1 00:00:04,840 --> 00:00:07,760 Speaker 1: Sometimes science comes up with the worst name for things 2 00:00:07,760 --> 00:00:11,960 Speaker 1: they discover. I know, like killer whales, which aren't killer 3 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:17,240 Speaker 1: and are not actually whales, they're actually dolphins. Excellent point. 4 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:20,160 Speaker 1: But I was actually thinking about black holes. Okay, that's 5 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: one of my favorite space names. What's round with black holes? 6 00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:26,560 Speaker 1: It's an awesome name. But black holes aren't totally black 7 00:00:26,720 --> 00:00:31,880 Speaker 1: and they're not actually holes. Their dolphins, all right? Who 8 00:00:31,960 --> 00:00:35,000 Speaker 1: runs the science pr department here? I think it's run 9 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:39,839 Speaker 1: by a bunch of dolphins, a bunch of killer dolphins. 10 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:42,080 Speaker 1: So long and thanks for all the fish. We're heading 11 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: to the black hole. Hi. I'm Jorge and I'm Daniel, 12 00:00:56,320 --> 00:01:00,400 Speaker 1: and this is Daniel and Jorge. It's explain the Universe today. 13 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:08,240 Speaker 1: We're going to ask the question what is inside a 14 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:12,240 Speaker 1: black hole? Maybe the deepest, darkest mystery in the universe. 15 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:15,119 Speaker 1: But first, as usual, we went around and asked people 16 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:17,480 Speaker 1: on the street what do they know about black holes 17 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: and what's hiding inside them. Here's what they had to say. 18 00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 1: A bunch of destroy destroyed matter and energy. I don't 19 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:29,360 Speaker 1: know exactly what's inside, but like it like captures light, 20 00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:34,480 Speaker 1: and it has a gravity so like strong that like 21 00:01:35,080 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 1: after a certain point you can't escape it Isn't it 22 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:42,920 Speaker 1: like a vacuum? The anti universe, I don't know. Holy moly, 23 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:46,520 Speaker 1: I love some of those answers the anti universe. It 24 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: seems like most people kind of had had had a 25 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 1: good idea of what a black hole was, right, Like 26 00:01:50,680 --> 00:01:53,600 Speaker 1: a lot of people knew it was like a dance mass, right, Yeah, 27 00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:57,440 Speaker 1: it's like a gravitational trap things can't escape from. People 28 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,240 Speaker 1: seem to have the basics out there, right that they're ends, 29 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:03,720 Speaker 1: they're dark, and things can't escape from them. Right, But 30 00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:06,639 Speaker 1: nobody named knew what's inside of one. That's right. Nobody 31 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:08,639 Speaker 1: could tell us what was inside a black hole. Apparently 32 00:02:08,960 --> 00:02:11,079 Speaker 1: just walking around in the street isn't the best way 33 00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:14,919 Speaker 1: to get a solid scientific answer. But anyway, it's a 34 00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:16,919 Speaker 1: black hole. So I guess you know, before we talked 35 00:02:16,919 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: about what's inside a black hole, we should still recap 36 00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:21,799 Speaker 1: what is a black hole? Yeah? What is a black hole? 37 00:02:21,840 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 1: Black Holes are sort of fascinating ideas because for a 38 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:27,519 Speaker 1: long time people thought black holes were just sort of 39 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:30,920 Speaker 1: like a mathematical curiosity, like the kind of thing that 40 00:02:30,960 --> 00:02:33,800 Speaker 1: you see in an equation. Then if you believe that 41 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,600 Speaker 1: equation describes reality, then it suggests black holes might exist. 42 00:02:37,919 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 1: But it's the kind of thing that makes you wonder, 43 00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:41,160 Speaker 1: is this really true or it's just so sort of 44 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:43,960 Speaker 1: like a weird feature of the equation, something people are 45 00:02:43,960 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: not going to actually discover. What do you mean, like 46 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:48,320 Speaker 1: this is the origin of the idea of black holes, 47 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: Like it was actually a theory first wasn't observed or 48 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:55,480 Speaker 1: anything exactly. The idea of black holes came from general relativity, 49 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:58,440 Speaker 1: and it wasn't observed for decades later. In fact, Albert 50 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:00,600 Speaker 1: Einstein thought black holes would never or be seen. He 51 00:03:00,639 --> 00:03:03,519 Speaker 1: thought they didn't really exist, even though his theory predicted them. 52 00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:07,320 Speaker 1: What did the theory predict. Einstein's basic idea is that 53 00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: gravity is not a force like other forces things that 54 00:03:10,880 --> 00:03:13,520 Speaker 1: pull and push on each other, like electromagnetism and the 55 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:17,399 Speaker 1: weak force. He thought gravity instead was just a bending 56 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:21,119 Speaker 1: of space time that his idea was any mass which 57 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:23,440 Speaker 1: is sort of bend space. So imagine like a rubber 58 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:26,520 Speaker 1: sheet spaces that rubber sheet, you put something big and 59 00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: heavy on it, it bends things down. Now, if you 60 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:31,880 Speaker 1: want to marble, you roll marble across that sheet instead 61 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 1: of just going flat across the sheet. If it encounters 62 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 1: someplace where the sheet is bent, it's going to change 63 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:40,520 Speaker 1: its path. So the marble thinks it's going straight. But actually, 64 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:44,600 Speaker 1: like the rubber it's it's on is curved. That's right. 