WEBVTT - How Chaos Theory Changed the Universe

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<v Speaker 1>Hey, everybody.

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<v Speaker 2>Chuck here and welcome to our sciencey playlist. Super excited

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<v Speaker 2>about this one, and I'm going to kick it off

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<v Speaker 2>everybody with this episode on how chaos theory changed the universe.

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<v Speaker 3>Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from HowStuffWorks dot Com.

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<v Speaker 4>Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with

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<v Speaker 4>Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and there's Jerry over there. So

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<v Speaker 4>this is Stuff you should Know, the podcast about chaos theory. Like,

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<v Speaker 4>have you ever seen Event Horizon?

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<v Speaker 1>I did not bad?

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<v Speaker 4>Great movie?

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<v Speaker 1>Are you crazy? Do you think it was great?

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<v Speaker 4>Oh? It was so imaginative.

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<v Speaker 1>I thought it was okay.

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<v Speaker 4>It was like a LOVECRAFTI and thing in outer space. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>I loved it.

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<v Speaker 3>It was all right.

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<v Speaker 4>I love crafted it.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I liked it.

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<v Speaker 4>That's what I think of when I think of chaos.

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<v Speaker 4>You know, there's that one part where they kind of

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<v Speaker 4>give you like a glimpse behind, like the dimension that

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<v Speaker 4>this action is taking place in, to see the chaos underneath.

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<v Speaker 1>And I should check that out again.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 2>I think about Jurassic Park and Jeff Goldblum as the

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<v Speaker 2>creep doctor Malcolm explaining chaos in the little auto driving.

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<v Speaker 1>Suv or whatever that was.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, that's what I was calling the script, the auto

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<v Speaker 4>driving suv scene.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and you know what, he actually rewatched that scene

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<v Speaker 2>and it confirmed two things. One is that he actually

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<v Speaker 2>did a pretty decent job for a Hollywood movie of

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<v Speaker 2>a very rudimentary explanation of chaos.

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<v Speaker 4>And you watched it for this.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, yeah, just that scene. And then it also confirmed

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<v Speaker 2>of what a creep that character was. Yeah, if you

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<v Speaker 2>watch that scene, he's like, you know, he was all

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<v Speaker 2>gross and flirty with her right in front of her

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<v Speaker 2>ex but there's this you know, he's talking to her.

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<v Speaker 2>I didn't even know notice this at first. He like

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<v Speaker 2>he just like touches her hair out of nowhere for

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<v Speaker 2>no reason. Really, He's just talking to her and he

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<v Speaker 2>just like grabs her hair and touches it.

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<v Speaker 1>Hu And I'm like, what a creep.

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<v Speaker 4>I know, if you look closely, you can see the

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<v Speaker 4>hormones emerging through his chest hair.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it's groady, And I love Jeff Goldblum. It's not

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<v Speaker 1>a reflection on him.

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<v Speaker 4>He was basically doing Jeff Goldbloom.

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<v Speaker 1>Well that's what he Yeah, sure he's Jeff Goldbloom, but

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<v Speaker 1>I don't.

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<v Speaker 2>Think that's how in the manner in which he speaks.

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<v Speaker 2>But I don't think he's a creep, do you.

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<v Speaker 4>Wow, I've got nothing against Jeff gold Okay, I think

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<v Speaker 4>he's a I think he's doing Jeff Goldblum.

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<v Speaker 2>It was also a sign of the times, like if

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<v Speaker 2>that movie were made today, doctor.

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<v Speaker 4>What was her name in the movie, at least Satler,

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<v Speaker 4>I think.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, doctor Satler would be like, it's very inappropriate to

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<v Speaker 2>stroke my hair, dude.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, like, don't touch me, right.

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<v Speaker 1>But this was the nineties or yeah, nineties. Free Wheeling

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<v Speaker 1>was eight, No, it was nineties.

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<v Speaker 4>It was the early mid nineties, I think, yeah, ninety

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<v Speaker 4>twee ninety four. The book came out in nineteen ninety

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<v Speaker 4>and in the book Ian Malcolm, who's a Chaotician.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, a cre chaotian, right he.

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<v Speaker 4>He goes into even more depth about chaos there. But

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<v Speaker 4>that was I mean, that was the first time I

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<v Speaker 4>ever heard of chaos theory was from Jurassic Part Yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>me too, probably, and it really it was really misleading.

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<v Speaker 4>I think the entire term chaos is very misleading as

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<v Speaker 4>far as the general public goes as from what I

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<v Speaker 4>researched in this for this article.

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<v Speaker 2>Well, yeah, I mean you hear the word chaos as

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<v Speaker 2>an English speaker and you think frenetic and crazy.

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<v Speaker 4>Out of control.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and that's not what it means in terms of

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<v Speaker 1>science like this, right.

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<v Speaker 4>What it means, I guess we can say up front

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<v Speaker 4>is basically the idea that complex systems do not behave

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<v Speaker 4>in very neat ways that we can easily grasp, understand,

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<v Speaker 4>or measure.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, and not even simple systems don't. Sometimes it doesn't

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<v Speaker 2>always have to be complex. But I want to give

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<v Speaker 2>a shout out in addition to our own article to

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<v Speaker 2>when you know, when it comes to stuff like this,

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<v Speaker 2>the brain breaking stuff.

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<v Speaker 4>For me, man, this was a brain breaker.

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<v Speaker 2>You know. I always go to like blank blank for

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<v Speaker 2>kids because it always helps.

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<v Speaker 4>If there's a dinosaur mascot on the page, it's a

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<v Speaker 4>sure thing we can understand it.

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<v Speaker 2>But the best explanation for all this stuff that I

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<v Speaker 2>found on the internet was from a website called a

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<v Speaker 2>barm Aba Rim Publications, which turns out to be a

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<v Speaker 2>website about biblical patterns and sandwiched in the middle, there

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<v Speaker 2>is a really great, easy to understand series of pages

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<v Speaker 2>on chaos.

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<v Speaker 3>They're nice, So.

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<v Speaker 2>I was like, man, I get it now. I mean

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<v Speaker 2>in a rudimentary way.

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<v Speaker 4>Right, Well, yeah, yeah, I think even a lot of

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<v Speaker 4>people who deal with that display chaotic behavior, which I

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<v Speaker 4>guess is to say basically all systems, eventually, under the

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<v Speaker 4>right conditions, Yeah, don't necessarily understand chaos.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And they defined a complex system as specifically. It

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<v Speaker 2>doesn't mean just like, oh it's complex, I mean it is, right,

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<v Speaker 2>but specifically they define it in a way that helped

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<v Speaker 2>me understand it's a system that has so much motion,

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<v Speaker 2>so many elements that are in.

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<v Speaker 5>Motion, moving parts.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that it takes like a computer to calculate all

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<v Speaker 2>the possibilities of like what that could look like five

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<v Speaker 2>minutes from now, ten years from now. So before computers

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<v Speaker 2>came around, before the quantum mechanical revolution, it was it

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<v Speaker 2>was a lot more basic.

