1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:05,440 Speaker 1: events in history, one from me and one from former 3 00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:09,960 Speaker 1: host Tracy V. Wilson. On with the show. Welcome to 4 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: this day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot 5 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:14,480 Speaker 1: Com and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in 6 00:00:14,560 --> 00:00:17,040 Speaker 1: History Class. It's the show where we explore the past 7 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:19,240 Speaker 1: one day at a time with a quick look at 8 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:26,680 Speaker 1: what happened today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 9 00:00:26,720 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and it's October three. Italy invaded 10 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:34,640 Speaker 1: Ethiopia on this day in ninety five. From the eighteen 11 00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:39,040 Speaker 1: eighties until about nineteen fourteen, European powers had divided up 12 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:43,280 Speaker 1: most of the continent of Africa into colonial territories. This 13 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:45,760 Speaker 1: whole mad rush to try to claim as much of 14 00:00:45,800 --> 00:00:49,720 Speaker 1: Africa as possible was called the Scramble for Africa. And 15 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:54,440 Speaker 1: after all this scramble, the Ethiopian Empire, also known as Abyssinia, 16 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:57,000 Speaker 1: was one of a very few parts of Africa that 17 00:00:57,120 --> 00:01:01,120 Speaker 1: was not under European colonial control. Italy had tried to 18 00:01:01,280 --> 00:01:06,039 Speaker 1: invade the Ethiopian Empire in eight but it failed, suffering 19 00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:10,240 Speaker 1: a massive defeat. A year later, Italy's military had been 20 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:14,800 Speaker 1: more advanced than Ethiopias was, but Ethiopia had mustered a 21 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:19,240 Speaker 1: huge resistance force and had gotten support from Russia. Ultimately, 22 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: during this initial invasion in the eighteen nineties, Italy had 23 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:26,080 Speaker 1: to fall back to Somali Land, which it controlled. It 24 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:28,560 Speaker 1: took a while after this whole invasion for Italy and 25 00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:32,840 Speaker 1: Ethiopia to agree on a border between Ethiopia and Somali 26 00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:38,000 Speaker 1: Land was finally established in but then in nineteen thirty four, 27 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:41,959 Speaker 1: Italy built a fort at the Wawa Oasis, which was 28 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:48,120 Speaker 1: unquestionably in Ethiopian territory. This fort housed a Somali force 29 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:51,800 Speaker 1: which was serving under Italian command. It is not clear 30 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:55,800 Speaker 1: exactly what happened, but there was some kind of dispute 31 00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:59,000 Speaker 1: between the Somali force that was garrisoned at the oasis 32 00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 1: and Theopian soldiers, and that happened in early December of 33 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:06,080 Speaker 1: nineteen four. Each side said that the other one made 34 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:11,080 Speaker 1: the initial attack. Benito Mussolini used this as justification to 35 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:16,079 Speaker 1: invade ten months later. The invasion into Ethiopia came from 36 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:20,359 Speaker 1: multiple directions, and it combined Italian forces and forces drawn 37 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:24,480 Speaker 1: from their African colonies. The Italian Army has had been 38 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: the case before, was better armed and better trained than 39 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:30,800 Speaker 1: the Ethiopian army, and it pressed toward the Ethiopian capital 40 00:02:30,880 --> 00:02:36,240 Speaker 1: of Addis Ababa, which fell on May fifth. Benito Mussolini 41 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:39,600 Speaker 1: proclaimed Victor Emmanuel the Third, who was King of Italy, 42 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:43,440 Speaker 1: to be the Emperor of the Ethiopian Empire. The League 43 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:45,920 Speaker 1: of Nations had been formed in the end of World 44 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:48,880 Speaker 1: War One with the goal of ensuring peace after this point, 45 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:52,840 Speaker 1: and from the outset of this Italian invasion, the League 46 00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 1: condemned what Italy was doing, but the League of Nations 47 00:02:56,800 --> 00:03:00,480 Speaker 1: also wasn't a military power, and its ability to spawned 48 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:03,760 Speaker 1: to something like this was really limited. The League voted 49 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:08,200 Speaker 1: to institute economic sanctions against Italy, but the major world 50 00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: powers didn't really do much to uphold these sanctions. This 51 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 1: really undermined the League of Nation's ability to do what 52 00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:19,320 Speaker 1: it had been designed to do, and it showed the 53 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 1: world that it was