65 00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: It's that the most direct path is now curved with 66 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: respect to your previous path. And that's a tricky concept 67 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:53,320 Speaker 1: for people to understand that. It's the bending of space, 68 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 1: and it's the sort of intrinsic bending. It changes the 69 00:03:57,520 --> 00:04:00,280 Speaker 1: natural straight lines. Um. But I love how you say 70 00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:02,840 Speaker 1: the marble thinks it's going straight, Like you have this 71 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:05,720 Speaker 1: tendency to anthromorphize everything, like we were talking about that 72 00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:07,680 Speaker 1: last time. In this case, like the marble has an 73 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: opinion like, hey man, I'm going straight. I don't care 74 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: what space says. Cartoon is I imagine that you look 75 00:04:14,960 --> 00:04:17,680 Speaker 1: at the world and see little cartoon thought bubbles on everything. 76 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:24,080 Speaker 1: That's my world. So we were talking about very heavy objects. 77 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:27,760 Speaker 1: So the idea is very heavy masses bend space. Right, 78 00:04:27,760 --> 00:04:29,640 Speaker 1: the bend space so that when you move through space, 79 00:04:29,720 --> 00:04:32,479 Speaker 1: you end up moving through a curved path. Right, and 80 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:36,040 Speaker 1: Einstein and some then some later folks realized that there 81 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:40,000 Speaker 1: are some solutions to the general relativity equations where space 82 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: has bent so much that you can imagine it's like 83 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:45,720 Speaker 1: a bottomless hole in that rubber sheet, so the things 84 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:49,440 Speaker 1: can never escape them. And Einstein and these other folks 85 00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:52,600 Speaker 1: they discover these features the equations, but they were like, 86 00:04:52,839 --> 00:04:54,960 Speaker 1: is this real? You know? And this goes to the 87 00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:56,359 Speaker 1: heart of some of the stuff I love, like the 88 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:59,040 Speaker 1: connection between physics and math, right, we like we use 89 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:02,960 Speaker 1: math as a language of physics to describe the universe, 90 00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:06,039 Speaker 1: and sometimes the math takes this in directions where we're like, no, 91 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:09,880 Speaker 1: that doesn't really work here. The math is not physical, right, Well, 92 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:12,640 Speaker 1: like throw away mathematical ideas that we say are not 93 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:16,720 Speaker 1: physical because they don't describe what actually happens. Sometimes the 94 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:19,200 Speaker 1: math describes something which we think is unphysical it turns 95 00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:21,200 Speaker 1: out to be real and that's that's what happened here, 96 00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:24,160 Speaker 1: which is pretty cool. Well. Um, so the math predicted 97 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:26,560 Speaker 1: that if you you might have a situation where we 98 00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:29,240 Speaker 1: have so much mass in such a small space that 99 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:33,240 Speaker 1: will distort space so much that it will sort of 100 00:05:33,279 --> 00:05:36,200 Speaker 1: create almost like a hole in space. Yeah, like a 101 00:05:36,240 --> 00:05:39,400 Speaker 1: bottomless hole in this rubber sheet, so that even light 102 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:42,560 Speaker 1: which travels you know, the fastest thing in the universe. Um, 103 00:05:42,680 --> 00:05:47,360 Speaker 1: can't escape because the all the straight line paths are closed. Now. Wow, 104 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:50,600 Speaker 1: So like you're so dabbed down into the whole of 105 00:05:50,600 --> 00:05:53,359 Speaker 1: the barberschee, you'd have to be pointing up basically to 106 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: get out. There's no path out. Yeah, exactly. Um, you 107 00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:59,240 Speaker 1: know those big funnels they have in lots of science museums. 108 00:05:59,279 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 1: You can put a penny in and it rolls around. 109 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: It goes faster and faster and faster than it drops 110 00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:05,200 Speaker 1: down to the hole. You can think of it sort 111 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 1: of like that, but imagine that when you're down in 112 00:06:07,279 --> 00:06:08,960 Speaker 1: the hole, right, there's no way for the penny to 113 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: roll up and out of that hole. Right, Okay, So 114 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: so that so it started off as a mathematical weird case, 115 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:19,080 Speaker 1: right for Einstein, and he was a smart guy, but 116 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:22,480 Speaker 1: he didn't think that that could actually exist in real life. Yeah, 117 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:25,039 Speaker 1: he thought it wouldn't actually happen because he thought that 118 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:29,680 Speaker 1: everything spins and because things spin, it it's harder for 119 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:32,440 Speaker 1: them to collapse. Right. You can think of most of 120 00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:34,880 Speaker 1: the stuff in the universe as sort of a battle 121 00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:39,520 Speaker 1: between gravity and some sort of pressure keeping it from collapsing. 