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<v Speaker 1>It was like what comes up must come down, stuff

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<v Speaker 1>like that.

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<v Speaker 4>Let's talk about that, Chuckers, because when you're talking about

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<v Speaker 4>chaos theory, it helps to understand how it revolutionized the

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<v Speaker 4>universe by getting a clear picture of how we understood

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<v Speaker 4>the uni versus leading up to the discovery of chaos. Right, So,

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<v Speaker 4>prior to the the scientific revolution, everybody was like, oh,

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<v Speaker 4>well it's God, the Earth is at the center of

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<v Speaker 4>the universe and God is spinning everything around like a top. Right, Yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>it was all a theistic explanation. Then scientific revolution happens

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<v Speaker 4>and people start applying things like math and making like

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<v Speaker 4>mathematical discoveries and and figuring out that there are there's order.

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<v Speaker 4>They're finding order in patterns and predictability to the universe

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<v Speaker 4>if you can apply mathematics to it.

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<v Speaker 2>Yes, specifically, if you can apply mathematics to the starting.

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<v Speaker 4>Point, right, right, So if you can, if you can

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<v Speaker 4>figure out how a system works mathematically speaking, right, you

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<v Speaker 4>can go in and plug in whatever coordinates you want

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<v Speaker 4>to and watch it go. You can predict what the

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<v Speaker 4>outcome is going to be. And what this is that

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<v Speaker 4>it's base don what at the time was a totally

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<v Speaker 4>revolutionary idea by Initially, I think Descartes was the first

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<v Speaker 4>one to kind of say cause and effect is a

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<v Speaker 4>pretty big part of our universe, right.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 2>It was sort of like where this is sixteen hundred's

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<v Speaker 2>where early science met philosophy, Right, they kind of complimented

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<v Speaker 2>one another as far as something that's we're talking about determinism.

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<v Speaker 4>Right, So that was the kind of the seeds of

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<v Speaker 4>determinism was the scientific revolution, and like you said, where

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<v Speaker 4>philosophy and science came together in the form of Descartes.

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<v Speaker 3>Right.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 4>And then Newton came along and we did a whole

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<v Speaker 4>episode on him.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, January of this year.

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<v Speaker 4>That was a good one.

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<v Speaker 1>It was really good.

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<v Speaker 4>Like I think you said in that episode that there's

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<v Speaker 4>possibly no scientists that's changed the world more than Newton has.

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<v Speaker 4>Maybe he's got.

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<v Speaker 2>Legs people shouted out others an email, but I'll just

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<v Speaker 2>say he's at the near the top for sure with

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<v Speaker 2>some other people.

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<v Speaker 4>The Cream. Yeah, so Newton came along and knew and said.

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<v Speaker 1>That was his name, Isaac the Kream Newton.

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<v Speaker 4>Right. I think anytime he dunked to be like cream. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>you just got creamed.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh I thought he was a boxer. He's a basketball player.

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<v Speaker 4>He was much more well known as a boxer, but

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<v Speaker 4>he definitely could dunk as a as a B baller.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 4>So, man, that threw me off a.

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<v Speaker 5>Little bit, that's right.

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<v Speaker 1>The Cream.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, the Cream comes along and he basically says, watch this, dude,

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<v Speaker 4>does this cause and effect thing you're talking about? I

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<v Speaker 4>can express it in quantifiable terms. And he comes up

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<v Speaker 4>with all of these great laws and basically sets the

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<v Speaker 4>stage the foundation for science for the next three centuries

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<v Speaker 4>or so.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, these these laws that were so rock solid and

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<v Speaker 2>powerful that scientists kind of got ahead of themselves a

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<v Speaker 2>little and said, we're done, like done with Newton's laws.

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<v Speaker 2>We can predict we can predict everything if we have

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<v Speaker 2>a good enough beginning accurate value to plug into his equations,

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<v Speaker 2>and they weren't. I think there was a little hubris

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<v Speaker 2>and a little just excitement about like, will we figured

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<v Speaker 2>it all out right.

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<v Speaker 4>That you could take Newton's laws and if you had

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<v Speaker 4>accurate enough measurements you could predict what the outcome would

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<v Speaker 4>be of that system that you plug those measurements into

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<v Speaker 4>using these formula.

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<v Speaker 2>And at the time, a lot of this was like planetary, like, well,

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<v Speaker 2>we know that these planets are here and they're moving

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<v Speaker 2>and they're orbiting. So if we know these things, we

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<v Speaker 2>can plug it into an equation and we can figure

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<v Speaker 2>out what it's going to be like in a hundred

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<v Speaker 2>years exactly.

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<v Speaker 4>And they figured out and the basis of determinism is

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<v Speaker 4>what we just said, that if you have accurate measurements,

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<v Speaker 4>you can take those measurements and use them to predict

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<v Speaker 4>how a system is going to change over time using

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<v Speaker 4>differential equations. Right, Yeah, so this is what Newton comes

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<v Speaker 4>along and figures out that you can describe the universe

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<v Speaker 4>in these mathematical terms using differential equations. And like you said,

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<v Speaker 4>there was a tremendous amount of hubris, and well, I

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<v Speaker 4>think you said there were some hubris. I think there

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<v Speaker 4>was a tremendous amount of hubris where science basically said,

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<v Speaker 4>we've mastered the universe, We've uncovered the blueprint of the universe,

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<v Speaker 4>and now we understand everything. It's just a matter now

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<v Speaker 4>of getting our scientific measurements more and more and more exact. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>because again, the hallmark of determinism is that if you

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<v Speaker 4>have exact measurements, you can predict an outcome accurately, like

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<v Speaker 4>the pool queue example or the pool table example. Right.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, So if you've got a pool table, let's say

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<v Speaker 2>you're playing some nine ball, right, so you have that

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<v Speaker 2>beautiful little diamond. Yeah, set up, you got your cueball,

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<v Speaker 2>you put that que ball, and you crack it with

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<v Speaker 2>the queue. And if you are super accurate with your

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<v Speaker 2>initial measurements, you should be able to mathematically plot out

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<v Speaker 2>via angles where the balls will end up.

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<v Speaker 4>Right exactly, Like you can say, this is what the

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<v Speaker 4>table will look like after the break, if you know

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<v Speaker 4>the force, the angle, all those little.

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<v Speaker 2>Variable temperature, if there's wind in the room, sure, like

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<v Speaker 2>the felt on the table, like everything. The more specific

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<v Speaker 2>you are, the more accurate your end result will be.

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<v Speaker 5>Right.

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<v Speaker 4>And then one of the other hallmarks of determinism is

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<v Speaker 4>that if you take those exact same initial conditions and

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<v Speaker 4>do them again, the table, the pool table will look

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<v Speaker 4>exactly the same after the break.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, which is pretty much impossible for like a human

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<v Speaker 2>to do with their hands.

