speaker 1: battle of survival against the Germans, and they were also 397 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:11,960 Speaker 1: under pressure from people back home, and the American people, 398 00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:16,120 Speaker 1: as today, have a very short time horizon. We were 399 00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:20,040 Speaker 1: attacked in December of nineteen forty one, December seventh to 400 00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:23,080 Speaker 1: be exact, so we were really mad. But by the 401 00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:26,680 Speaker 1: summer of forty two, we're mobilizing. Taxes are going up, 402 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:29,600 Speaker 1: Rationing is occurring, the young men and women are joining 403 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:32,840 Speaker 1: the military. The draft has occurred, and people start saying, 404 00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:36,119 Speaker 1: so when are we going to fight? The impatience of 405 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:38,920 Speaker 1: the American people is very real and has always been 406 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: very real, led to, for example, the fiasco at the 407 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:44,840 Speaker 1: First Battle of bull Run, because the Union couldn't wait 408 00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:47,199 Speaker 1: long enough to get organized and so they had to 409 00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:50,280 Speaker 1: throw a disorganized group and hopes that they would defeat 410 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:54,280 Speaker 1: the Confederates easily, which didn't happen. Well, the same things 411 00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:59,280 Speaker 1: going on here. Roosevelt looks around and his military commanders 412 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:01,800 Speaker 1: come back and say, you know what you could do 413 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:05,080 Speaker 1: is you could land in North Africa. Now, if you 414 00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:08,119 Speaker 1: look at a map, North Africa is a long way 415 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:12,200 Speaker 1: from Paris, and it looks like as a secondary theater. 416 00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:17,159 Speaker 1: And Marshall wants to wait until forty three, build up 417 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:22,320 Speaker 1: our forces and go into France. They passionately, deeply believes 418 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:26,359 Speaker 1: that's the right doctrine. On the other hand, the British 419 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:29,400 Speaker 1: had sent a Canadian unit with a few Americans attached 420 00:25:29,440 --> 00:25:32,359 Speaker 1: to it to a town in France called Dieppe, and 421 00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:35,560 Speaker 1: they had been slaughtered by the Germans, and it was 422 00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: a very sobering reminder that amphibious operations are difficult and 423 00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:43,080 Speaker 1: that you can be defeated and thrown back into the sea. 424 00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:46,159 Speaker 1: So Churchill's even more convinced we ain't gone into France 425 00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,399 Speaker 1: in nineteen forty two or forty three. And Churchill wants 426 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:52,359 Speaker 1: to go into the Mediterranean, first because there's already a 427 00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:56,400 Speaker 1: British army defending Egypt and fighting in North Africa. Second 428 00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:58,959 Speaker 1: because it means that they won't have to go into France. 429 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:19,600 Speaker 1: And he's just wants to divert us away. Roosevelt looks 430 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,199 Speaker 1: at all the facts, and Roosevelt in the end is 431 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:25,040 Speaker 1: one of the greatest politicians ever to be president. There's 432 00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 1: a deep intuity sense of the American people. Rivals are 433 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:33,080 Speaker 1: almost Lincoln in this sense. And Roselt just knows he's 434 00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:35,960 Speaker 1: got to do something. And so he says to Marshall, 435 00:26:37,119 --> 00:26:40,040 Speaker 1: We're going to land in North Africa. He's very clear, 436 00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:44,320 Speaker 1: this is what we have to do. And so Marshall 437 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,439 Speaker 1: looks around him, and remember he'd had this relatively junior 438 00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:50,320 Speaker 1: officer who was a staff officer, who had sent to 439 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:53,040 Speaker 1: Europe because he had great political skills, and he's sitting 440 00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:56,239 Speaker 1: in London building good relationships and is smart enough to 441 00:26:56,280 --> 00:26:59,320 Speaker 1: know that he ought to have dinner once a week 442 00:26:59,320 --> 00:27:04,240 Speaker 1: with Churchill. And so General Eisenhower gets his first big command, 443 00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,320 Speaker 1: which is to be in charge of the entire invasion 444 00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:11,800 