122 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:43,839 Speaker 1: Like gravity wants to suck stuff together, rightsh them together. Yeah, 123 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:45,680 Speaker 1: it's weak, but you give it enough time, it's going 124 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: to pull things together and make them tighter and denser 125 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:50,960 Speaker 1: and denser. So you might ask, well, why isn't everything 126 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: in the universe a black hole? Like it's fourteen billion 127 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:55,799 Speaker 1: years in the gravity has had a lot of time. 128 00:06:56,440 --> 00:06:58,840 Speaker 1: You know, why is the Sun not a black hole? 129 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:00,480 Speaker 1: Or why is the Earth not a black cool? Because 130 00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: gravity has compressed them. Um. And the answer in many 131 00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:07,720 Speaker 1: cases is that they're spinning, and the spinning provides a 132 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: sort of a rotational pressure. Think about what happens when 133 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 1: you're standing on a merry go round, right, Um, somebody 134 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:16,240 Speaker 1: spins it, you can get thrown off the merry go round. 135 00:07:16,640 --> 00:07:19,120 Speaker 1: And so that's sort of rotational pressure that keeps you 136 00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:22,680 Speaker 1: from getting sucked in. And our galaxy and the Sun 137 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:25,040 Speaker 1: and the Earth, all these things are spinning, and it 138 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:27,520 Speaker 1: does make it harder to become a black hole. And 139 00:07:27,560 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: so Einstein thought that there's no way you could ever 140 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 1: see this because things were spinning, and that we wouldn't 141 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:35,320 Speaker 1: ever actually see a black hole would be impossible for 142 00:07:35,360 --> 00:07:38,480 Speaker 1: them to create. He thought gravity could never actually crunch 143 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: anything down that's small, because at that size things would 144 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:45,600 Speaker 1: sort of spin outwards more than gravity could crunch them in. 145 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: But then he was proven wrong, Like, we actually saw 146 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: black holes. That's right, and I want to talk a 147 00:07:51,600 --> 00:08:07,840 Speaker 1: little bit more about that, but first a quick break. Yeah, so, um, 148 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,240 Speaker 1: we should talk about how you can see a black hole. Right. 149 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 1: I imagine you see like a little black dot or 150 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 1: a black circle in the sky or something. So a 151 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:18,520 Speaker 1: black hole is so heavy that light can't escape it, 152 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:21,360 Speaker 1: and that means that it doesn't reflect any light. Right, 153 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:24,520 Speaker 1: you shot a flashlight on it, no light comes back. Right, 154 00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:26,680 Speaker 1: you shot a spotlight on it, shot a laser on it, 155 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:29,040 Speaker 1: shown anything on it, No light comes back. Even if 156 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:32,240 Speaker 1: there has the sun next to it, who won't bounce off. 157 00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:35,560 Speaker 1: That's right. No light reflects, and it also doesn't admit 158 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:38,120 Speaker 1: any light. Now, there's a tiny asterisk we should talk 159 00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:41,120 Speaker 1: about later, which is called hawking radiation. Turns out, black 160 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:43,840 Speaker 1: holes do give off a little bit of energy, but 161 00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:45,800 Speaker 1: you can't really see it. So from the point of 162 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:49,280 Speaker 1: view was seeing a black hole, it's basically invisible. It's 163 00:08:49,320 --> 00:08:51,840 Speaker 1: just like a black circle, right, So how could you 164 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:54,200 Speaker 1: possibly see that a black hole is there? Well, you know, 165 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:57,439 Speaker 1: I watched the movie Interstellar, which I know could be 166 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:00,720 Speaker 1: a whole topic of conversation, but that your research for 167 00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:03,400 Speaker 1: the podcast. That and I read the Wikipedia page for 168 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:06,520 Speaker 1: the black Hole movie, which is a classic seventies movie. 169 00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:08,600 Speaker 1: Did you ever watch the movie? Yes? It did. In fact, 170 00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:11,120 Speaker 1: I saw that movie a few weeks ago with my kids. 171 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:13,200 Speaker 1: No way, really. I think it was supposed to be 172 00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:17,080 Speaker 1: like a response to Star Wars or something, um and 173 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 1: it's much weirder than Star Wars. According to Wikipedia, it's 174 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,120 Speaker 1: like the first Disney movie ever to get a PG rating. 175 00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:28,600 Speaker 1: My kids were like, why did you show us this movie? 176 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:32,679 Speaker 1: Was this supposed to be good? Or is this educational? 177 00:09:32,880 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: But this that movie was a huge part of my childhood, 178 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:37,520 Speaker 1: you know. It was like made a huge impression on me. 179 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 1: You saw the black Hole movie as a kid? Yeah, 180 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: you didn't see this again? You might have been the 181 00:09:41,559 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 1: only one. I don't think it was very It was 182 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:47,040 Speaker 1: huge in Panama. What are you talking about? Huge in Panama? 