1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,840 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the 3 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:09,320 Speaker 1: T D I h C Vault, so you'll also here 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. 5 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to This Day in History Class from how Stuff 6 00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:18,599 Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff you 7 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore 8 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: the past one day at a time with a quick 9 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Hello and welcome 10 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,040 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson. And at September 11 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:38,479 Speaker 1: on this day in the year three four, Constantine became 12 00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:42,159 Speaker 1: the ruler of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire, 13 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:45,080 Speaker 1: uniting the two halves of the empire into a hole 14 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:48,560 Speaker 1: once again. The empire hadn't been divided for all that long. 15 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:52,880 Speaker 1: Emperor Diocletian ruled Rome from eight to three oh five. 16 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:55,880 Speaker 1: He had come to power after a long period of 17 00:00:56,000 --> 00:01:01,160 Speaker 1: chaos and in fighting and numerous assassinations of previous emperors. 18 00:01:01,960 --> 00:01:04,679 Speaker 1: When he was empowered, Diocletian made a number of reforms. 19 00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:09,800 Speaker 1: This included dividing this empire, which was enormous, and instituting 20 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:13,240 Speaker 1: a tetrarchy, or a rule by four. This put parts 21 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:17,480 Speaker 1: of the empire under more local rule, rulers closer to 22 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:20,319 Speaker 1: the people they were actually governing, and it gave the 23 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:24,720 Speaker 1: rulers a much more reasonable area to govern. Diocletian thought 24 00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:28,039 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire was just too big to possibly be 25 00:01:28,120 --> 00:01:31,680 Speaker 1: governed by only one person. Another aspect of this rule 26 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:34,120 Speaker 1: by four was that if any one of the four 27 00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:38,400 Speaker 1: were assassinated or died, or otherwise could no longer fulfill 28 00:01:38,480 --> 00:01:41,199 Speaker 1: the duties of emperor, the other three would still be there. 29 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:44,240 Speaker 1: This was a completely different set up from what had 30 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:47,400 Speaker 1: been going on, in which there was one emperor who 31 00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:50,640 Speaker 1: could be assassinated by somebody who wanted to be emperor. Instead, 32 00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:55,560 Speaker 1: Diocletian split the empire into eighties six, and he ruled 33 00:01:55,560 --> 00:01:58,840 Speaker 1: in the East while Maximilian ruled in the west. Diocletian 34 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: and Maximilian were equals, each with the title of Augustus. 35 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:07,200 Speaker 1: Then under them were two caesars, Glarious and Constantius. If 36 00:02:07,240 --> 00:02:10,680 Speaker 1: anything happened to the Augustus, the caesar was supposed to 37 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:14,320 Speaker 1: take over. This system did work for a time. Diocletian 38 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:18,240 Speaker 1: and Maximilian eventually handed over the reins to their caesars, 39 00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:22,240 Speaker 1: who then named caesars of their own. Constantine was the 40 00:02:22,320 --> 00:02:26,200 Speaker 1: son of Constantius, who had been caesar and was now Augustus. 41 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:29,320 Speaker 1: He thought he deserved to be appointed as the new caesar, 42 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:35,320 Speaker 1: but his father's caesar was another man, Flavius Valerius Severius, 43 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:39,160 Speaker 1: and that's where things started to fall apart. After becoming Augustus, 44 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:44,919 Speaker 1: Constantius died in July of three h six. Constantine meanwhile 45 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:48,240 Speaker 1: had campaigned against the Picts in Britain. He had also 46 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:50,959 Speaker 1: attacked the Franks. He had made a name for himself 47 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:54,920 Speaker 1: and people expected him to be named Augustus, but he wasn't. 48 00:02:55,760 --> 00:02:59,000 Speaker 1: Is supporters declared him to be Augustus anyway, and the 49 00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:02,440 Speaker 1: infighting that Diocletian had managed to stave off for a 50 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:06,919 Speaker 1: while resumed. This led to ongoing fighting until Constantine took 51 00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 1: control and reunited the two halves of the empire in 52 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:14,200 Speaker 1: three four. He also established a new capital, rebuilding the 53 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:17,840 Speaker 1: city of Byzantium and calling it Constantinople, named for himself. 