Speaker 1: of North Africa, which is a huge project. Now, one 445 00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:15,160 Speaker 1: of the great strengths of Marshal is whether he agreed 446 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:18,920 Speaker 1: or disagreed with the order. Once the order was issued, 447 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,200 Speaker 1: he executed it. And so they put together an invasion which, 448 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:25,560 Speaker 1: if you go back and look at it, with forces 449 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:29,080 Speaker 1: coming out of Britain forces coming out of Virginia. They 450 00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 1: managed to put together an operation that is remarkable as 451 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:38,280 Speaker 1: the first big American European engagement, and they successfully land 452 00:27:38,320 --> 00:27:43,359 Speaker 1: in North Africa, fight their way across, and then decide 453 00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: that the logical next thing because they already got all 454 00:27:45,880 --> 00:27:48,920 Speaker 1: these forces now in North Africa, and by the way, 455 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:53,640 Speaker 1: Hitler just can't stand to lose. So Hitler actually flies 456 00:27:53,680 --> 00:27:57,400 Speaker 1: in thousands and thousands of additional troops when it's hopeless, 457 00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:01,480 Speaker 1: and the number of Germans who surrender in North Africa 458 00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:05,480 Speaker 1: is comparable to German losses and Stalin Bread. People tend 459 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:07,560 Speaker 1: to forget that by the time the Germans get beaten 460 00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: in North Africa, they're suffering a big defeat and losing 461 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:13,600 Speaker 1: a lot of troops and a lot of equipment. And 462 00:28:13,680 --> 00:28:15,959 Speaker 1: at that point, when we have all those forces already 463 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,879 Speaker 1: in the Mediterranean, the logical thing is do you go 464 00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,920 Speaker 1: to France. I could go into the area around Marseilles, 465 00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: or you go into Italy. The decision is made that 466 00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:30,720 Speaker 1: you should land in Sicily. There is a brilliant deception 467 00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,840 Speaker 1: plan which convinces the Germans that we're actually going to 468 00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:37,120 Speaker 1: land in Greece. So they divert a lot of their 469 00:28:37,119 --> 00:28:42,520 Speaker 1: forces away from Sicily. The result is that we successfully 470 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,760 Speaker 1: land in Sicily, which then knocks Italy out of the war, 471 00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:49,120 Speaker 1: and we start fighting our way up the Italian peninsula, 472 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:51,920 Speaker 1: which is a very very hard thing to do. The 473 00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:57,240 Speaker 1: Italian Peninsula's mountains make it very easy to defend peninsula, 474 00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:59,240 Speaker 1: and the result is that we're sort of bogged down 475 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:05,520 Speaker 1: at which point, finally, only in December of nineteen forty four, 476 00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:09,480 Speaker 1: they have the decision they're going to go into France, 477 00:29:09,480 --> 00:29:12,320 Speaker 1: which is what Marshall had been for ever since nineteen 478 00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:16,960 Speaker 1: forty one. Sadly for Marshall, at that point, they need 479 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:19,680 Speaker 1: a commander for what was called Overlord, which was the 480 00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:24,080 Speaker 1: overall invasion of Europe. Roosevelt calls him in and says, 481 00:29:24,120 --> 00:29:27,160 Speaker 1: General Marshall, this will be the biggest combat assignment of 482 00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:30,840 Speaker 1: the war. You've certainly earned it, and you're certainly our 483 00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:36,040 Speaker 1: greatest schedule. But when I think about you being out 484 00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:40,160 Speaker 1: of Washington, I can't sleep at night because you are 485 00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:45,800 Speaker 1: the person who is executing the entire worldwide strategy. Therefore, 486 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:50,080 Speaker 1: I want to keep you here, even though you clearly 487 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:53,000 Speaker 1: would be a brilliant commander and you've certainly earned it. 488 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:58,760 Speaker 1: And Marshall then says, well, I understand if that's what 489 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:02,880 Speaker 1: you want. Obviously, the Eisenhower shopdiculated, and that's how Ike 490 00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:07,240 Speaker 1: ends up as the commander in Europe. What's impressive about 491 00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:09,440 Speaker 1: Marshall If you go back and you look at a 492 00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:13,360 Speaker 1: map of the