183 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:50,920 Speaker 1: I rest my kids. Yeah, let's hope this podcast is 184 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:53,840 Speaker 1: huge in Panama. Let's hope we we achieved that level 185 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: my fellow Panamanians. I hope they're listening. So how could 186 00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:00,040 Speaker 1: you actually see a black hole? Let's shift out of 187 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:02,640 Speaker 1: the fictional world and back into the what we imagined 188 00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:04,480 Speaker 1: to be the real world. How could you see a 189 00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 1: black hole? Well, it's biggest to funding feature is it's gravity, 190 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:10,280 Speaker 1: and so it has very powerful gravity, and you can 191 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:13,800 Speaker 1: see the effect of gravity on nearby stuff. So, for example, 192 00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:16,800 Speaker 1: one of the biggest black holes that's near us is 193 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:18,800 Speaker 1: at the very center of the Milky Way. There's an 194 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:22,840 Speaker 1: enormous black hole there. It's huge. It's called super massive 195 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:26,200 Speaker 1: and um that's the category of black hole. And we 196 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:28,920 Speaker 1: can see that it's there because we see stars orbiting it. 197 00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: So we see the path of stars that are going 198 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:35,199 Speaker 1: around the black hole, so we can tell these stars 199 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:38,520 Speaker 1: are orbiting something, but we see nothing there. So you 200 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:41,079 Speaker 1: can do the calculations. You can say, oh, all these 201 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:45,360 Speaker 1: stars orbits are consistent with something really heavy here. Like 202 00:10:45,440 --> 00:10:48,000 Speaker 1: imagine you were looking at the Solar System and you 203 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: couldn't see the Sun. You could guess that there was 204 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:53,160 Speaker 1: something really massive there because see, look all these planets 205 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:56,320 Speaker 1: they are going around and they're all consistent with orbiting 206 00:10:56,400 --> 00:10:58,760 Speaker 1: one thing that's really heavy, and you can even calculate 207 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:00,680 Speaker 1: its mass from the orbits and all that stuff. You 208 00:11:00,679 --> 00:11:03,600 Speaker 1: could deduce that the Sun was here without actually seeing it. 209 00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:05,720 Speaker 1: That would be a pretty silly way to see the sun. 210 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:07,960 Speaker 1: But you could definitely tell. And we can use that 211 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:10,640 Speaker 1: same approach, and we have to see the huge black 212 00:11:10,679 --> 00:11:12,560 Speaker 1: hole in the center of the Milky Way for example. 213 00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:15,040 Speaker 1: I see. Maybe that's the problem is that the closest 214 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:18,080 Speaker 1: black holes to us is at the center of the 215 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:21,120 Speaker 1: Milky Way galaxy. Now that's the closest, really big one. 216 00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:24,439 Speaker 1: It's like twenty seven thousand light years. I think that's 217 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:27,080 Speaker 1: pretty far away. There are closer black holes to us 218 00:11:27,120 --> 00:11:28,640 Speaker 1: than the one at the center of the Milky Way, 219 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:31,560 Speaker 1: but they're not as large, I see. But there's a 220 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 1: theory about what they sort of look like, which is 221 00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: like a black ball, right, yeah, and there's other stuff 222 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: near the black hole, right Like say, for example, you 223 00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:42,280 Speaker 1: have a black hole and it's near a star. What's 224 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:44,360 Speaker 1: it gonna do. It's gonna shred the star. It's gonna 225 00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:46,920 Speaker 1: suck all the stuff out of the star into the 226 00:11:46,960 --> 00:11:50,000 Speaker 1: black hole. And you can see that also before stuff 227 00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: falls into the black hole, you can see it like 228 00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:55,720 Speaker 1: on the way you know. Um, So for example, imagine 229 00:11:55,760 --> 00:11:57,920 Speaker 1: there's like a you know, a hole in the sidewalk 230 00:11:57,920 --> 00:12:00,240 Speaker 1: and everybody's falling into it. If you notice that trail 231 00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:03,280 Speaker 1: of people walking along the sidewalk and then nothing on 232 00:12:03,320 --> 00:12:09,320 Speaker 1: the other side, Oh my gosh. Exactly. So there's lots 233 00:12:09,360 --> 00:12:11,240 Speaker 1: of black holes where you can see the stuff falling 234 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: into it because it and sometimes it's like orbit once 235 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:16,560 Speaker 1: or twice before it falls in. This this thing called 236 00:12:16,559 --> 00:12:19,439 Speaker 1: the accretion disk, which is like the stuff orbiting the 237 00:12:19,480 --> 00:12:22,360 Speaker 1: black hole before it comes in. And so a lot 238 00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:25,439 Speaker 1: of times you can see that around the black hole. Um, 239 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:27,760 Speaker 1: it's sort of like a warning, like, you know, abandoned, 240 00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:30,360 Speaker 1: hope all you who fly near here because you are 241 00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:33,360 Speaker 1: entering the black