Speaker 1: You're listening to American shadows, a production of I heart
Speaker 1: radio and grim and mild from Aaron Bankey. In the
Speaker 1: eighteen fifties, America was struggling. Carpenters couldn't keep up with
Speaker 1: the daily influx of immigrants, housing shortage loomed, epidemics like
Speaker 1: smallpox and cholera and the lack of jobs further sent
Speaker 1: the country into a depression. Children whose parents died from
Speaker 1: one of the many diseases running rampant found themselves orphaned. Sometimes,
Speaker 1: families who didn't want or couldn't afford their children abandoned them.
Speaker 1: Of the five dred thousand New York City residents at
Speaker 1: the time, it's estimated that thirty thousand were houseless children.
Speaker 1: Kids sold rags, matches or newspapers to survive. Some worked
Speaker 1: in factories, others who joined street gangs were frequently arrested
Speaker 1: and put into the same jails as adults. Some of
Speaker 1: these children were just five years old. There were orphanages,
Speaker 1: but not enough, and they rarely provided the education or
Speaker 1: care children needed. One Charles Loring, brace, a Protestant minister,
Speaker 1: thought orphanages amounted to little more than warehouses and wanted
Speaker 1: more for the kids. In eighteen fifty three he founded
Speaker 1: the children's aid society. He provided basic schooling and religious education,
Speaker 1: along with teaching kids a trade. Unfortunately, the children's aid
Speaker 1: society didn't have room for all the houseless children. Determined
Speaker 1: to save more kids, brace came up with another solution.
Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty three, he began sending orphans to farms
Speaker 1: in New York, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. He hoped the children
Speaker 1: would find homes of families where they had a better
Speaker 1: chance of survival and the more promising future. The solution
Speaker 1: cost more than the children's aid society could afford. Undaunted,
Speaker 1: he began a fundraising campaign with the wealthiest city residents.
Speaker 1: The fundraiser was a success and the trains carrying orphans
Speaker 1: branched out to other cities in the Midwest. When the
Speaker 1: orphan train pulled into southwestern Michigan in eighteen fifty four,
Speaker 1: thirty seven of the forty five children on board found
Speaker 1: new homes. The last eight found homes in Iowa. Between
Speaker 1: Eighteen fifty five and eighteen seventy five, an average of
Speaker 1: pre thousand children a year rode the trains. Once they
Speaker 1: arrived at their destinations, a chaperone led them to gathering
Speaker 1: places where couples selected children from the group. In a way,
Speaker 1: the process resembled of livestock auction. The new parents signed
Speaker 1: documents promising to care for and feed the children. In exchange,
Speaker 1: the kids understood that they had to help work on
Speaker 1: the farms. While some children found loving homes, others were
Speaker 1: taken to become manual laborers. When he was just eight
Speaker 1: years old, Elliott boarded a train heading to Arkansas. All
Speaker 1: he had were the clothes he wore in a small
Speaker 1: cardboard box that held everything he owned. He had been
Speaker 1: removed from his abusive and Alcoholic Father and as he
Speaker 1: sat on the train, watching the scenery go past his window,
Speaker 1: it felt like he had his entire future ahead of him.
Speaker 1: Elliott refused to go with the first man who selected him,
Speaker 1: but eventually found a home with a great family of
Speaker 1: fellow orphans like Andrew Burke and John Brady, even went
Speaker 1: on to become governors. These three were among the lucky ones.
Speaker 1: The society didn't vet potential parents and siblings were often separated.
Speaker 1: No provisions were made for the adopted children if their
Speaker 1: new parents died, often rendering them houseless again. The orphan
Speaker 1: trains ran for seventy five years. The children's aid society
Speaker 1: was far from perfect, but it rescued thousands of kids
Speaker 1: from life on the streets and paved the way for
Speaker 1: the foster care system. Charles Brace had the children's best
Speaker 1: interests to heart, but others did not. I'm Lauren Vogelbaum.
Speaker 1: Welcome to American shadows. It started with flu like symptoms.
Speaker 1: Kate beyond the kept working, though it wasn't easy. Running
Speaker 1: a restaurant was difficult enough, but being sick in a
Speaker 1: sweltering Tennessee summer made it that much worse. The sickness
Speaker 1: progressed from August one until August of Eight. Kate died,
Speaker 1: becoming the first victim of yellow fever in Memphis. Previously,
Speaker 1: the disease had only struck New Orleans and no one
Speaker 1: understood how yellow fever spread, so they quarantined anyone afflicted.