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<v Speaker 4>Sure, but the idea at the time of science was

0:11:32.640 --> 0:11:35.480
<v Speaker 4>that if you could build a perfect machine, sure that

0:11:35.559 --> 0:11:38.320
<v Speaker 4>could recreate these conditions, it will happen the same way

0:11:38.360 --> 0:11:39.360
<v Speaker 4>every time, right.

0:11:39.600 --> 0:11:42.920
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And this, I mean this led to they had hubris,

0:11:42.920 --> 0:11:46.440
<v Speaker 2>but you could understand it when like literally in eighteen

0:11:46.520 --> 0:11:52.600
<v Speaker 2>forty six, two people predicted Neptune would exist.

0:11:52.720 --> 0:11:54.320
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, within months of that would exist.

0:11:54.360 --> 0:11:55.240
<v Speaker 1>But does exist?

0:11:55.360 --> 0:11:55.480
<v Speaker 5>Right?

0:11:55.600 --> 0:11:57.199
<v Speaker 2>And this is not by looking up in the sky

0:11:57.360 --> 0:12:00.440
<v Speaker 2>like they did it with math, right, and they were right. Yeah,

0:12:00.480 --> 0:12:04.840
<v Speaker 2>So imagine in eighteen forty six when that happens, they're like, yeah,

0:12:05.000 --> 0:12:07.520
<v Speaker 2>we kind of we've got the math down, so we're

0:12:07.520 --> 0:12:08.920
<v Speaker 2>pretty much all knowing well.

0:12:08.960 --> 0:12:13.240
<v Speaker 4>Plus also, for the most part, these not just with Neptune,

0:12:13.280 --> 0:12:17.200
<v Speaker 4>they were finding that this stuff really panned out. It

0:12:17.280 --> 0:12:21.560
<v Speaker 4>held true for everything from you know, the investigation into

0:12:21.720 --> 0:12:26.880
<v Speaker 4>electricity to new chemical reactions and understanding those, and it

0:12:27.640 --> 0:12:30.960
<v Speaker 4>laid the scientific revolution, laid the basis for the industrial

0:12:31.000 --> 0:12:34.040
<v Speaker 4>revolution and just the change that came out of the

0:12:34.080 --> 0:12:37.959
<v Speaker 4>world like that. It definitely it is understandable how science

0:12:38.480 --> 0:12:40.760
<v Speaker 4>kind of was like we got it all figured out.

0:12:40.720 --> 0:12:46.000
<v Speaker 2>Well, and like you said, they even Galileo was smart

0:12:46.080 --> 0:12:52.840
<v Speaker 2>enough to know there's uncertainty in these measurements, like the

0:12:52.880 --> 0:12:56.320
<v Speaker 2>precision is key. So they spent what does the article say,

0:12:56.360 --> 0:12:58.520
<v Speaker 2>a lot of the much of the nineteenth and twentieth

0:12:58.520 --> 0:13:02.640
<v Speaker 2>century just trying to build better instrumentation to get more

0:13:02.679 --> 0:13:06.000
<v Speaker 2>and more smaller and smaller and more precise measurements.

0:13:06.080 --> 0:13:08.280
<v Speaker 4>Right, That was like basically the goal of it, right.

0:13:08.280 --> 0:13:10.720
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, which was the right direction, and that's like exactly

0:13:10.720 --> 0:13:11.600
<v Speaker 2>what they should have been doing.

0:13:11.679 --> 0:13:12.959
<v Speaker 5>Yeah.

0:13:13.080 --> 0:13:16.680
<v Speaker 4>The problem is they, like you said, Galileo knew that

0:13:16.760 --> 0:13:19.680
<v Speaker 4>there was some sort of there there are gonna be

0:13:19.720 --> 0:13:23.240
<v Speaker 4>some flaws and measurement that we just didn't have those

0:13:23.360 --> 0:13:25.480
<v Speaker 4>great scientific instruments yet.

0:13:25.400 --> 0:13:30.240
<v Speaker 1>Right, Yeah, it's called the uncertainty principle. Okaybi of its accuracy.

0:13:30.440 --> 0:13:34.439
<v Speaker 4>Right, But the idea is that if you have a

0:13:34.760 --> 0:13:38.680
<v Speaker 4>good enough instruments, you can overcome that, and that the

0:13:38.679 --> 0:13:45.920
<v Speaker 4>the more you shrink the error in measuring the initial conditions. Yeah,

0:13:46.520 --> 0:13:49.120
<v Speaker 4>the more you're going to shrink the error in the

0:13:49.160 --> 0:13:51.000
<v Speaker 4>outcome be proportionate.

0:13:51.080 --> 0:13:51.920
<v Speaker 1>Right. They were correct.

0:13:52.080 --> 0:13:57.720
<v Speaker 4>The thing is they were also aware but ignoring in

0:13:57.760 --> 0:14:03.160
<v Speaker 4>a lot of ways some out standing problems, specifically something

0:14:03.200 --> 0:14:05.000
<v Speaker 4>called the N body problem.

0:14:05.320 --> 0:14:07.560
<v Speaker 1>Yet, you know what, I'm so excited about this. I

0:14:07.559 --> 0:14:08.400
<v Speaker 1>need to take a break.

0:14:08.520 --> 0:14:09.480
<v Speaker 4>I think that's a good idea.

0:14:09.520 --> 0:14:13.000
<v Speaker 1>I need to go check out my end body in

0:14:13.040 --> 0:14:13.719
<v Speaker 1>the bathroom.

0:14:13.880 --> 0:14:33.280
<v Speaker 3>Okay, and we'll be back, all.

0:14:33.240 --> 0:14:35.720
<v Speaker 4>Right, Chuck, We're back. So there's some there's some issues

0:14:35.800 --> 0:14:40.320
<v Speaker 4>right with determinism. There's some some weird problems out there

0:14:40.760 --> 0:14:45.720
<v Speaker 4>that are saying like, hey, pay attention to me because

0:14:45.760 --> 0:14:49.760
<v Speaker 4>I'm not sure determinism works. Right, And one is the

0:14:49.880 --> 0:14:50.720
<v Speaker 4>N body problem.

0:14:50.800 --> 0:14:51.040
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:14:51.120 --> 0:14:53.560
<v Speaker 2>How this came about was in eighteen eighty five. That

0:14:53.680 --> 0:14:58.560
<v Speaker 2>was King Oscar number two of Sweden and Norway.

0:14:59.240 --> 0:15:01.240
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, don't want to leave out Norway.

0:15:01.280 --> 0:15:04.640
<v Speaker 2>Both he said, you know what, let's offer a prize

0:15:04.640 --> 0:15:08.000
<v Speaker 2>to anyone who can prove the stability of the Solar system,

0:15:08.360 --> 0:15:11.600
<v Speaker 2>something that has been stable for a long time before that.

0:15:12.360 --> 0:15:15.800
<v Speaker 2>And a lot of the most brilliant minds on planet

0:15:15.840 --> 0:15:20.280
<v Speaker 2>Earth got together and tried to do this with mathematical proofs,

0:15:20.400 --> 0:15:24.320
<v Speaker 2>and no one could do it. And then a dude

0:15:24.520 --> 0:15:30.240
<v Speaker 2>name Henri. You got to help me there with that? Oh,

0:15:30.560 --> 0:15:31.240
<v Speaker 2>say the whole thing.