54 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:22,959 Speaker 1: Prior to Constantine's rule, Christians in Rome had faced waves 55 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:27,880 Speaker 1: of religious persecution, but Constantine became Rome's first Christian emperor. 56 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:31,320 Speaker 1: He set to work christianizing the rest of the Empire, 57 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:36,880 Speaker 1: including assembling three eighteen Christian bishops to Nicia in Turkey 58 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:40,600 Speaker 1: to discuss matters of theology and to settle such questions 59 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:44,080 Speaker 1: as whether Jesus should be considered a divine being. The 60 00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:48,320 Speaker 1: result of this convention in Nicea was the Nicene Creed, 61 00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:52,120 Speaker 1: which continues to play a key role in numerous Christian 62 00:03:52,160 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 1: denominations today. Constantine was emperor for thirty one years until 63 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:00,680 Speaker 1: his death in the year three thirty seven. Thanks to 64 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:03,840 Speaker 1: Eve's Jeff Cote for her research work on today's episode 65 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:06,640 Speaker 1: and Starry Harrison for her audio work on this podcast, 66 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to This Day in History Class 67 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:12,480 Speaker 1: on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get podcasts. 68 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:26,120 Speaker 1: Tune in tomorrow for everyone's favorite iceman. Hi, everyone, welcome 69 00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:29,200 Speaker 1: to This Day in History class, where we uncover the 70 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:42,719 Speaker 1: remnants of history every day. The day was September Daniel 71 00:04:42,839 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: David Palmer, a spiritualist and magnetic healer who had held 72 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:51,040 Speaker 1: several jobs, performed the first chiropractic adjustment on a man 73 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:56,200 Speaker 1: named Harvey Lillard. Palmer immigrated from Canada to the US 74 00:04:56,279 --> 00:04:59,840 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty five, in the States, he worked as 75 00:04:59,880 --> 00:05:03,880 Speaker 1: a teacher, ran a fruit and berry nursery and apiary, 76 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:10,560 Speaker 1: and operated a grocery store. He read a lot about anatomy, physiology, neurology, 77 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:14,719 Speaker 1: and pathology, but he also took an interest in spiritualism 78 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:19,640 Speaker 1: and alternative medicine. Spiritualism was a religious movement that centered 79 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: on the belief that spirits of the dead communicate with 80 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:26,839 Speaker 1: the living. While he was in Iowa teaching, Palmer learned 81 00:05:26,880 --> 00:05:31,599 Speaker 1: magnetic healing from Polcaster in the city of Autumbwa. Magnetic 82 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:34,719 Speaker 1: healing is an alternative medicine practice based on the claim 83 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:38,200 Speaker 1: that static magnetic fields from permanent magnets placed close to 84 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:42,840 Speaker 1: the body can effectively heal various ailments. Magnetic healing is 85 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:47,760 Speaker 1: considered a pseudoscience. In September of eighteen eighty six, Palmer 86 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:52,000 Speaker 1: opened an office in Burlington and began to practice magnetic healing. 87 00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:55,520 Speaker 1: The next year, he moved to Davenport and opened a 88 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:59,880 Speaker 1: magnetic healing office there. Around this time, he became outs 89 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:06,200 Speaker 1: spoken about his opposition to vaccination, drugs, and vivisection. On September, 90 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: he gave Harvey Lillard, a black elevator operator in Custodian 91 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:16,280 Speaker 1: his first chiropractic adjustment, Palmer wrote that Lillard had been 92 00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:19,600 Speaker 1: deaf for seventeen years. When he asked what the cause 93 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:22,800 Speaker 1: of his deafness was, Lillard said, when he bent into 94 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:26,200 