hole. But that also brings up another 242 00:12:33,360 --> 00:12:36,320 Speaker 1: really interesting point, which is like a black hole is 243 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: not a hole. You know, it's a clever name and 244 00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 1: it sounds awesome, and it's connects to this sort of 245 00:12:41,240 --> 00:12:43,960 Speaker 1: geometric idea of like having a hole in the bottom 246 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:46,560 Speaker 1: of the rubber sheet. But I think most people think 247 00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:48,600 Speaker 1: of a black hole is like a hole in space, 248 00:12:48,760 --> 00:12:52,760 Speaker 1: like something you could fall into, right, But as you 249 00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,199 Speaker 1: said earlier, a black hole is something that's really dense, 250 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,719 Speaker 1: it's really heavy, it's really thick. You can't fall into it. 251 00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:00,640 Speaker 1: It's more like a black Man as sort of like 252 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:03,080 Speaker 1: a black rock. You know, it's like saying, can you 253 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:06,079 Speaker 1: fall into the earth? Right, Like, you can't fall into 254 00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: the earth, you fall onto the earth. Right. Well, you're 255 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:11,720 Speaker 1: sort of assuming you know what's inside a black hole? Right? Well, 256 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:13,559 Speaker 1: we know it's really dance, right, we know there's a 257 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: lot of stuff in there. But in terms of like space, 258 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:19,480 Speaker 1: like space is so distorted. It's sort of like a hole, 259 00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:22,000 Speaker 1: isn't it. It's like the rubber sheet analogy. It is 260 00:13:22,040 --> 00:13:24,800 Speaker 1: sort of a like a three D hole. It's like 261 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:27,240 Speaker 1: it's through a hole in three D space. Right, it's 262 00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:30,640 Speaker 1: a gravitational well that you can't climb out of. But 263 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:32,959 Speaker 1: that doesn't mean that it's like empty inside. You can 264 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:34,760 Speaker 1: like once you go in, you can like dance all 265 00:13:34,760 --> 00:13:38,000 Speaker 1: around is playing the room. Let's think about that this 266 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:39,800 Speaker 1: sort of where is the edge of the black hole? 267 00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:41,319 Speaker 1: And a lot of people think of the edge of 268 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:44,440 Speaker 1: the black hole as something we call the event horizon. Okay, 269 00:13:44,440 --> 00:13:47,640 Speaker 1: what's the event horizon? Besides being a bad science fiction 270 00:13:47,679 --> 00:13:52,360 Speaker 1: movie with Sam Neil, the Event Horizon is another movie. 271 00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:55,920 Speaker 1: I see you're not up on your bad sighest fiction cinema. 272 00:13:56,040 --> 00:13:58,120 Speaker 1: Did this? Did this? Only come out in Panama. No, 273 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:00,800 Speaker 1: this was a real movie. It had like fishburn I 274 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:06,839 Speaker 1: think Sam Neil. It was like a big deal. But anyway, so, 275 00:14:06,960 --> 00:14:09,160 Speaker 1: what is the event horizon of a black hole? Yeah, 276 00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:11,760 Speaker 1: so that's the point after which you can't escape, right, 277 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:14,160 Speaker 1: if you are closer to the center of the black 278 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:18,240 Speaker 1: hole than the than this threashold you can't escape. Outside 279 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: of that, there's still a possibility. Inside there are no paths. 280 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 1: It's like, you could escape if you could move faster 281 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: than light. But even if you were like moving at 282 00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:28,160 Speaker 1: the speed of light, you could not escape. But be 283 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,240 Speaker 1: careful because people like to say, oh, maybe if you 284 00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 1: went faster than the speed of light, blah blah blah. 285 00:14:33,840 --> 00:14:35,720 Speaker 1: But going faster than the speed of light, that's a 286 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:38,720 Speaker 1: whole other podcast we should do. Right, it's impossible, And 287 00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:41,480 Speaker 1: so saying something like going fast in the speed of 288 00:14:41,520 --> 00:14:43,520 Speaker 1: light is like saying like, well, then if you had magic, 289 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,200 Speaker 1: then sure all the rules would be off. So like 290 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:48,360 Speaker 1: an interstellar when they shared the black hole, is this 291 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:52,680 Speaker 1: black sphere, that's the event horizon, right, that's like the 292 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,360 Speaker 1: edge of that sphere black circle is the event horizon 293 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:58,840 Speaker 1: because anything inside would just look black. So Is this 294 00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:03,600 Speaker 1: a PHY six podcast asked or a film podcast? Film 295 00:15:03,640 --> 00:15:06,920 Speaker 1: six podcast? No? But I mean, I guess you know what. 296 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:08,840 Speaker 1: The reason I bring it up is that, you know, 297 00:15:08,920 --> 00:15:10,920 Speaker 1: I think a lot of people have heard of the 298 00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:14,440 Speaker 1: event of horizon, right, and the conceptually what it is 299 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:17,280 Speaker 1: you can't escape after that, but like a representation of 300 00:15:17,280 --> 00:15:20,040 Speaker 1: a black hole, that that circle is kind of the 301 00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:22,880 Speaker 1: event horizon, right, Yeah, you're exactly right. And so you 302 00:15:22,920 --> 00:15:25,240 Speaker 1: would see like the accretion disk around the black hole, 303 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:27,040 Speaker 