0:15:31.360 --> 0:15:33.880
<v Speaker 5>Henri pon Care very nice.

0:15:34.280 --> 0:15:36.640
<v Speaker 2>He was French, believe it or not, and he was

0:15:36.680 --> 0:15:39.280
<v Speaker 2>a mathematician, and he said, you know what, I'm not

0:15:39.320 --> 0:15:41.600
<v Speaker 2>going to look at this big picture of all the

0:15:41.600 --> 0:15:43.440
<v Speaker 2>planets in the Sun and all their orbits.

0:15:43.520 --> 0:15:45.040
<v Speaker 4>You'd have to be a fool to try that.

0:15:45.240 --> 0:15:47.680
<v Speaker 2>Sure, he said, I'm going to shrink this down, like

0:15:47.720 --> 0:15:51.440
<v Speaker 2>we talked about shrinking that initial value, right, you know,

0:15:52.080 --> 0:15:54.600
<v Speaker 2>and that initial condition. He shrunk it down. He said,

0:15:54.600 --> 0:15:57.720
<v Speaker 2>I'm going to look at just a couple of bodies

0:15:57.840 --> 0:16:02.160
<v Speaker 2>orbiting one another with a common center of gravity, and

0:16:02.200 --> 0:16:05.000
<v Speaker 2>I'm going to look at this and this was called

0:16:05.000 --> 0:16:05.960
<v Speaker 2>the end body problem.

0:16:06.120 --> 0:16:09.760
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, which was smart to do because the more variables

0:16:09.800 --> 0:16:15.280
<v Speaker 4>you factor into a nonlinear equation like that, just the

0:16:15.360 --> 0:16:17.600
<v Speaker 4>harder it's going to be, so he shrunk it down.

0:16:17.800 --> 0:16:21.360
<v Speaker 4>So the n body problem has to do with three

0:16:21.600 --> 0:16:25.240
<v Speaker 4>or more celestial bodies orbiting one another. So Plonkarre said,

0:16:25.520 --> 0:16:26.440
<v Speaker 4>let's just start with three.

0:16:26.640 --> 0:16:27.880
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, smart.

0:16:28.040 --> 0:16:30.880
<v Speaker 4>And what he found from doing his equations for this

0:16:31.640 --> 0:16:38.160
<v Speaker 4>king Oscar the sequel prize, was that shrinking the initial

0:16:38.680 --> 0:16:44.360
<v Speaker 4>conditions measurements or rate of error, right, yeah, did not

0:16:45.360 --> 0:16:50.360
<v Speaker 4>really shrink the error in the outcome, which flies in

0:16:50.400 --> 0:16:53.320
<v Speaker 4>the face of determinism. What he found was that just

0:16:54.280 --> 0:17:00.200
<v Speaker 4>very very minute differences in the initial conditions fed into

0:17:00.280 --> 0:17:05.480
<v Speaker 4>a system produced wildly different outcomes. Yeah after a fairly

0:17:05.560 --> 0:17:06.120
<v Speaker 4>short time.

0:17:06.240 --> 0:17:08.199
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, Like, let me just round off the mass of

0:17:08.240 --> 0:17:12.960
<v Speaker 2>this planet at like the eighth decimal point, and you.

0:17:12.880 --> 0:17:14.879
<v Speaker 1>Know who cares? Who cares at that point?

0:17:15.320 --> 0:17:17.639
<v Speaker 2>I mean just round that one to a two, and

0:17:17.640 --> 0:17:20.680
<v Speaker 2>that would throw everything off at a pretty high rate.

0:17:21.480 --> 0:17:25.399
<v Speaker 2>And he said, wait a minute, I think this contest

0:17:25.600 --> 0:17:28.000
<v Speaker 2>is impossible.

0:17:27.800 --> 0:17:32.520
<v Speaker 4>Right, He said, there is no way to prove the

0:17:32.600 --> 0:17:38.080
<v Speaker 4>stability of the Solar System because he just uncovered the

0:17:38.160 --> 0:17:44.600
<v Speaker 4>idea that it's impossible for us to predict the rate

0:17:44.640 --> 0:17:47.360
<v Speaker 4>of change among celestial bodies.

0:17:47.440 --> 0:17:50.560
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it's such a complex system. There are far too

0:17:50.600 --> 0:17:56.040
<v Speaker 2>many variables that it's impossible to start with something so

0:17:56.160 --> 0:18:00.840
<v Speaker 2>minute to get the equation whatever the that you want.

0:18:00.880 --> 0:18:03.960
<v Speaker 5>Right, well, not only that, but the result.

0:18:03.840 --> 0:18:06.760
<v Speaker 4>Not only that. And this is what really undermined determinism

0:18:07.520 --> 0:18:10.600
<v Speaker 4>was that he figured out that you would have to

0:18:10.720 --> 0:18:16.560
<v Speaker 4>have an infinitely precise measurement, which even if you build

0:18:16.600 --> 0:18:20.280
<v Speaker 4>a perfect machine that could take the infinitely or a

0:18:20.320 --> 0:18:23.320
<v Speaker 4>perfect machine that could take a measurement of like the

0:18:22.880 --> 0:18:29.080
<v Speaker 4>the movement of a celestial body around another, it's literally

0:18:29.119 --> 0:18:34.359
<v Speaker 4>impossible to get infinite an infinitely precise measurement, which means

0:18:34.760 --> 0:18:37.720
<v Speaker 4>that we could never predict out to a certain degree

0:18:38.119 --> 0:18:42.360
<v Speaker 4>the movement of these celestial bodies. Like he was saying, like, no,

0:18:42.600 --> 0:18:46.720
<v Speaker 4>you can't get you can't build a machine that gets

0:18:46.760 --> 0:18:50.760
<v Speaker 4>measurements enough that we can overcome this, Like determinism is wrong,

0:18:51.240 --> 0:18:55.520
<v Speaker 4>Like you can't just say we have the understanding to

0:18:55.600 --> 0:18:59.520
<v Speaker 4>predict everything. There's a lot of stuff out there that

0:18:59.560 --> 0:19:02.280
<v Speaker 4>were not able to predict and he uncovered it trying

0:19:02.320 --> 0:19:03.880
<v Speaker 4>to figure out this n body problem.

0:19:03.960 --> 0:19:07.520
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and King Oscar the sequel said you win, Yeah,

0:19:07.600 --> 0:19:10.880
<v Speaker 2>bring me another rack of lamb and here's your prize. Yeah,

0:19:11.040 --> 0:19:13.960
<v Speaker 2>and he won by proving that it was impossible, which

0:19:13.960 --> 0:19:14.680
<v Speaker 2>is pretty interesting.