Speaker 1: Of course, people continued to fall ill. It had first
Speaker 1: arrived in New Orleans on an incoming ship, the Charles
Speaker 1: B Wood. The captain and engineer's families all fell ill.
Speaker 1: They survived. Unfortunately, a four year old girl living nearby
Speaker 1: did not. The yellow fever reached epidemic proportions in New Orleans.
Speaker 1: On August tenth of that year, the city reported four
Speaker 1: thirty one cases and a hundred and eighteen deaths. Doctors
Speaker 1: couldn't find a cure. The go to treatments of blood
Speaker 1: letting and carbolic acid didn't work. A fifth of the
Speaker 1: city's residents fled. But when the news reached Memphis, the
Speaker 1: mayor shut down the train lines and put the city
Speaker 1: under quarantine, but lawsuits brought on by local business owners
Speaker 1: forced officials to reopen the trade routes. It's possible that
Speaker 1: the trains brought the mosquitoes to Memphis, or at the
Speaker 1: least that they brought people already infected with yellow fever
Speaker 1: of the mosquitoes that bit them spread the disease to others.
Speaker 1: The city's swampy environs, with high summer heat and humidity,
Speaker 1: made for the perfect mosquito breeding ground. But when Kate
Speaker 1: Beyonda died, newspapers were quick to report cases and deaths.
Speaker 1: The city officials tried to calm the public despite the
Speaker 1: growing death toll. Within a single day in August, Memphis
Speaker 1: recorded seventy three deaths. In September, the average death toll
Speaker 1: rose to two hundred a day. The funeral bells rang
Speaker 1: almost constantly. Residents fled Memphis by the thousands. When the
Speaker 1: first frost came, yellow fever cases dropped as the mosquitoes died.
Speaker 1: By the end of the year, MEMPHIS had recorded seventeen
Speaker 1: thousand cases and five thousand deaths, leaving the city in
Speaker 1: financial ruin. Throughout the southeast, eighty thousand people had become infected.
Speaker 1: Of those, twenty thousand didn't survive. Still believing the disease
Speaker 1: spread from human contact or possibly a lack of sanitary conditions,
Speaker 1: the city embarked on a massive clean up. A people
Speaker 1: became more interested in public health practices and Memphis began
Speaker 1: a slow process of recovery. Those most affected by the
Speaker 1: epidemic were the children, many of whom lost one or
Speaker 1: both parents to yellow fever. A men and women who
Speaker 1: lost a spouse had difficulty making ends meet, and it
Speaker 1: wasn't uncommon for single parents to send their children to
Speaker 1: a relative or an orphanage children without known relatives who
Speaker 1: lost both parents had no one to care for them.
Speaker 1: As difficulties rose, more were a band end, forced to
Speaker 1: find a way to support themselves. Older children searched for jobs.
Speaker 1: Farm hands and factory workers tooking kids as cheap labor
Speaker 1: in exchange for food and a place to sleep. A
Speaker 1: child labor in the United States peaked in the early
Speaker 1: twentieth century, and back then, factory owners often preferred children.
Speaker 1: They had no rights or protections regarding violence or safety
Speaker 1: in the workplace. Kids were also considered more manageable than
Speaker 1: their adult counterparts and far less likely to strike adoption
Speaker 1: in the eighteen hundreds worked differently than it does today.
Speaker 1: There actually was no official method of conducting an adoption,
Speaker 1: no paperwork, no court cases and no way of tracking
Speaker 1: the adopted kids. Society Stigma on on Web Mother's complicated
Speaker 1: the problem. Women were pressured to place children borne out
Speaker 1: of wedlock with orphanages or give them up for adoption
Speaker 1: in order to save their and their child's reputations. Adoptive
Speaker 1: parents chose infants over older kids, preferring to raise a
Speaker 1: child who had no memory of warp ties to a
Speaker 1: previous family. Children from low income families or those who
Speaker 1: weren't white were far less likely to find homes. When
Speaker 1: the adoption of Children Act went into effect in eighteen,
Speaker 1: fifty one courts became more active in a child's well being.
Speaker 1: Charities and private homes provided some care. Eventually these came
Speaker 1: under government control, though they retained certain freedoms in terms
Speaker 1: of a child's treatment or placement in a new home.
Speaker 1: The Sisters of St Mary opened a school in eighteen
Speaker 1: seventy four. When the yellow fever epidemic hit in eighteen
Speaker 1: seventy eight, they stayed while most clergymen fled. The city
Speaker 1: authorities asked them to take over the Canfield asylum for orphans.