world. We have forces in Australia, we 493 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:16,880 Speaker 1: have forces in New Guinea. We have forces working their 494 00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:21,320 Speaker 1: way up the Pacific towards Japan. We have these huge 495 00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:24,240 Speaker 1: air power that was now beginning to extend itself to 496 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:29,440 Speaker 1: firebomb Japanese cities. We have forces in China. We have 497 00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:31,920 Speaker 1: forces beginning to work with the British to come down 498 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:36,240 Speaker 1: into Burma. We are active in the entire Middle East. 499 00:30:36,760 --> 00:30:40,480 Speaker 1: We are active in the Mediterranean. We're now landing in France. 500 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:43,640 Speaker 1: This is truly a global war and at the same 501 00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:46,320 Speaker 1: time we've been providing a lot of resources to the 502 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:50,880 Speaker 1: Soviet Union to help it win the war. Marshall has 503 00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:56,080 Speaker 1: an overview of everything, and there's an interesting side story. 504 00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:00,480 Speaker 1: Every morning began about I think five six in the 505 00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:05,200 Speaker 1: morning with a pharaoh briefing on the world. Because Marshall 506 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:07,120 Speaker 1: had to be kept up, you know, what had happened yesterday, 507 00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:08,640 Speaker 1: How are we doing in New Guinea, how are we 508 00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:14,160 Speaker 1: doing in Sicily, what's going on in France? And the 509 00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:18,680 Speaker 1: initial briefer was boring, and Marshall found he couldn't pay 510 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:22,360 Speaker 1: attention because the guy was just too slow and too boring. 511 00:31:23,240 --> 00:31:27,840 Speaker 1: So he actually got a Hollywood star to come in. 512 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:33,920 Speaker 1: He was in the Army Reserve, and every morning the star, 513 00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:37,480 Speaker 1: Robert Montgomery, would do the briefing. First of all, he 514 00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:40,800 Speaker 1: had the star's ability to act and to project and 515 00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:43,360 Speaker 1: to use his voice, and he understood how to have 516 00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:46,720 Speaker 1: a good script. And so Marshall would go in happily, 517 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:50,640 Speaker 1: get a thirty or forty minute briefing, understand around the 518 00:31:50,680 --> 00:31:53,480 Speaker 1: world what he had to pay attention to, and then 519 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:56,800 Speaker 1: go to work on solving problems. But it was a 520 00:31:56,840 --> 00:31:59,680 Speaker 1: typical example of Marshall. He knew that he had to 521 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:02,959 Speaker 1: pay tension every single day, that he had to know 522 00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:05,040 Speaker 1: what was going on in the world, and he knew 523 00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:06,680 Speaker 1: that he couldn't do it if he was too boring, 524 00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:09,680 Speaker 1: and so he solved the problem. One of the points 525 00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:13,000 Speaker 1: that Drucker makes in The Effective Executive is that great 526 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:17,960 Speaker 1: leaders know that most problems are symptoms of deeper problems, 527 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: and if you solve the deeper problem, you solve an 528 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:24,960 Speaker 1: entire class of problems. And so Marshall fought that way 529 00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:29,080 Speaker 1: all the time he reorganized the Pentagon. He was very 530 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:31,760 Speaker 1: careful and very thoughtful about how to put things together. 531 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:36,600 Speaker 1: He worried a lot about organizational structures because he knew 532 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:39,440 Speaker 1: that that's what gave people the ability to get things 533 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:44,160 Speaker 1: done now. In the end, as the architect of victory, 534 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:49,160 Speaker 1: he played a role that I think was extraordinary. He 535 00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:53,959 Speaker 1: then plans to retire. Eisenhower's brought in. Eisenhower is going 536 00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:58,120 Speaker 1: to be in charge, and at that point Marshall thinks 537 00:32:58,160 --> 00:33:00,640 Speaker 1: he's going to go back home down the Valley of Virginia, 538 00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:05,240 Speaker 1: raised flowers and be relaxed. And Truman calls him and says, 539 00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:09,880 Speaker 1: would you be Secretary of State? He goes back. He 540 00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:13,400 Speaker 1: actually organizes, for the very first time ever a planning 541 00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:16,560 Speaker 1: office in the State Department, which plays an enormously important 542 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:19,760 Speaker 1: role in helping think through the strategy for the Cold War. 543 00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:24,400 Speaker 1: He operates a Secretary of State with great, great prestige. 