0:19:14.760 --> 0:19:19.320
<v Speaker 4>And they utterly and completely changed not just math, but

0:19:19.440 --> 0:19:22.439
<v Speaker 4>like our understanding of the universe and our understanding of

0:19:22.440 --> 0:19:25.200
<v Speaker 4>our understanding of the universe, which is even more kind

0:19:25.200 --> 0:19:26.040
<v Speaker 4>of earthshaking.

0:19:26.200 --> 0:19:32.560
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, he discovered dynamical instability or chaos. And they didn't

0:19:32.560 --> 0:19:34.399
<v Speaker 2>have supercomputers at the time, so it would be a

0:19:34.440 --> 0:19:40.840
<v Speaker 2>little while, about seventy years at MIT until we could

0:19:40.840 --> 0:19:44.639
<v Speaker 2>actually kind of feed these things into machines capable of

0:19:45.119 --> 0:19:47.600
<v Speaker 2>plotting these things out in a way that we could see, right,

0:19:48.040 --> 0:19:49.520
<v Speaker 2>which was really incredible.

0:19:49.760 --> 0:19:56.280
<v Speaker 4>So there was this dude seventy years later named Edward

0:19:56.359 --> 0:19:58.440
<v Speaker 4>Lawrence or Lorenz.

0:19:58.800 --> 0:19:59.040
<v Speaker 5>Yeah.

0:19:59.080 --> 0:20:00.960
<v Speaker 2>Well, first of all, we should set the stage the

0:20:01.000 --> 0:20:05.280
<v Speaker 2>reason this guy he was a meteorologist, yeah, and scientists, right,

0:20:05.400 --> 0:20:08.440
<v Speaker 2>not that those are not the same thing, right. He's

0:20:08.480 --> 0:20:13.400
<v Speaker 2>a scientist who dabbled a meteorology. He was a mathematician, yeah,

0:20:13.400 --> 0:20:16.160
<v Speaker 2>but he was really into meteorology because it was there

0:20:16.200 --> 0:20:19.920
<v Speaker 2>was a weird juxtaposition at the time where we were

0:20:19.960 --> 0:20:22.359
<v Speaker 2>sending people into outer space but we couldn't predict the weather.

0:20:23.119 --> 0:20:25.760
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, and it was it was definitely a blot on

0:20:25.840 --> 0:20:28.800
<v Speaker 4>the field of meteorology. People were like, do you guys

0:20:28.800 --> 0:20:32.239
<v Speaker 4>know what you're doing? Yeah, And meteorologists, you're like, you

0:20:32.280 --> 0:20:35.480
<v Speaker 4>have no idea how hard this is? Yeah, Like, yeah,

0:20:35.480 --> 0:20:37.040
<v Speaker 4>we can predict it a couple of days out, but

0:20:37.080 --> 0:20:41.080
<v Speaker 4>after that, it's just it's totally unpredictable. It drives us mad.

0:20:41.480 --> 0:20:45.920
<v Speaker 4>And it wasn't just their their reputations that were at stake,

0:20:46.000 --> 0:20:47.880
<v Speaker 4>like people were losing their lives because of it.

0:20:47.920 --> 0:20:51.040
<v Speaker 2>Right, Yeah, nineteen sixty two there were two notorious storms,

0:20:51.200 --> 0:20:52.679
<v Speaker 2>one on the East coast and one on the west,

0:20:53.440 --> 0:20:55.720
<v Speaker 2>the ash Wednesday storm in the East and the big

0:20:55.760 --> 0:20:58.080
<v Speaker 2>blow on the West that killed a lot of people,

0:20:58.280 --> 0:21:02.040
<v Speaker 2>cost hundreds of millions of dollars and damage, and people

0:21:02.040 --> 0:21:03.320
<v Speaker 2>were like, you know, we need to be able to

0:21:03.320 --> 0:21:05.560
<v Speaker 2>see these things coming a little more, right, because it's

0:21:05.920 --> 0:21:06.520
<v Speaker 2>a problem.

0:21:06.680 --> 0:21:08.800
<v Speaker 4>And meteorologists were like, why did you do it?

0:21:08.840 --> 0:21:09.040
<v Speaker 5>Then?

0:21:11.320 --> 0:21:14.800
<v Speaker 2>So they thought the key was these big supercomputers. Remember

0:21:14.800 --> 0:21:18.080
<v Speaker 2>the supercomputers. When they came out the big rooms full

0:21:18.119 --> 0:21:21.920
<v Speaker 2>of hardware, it was amazing, and they were finally able

0:21:21.920 --> 0:21:24.440
<v Speaker 2>to do like these incredible calculations that we could never

0:21:24.480 --> 0:21:24.919
<v Speaker 2>do before.

0:21:25.000 --> 0:21:27.200
<v Speaker 4>I know, they were able to like crunch sixty four

0:21:27.240 --> 0:21:28.440
<v Speaker 4>bytes a second.

0:21:28.359 --> 0:21:31.400
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, we had the abacus and then the supercomputer. There's

0:21:31.480 --> 0:21:32.240
<v Speaker 1>nothing in between.

0:21:33.560 --> 0:21:36.240
<v Speaker 4>I looked up the computer that Lareen's was working.

0:21:36.320 --> 0:21:37.000
<v Speaker 1>Was it the Whopper?

0:21:37.240 --> 0:21:39.360
<v Speaker 4>A Royal McBee? What was the Whopper?

0:21:39.520 --> 0:21:40.119
<v Speaker 1>War Games?

0:21:40.760 --> 0:21:41.719
<v Speaker 4>Was it called the Whopper?

0:21:41.800 --> 0:21:42.200
<v Speaker 3>Yeah?

0:21:42.440 --> 0:21:45.600
<v Speaker 1>Wopright, I can't believe they called it that.

0:21:46.760 --> 0:21:48.680
<v Speaker 4>So the guy just nicknamed it Joshua.

0:21:49.560 --> 0:21:55.399
<v Speaker 2>No, Joshua was the h the software falcon was the

0:21:55.760 --> 0:21:58.000
<v Speaker 2>old man who designed all this stuff, and his son

0:21:58.080 --> 0:22:00.520
<v Speaker 2>was Joshua. And that was the password to get in.

0:22:00.640 --> 0:22:03.480
<v Speaker 4>Oh, that was the password. Yeah, I guess I was

0:22:03.520 --> 0:22:05.600
<v Speaker 4>too young to understand what a password was.

0:22:05.800 --> 0:22:08.240
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, okay, you didn't even there weren't passwords at the time.

0:22:08.400 --> 0:22:11.879
<v Speaker 4>No, shouted it at the computer and they're like, okay,

0:22:12.000 --> 0:22:12.840
<v Speaker 4>access granted.

0:22:12.920 --> 0:22:13.240
<v Speaker 3>Yeah.

0:22:14.000 --> 0:22:16.879
<v Speaker 1>Still that movie holds up, does it really? Oh? Totally?

0:22:16.880 --> 0:22:17.600
<v Speaker 4>You got to check it out.

0:22:17.680 --> 0:22:21.119
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. Still very very fun. Young Ali sheety boy had

0:22:21.160 --> 0:22:22.800
<v Speaker 1>a crush on her from that movie.