1: the stuff that's about to fall in, like what's on 304 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:29,280 Speaker 1: deck to get sucked up by the black hole. But 305 00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:31,320 Speaker 1: you're right, the black hole itself would be black, and 306 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: that's the event horizon. You're seeing the edge because you 307 00:15:34,920 --> 00:15:37,560 Speaker 1: can't see anything in it, nothing can escape it, and 308 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: so it's surrounded by matter which you can normally see. 309 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,800 Speaker 1: But the actual black hole itself is the edge of 310 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:45,360 Speaker 1: the event horizon, and that's what that's what makes the 311 00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:47,920 Speaker 1: questions how interesting. Because you can't see in there, people 312 00:15:47,960 --> 00:15:51,440 Speaker 1: wonder what's in there? Right. Einstein's original idea was that 313 00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:54,440 Speaker 1: there was something called a singularity that's a point of 314 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:57,920 Speaker 1: essentially infinite density at the very center of it. Right, 315 00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:02,080 Speaker 1: that's right, Yeah, an infinite least small space, right, super 316 00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:04,520 Speaker 1: super dense. As soon as you cross some threshold of 317 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:08,600 Speaker 1: mass density, then you've created this hole in the bottom 318 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:11,840 Speaker 1: of the rubber sheet, a gravitational well that nothing can escape. 319 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 1: But it's not necessary that the whole event horizon is 320 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: filled in with mass. I think this is the point 321 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:19,200 Speaker 1: you were trying to make earlier. There's got to be 322 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: a dense core in there somehow, but it creates a 323 00:16:22,840 --> 00:16:26,840 Speaker 1: gravitational well that's larger than that core um. And so 324 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:29,040 Speaker 1: this is the original idea in stands. Original idea was 325 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:32,080 Speaker 1: that there's this singularity, this really really dense point. Okay, 326 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:34,520 Speaker 1: so maybe a black hole is like some kind of 327 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:38,240 Speaker 1: point surrounded by who knows, but it sort of goes 328 00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:41,680 Speaker 1: out to the sphere of blackness. That's going to be 329 00:16:41,680 --> 00:16:46,480 Speaker 1: the name of our band, right, Sphere of Blackness or 330 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:49,360 Speaker 1: my next Panamanian bad sci fi movie. I think that's 331 00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 1: a la. There's so many concepts tied together into a 332 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,960 Speaker 1: black holes. But I think people still wonder what's inside 333 00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,240 Speaker 1: a black hole because we're pretty sure that this idea 334 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:04,920 Speaker 1: of a singularity can't be right, pretty sure that there 335 00:17:04,960 --> 00:17:08,879 Speaker 1: aren't singularities inside black So not even our theory about 336 00:17:08,880 --> 00:17:12,680 Speaker 1: what's inside is right, yeah, And you know, Einstein's theory 337 00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:15,520 Speaker 1: is wonderful and it's beautiful, and it's predicted lots of 338 00:17:15,560 --> 00:17:20,840 Speaker 1: stuff which seemed weird but actually happens, like gravitational waves. Right. 339 00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:24,840 Speaker 1: Einstein predicted gravitational waves, these ripples in space time when 340 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:27,920 Speaker 1: massive objects slam into each other or spin around each 341 00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:30,400 Speaker 1: other a hundred years before we saw them, right or 342 00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:34,200 Speaker 1: hurt them as yeah, yeah, decades and decades, I don't 343 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:36,439 Speaker 1: remember the exact date, but a long time before we 344 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:39,520 Speaker 1: saw them. And the problem with Einstein's theory is that 345 00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:42,359 Speaker 1: it doesn't include any quantum mechanics. And that's because we 346 00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:44,639 Speaker 1: figured out quantum mechanics sort of at the same time 347 00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:48,160 Speaker 1: or in the decades after general relativity. And something really 348 00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:51,399 Speaker 1: important about quantum mechanics is that it doesn't allow things 349 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:55,200 Speaker 1: to be located in infinitely small spaces. There's a basic 350 00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:58,320 Speaker 1: fuzziness to the universe and you just can't violate that. 351 00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:01,560 Speaker 1: So having a singular already like a point of matter 352 00:18:01,680 --> 00:18:04,920 Speaker 1: in its zero volume is you know, it would blow 353 00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:08,400 Speaker 1: a quantum mechanics mind, right, but it's it's I guess 354 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:12,840 Speaker 1: technically quantum mechanics is about momentum, right, Momentum has a 355 00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:16,480 Speaker 1: minimum size. Right, Well, it is about momentum, but it's 356 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:21,680 Speaker 1: about actually most measurable things like time, energy, space, and momentum. 