544 00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:27,960 Speaker 1: He goes to Harvard and makes a speech on why 545 00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:30,600 Speaker 1: we need to prop up Western Europe in order to 546 00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:33,120 Speaker 1: stop the Soviets, and why we need what came to 547 00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:35,960 Speaker 1: be known as the Marshall Plan, which was the largest 548 00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:40,240 Speaker 1: investment in economic growth in foreign countries in history, and 549 00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:43,760 Speaker 1: his prestige carried it. People said, if George Marshall says 550 00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:45,960 Speaker 1: this is the right thing to do, I guess it's 551 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:48,400 Speaker 1: the right thing to do. So in many ways he 552 00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:52,480 Speaker 1: was vitally important. Ironically, he was deeply opposed to the 553 00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:55,920 Speaker 1: establishment of Israel, thought that he guaranteed years of warfare 554 00:33:55,920 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: in the Middle East, and was horrified that President Truman 555 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,000 Speaker 1: was going to recognize the new Israeli state, and in 556 00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:07,920 Speaker 1: fact threatened to resign. And Truman, who is in his 557 00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 1: own way a remarkable figure, said you have to do 558 00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:12,640 Speaker 1: what you want to do with I'm the presidented States, 559 00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:16,520 Speaker 1: and we're going to recognize Israel. Interestingly, the senior State 560 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:20,000 Speaker 1: Department tried to undermine that decision all the way to 561 00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:23,720 Speaker 1: the United Nations. The senior civil servants were deeply opposed, 562 00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:27,439 Speaker 1: partly anti Semitism, partly a sense that the Arab world 563 00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,399 Speaker 1: would explode, which it did. But in the wake of 564 00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:34,120 Speaker 1: the Holocaust, the discovery of the death camps, the General 565 00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:36,920 Speaker 1: sense of guilt about the failure of the world to 566 00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:41,520 Speaker 1: have protected European jewelry from efforts at annihilation. Nonetheless, it 567 00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:44,239 Speaker 1: was still this underlying sense that you really want to 568 00:34:44,280 --> 00:34:47,759 Speaker 1: cause trouble by creating Israel, And in Truman's case, he said, yeah, 569 00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:51,000 Speaker 1: I'm prepared to take the heat. Marshall then leaves the 570 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:55,600 Speaker 1: State Department to do a special project, which fails tragically. 571 00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:59,040 Speaker 1: He is sent to China, where he spends months and 572 00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:04,000 Speaker 1: months trying to get Shangkai shack, the nationalist leader in 573 00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:07,120 Speaker 1: Mouse He Dune, the communist leader to find a way 574 00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:10,160 Speaker 1: out of the civil war. In the end he fails, 575 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,640 Speaker 1: and I think he ultimately had to fail. But it 576 00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:16,880 Speaker 1: is the last great effort to avoid a communist China. 577 00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:21,040 Speaker 1: And he concludes that in fact, it would take so 578 00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:24,400 Speaker 1: much American force to try to stop the Communist that 579 00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:28,120 Speaker 1: simply wasn't worth the effort. After all the frustrations of China, 580 00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,759 Speaker 1: Marshall came home thinking maybe he could retire, But the 581 00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:35,480 Speaker 1: United States now was in a war in Korea, a 582 00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:39,959 Speaker 1: war which started with the North Koreans attacking on June 583 00:35:40,520 --> 00:35:44,200 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty, going almost all the way to the sea, 584 00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:47,200 Speaker 1: driving the Americans and the South Koreans and then the 585 00:35:47,280 --> 00:35:51,479 Speaker 1: United Nations forces that joined in almost to defeat, and 586 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:55,319 Speaker 1: because there was a sense of real criticism, we spent 587 00:35:55,360 --> 00:35:59,080 Speaker 1: from June twenty fifth to mid September losing. People