Speaker 1: a cramp stooping position, he felt something give way in 95 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:30,560 Speaker 1: his back and immediately became deaf. Palmer found in an 96 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:34,400 Speaker 1: examination that a vertebra was off its normal position, and 97 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,760 Speaker 1: figured that Lillard's hearing would be restored if he racked 98 00:06:37,800 --> 00:06:41,160 Speaker 1: it into position by quote using the spinest process as 99 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: a lever. When he did that, the man could reportedly 100 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:48,920 Speaker 1: here again. Palmer has told several stories of how he 101 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:52,360 Speaker 1: supposedly cured Lillard of his deafness, from a claim that 102 00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 1: he performed the adjustment in an elevator the one that 103 00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:59,960 Speaker 1: he accidentally hit Lillard in the back. Soon Palmer transitioned 104 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:05,040 Speaker 1: from magnetic healer to chiropractor. He initially attributed his breakthrough 105 00:07:05,080 --> 00:07:08,800 Speaker 1: in chiropractic to Jim Atkinson, a doctor who had died 106 00:07:08,920 --> 00:07:12,960 Speaker 1: years before, though he eventually began to attribute the development 107 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:17,680 Speaker 1: as the culmination of his own knowledge and experiences. Later, 108 00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:22,480 Speaker 1: he created a journal called The Chiropractor after getting suggestions 109 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: from Reverend Samuel Weed, a patient and friend of his 110 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:29,840 Speaker 1: Palmer coined the words chiropractic from the Greek words meaning 111 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:35,040 Speaker 1: hand and done. In seven, Palmer opened the Palmer School 112 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:40,000 Speaker 1: and Infirmary, later renamed the Palmer School of Chiropractic. The 113 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: first four students, including his son b J, graduated in 114 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:48,160 Speaker 1: January of nineteen o two. The next year, Palmer and 115 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:53,640 Speaker 1: his son formed an equal partnership. Palmer proselytized chiropractic and 116 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:58,280 Speaker 1: was self aggrandizing beyond the questionable legitimacy of his practices. 117 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:02,239 Speaker 1: He was engaged in other sketchy activities related to his business. 118 00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:07,280 Speaker 1: His advertising campaigns were over the top. He faced lawsuits, 119 00:08:07,560 --> 00:08:10,600 Speaker 1: and he had disagreements with his son, whom he partnered 120 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:14,360 Speaker 1: with to run the Palmer School of Chiropractic. In nineteen 121 00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:18,160 Speaker 1: o six, Palmer was tried and found guilty of practicing 122 00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 1: medicine without a license. Palmer chose to do jail time 123 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:25,200 Speaker 1: rather than pay a fine, and the property of the 124 00:08:25,240 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 1: school and clinic was placed in the name of b 125 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: J's wife. Palmer's wife ended up paying the fine after 126 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,200 Speaker 1: he spent some time in jail, but b J would 127 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:37,840 Speaker 1: not let his father come back to the school. Palmer 128 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:40,280 Speaker 1: sold his share of the school to his son and 129 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:46,440 Speaker 1: moved to Oklahoma. He became affiliated with chiropractic schools in Oklahoma, Oregon, 130 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 1: and California before he died in nineteen thirteen. B J. 131 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:54,600 Speaker 1: Palmer considered his father the founder of chiropractic and himself 132 00:08:54,679 --> 00:08:58,160 Speaker 1: the developer. B J was president of the Palmer School 133 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:03,960 Speaker 1: of Chiropractic from nineteen six until his death in nine Today, 134 00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: chiropractic is considered a pseudo scientific alternative medicine. I'm Eve 135 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:11,560 Speaker 1: Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little more about 136 00:09:11,600 --> 00:09:15,439 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. Keep up with us 137 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t d i HC 138 00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 1: podcast We'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from my 139 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,679 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 140 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:31,480 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.