0:22:22.840 --> 0:22:23.440
<v Speaker 4>She was great.

0:22:23.680 --> 0:22:23.960
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:22:24.080 --> 0:22:27.520
<v Speaker 4>What else was she in recently? Wasn't she in something?

0:22:27.680 --> 0:22:27.880
<v Speaker 3>Well?

0:22:27.920 --> 0:22:30.000
<v Speaker 2>I mean she kind of went away for a while

0:22:30.240 --> 0:22:32.920
<v Speaker 2>and then had her big comeback with that indie movie

0:22:33.000 --> 0:22:35.200
<v Speaker 2>High Art, But that was a while ago.

0:22:35.880 --> 0:22:37.480
<v Speaker 4>Has she been in anything else? Recently.

0:22:37.840 --> 0:22:41.480
<v Speaker 2>Sure, I think I saw something and something recently and

0:22:41.520 --> 0:22:44.440
<v Speaker 2>I didn't realize that was her. Oh rightly, she looks familiar.

0:22:44.520 --> 0:22:45.840
<v Speaker 2>I was like, oh, that's Ali sheety.

0:22:47.960 --> 0:22:50.439
<v Speaker 1>I don't know all right, I could look it up,

0:22:50.440 --> 0:22:53.359
<v Speaker 1>but I won't. It doesn't matter anyway. I still crush

0:22:53.400 --> 0:22:53.680
<v Speaker 1>on her.

0:22:54.000 --> 0:22:58.880
<v Speaker 4>So the the Royal McBee was not quite the whopper.

0:22:58.920 --> 0:22:59.920
<v Speaker 4>You could actually sit.

0:22:59.760 --> 0:23:01.360
<v Speaker 5>Down the Royal McBee.

0:23:01.359 --> 0:23:02.119
<v Speaker 4>That's the name of it.

0:23:02.200 --> 0:23:03.520
<v Speaker 1>That sounds like a hamburger too.

0:23:03.840 --> 0:23:07.840
<v Speaker 4>It was by the Royal Typewriter Company, and they got

0:23:07.840 --> 0:23:10.760
<v Speaker 4>into computers for a second. And this is the kind

0:23:10.760 --> 0:23:14.040
<v Speaker 4>of computer that Lawrence was working with, and it was

0:23:14.720 --> 0:23:19.159
<v Speaker 4>a huge deal, Like you were saying, Abacus supercomputer. Yeah,

0:23:19.240 --> 0:23:22.560
<v Speaker 4>but it was still pretty dumb as far as what

0:23:22.680 --> 0:23:24.960
<v Speaker 4>we have today is concerned. But it was enough that

0:23:25.040 --> 0:23:28.440
<v Speaker 4>Lawrence was like, Lawrence and his ilk were like, finally

0:23:28.840 --> 0:23:32.800
<v Speaker 4>we can start running models and actually predict the weather. Yeah,

0:23:32.880 --> 0:23:34.160
<v Speaker 4>he started doing just that.

0:23:34.320 --> 0:23:38.040
<v Speaker 2>He did, so he started off with a computational model

0:23:38.080 --> 0:23:43.760
<v Speaker 2>of twelve meteorological meteorological I liked how you said it calculations,

0:23:43.760 --> 0:23:49.480
<v Speaker 2>which is very basic because they're infinite meteorological calculations. Probably, yeah,

0:23:49.600 --> 0:23:50.880
<v Speaker 2>depending to say it wrong again.

0:23:50.920 --> 0:23:53.760
<v Speaker 4>No, no, like it sounds like you're about to say it

0:23:53.760 --> 0:23:55.600
<v Speaker 4>wrong and then you pull it out at the last second.

0:23:55.680 --> 0:23:56.919
<v Speaker 4>Maybe it's really impressive.

0:23:57.000 --> 0:23:58.959
<v Speaker 1>But so that's very basic.

0:23:59.000 --> 0:24:01.919
<v Speaker 2>But he wanted to start out, you know, with something attainable,

0:24:02.280 --> 0:24:05.320
<v Speaker 2>so he narrowed it down to twelve conditions, basically twelve

0:24:05.400 --> 0:24:09.879
<v Speaker 2>calculations that had you know, temperature, wind, speed, pressure, stuff

0:24:09.920 --> 0:24:14.240
<v Speaker 2>like that, started forecasting weather. And then he said, you know,

0:24:14.280 --> 0:24:16.640
<v Speaker 2>it'd be great if you could see this, So I'm

0:24:16.640 --> 0:24:20.200
<v Speaker 2>going to spit it into my wonder machine, the McWhopper,

0:24:20.920 --> 0:24:24.480
<v Speaker 2>the Royal McBee, and I'm going to get a print

0:24:24.480 --> 0:24:28.240
<v Speaker 2>out so you can visualize what this looks like. So

0:24:28.320 --> 0:24:29.879
<v Speaker 2>things were going well and he had this print out

0:24:29.920 --> 0:24:33.800
<v Speaker 2>and everyone was amazed because these these calculations never seemed

0:24:33.800 --> 0:24:35.359
<v Speaker 2>to repeat themselves.

0:24:35.760 --> 0:24:41.200
<v Speaker 4>He was making like like like word art. You remember that,

0:24:41.240 --> 0:24:43.360
<v Speaker 4>Like that was the first thing anybody did on a computer.

0:24:43.640 --> 0:24:45.280
<v Speaker 4>Oh yeah, yeah, it was to make word art like

0:24:45.280 --> 0:24:46.159
<v Speaker 4>a butterfly or.

0:24:46.119 --> 0:24:48.960
<v Speaker 1>Something, right, you would print out. Yeah, I never could

0:24:49.040 --> 0:24:49.280
<v Speaker 1>do that.

0:24:49.760 --> 0:24:50.400
<v Speaker 4>I couldn't either.

0:24:50.800 --> 0:24:52.879
<v Speaker 2>Like you have to be able to visualize things spatially.

0:24:53.960 --> 0:24:56.159
<v Speaker 2>You have to have that right kind of brain.

0:24:55.960 --> 0:24:57.919
<v Speaker 4>For that, right or you have to be following a

0:24:57.960 --> 0:24:58.400
<v Speaker 4>guide book.

0:24:59.440 --> 0:24:59.680
<v Speaker 3>True.

0:25:00.240 --> 0:25:02.919
<v Speaker 4>Have you ever seen me? You and everyone? We know?

0:25:03.480 --> 0:25:04.359
<v Speaker 1>Yeah? I love that movie.

0:25:04.400 --> 0:25:05.160
<v Speaker 4>That's a great movie.

0:25:05.200 --> 0:25:05.360
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:25:05.440 --> 0:25:07.879
<v Speaker 4>Those little kids in there, they were doing that. Oh

0:25:08.000 --> 0:25:12.320
<v Speaker 4>yeah yeah, the forever back and forth poop boy.

0:25:12.280 --> 0:25:13.800
<v Speaker 1>I haven't I haven't seen that since it came out.