were 588 00:35:59,080 --> 00:36:01,239 Speaker 1: really shaken because as a won World War Two and 589 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:05,600 Speaker 1: what happened to this great military. So Truman decides in 590 00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:09,920 Speaker 1: September nineteen fifty to replace his Secretary Defense Lewis Johnson, 591 00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:13,319 Speaker 1: who was a businessman with no real military experience, and 592 00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:18,320 Speaker 1: Truman reaches out and selects George Marshall, and he becomes 593 00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:21,360 Speaker 1: Secretary Defense for a year from nineteen fifty to nineteen 594 00:36:21,440 --> 00:36:24,799 Speaker 1: fifty one. Marshall told Truman he would only serve one year. 595 00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:27,320 Speaker 1: He took the position because at that point it was 596 00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:31,799 Speaker 1: a real emergency. Who acquired a special Congressional waiver because 597 00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:35,280 Speaker 1: the National Security Act prohibited a commissioned officer on duty 598 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:38,720 Speaker 1: within the previous ten years from holding the post. Because 599 00:36:38,719 --> 00:36:42,800 Speaker 1: they really were very afraid of having too militarized a system. 600 00:36:43,080 --> 00:36:48,160 Speaker 1: Marshall was very committed to doing the best weekend and 601 00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:52,400 Speaker 1: felt strongly that we had to unify the Defense Department 602 00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:55,600 Speaker 1: and that we had to have a team effort and 603 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:57,680 Speaker 1: felt that World War two had been harder to win 604 00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:01,120 Speaker 1: because we had not had a unified department. The fact 605 00:37:01,239 --> 00:37:05,640 Speaker 1: is that we dramatically expanded the military once again, and 606 00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:08,719 Speaker 1: we found ourselves going from about a million, four hundred 607 00:37:08,719 --> 00:37:11,720 Speaker 1: and sixty thousand up to three and a quarter million 608 00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:16,760 Speaker 1: in the military. Marshall himself, like Eisenhower, really wanted universal 609 00:37:16,760 --> 00:37:19,840 Speaker 1: military service. He wanted to have a very broadly based 610 00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:23,279 Speaker 1: civilian military, which the Congress would never go along with. 611 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:27,640 Speaker 1: But as Secretary Defense, he really worked hard to get 612 00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:30,840 Speaker 1: us to understand the nature of the Cold War and 613 00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:34,120 Speaker 1: to get us to adopt the various team efforts. And 614 00:37:34,160 --> 00:37:37,520 Speaker 1: it's very important to remember the United States was successful 615 00:37:37,560 --> 00:37:41,280 Speaker 1: in the Cold War because we kept building alliances around 616 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:43,799 Speaker 1: the world. Marshall was a key part of that. And 617 00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:46,480 Speaker 1: of course, because they had come out of World War Two, 618 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:52,040 Speaker 1: both Marshall and Eisenhower were remarkably well positioned to have 619 00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:55,400 Speaker 1: an understanding of our allies and to have an understanding 620 00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:59,719 Speaker 1: of leading a coalition. So then the great crisis of 621 00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:03,520 Speaker 1: that war, which is when President Truman basically fires General 622 00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:08,440 Speaker 1: MacArthur Marshall, is very helpful because Marshall had the military 623 00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:12,880 Speaker 1: prestige to explain that you can't allow a local theater 624 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:16,560 Speaker 1: commander to set national policy and can't allow him to 625 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:19,840 Speaker 1: go out there and publicly oppose the president. So it 626 00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:23,880 Speaker 1: turned out that Marshall himself was prepared to do what 627 00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:27,520 Speaker 1: was necessary and was prepared to take the heat. I 628 00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:31,360 Speaker 1: think that it's very very important to recognize what a 629 00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,680 Speaker 1: key role he placed. By nineteen fifty three, he's receiving 630 00:38:34,680 --> 00:38:38,360 Speaker 1: the Nobel Peace Prize quote for proposing and supervising the 631 00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:42,120 Speaker 1: plan for the economic recovery of Europe. Marshall kept his 632 00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:45,840 Speaker 1: acceptance speech very short, thanking the American people for making 633 00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:48,839 Speaker 1: the authority and funds for the successful Marshall Plan. And 634 00:38:48,880 --> 00:38:51,399 Speaker 1: I think it's worth listening to Marshall as he talked 635 00:38:51,440 --> 00:39:00,560 Speaker 1: about that, but they made it general and profoundly. Touch 636 00:39:01,239 --> 00:39:05,360 Speaker 1: By the great distinction and honor and great complicce accorded 637 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:11,320 Speaker 1: me by the authorities of Harvard this morning, I am overwhelmed, 638 00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:13,640 Speaker 1: as a matter of fact, and I am rather fearful 639 00:39:14,160 --> 00:39:20,279 Speaker 1: of my inability to maintain such a high rating. Who've 640 00:39:20,280 --> 00:39:24,160 Speaker 1: been generous enough to accord to me these historic and 641 00:39:24,239 --> 00:39:30,120 Speaker 1: lovely surroundings. The perfect day and this very wonderful assembly. 