kind of toothless. It stood out 54 00:03:22,880 --> 00:03:25,919 Speaker 1: as an example of how the League just wouldn't have 55 00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: much power without the backing of the most powerful nations 56 00:03:29,040 --> 00:03:32,960 Speaker 1: in the world. In the end, Italy declared this a 57 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: victory after invading Ethiopia, but Ethiopia never actually surrendered. Consequently, 58 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:43,920 Speaker 1: Ethiopia considers this to be a military occupation, not an 59 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:48,040 Speaker 1: absorption into the Italian colonial empire, and this occupation was 60 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:53,600 Speaker 1: really deadly. Ethiopia continued to resist against Italy throughout and 61 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:56,800 Speaker 1: as many as a quarter of a million Ethiopians died 62 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:02,320 Speaker 1: due to both conventional weaponry and gas attacks. This occupation 63 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,920 Speaker 1: continued until World War two. Great Britain declared war on 64 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 1: Italy and nineteen thirty nine, and on April six, ninety one, 65 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: a combined British and Ethiopian forest drove the Italians out 66 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:18,520 Speaker 1: of the capital and restored Ethiopia's last Emperor, Highly Selassie 67 00:04:18,560 --> 00:04:21,719 Speaker 1: to power. You could learn more about Highly Selassie in 68 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: the February two episode of Stuff You Missed in History 69 00:04:24,839 --> 00:04:28,719 Speaker 1: Class called The Last Emperor of Ethiopia. Thanks to Christopher 70 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:32,120 Speaker 1: Hasciotas for his research work on today's episode, Antatari Harrison 71 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,000 Speaker 1: for all of her audio work on this podcast. You 72 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:37,800 Speaker 1: can subscribe to This Day in History Class on Apple podcast, 73 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 1: Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts, and 74 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:43,880 Speaker 1: you can tune in tomorrow for a famous way to travel. 75 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: Hi everyone, I'm Eves and Welcome to This Day in 76 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:59,000 Speaker 1: History Class, a podcast where we dust off a little 77 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 1: piece of history and placed it ever so gently on 78 00:05:01,800 --> 00:05:13,799 Speaker 1: your brainshelf every day. The day was October three, Tula, 79 00:05:14,040 --> 00:05:19,120 Speaker 1: a leader of the Curoso slave revolt, was executed. Curoso 80 00:05:19,279 --> 00:05:22,400 Speaker 1: is an island in the Caribbean Sea. The air Walk 81 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:25,960 Speaker 1: indigenous peoples from South America are thought to have moved 82 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:29,720 Speaker 1: to the island many hundreds of years ago. In four 83 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:35,080 Speaker 1: Spaniard Alonso de Ojeda arrived on the island with an expedition, 84 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:40,640 Speaker 1: marking the first time Europeans visited Curoso. The Spanish then 85 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: colonized the island, which at that time was inhabited by 86 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: the Gagaido, a coastal tribe of air Walk people. The 87 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:52,359 Speaker 1: Spanish enslaved the Gagados and sent them to Hispaniola, but 88 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:56,200 Speaker 1: by sixteen thirty four the Dutch had occupied the island. 89 00:05:57,360 --> 00:05:59,799 Speaker 1: Curoso was a major port of trade for the Dutch 90 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:04,359 Speaker 1: India Company that included the trade of enslaved people, which 91 00:06:04,440 --> 00:06:07,760 Speaker 1: was the main business of the island. Most of the 92 00:06:07,839 --> 00:06:10,640 Speaker 1: enslaved Africans who came through were bought and sold in 93 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:13,880 Speaker 1: Curoso and were taken to other islands in the Dutch 94 00:06:13,880 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 1: West Indies and in Spanish colonies. Some of those enslaved 95 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:22,440 Speaker 1: Africans did remain on the island and worked on plantations. 96 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:26,239 Speaker 1: There was a large number of enslaved people on the island, 97 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:29,960 Speaker 1: but there were also many manu missions and many free 98 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:32,840 Speaker 1: people of color and black people also lived in Curoso, 99 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:37,880 Speaker 1: and some of them even owned enslaved people. There were 100 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:41,360 Speaker 1: slave revolts in Curoso in the eighteenth century, including minor 101 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:45,920 Speaker 1: ones in seventeen sixteen, seventeen fifty, and seventeen seventy four. 102 00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:50,520 Speaker 1: One of the most significant revolts in Curoso's history is 103 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:55,640 Speaker 1: the one that began on August seventeen, seventeen nine. About 104 00:06:55,720 --> 00:06:59,560 Speaker 1: fifty enslaved people who worked on the Dunip plantation refused 105 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:03,200 Speaker 1: to work and went to nearby plantations to gather more supporters. 