0:25:13.840 --> 0:25:14.480
<v Speaker 1>It's been a while.

0:25:14.520 --> 0:25:15.560
<v Speaker 4>Oh you got to see it again?

0:25:15.640 --> 0:25:17.679
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, great movie, good movie.

0:25:17.560 --> 0:25:20.160
<v Speaker 4>Ali Sheet he's not in it. No, it's a Miranda

0:25:20.160 --> 0:25:20.480
<v Speaker 4>in July.

0:25:20.800 --> 0:25:22.520
<v Speaker 1>Right, and she like wrote and directed too. Right.

0:25:22.720 --> 0:25:25.159
<v Speaker 4>She did a great job. It's like it's one of

0:25:25.200 --> 0:25:30.359
<v Speaker 4>those rare movies where like there's just the right amount

0:25:30.400 --> 0:25:35.400
<v Speaker 4>of whimsy, because whimsy so easily overpowers everything else and becomes.

0:25:35.080 --> 0:25:38.080
<v Speaker 1>Like yeah, yeah, yeah.

0:25:37.320 --> 0:25:39.840
<v Speaker 4>This is like the most perfectly balanced amount of like

0:25:40.119 --> 0:25:41.760
<v Speaker 4>whimsy you I've ever seen in a movie.

0:25:41.840 --> 0:25:44.840
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, there's too much whimsy. I just like terrible Garden State.

0:25:44.880 --> 0:25:46.080
<v Speaker 2>I just want to punch it in the face.

0:25:46.280 --> 0:25:48.840
<v Speaker 4>Terrible. Although I like Garden State, but I haven't seen

0:25:48.880 --> 0:25:49.440
<v Speaker 4>it since.

0:25:49.240 --> 0:25:49.800
<v Speaker 5>It came out.

0:25:49.920 --> 0:25:52.600
<v Speaker 1>It hasn't aged well. Yeah, it's just when you look

0:25:52.600 --> 0:25:55.000
<v Speaker 1>at it now, it's just so cutesy and whimsical.

0:25:55.119 --> 0:25:56.520
<v Speaker 3>Oh yeah, it's like come on.

0:25:56.880 --> 0:26:01.720
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, boy, We're do a lot of movies today.

0:26:01.760 --> 0:26:03.080
<v Speaker 4>Oh yeah, well we're stalling.

0:26:03.359 --> 0:26:06.200
<v Speaker 2>We haven't even talked about butterfly effect yet, which is coming.

0:26:07.520 --> 0:26:10.919
<v Speaker 4>I'm dreading it. That's why I'm stalling, all right.

0:26:10.960 --> 0:26:11.600
<v Speaker 1>So where were we?

0:26:11.720 --> 0:26:16.360
<v Speaker 2>He was running his calculations, printing out his values so

0:26:16.400 --> 0:26:19.240
<v Speaker 2>people could see it, and then he got a little

0:26:19.280 --> 0:26:23.760
<v Speaker 2>lazy one day in nineteen sixty one. This output he

0:26:23.880 --> 0:26:26.560
<v Speaker 2>noticed was interesting, so he said, you know, I'm going

0:26:26.600 --> 0:26:30.080
<v Speaker 2>to repeat this calculation see it again, but I'm going

0:26:30.119 --> 0:26:32.080
<v Speaker 2>to to save time. I'm just going to kind of

0:26:32.080 --> 0:26:35.040
<v Speaker 2>pick up in the middle, and I'm not going to

0:26:35.119 --> 0:26:39.080
<v Speaker 2>input as many numbers, but I'm still using the same values,

0:26:39.119 --> 0:26:41.680
<v Speaker 2>just I'm not going out to six decimal points.

0:26:41.760 --> 0:26:45.320
<v Speaker 4>So the print out he had went to three decimal points. Yeah,

0:26:45.359 --> 0:26:48.040
<v Speaker 4>so he was working from the print out and didn't

0:26:48.040 --> 0:26:51.320
<v Speaker 4>take into account that the computer accepted six decimal points.

0:26:51.359 --> 0:26:53.920
<v Speaker 4>So he was just putting in three correct and expecting

0:26:53.960 --> 0:26:55.080
<v Speaker 4>that the outcome would be the same.

0:26:55.119 --> 0:26:57.359
<v Speaker 1>Right, Yes, but the outcome was way different, right, And

0:26:57.400 --> 0:26:57.879
<v Speaker 1>he went.

0:26:58.040 --> 0:27:00.280
<v Speaker 5>Whoa, whoa what?

0:27:00.600 --> 0:27:04.320
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, he's like, what's going on here? It was a

0:27:04.359 --> 0:27:04.800
<v Speaker 1>big deal.

0:27:05.000 --> 0:27:06.680
<v Speaker 2>I mean, someone would have come up with this eventually,

0:27:06.680 --> 0:27:09.600
<v Speaker 2>probably yeah, but I sort of accidentally came upon it.

0:27:09.600 --> 0:27:11.719
<v Speaker 4>It's neat that this guy did this because it changed

0:27:12.119 --> 0:27:15.000
<v Speaker 4>his career. I think he went from an emphasis on

0:27:15.080 --> 0:27:20.600
<v Speaker 4>meteorology to an emphasis on chaos math to stud scientists basically.

0:27:21.160 --> 0:27:24.080
<v Speaker 4>So I mean, the guy's got an attractor named after him,

0:27:24.080 --> 0:27:24.600
<v Speaker 4>you know what I mean.

0:27:24.920 --> 0:27:26.239
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, well, let's get to that.

0:27:26.560 --> 0:27:29.920
<v Speaker 4>So Lorenz starts looking at this and he's like, wait

0:27:29.920 --> 0:27:32.720
<v Speaker 4>a minute, this is this is weird, this is worth investigating,

0:27:33.280 --> 0:27:38.760
<v Speaker 4>and like, what was his name, puon Carre. Yeah, he said,

0:27:38.920 --> 0:27:41.600
<v Speaker 4>I need fewer variables. So I'm not going to try

0:27:41.600 --> 0:27:46.119
<v Speaker 4>to predict weather with these twelve differential equations that you

0:27:46.200 --> 0:27:48.680
<v Speaker 4>have to take into account. I'm just going to take

0:27:48.840 --> 0:27:53.199
<v Speaker 4>one aspect of weather called the rolling convection current, and

0:27:53.240 --> 0:27:56.320
<v Speaker 4>I'm going to see how I can write it down

0:27:56.359 --> 0:27:59.280
<v Speaker 4>in formula form. So a rolling convection current, chuck is

0:27:59.280 --> 0:28:04.160
<v Speaker 4>where you know, how the wind is created, where air

0:28:04.200 --> 0:28:08.200
<v Speaker 4>at the surface is heated and then starts to rise

0:28:08.800 --> 0:28:12.000
<v Speaker 4>and suddenly cool air from higher above comes in to

0:28:12.040 --> 0:28:16.119
<v Speaker 4>fill that vacuum that's left, and that creates a rolling

0:28:17.920 --> 0:28:20.359
<v Speaker 4>or vertically based convection current.