Speaker 1: Eager to help, the sisters took in fifty children in
Speaker 1: four days. Edward crump knew all too well the ravages
Speaker 1: of yellow fever. The disease took his father during the
Speaker 1: outbreak in eighteen seventy eight, leaving his mother to support
Speaker 1: him and his two siblings. While she managed to keep
Speaker 1: the family together, they struggled to keep afloat. The children
Speaker 1: pitched in, however they could. None of them wanted to
Speaker 1: be separated from each other or their mother. At Fourteen
Speaker 1: crump dropped out of school to find work. At seventeen
Speaker 1: he left Mississippi and relocated to Memphis. He couldn't have
Speaker 1: arrived at a worse time. The city was in a
Speaker 1: deep procession and crump had very little to his name.
Speaker 1: His earlier life in struggles influenced him to work hard
Speaker 1: and better himself, and he eventually found employment as a clerk.
Speaker 1: In his free time, he joined social clubs to seek
Speaker 1: out contacts that might further his political aspirations. In nineteen
Speaker 1: O two, he went his sweetheart, Bessie, a daughter of
Speaker 1: a prominent socialite. With his father in Law's help, crump
Speaker 1: purchased a saddle and harness company. The company was successful,
Speaker 1: but after eight years he sold the business and dove
Speaker 1: head first into his true calling, politics. His hard work
Speaker 1: and dedication paid off. A crump became the city mayor
Speaker 1: in nineteen ten. He worked to clean up the city's
Speaker 1: sanitation issues. In addition, he became a staunch supporter of
Speaker 1: the fire service, helping to create a state of the
Speaker 1: art fire department. Sometime in the early nineteen twenties, crump
Speaker 1: met one Georgia Tan. He quickly became an avid supporter
Speaker 1: of her work in child services. For All the good
Speaker 1: had done for the city, his connection with Georgia would
Speaker 1: remain a dark spot on his reputation. It might have
Speaker 1: looked like Georgia had the children's best interests at heart,
Speaker 1: but she had different motivations. Unlike crump, Georgia grew up
Speaker 1: living a charmed life. She was born Beulah George Tan
Speaker 1: in Philadelphia, Mississippi. In her father, George, was a respected
Speaker 1: judge and her mother, Beulah, had been a well educated
Speaker 1: school teacher. George ruled absolute over the household and demanded
Speaker 1: that his wishes take priority over anything else. If Judge
Speaker 1: Tan decided something needed doing, there was no discussion. The
Speaker 1: task must be done quickly and to his liking. So
Speaker 1: when he decided that his daughter would become a pianist,
Speaker 1: Georgia threw herself into practice, even though she despised playing.
Speaker 1: She wanted to become a lawyer, but her father scoffed.
Speaker 1: He didn't think law was a suitable occupation for women.
Speaker 1: He had made up his mind and in nine thirteen
Speaker 1: he sent her to Martha Washington College to major in
Speaker 1: music and despite her father's wishes, Georgia took the bar
Speaker 1: exam and passed. Though a few women had successfully practiced
Speaker 1: law in the United States, Georgia decided on a different
Speaker 1: career path, one her father found more acceptable for women
Speaker 1: of the day social work. There was a conflict, though.
Speaker 1: Georgia firmly believed that wealthy people were far superior to
Speaker 1: the poor, and she thought lower class individuals shouldn't have children,
Speaker 1: mainly because they lacked the money to adequately provide for them.
Speaker 1: Her first job as a social worker was in ninety
Speaker 1: two at the Mississippi Children's Home Society. Georgia took her
Speaker 1: bias too far and her superiors fired her for removing
Speaker 1: children from poor households without cause. Georgia moved to Memphis
Speaker 1: to take advantage of her father's business connections. There she
Speaker 1: took an executive secretary position at the Tennessee Children's home society.
Speaker 1: In the nineteen twenties. References were used instead of background
Speaker 1: checks and no one at the society looked into her past.
Speaker 1: There Georgia settled into domestic life with partner Ann Atwood,
Speaker 1: who had moved with her. They had two children, an
Speaker 1: infant son and had had out of wedlock, and George's
Speaker 1: adopted daughter. But we don't know whether their relationship was
Speaker 1: romantic because same sex relationships were so frowned upon. But
Speaker 1: domestic partnerships between women weren't entirely uncommon, polite society reframed
Speaker 1: such pairings as Boston marriages. For two years, Georgia relentlessly
Speaker 1: used her connections to further her career until she had
Speaker 1: complete control over the society. Finally, at the Top, Georgia
Speaker 1: focused on her true goal, gaining money and power by
Speaker 1: trafficking children. Georgian new intimidation worked. When she entered poor neighborhoods,
Speaker 1: she wore crisp, heavily starched long sleeved shirts and a
Speaker 1: full length skirt. Her position at the school and her
Speaker 1: father's connections insured she received little opposition from authorities. She
Speaker 1: also made her own connections, namely former Mayor Edward crump.