642 00:39:30,760 --> 00:39:34,759 Speaker 1: It is a tremendously impressive things to an individual in 643 00:39:34,880 --> 00:39:39,600 Speaker 1: my position. But to speak more seriously, I need not 644 00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:44,400 Speaker 1: tell you that the world situation is very serious that 645 00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:47,839 Speaker 1: must be apparent to all intelligent people. I think one 646 00:39:47,920 --> 00:39:51,840 Speaker 1: difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous 647 00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:56,240 Speaker 1: complexity that the very massive facts presented to the public 648 00:39:56,320 --> 00:40:00,440 Speaker 1: by person radio makes it exceedingly difficult for the man 649 00:40:00,520 --> 00:40:05,440 Speaker 1: in the street to reach a clear appreetment of the situation. Furthermore, 650 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:08,960 Speaker 1: the people of this country are distant from the coupled 651 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,520 Speaker 1: areas of the Europe, and it is hard for them 652 00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:16,879 Speaker 1: to comprehend the flight and consequent reactions of the long 653 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:20,800 Speaker 1: suffering peoples of Europe, and the effect of those reactions 654 00:40:20,840 --> 00:40:25,040 Speaker 1: on their governments. In connection with our efforts to promote 655 00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:29,640 Speaker 1: peace in the world and considering requirements for the rehabilitation 656 00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:33,120 Speaker 1: of Europe, the physical physical loss of light, the visible 657 00:40:33,160 --> 00:40:38,719 Speaker 1: destruction of cities, factories, miamis and railroads was correctly estimated. 658 00:40:39,320 --> 00:40:44,200 Speaker 1: What it has become obvious during recent months that this 659 00:40:44,760 --> 00:40:50,440 Speaker 1: visible destruction was probably less serious than the dislocation of 660 00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:55,320 Speaker 1: the entire fabric of European economy. For the past ten years, 661 00:40:55,360 --> 00:40:59,400 Speaker 1: conditions have been highly abnormal, the pe rich preparation for 662 00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:02,759 Speaker 1: war and the more feverish meetments for the war. Ever, 663 00:41:03,880 --> 00:41:08,600 Speaker 1: in Gulf, all aspects of nice and economis machinery has 664 00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:13,520 Speaker 1: fallen into disrepair or his entirely obsocity. Under the arbitrary 665 00:41:13,560 --> 00:41:18,920 Speaker 1: and destructure of Nazi rule, virtually every possible enterprise was 666 00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:23,760 Speaker 1: geared into the German war machine. Long Standing commercial tides, 667 00:41:24,640 --> 00:41:31,480 Speaker 1: private institutions, banks, insurance comments and shipping compings disappeared through 668 00:41:31,560 --> 00:41:36,360 Speaker 1: loss of capital sources into nice reizations or by simple destruction. 669 00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:40,880 Speaker 1: In many countries, competence in the local currency has been 670 00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:45,080 Speaker 1: severely shaded. The breakdown of the business structure of Europe 671 00:41:45,480 --> 00:41:50,560 Speaker 1: during the war was complete. Recovery has been sairly regarded 672 00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:54,000 Speaker 1: by the fact that two years after the close of hostility, 673 00:41:54,640 --> 00:41:58,000 Speaker 1: a beach settlement with Germany and Austria has not been 674 00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:01,359 Speaker 1: the creed of art, but been given a more prompt 675 00:42:01,440 --> 00:42:06,440 Speaker 1: solution of these difficult problems. The rehabilitation of the economic 676 00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:10,799 Speaker 1: structure of Europe quite evidently will requiring much longer time 677 00:42:10,880 --> 00:42:14,480 Speaker 1: and greater effort than had been foreseen. There is a 678 00:42:14,520 --> 00:42:18,279 Speaker 1: phase of this matter which is both interestines and serious. 679 00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,840 Speaker 1: The farmer has always produced the food stuff to extends 680 00:42:21,880 --> 00:42:24,200 Speaker 1: with the city dweller for the other necessors of life. 681 00:42:24,880 --> 00:42:27,799 Speaker 1: This division of labor is the basist of modern civilization. 682 00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:31,600 Speaker 1: At the present time, it is threatened with breakdown. The 683 00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:34,480 Speaker 1: town and city industries are not producing attic with goods 684 00:42:34,520 --> 00:42:39,480 Speaker 1: to exteens with the food producing farmer. Raw materials and 685 00:42:39,560 --> 00:42:43,160 Speaker 1: fuel are in short supply. Machinery, as I have said, 686 00:42:43,239 --> 00:42:47,080 Speaker 1: is lacking or worn out. The farmer or the peasants 687 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:51,440 Speaker 1: cannot find the goods for sale which he desires the purchase. 