357 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:25,240 Speaker 1: All these things come in finite grains like little quantum, 358 00:18:25,240 --> 00:18:28,720 Speaker 1: a little basic units that you can't get smaller than. 359 00:18:28,960 --> 00:18:31,840 Speaker 1: But even if, what if, like it's infinite mass, like 360 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:34,879 Speaker 1: a black hole, or like infinite density. Yeah, well, the 361 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:37,560 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics tells us that doesn't exist. You know that 362 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:40,359 Speaker 1: there's a there's a finite width to everything, and so 363 00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:45,360 Speaker 1: you can't have infinitely small objects um. Quantum mechanics says, 364 00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:48,000 Speaker 1: it just can't happen. But something is happening in there, right, 365 00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:50,800 Speaker 1: there's something going on inside a black hole, and whatever 366 00:18:50,840 --> 00:18:54,600 Speaker 1: it is, it's intense enough and dense enough to create 367 00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:57,080 Speaker 1: a black hole. You don't need infinitely small points to 368 00:18:57,080 --> 00:18:59,359 Speaker 1: create a black hole. You just need a density above 369 00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:02,200 Speaker 1: a certain thresh hold. Genel relativity tells us it's an 370 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:06,640 Speaker 1: infinite singularity, but coonum mechanics says it can't be infinite. Right. Yeah, 371 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:08,600 Speaker 1: there's this idea that I thought was really cool that 372 00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:12,639 Speaker 1: anything can become a black hole. Like if you squeeze 373 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 1: it enough, it becomes a black hole. Right, Like if 374 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,560 Speaker 1: somebody squeezed me and my mass into a small enough volume, 375 00:19:19,119 --> 00:19:22,359 Speaker 1: I would just like become a black hole, right. Yeah, 376 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:25,480 Speaker 1: it's a great idea, And I'm not sure like technically 377 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: anything can become a black hole because you need to 378 00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:31,199 Speaker 1: have a certain amount of mass per volume. But I 379 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,080 Speaker 1: guess in principle, if you compress something down far enough 380 00:19:34,119 --> 00:19:36,520 Speaker 1: and it had some mass, then it would be dense 381 00:19:36,680 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 1: enough to become a black hole. And black holes don't 382 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:41,760 Speaker 1: have to be huge. Black holes can also be tiny. 383 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:44,879 Speaker 1: For example, we're trying to create black holes at the 384 00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:47,000 Speaker 1: large age on collider and those would be black holes 385 00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:49,240 Speaker 1: like the size of protons. That is a great thought 386 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:50,480 Speaker 1: that I don't think a lot of people know is 387 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:54,240 Speaker 1: that black holes can be different sizes. Yeah. Absolutely, you 388 00:19:54,280 --> 00:19:56,320 Speaker 1: can have a tiny one, or a huge one or 389 00:19:56,359 --> 00:20:00,280 Speaker 1: an super massive gigantic one. That's right. And basically the 390 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:01,959 Speaker 1: only thing you can know about a black hole from 391 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:05,439 Speaker 1: the outside is um it's mass, which means its size, 392 00:20:05,960 --> 00:20:08,879 Speaker 1: and it's rotation, so it's whether it's spinning or not. 393 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:12,040 Speaker 1: And so that's why we desperately want to know what's 394 00:20:12,040 --> 00:20:14,679 Speaker 1: inside a black hole beyond our just our curiosity. Like 395 00:20:14,960 --> 00:20:18,120 Speaker 1: anytime there's something in the universe you can't it's something 396 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:20,080 Speaker 1: in your house, for example, that you aren't allowed to 397 00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:22,480 Speaker 1: look inside. Like if I said or I never look 398 00:20:22,520 --> 00:20:25,960 Speaker 1: inside this box, you'd be definitely curious to see inside it. Right, 399 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:29,000 Speaker 1: So you're saying it's like the universe has has created 400 00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:32,360 Speaker 1: a box and it it refuses to tell us what's inside. 401 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:36,400 Speaker 1: That's right, Well, this is a perfect point to take 402 00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:49,639 Speaker 1: a break. If you could see inside it, um, you 403 00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:52,920 Speaker 1: would learn something really deep about the way gravity works 404 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:56,080 Speaker 1: and quantum mechanics and how they're connected. It's like, you know, 405 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:59,359 Speaker 1: ten Nobel prizes worth of stuff hiding inside a black hole, 406 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:02,480 Speaker 1: maybe even an actual Nobel prize. So that's the answer 407 00:21:02,520 --> 00:21:06,200 Speaker 1: to the question what's inside a black hole? Is uh, 408 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:11,960 Speaker 1: fame and fortune, a trip to Stockholm. So what would 409 00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: happen if you try to get near a black hole? Well, 410 00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:16,680 Speaker 1: this is something you have to understand, which is something 411 00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:21,080 Speaker 1: called a tidal force and um best way to understand 412 00:21:21,119 --> 00:21:23,000 Speaker 1: it maybe is to think about what happens when things 413 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:25,439 Speaker 1: get near the sun for example. So one of my 414 00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:29,840 Speaker 1: favorite examples came in when this comet came into our 415 00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:32,600 Speaker 1: solar system and approach really close to the Sun. It's 416 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:35,639 Speaker 1: called comet Shoemaker Levy. That is that the one that 417 00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 1: almost missed Jupiter, That's the one that slammed right into Yeah. Yeah, 418 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:44,919 Speaker 1: it was pretty awesome to watch cosmic collisions. Um, but 419 00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:48,360 Speaker 1: before it got there, it got torn apart by tidal forces. 