Speaker 1: Though he no longer held office, he still had plenty
Speaker 1: of influence and power in Memphis. When complaints about George's
Speaker 1: practices rolled in, crump helped to change Tennessee's adoption laws
Speaker 1: in her favor. One Abe Waaldour, who had served under crump,
Speaker 1: became George's attorney and the attorney for the Tennessee Children's
Speaker 1: home society. While other homes were required to get licenses,
Speaker 1: Georgia and Waldour refused. With their connections, the laws simply
Speaker 1: didn't apply to them. A license would have cost money
Speaker 1: and cut into their profits. Each adoption would have cost
Speaker 1: an additional seven dollars. Georgia charged up to five thousand
Speaker 1: dollars per adoption. With so much money to be made,
Speaker 1: those connected to the society's adoptions had motivation to hide
Speaker 1: the scheme. Georgia had plenty of high powered people in
Speaker 1: her pocket, from politicians and police chiefs to the underworld.
Speaker 1: She became so successful that Waldour often referred to the
Speaker 1: orphans as the merchandise. Acquiring new children was easy. All
Speaker 1: Georgia had to do was visit low income housing districts.
Speaker 1: She often sweet talked poor families out of their kids
Speaker 1: or told the family that she had to remove the
Speaker 1: child due to a complaint, even if no such complaint
Speaker 1: had been filed. Scouts helped to keep an eye out
Speaker 1: for attractive and healthy kids, preferably those who were white
Speaker 1: with blonde hair and blue eyes. Scouts Times stole these
Speaker 1: children from their yards or daycare or kidnap them from
Speaker 1: churches or homes, and Georgia drove through poor neighborhoods looking
Speaker 1: for the most attractive kids and offered them a ride
Speaker 1: in her fancy car. Then should whisk them away to
Speaker 1: the society where they had never see their parents again.
Speaker 1: Unwed mothers made easy targets and Georgia's scouts kept an
Speaker 1: eye out for them too, especially at hospitals and prisons.
Speaker 1: Without support from the fathers or the state, the women
Speaker 1: often accepted her offer of help. She would offer to
Speaker 1: pay for medical treatment for sick kids and take them
Speaker 1: to the hospital for care. When women tried to collect
Speaker 1: their children, Georgia presented them with an enormous bill. When
Speaker 1: the mother couldn't pay, the child was taken away and
Speaker 1: placed in George's care. In another tactic, Georgia would offer
Speaker 1: an unwed mother a temporary place to keep her kids
Speaker 1: while she found a home or a job. Once the
Speaker 1: mother finally established herself and tried to collect her children,
Speaker 1: she was told they had been adopted. The mother had
Speaker 1: no report. Part of the laws crump helped form were
Speaker 1: sealed adoptions. Hospital maternity wards also became a favorite place
Speaker 1: to find kids. While new mothers were still sedated, Georgia
Speaker 1: asked them to sign routine paperwork. The paperwork turned out
Speaker 1: to be adoption papers. The society nearly served as a
Speaker 1: temporary holding station. Conditions were deplorable. Infants were drugged to
Speaker 1: keep them from crying. Neglect and abuse were common and
Speaker 1: the children were kept entirely indoors. They received little to
Speaker 1: no medical treatment or schooling. Over five hundred kids died
Speaker 1: in her care. Georgia paid for advertisements in newspapers from
Speaker 1: New York to Los Angeles. Children were auctioned to the
Speaker 1: highest bidder. She took great care to ensure most children
Speaker 1: were adopted out of state. Actress Joan Crawford adopted twins
Speaker 1: Kathy and Cynthia. Film stars June Allison and her husband
Speaker 1: Dick Powell adopted a son. New York Governor Herbert Lehman,
Speaker 1: who also signed a law sealing adoption records in his
Speaker 1: eight adopted a kid from the home. Between nineteen four
Speaker 1: and nineteen fifty, Georgia arranged over five thousand adoptions. Older
Speaker 1: Children's birth certificates were altered to make them more adoptable
Speaker 1: and to prevent birth parents from finding them. The end
Speaker 1: finally came when crump's Nemesis, Gordon Browning became governor in
Speaker 1: nineteen fifty. Browning learned about the trafficking from an investigator
Speaker 1: on September twelfth of that year, Browning stood before the
Speaker 1: press and disclosed the horrors behind the Tennessee children's home
Speaker 1: society and the charges against Georgia ton. Three days later,
Speaker 1: Georgia died from undiagnosed cancer. Those working alongside her quietly
Speaker 1: resigned and no one else was ever charged. One evening
Speaker 1: in nine Alma's sipple sat down after a long day
Speaker 1: to enjoy a few TV shows. After flipping through the channels,
Speaker 1: she decided to watch NBC's Popular Program unsolved mysteries. The
Speaker 1: show had a large following and people enjoyed helping solve
Speaker 1: cold cases. At the end of each show, host Robert
Speaker 1: Stack asked for the audience's help and gave them a
Speaker 1: hotline to call with any information that might bring killers
Speaker 1: and other criminals to justice or help locate missing persons.