688 00:42:52,360 --> 00:42:55,640 Speaker 1: So the sale of his farm produced for money which 689 00:42:55,640 --> 00:43:00,960 Speaker 1: he cannot use, seems to him an unprofitable transact. He 690 00:43:01,080 --> 00:43:05,399 Speaker 1: therefore has withdrawn many feels from crop coloration, and he's 691 00:43:05,520 --> 00:43:08,680 Speaker 1: using them for grazing. He feeds more grain the stock 692 00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:11,840 Speaker 1: and finds for himself and his family an ample supply 693 00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:15,759 Speaker 1: of food, however short he may be on fooling and 694 00:43:15,880 --> 00:43:21,120 Speaker 1: the other ordinary gandets of civilization. Meanwhile, people in the 695 00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:23,960 Speaker 1: cities are short of food and fuels, and in some 696 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:28,640 Speaker 1: places approaching the starvation limits. So the governments are forced 697 00:43:28,640 --> 00:43:33,320 Speaker 1: to use their fire, money and credits to procure these necessities. Abroad. 698 00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:38,759 Speaker 1: This process exhaust funds which are urginally needed for reconstruction. 699 00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:44,240 Speaker 1: Thus a very serious situation is rapidly developing, which votes 700 00:43:44,280 --> 00:43:47,279 Speaker 1: no good for the world. The modern system of the 701 00:43:47,320 --> 00:43:50,759 Speaker 1: divisive labor upon which ex scenes of products is based 702 00:43:51,560 --> 00:43:54,360 Speaker 1: is in danger of breaking down. The truth of the 703 00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:57,759 Speaker 1: matter is at yours requirements for the next three or 704 00:43:57,760 --> 00:44:02,400 Speaker 1: four years. Of farms, food another essential products printiply from America, 705 00:44:02,920 --> 00:44:05,080 Speaker 1: are so much of gaders that her person abilities of 706 00:44:05,160 --> 00:44:10,400 Speaker 1: paying that she must have substantial additional health or face economic, social, 707 00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:14,960 Speaker 1: and political deterioration of a very grave character. The remedy 708 00:44:15,239 --> 00:44:19,040 Speaker 1: seems to lie in breaking the vicious service and restoring 709 00:44:19,040 --> 00:44:21,880 Speaker 1: the confidence of the people of Europe in the economic 710 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:24,919 Speaker 1: future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. 711 00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:29,120 Speaker 1: The manufacturer and the farmer throughout a wide area must 712 00:44:29,120 --> 00:44:32,160 Speaker 1: be able and willing to exchange their products for currencies, 713 00:44:32,840 --> 00:44:35,480 Speaker 1: the continued value of which is not open to question. 714 00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:39,840 Speaker 1: Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large 715 00:44:40,719 --> 00:44:44,480 Speaker 1: and the possibilities that disturbances arising as a result of 716 00:44:44,480 --> 00:44:48,799 Speaker 1: the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the 717 00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:52,799 Speaker 1: economy of the United States should be apparent to all. 718 00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:57,040 Speaker 1: It is logical that the United States should do whatever 719 00:44:57,080 --> 00:44:59,640 Speaker 1: it is able to do to assist in the return 720 00:44:59,680 --> 00:45:03,000 Speaker 1: of more economic health in the world, without which there 721 00:45:03,040 --> 00:45:08,200 Speaker 1: can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our 722 00:45:08,320 --> 00:45:11,920 Speaker 1: policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but 723 00:45:12,040 --> 00:45:18,279 Speaker 1: against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be 724 00:45:18,320 --> 00:45:21,040 Speaker 1: the revival of a ritual economy in the world, so 725 00:45:21,160 --> 00:45:24,799 Speaker 1: as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions 726 00:45:24,840 --> 00:45:29,400 Speaker 1: in which free institutions can exist. Such assistance, I am convinced, 727 00:45:30,320 --> 00:45:34,680 Speaker 1: must not be on a piecemeal basis as various crises developed. 728 00:45:35,480 --> 00:45:38,880 Speaker 1: Any assistance that this government may render in the future 729 00:45:39,640 --> 00:45:45,400 Speaker 1: should provide a cure rather than a mere politive. Any 730 00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:47,400 Speaker 1: government that is willing to assist in the task of 731 00:45:47,520 --> 00:45:52,239 Speaker 1: recovery will find full cooperating I am sure on the 732 00:45:52,239 --> 00:45:56,640 Speaker 1: part of the United States government. Any government which maneuvers 733 00:45:56,680 --> 00:46:07,799 Speaker 1: to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect from us. Furthermore, Furthermore, 734 00:46:08,120 --> 00:46:13,880 Speaker 1: governments political partis or whose which seems to perpetuate human 735 00:46:13,880 --> 00:46:17,680 Speaker 1: misery in order to profit there from, politically or otherwise, 736 00:46:18,280 --> 00:46:27,800 Speaker 1: will encounter the opposition of the United States. It is 737 00:46:27,840 --> 00:46:32,360 Speaker 1: already evident that's before the United States government can proceed 738 00:46:32,520 --> 00:46:36,279 Speaker 1: much further in its efforts to alleviate the situation and 739 00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:39,360 Speaker 1: help start the European world on its way to recovery. 