420 00:21:48,680 --> 00:21:53,440 Speaker 1: Oh shredded. Yeah, I got shredded. And um, say you're 421 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,080 Speaker 1: near a black hole, or you're near the Sun or something, 422 00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: then your head and your feet are not the same 423 00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:02,560 Speaker 1: distance from the Sun. And because gravity depends on the distance, 424 00:22:02,680 --> 00:22:05,080 Speaker 1: so like your head will be pulled in with greater 425 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,239 Speaker 1: force than your feet. If your head or closer than 426 00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:10,480 Speaker 1: your feet, then yeah, there'll be a stronger force on 427 00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:12,520 Speaker 1: your head than there is on your feet, right and 428 00:22:12,560 --> 00:22:15,439 Speaker 1: effectively that means it's tearing you apart. But the difference 429 00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:19,120 Speaker 1: would have to be greater than the forces holding me together. Exactly. 430 00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:21,520 Speaker 1: Like right now you are sitting on the earth, and 431 00:22:21,560 --> 00:22:23,760 Speaker 1: there is a greater force on the on your feet 432 00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:25,719 Speaker 1: then there's on your head. So whatever part of your 433 00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:27,639 Speaker 1: body is on the floor right now is feeling a 434 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:30,840 Speaker 1: stronger gravitational force than whatever part is elevated, right, Because 435 00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:33,680 Speaker 1: it's further from the center of the Earth, gravity falls 436 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:36,399 Speaker 1: like one of the distance squared. So that's that's a 437 00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:39,080 Speaker 1: pretty big factor. But the difference is not enough to 438 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:42,080 Speaker 1: overcome the forces that are holding me together. That's right, 439 00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:44,920 Speaker 1: you're saying near a black hole, those differences are so 440 00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:48,240 Speaker 1: huge he would actually shred your part. Yeah, exactly, like 441 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: that comment that came into the Solar System got shredded 442 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:52,840 Speaker 1: by Jupiter and by the Sun. If you got too 443 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:54,840 Speaker 1: close to a black hole, you would get torn apart 444 00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:58,000 Speaker 1: before you got anywhere near it. So it's in my 445 00:22:58,119 --> 00:23:00,520 Speaker 1: view it's impossible to get very close to a black 446 00:23:00,520 --> 00:23:04,200 Speaker 1: hole unless you're incredibly strong, like you need to build 447 00:23:04,359 --> 00:23:07,080 Speaker 1: an object with really really tight bonds. Right. The things 448 00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:10,639 Speaker 1: that are holding me together are the electromagnetic bonds between 449 00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:13,719 Speaker 1: the atoms in my body, and gravity is constantly tugging 450 00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:15,720 Speaker 1: on those if I'm near the Earth or near the Sun, 451 00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:18,640 Speaker 1: tugging on those. But you know, not so hard and 452 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:20,760 Speaker 1: and where we've evolved to be strong enough to to 453 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:23,440 Speaker 1: not be shredded by the Earth, but not it's strong 454 00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:25,960 Speaker 1: enough to be to not be shredded by a black hole. Right, 455 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:28,280 Speaker 1: So basically we may never be able to like go 456 00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:30,960 Speaker 1: to a black hole and see what's inside, right, it's 457 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:32,880 Speaker 1: hard to imagine and and I hate to say never. 458 00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:36,760 Speaker 1: I disamber because it prescribes future generations intelligence and there's 459 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:38,840 Speaker 1: probably some genius out there was a clever idea for 460 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:41,760 Speaker 1: how to do it. It's not theoretically impossible to be 461 00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:44,840 Speaker 1: near a black hole. It's just practically very difficult, which 462 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:50,879 Speaker 1: makes it, you know, a pretty tough engineering problem. So 463 00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:53,359 Speaker 1: we know black holes are out there, we know they're mysterious, 464 00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:55,960 Speaker 1: we know they contain some deep, dark secret. We don't 465 00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: think they contain the anti universe. I don't believe they 466 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: contain worm whole. I don't know, you know, they don't 467 00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:06,200 Speaker 1: believe they contain worms or anything else weird. But I 468 00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:08,359 Speaker 1: would love to get to know what's inside a black hole. 469 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:10,480 Speaker 1: I don't know about visiting one, or seeing one, or 470 00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: getting too close to one and getting shredded, and desperately 471 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:15,800 Speaker 1: want to know what's inside a black hole. Maybe side 472 00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:20,920 Speaker 1: will find my marbles lost for sure. All right, thanks 473 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:24,680 Speaker 1: everyone for listening to Daniel and Jorge explain the universe. 474 00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:31,600 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening. Do you have a question you wish 475 00:24:31,680 --> 00:24:34,040 Speaker 1: we would cover send it to us. We'd love to 476 00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:36,600 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, 477 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:40,840 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge One Word, or email 478 00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:57,639 Speaker 1: us to feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com