Speaker 1: It was late and Alma was sleepy, but when a
Speaker 1: woman's face splashed across the screen, she jolted upright and
Speaker 1: let out a scream. The woman's smug features had been
Speaker 1: etched in her memory and the woman in the photo
Speaker 1: had stolen her daughter decades before. Back in Alma lived
Speaker 1: in a one room apartment with her toddler son and
Speaker 1: infant daughter. She was just another young mother struggling to
Speaker 1: make ends meet. A woman claiming to be from the
Speaker 1: Tennessee Children's home society visited her, insisting a neighbor had
Speaker 1: filed a complaint of child abuse. Stunned, Alma allowed the
Speaker 1: woman in to show that the children were perfectly fine,
Speaker 1: though Irma had fallen slightly ill. The woman took special
Speaker 1: interest in Little Irma, a beautiful child with reddish blonde
Speaker 1: curls and cute dimples. Alma recalled how calm and confident
Speaker 1: the woman was, how she seemed concerned over Irma's health.
Speaker 1: She offered to take Irma to the doctor, which required
Speaker 1: Alma to sign papers granting permission to the society. Without
Speaker 1: money to pay for a doctor, Alma agreed, and then
Speaker 1: the woman swept up her baby daughter and left. Alma
Speaker 1: arrived at Memphis general a few days later and watched
Speaker 1: Irma Sleeping peacefully, and when she tried to take her
Speaker 1: daughter home, the hospital told her that Irma belonged to
Speaker 1: the society. She called the home over and over for
Speaker 1: days until Georgia finally answered. Alma Sat in stunned silence
Speaker 1: when Georgia coldly told her that little Irma had died
Speaker 1: from complications of pneumonia. Alma couldn't believe it. Her daughter
Speaker 1: had been fine just days before. Georgia told her that
Speaker 1: the city had buried Irma in an unmarked grave and
Speaker 1: hung up for years. Alma searched for a grave that
Speaker 1: might be her daughters. Now, sitting in her chair, she
Speaker 1: paid close attention to Robert Stack. He asked potential victims
Speaker 1: to come forward and contact Tennessee's right to now agency.
Speaker 1: Alma called immediately. Months later, Danny Glad, the volunteer agency's president,
Speaker 1: contacted her. Not only was Irma still alive, but had
Speaker 1: also found her adoption papers, though the address for the
Speaker 1: adopted parents was blank. Alma's heart fell. It looked like
Speaker 1: a dead end. Then an independent searcher found her. Irma,
Speaker 1: now Sandra Kimbrel, was in Cincinnati working as a registered nurse.
Speaker 1: When Alma contacted her, Sandra was somewhat surprised. While she
Speaker 1: knew she was adopted, she had no idea she had
Speaker 1: been stolen as a baby. The two talked for hours
Speaker 1: and began to plan their reunion. Alma and her daughter
Speaker 1: were fortunate. We may never honestly know how many families
Speaker 1: Georgia Tan destroyed. There's more to this story. Stick around
Speaker 1: after this brief sponsor break to hear all about it.