740 00:46:39,920 --> 00:46:43,440 Speaker 1: There must be some agreement among the countries of Europe 741 00:46:44,080 --> 00:46:46,719 Speaker 1: as to the requirements of the situation and the part 742 00:46:46,840 --> 00:46:49,680 Speaker 1: those countries themselves will take in order to give a 743 00:46:49,719 --> 00:46:53,800 Speaker 1: proper effect to whatever action might be undertaken by this government. 744 00:46:54,920 --> 00:46:59,320 Speaker 1: It would be neither fitting nor efflications for our government 745 00:46:59,320 --> 00:47:02,239 Speaker 1: to undertake the draw off unilattery of program designed to 746 00:47:02,280 --> 00:47:05,520 Speaker 1: place Europe on its feet economics. This is the business 747 00:47:05,520 --> 00:47:09,520 Speaker 1: of the Europeans. The initiative I Nate must come from Europe. 748 00:47:10,280 --> 00:47:12,919 Speaker 1: The rule of this country should consist of friendly aid 749 00:47:13,480 --> 00:47:16,879 Speaker 1: in the drafting of the European program and of later 750 00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:20,120 Speaker 1: supporters such a program, so far as it may be 751 00:47:20,239 --> 00:47:23,840 Speaker 1: practicable for us to do so. The program should be 752 00:47:23,880 --> 00:47:27,399 Speaker 1: a joined agreed to by a number, if not all, 753 00:47:27,880 --> 00:47:31,320 Speaker 1: European nations. And the central part of any successful action 754 00:47:31,520 --> 00:47:34,560 Speaker 1: on the part of the United States is an understanding 755 00:47:34,640 --> 00:47:37,160 Speaker 1: on the part of the people of America of the 756 00:47:37,280 --> 00:47:40,480 Speaker 1: character of the problem and the remedies to be applied. 757 00:47:41,719 --> 00:47:46,400 Speaker 1: Political price and prejudice should have no part for the 758 00:47:46,480 --> 00:47:50,280 Speaker 1: foresight and a willingness on the part of our people 759 00:47:50,719 --> 00:47:55,160 Speaker 1: to face up to the vast responsibilities which history has 760 00:47:55,160 --> 00:47:59,280 Speaker 1: clearly placed upon our country. The difficulties are of outline, 761 00:47:59,520 --> 00:48:15,080 Speaker 1: can and will be overconne I am sorry that on 762 00:48:15,239 --> 00:48:18,239 Speaker 1: each occasion I have said something publicly in regard to 763 00:48:18,280 --> 00:48:22,560 Speaker 1: our international situation, I've been forced by an assesses of 764 00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:29,040 Speaker 1: the case to enter into rather technical discussions. But to 765 00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:33,160 Speaker 1: my mind it is a land importance that our people 766 00:48:34,360 --> 00:48:37,719 Speaker 1: reach some general understanding of what the complications really are, 767 00:48:38,640 --> 00:48:44,040 Speaker 1: rather than react from impassion or impractice, or an emotion 768 00:48:44,480 --> 00:48:48,080 Speaker 1: of the moment, as I said, more formally, a moment ago. 769 00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:53,880 Speaker 1: We are removed from the scene of these troubles. It 770 00:48:54,040 --> 00:48:58,800 Speaker 1: is virtually impossible at this distance, merely by a reading 771 00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:04,200 Speaker 1: or list or even seeing photographs and most infectious, to 772 00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:10,120 Speaker 1: grasp the all the real significance of the situation. And 773 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:15,400 Speaker 1: yet the whole world of the future hangs on a 774 00:49:15,480 --> 00:49:18,720 Speaker 1: proper judge. It hangs, I think, to a large extent, 775 00:49:19,880 --> 00:49:23,680 Speaker 1: on the realization of the American people of just what 776 00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:28,239 Speaker 1: are the very dominant factors. What are the reactions of 777 00:49:28,280 --> 00:49:31,440 Speaker 1: the people, What are the justifications of those reactions, what 778 00:49:31,560 --> 00:49:37,000 Speaker 1: are the suffering? What he's needed? What can best be done? 779 00:49:37,640 --> 00:49:42,439 Speaker 1: What must be done? Thank you very much. I want 780 00:49:42,480 --> 00:49:45,520 Speaker 1: to thank you for listening. I admire General Marshall so 781 00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:47,560 Speaker 1: much and I wanted to have this chance to share 782 00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:50,799 Speaker 1: with you sort of brief insights into a man who 783 00:49:50,880 --> 00:49:54,720 Speaker 1: was very complicated, very smart, and helped shape the modern world. 784 00:49:58,640 --> 00:50:01,719 Speaker 1: You can read more about Old George Marshall's life and 785 00:50:01,840 --> 00:50:04,839 Speaker 1: get links to my other Immortals podcasts on our show 786 00:50:04,920 --> 00:50:08,400 Speaker 1: page at newsworld dot com. News World is produced by 787 00:50:08,400 --> 00:50:13,200 Speaker 1: Gingwish three sixty and iHeartMedia. Our executive producer is Garnsey Slow, 788 00:50:13,719 --> 00:50:17,920 Speaker 1: our producer is Rebecca Howe, and our researcher is Rachel Peterson. 789 00:50:18,560 --> 00:50:21,240 Speaker 1: The artwork for the show was created by Steve Pennell. 790 00:50:21,840 --> 00:50:25,480 Speaker 1: Special thanks to the team at Gingwich three sixty. If 791 00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:28,280 Speaker 1: you've been enjoying Newtsworld, I hope you'll go to Apple 792 00:50:28,360 --> 00:50:31,879 Speaker 1: Podcast and both rate us with five stars and give 793 00:50:31,960 --> 00:50:34,880 Speaker 1: us a review so others can learn what it's all about. 794 00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:38,480 Speaker 1: Right now, listeners of Newtsworld can sign up for my 795 00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:42,680 Speaker 1: three free weekly columns at Gingwich three sixty dot com 796 00:50:42,680 --> 00:50:46,359 Speaker 1: slash newsletter I'm new Gangwish. This is news World,