106 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:07,640 Speaker 1: There were several reasons that the unrest among enslaved people 107 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: have reached this point. Dutch planters were imposing more restrictions 108 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:16,320 Speaker 1: on enslaved people to increase productivity and profit. They forced 109 00:07:16,440 --> 00:07:20,120 Speaker 1: enslaved people to work on Sundays, and they hired enslaved 110 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: people out to others. Slave owners also collectively punished enslaved 111 00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:28,880 Speaker 1: people for the offense of a single person. On top 112 00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 1: of the conflict swelling around those changes, enslaved people in 113 00:07:32,600 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 1: cure So also received word of the anti slavery and 114 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 1: anti colonial uprisings in the French colony of Sandoman or 115 00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:42,960 Speaker 1: present day Haiti, as well as the defeat of the 116 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:48,440 Speaker 1: Dutch by French revolutionary forces in sev As revolts and 117 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 1: conspiracies took place in the French and Spanish Caribbean, the 118 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:56,280 Speaker 1: spirit of revolution spread throughout the region. An enslaved man 119 00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:59,880 Speaker 1: named Tula reportedly knew about the French in Haitian revolution 120 00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:05,440 Speaker 1: and spoke about them. Tula, Louis Mercier, Bastion Carpata, and 121 00:08:05,560 --> 00:08:09,880 Speaker 1: Pedro Racau were all instrumental in the revolt. It's not 122 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:12,560 Speaker 1: clear whether the revolt was the result of a planned 123 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:16,920 Speaker 1: conspiracy or happened spontaneously, but the strike on the Denepe 124 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: plantation turned into a widespread revolt. At its height, the 125 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:25,320 Speaker 1: revolt involved about two thousand enslaved people out of the 126 00:08:25,360 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 1: twelve thousand who lived on the island. Some free black 127 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:33,239 Speaker 1: people and Maroons or fugitives who lived in independent communities 128 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:38,240 Speaker 1: also joined the revolt against the colonists. At first, colonial 129 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:41,680 Speaker 1: authorities turned to a Roman Catholic priest named Father Shank 130 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:45,960 Speaker 1: to help with negotiations, but revolt leaders did not budge 131 00:08:45,960 --> 00:08:50,200 Speaker 1: on their calls for freedom. When negotiations failed, the Dutch 132 00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:54,200 Speaker 1: decided to use armed force and turned to white, colored 133 00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:59,280 Speaker 1: and black militias to suppress the rebellion. The insurgents claimed 134 00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:02,600 Speaker 1: that support would be arriving from Sando mont, but by 135 00:09:02,679 --> 00:09:06,640 Speaker 1: late September the revolt had been suppressed. The leaders of 136 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,800 Speaker 1: the rebellion, including Tula, Mercia and Carpata, had been captured. 137 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:14,800 Speaker 1: Two white people had been killed, while around a hundred 138 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:18,680 Speaker 1: enslaved people were murdered. Tula was tortured on the rack 139 00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:21,520 Speaker 1: and forced to confess that he planned to kill all 140 00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:26,280 Speaker 1: white people in Curosow, and then he was executed. Other 141 00:09:26,320 --> 00:09:30,640 Speaker 1: revolt leaders were also put to brutal deaths. After the revolt, 142 00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 1: colonial authorities made efforts to roll back some of the 143 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:37,360 Speaker 1: harsh labor practices and post on enslaved people that led 144 00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:41,240 Speaker 1: to the rebellion, though there was a little anti slavery 145 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:45,040 Speaker 1: resistance in Curaso in the years after the sevent revolt. 146 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:48,360 Speaker 1: There weren't many major slave revolts on the island throughout 147 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,800 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century. Slavery was abolished in Cuasow in eighteen 148 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:56,840 Speaker 1: sixty three. I'm each Jeff Code, and hopefully you know 149 00:09:56,920 --> 00:09:59,800 Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 150 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:04,280 Speaker 1: You can keep up with us on social media on Twitter, Facebook, 151 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:09,160 Speaker 1: and Instagram at t d i h C podcast email 152 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:11,679 Speaker 1: still works. Send us a note at this day at 153 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:16,480 Speaker 1: iHeartMedia dot com. I hope you enjoyed today's episode. We'll 154 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:34,080 Speaker 1: be back tomorrow with another one. For more podcasts from 155 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:36,840 Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 156 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:38,640 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.