Speaker 1: It's normal for parents to worry about how their kids
Speaker 1: will turn out as adults. Even more normal to wonder
Speaker 1: if children are shaped more by nature or nurture. The
Speaker 1: debate has gone on for decades how much of a
Speaker 1: child's personality is formed by treatment and environment, and how
Speaker 1: much is influenced by genetics. In the nineties it seemed
Speaker 1: that parents and researchers just might get some answers. Robert
Speaker 1: Schaffran spent his first year at a college in upstate
Speaker 1: New York. He wondered why people often acted as though
Speaker 1: they knew him. He quickly learned that he resembled another
Speaker 1: student named Eddie Galland Eddie supposedly could have passed for
Speaker 1: his twin. Although Eddie no longer went to the same school,
Speaker 1: Robert was intrigued. He trapped down an address and went
Speaker 1: to visit his doppelganger. Eddie ants heard and the two
Speaker 1: stared at each other. It was as though the men
Speaker 1: were looking into a mirror. They shared the same build
Speaker 1: and facial features. They had identical complexions in the same
Speaker 1: dark hair a quick comparison of birthdays revealed that they
Speaker 1: were both born on July twelfth of nineteen sixty one.
Speaker 1: Eddie and Robert knew that they had been adopted but
Speaker 1: had no idea that they were twins. The stranger than
Speaker 1: fiction story spread across the country. People were fascinated and
Speaker 1: wanted to know how two identical twins had randomly come
Speaker 1: into contact with each other. They'd grown up just hours apart.
Speaker 1: The story seemed unbelievable, but was about to get weirder.
Speaker 1: Miles away at another college student, David Kellman, couldn't believe
Speaker 1: the photo in the paper. He stared at the two
Speaker 1: men who looked exactly like him. After reading the story,
Speaker 1: he immediately tracked down Eddie Gallant's home phone number, and
Speaker 1: Mrs Gallan answered and heard what sounded like her son's voice.
Speaker 1: She was astounded to learn that her son, who she
Speaker 1: had no idea had one brother, now had two. In
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, a teenage girl had given birth the
Speaker 1: three boys at Hillside Hospital in New York. She gave
Speaker 1: them up for adoption and the triplets were taken to
Speaker 1: the Louise Wise Services Adoption Agency. The boys were separated
Speaker 1: while living at the agency. For the next six months,
Speaker 1: three couples living less than a hundred miles apart each
Speaker 1: applied to adopt a child. The agency told the parents
Speaker 1: that the infant they were interested in was part of
Speaker 1: a study on childhood development. They were also led to
Speaker 1: believe that promising to comply with future visits would increase
Speaker 1: the chances that they'd be selected to adopt. For Ten years,
Speaker 1: Doctor Peter Newbauer and his assistants visited the families several
Speaker 1: times a year after the study ended. Researchers have suggested
Speaker 1: that new Bauer and his team still monitored the children
Speaker 1: from a distance and during the initial visits, Newbauer and
Speaker 1: his staff performed cognitive tests. The boys were asked to
Speaker 1: draw and solve puzzles and answer questions while assistants filmed
Speaker 1: the visit. The parents were also Shton it turned out
Speaker 1: that each of the boys often banged their heads against
Speaker 1: the bars and their crips. The families learned the adoption agency,
Speaker 1: which had since shuttered its doors, had been part of
Speaker 1: the study. They assisted new Bauer in placing the triplets
Speaker 1: into three families, each with a different economic status. The
Speaker 1: three brothers exchanged stories of their childhood. In Teen Years,
Speaker 1: David and Eddie had spent time in psychiatric hospitals. Robert
Speaker 1: was on probation stemming from his connection to a murder
Speaker 1: in robbery in night. The boys weren't the only children
Speaker 1: in Dr New Bauer's study on nature versus nurture. He
Speaker 1: ran similar experiments on sets of twins, and none of
Speaker 1: whom randomly came into contact with their siblings. All the
Speaker 1: twins had been separated in the name of research. Academics
Speaker 1: and the affected families have so many questions, but no
Speaker 1: one will see doctor new Bauer's research results anytime soon.
Speaker 1: Yale has all of his papers locked in a vault
Speaker 1: until twenty six six, long after everyone involved in the
Speaker 1: study will no longer be living, and new Bauer died
Speaker 1: in two thousand eight. His study remains controversial. American shadows
Speaker 1: is hosted by Lauren Vogelbaum. This episode was written by
Speaker 1: Michelle Muto, researched by Ali steed and produced by Miranda
Speaker 1: Hawkins and Trevor Young, with executive producers Aaron Mankey, Alex
Speaker 1: Williams and Matt Frederick. To learn more about the show,
Speaker 1: visit grim and mild dot com. From more podcasts from
Speaker 1: IHEART radio. visit the IHEART radio APP, apple podcasts or
Speaker 1: wherever you get your podcasts.