0:28:20.600 --> 0:28:21.760
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, okay, you could.

0:28:21.800 --> 0:28:23.760
<v Speaker 1>I would describe it as oven.

0:28:24.520 --> 0:28:29.200
<v Speaker 4>Oven, boiling water, cup of coffee. Wherever there's a temperature

0:28:29.200 --> 0:28:33.919
<v Speaker 4>differential based on a vertical alignment, you're going to have

0:28:33.960 --> 0:28:35.280
<v Speaker 4>a rolling convection current.

0:28:35.320 --> 0:28:38.840
<v Speaker 2>Okay, yeah, it sounds complex, but he just picked out

0:28:38.880 --> 0:28:41.560
<v Speaker 2>one thing, basically one condition, right, and this is the

0:28:41.560 --> 0:28:42.160
<v Speaker 2>one he picked out.

0:28:42.200 --> 0:28:45.440
<v Speaker 4>But had you seen my hands moving listeners, you would

0:28:45.480 --> 0:28:46.240
<v Speaker 4>be like, oh, yeah.

0:28:46.120 --> 0:28:46.280
<v Speaker 3>I know.

0:28:47.160 --> 0:28:48.720
<v Speaker 1>He made little rolling motions.

0:28:48.840 --> 0:28:51.920
<v Speaker 4>So he's like, okay, I can figure this out. So

0:28:52.120 --> 0:28:56.280
<v Speaker 4>he comes up with three three formulae that kind of

0:28:56.360 --> 0:29:00.360
<v Speaker 4>describe a rolling convection current, and he starts trying to

0:29:00.400 --> 0:29:06.080
<v Speaker 4>figure out how to describe this rolling convection current right, correct,

0:29:06.320 --> 0:29:08.480
<v Speaker 4>And so, like I said, he got these three formula

0:29:08.520 --> 0:29:11.920
<v Speaker 4>which were basically three variables that he calculated over time,

0:29:12.160 --> 0:29:15.480
<v Speaker 4>and he plugged him in and he found three variables

0:29:15.600 --> 0:29:18.520
<v Speaker 4>that changed over time. And he found that after a

0:29:18.560 --> 0:29:21.720
<v Speaker 4>certain point when you graph these things out, and since

0:29:21.760 --> 0:29:25.320
<v Speaker 4>they're three, you graph them out on a three dimensional graph.

0:29:25.360 --> 0:29:26.200
<v Speaker 4>So X, Y and Z.

0:29:26.440 --> 0:29:29.040
<v Speaker 2>Again, he wanted to just be able to visualize this, right,

0:29:29.080 --> 0:29:30.640
<v Speaker 2>because it's easier for people to understand.

0:29:30.720 --> 0:29:31.800
<v Speaker 4>He was a very visual guy.

0:29:32.000 --> 0:29:32.400
<v Speaker 1>Totally.

0:29:32.560 --> 0:29:35.880
<v Speaker 4>All of a sudden, it made this crazy graph that

0:29:36.400 --> 0:29:39.920
<v Speaker 4>where the line as it progressed forward through time, went

0:29:40.040 --> 0:29:42.040
<v Speaker 4>all over the place. It went from this axis to

0:29:42.120 --> 0:29:45.080
<v Speaker 4>another axis, to the other axis, and it would spend

0:29:45.080 --> 0:29:47.480
<v Speaker 4>some time over here, and then it would suddenly loop

0:29:47.520 --> 0:29:50.320
<v Speaker 4>over to the other one. And it followed no rhyme

0:29:50.400 --> 0:29:55.520
<v Speaker 4>or reason. It never retraced its path. And it was

0:29:55.600 --> 0:29:59.600
<v Speaker 4>describing how a convection current changes over time, right.

0:29:59.720 --> 0:30:02.080
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, And Lorenzo.

0:30:01.680 --> 0:30:05.520
<v Speaker 4>Is looking at this, he was expecting these three things

0:30:05.560 --> 0:30:09.600
<v Speaker 4>to equalize and eventually form a line. Yeah, because that's

0:30:09.640 --> 0:30:12.280
<v Speaker 4>what determinism says, things are going to fall into a

0:30:12.320 --> 0:30:16.200
<v Speaker 4>certain amount of equilibrium and just even out over time.

0:30:16.400 --> 0:30:18.800
<v Speaker 4>That is not what he found. No, and what he

0:30:18.840 --> 0:30:22.320
<v Speaker 4>discovered was what point care A discovered, which was that

0:30:23.600 --> 0:30:30.120
<v Speaker 4>some systems, even relatively simple systems, exhibit very complex, unpredictable behavior,

0:30:30.480 --> 0:30:31.920
<v Speaker 4>which you could call chaos.

0:30:32.480 --> 0:30:32.760
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:30:32.760 --> 0:30:35.160
<v Speaker 2>And when you say things were going all over like

0:30:35.200 --> 0:30:37.640
<v Speaker 2>if you look at the graph, it it's not just

0:30:37.760 --> 0:30:41.120
<v Speaker 2>lines going in straight lines bouncing all over the place randomly,

0:30:41.280 --> 0:30:44.360
<v Speaker 2>like there was an order to it, but the lines

0:30:44.400 --> 0:30:46.800
<v Speaker 2>were not on top of one another. Like let's say

0:30:46.800 --> 0:30:49.560
<v Speaker 2>you draw a figure eight with your pencil and then

0:30:49.600 --> 0:30:51.280
<v Speaker 2>you continue drawing that figure eight.

0:30:51.320 --> 0:30:51.760
<v Speaker 1>It's going to.

0:30:51.800 --> 0:30:56.280
<v Speaker 2>Slip outside those curves right every time unless you're a robot.

0:30:56.560 --> 0:30:59.280
<v Speaker 1>Sure, And that's what it ended up looking like.

0:30:59.440 --> 0:30:59.600
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

0:30:59.640 --> 0:31:04.800
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, never retraced the same path twice. Ever, it had

0:31:04.840 --> 0:31:08.080
<v Speaker 4>a lot of really surprising properties, and at the time

0:31:08.440 --> 0:31:11.840
<v Speaker 4>it just fell completely outside the understanding of science, right.

0:31:12.040 --> 0:31:12.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:31:12.720 --> 0:31:15.960
<v Speaker 4>Luckily this happened to Lawrence who was curious enough to

0:31:15.960 --> 0:31:19.080
<v Speaker 4>be like, what is going on here? And again he

0:31:19.120 --> 0:31:21.200
<v Speaker 4>sat down and started to do the math and thinking

0:31:21.200 --> 0:31:25.080
<v Speaker 4>about this and especially how it applied to the weather, right, yeah,

0:31:25.120 --> 0:31:27.920
<v Speaker 4>and he came up with something very famous.

0:31:28.320 --> 0:31:34.040
<v Speaker 2>Yes, the butterfly effect. Yes, A, this thing kind of

0:31:34.040 --> 0:31:36.920
<v Speaker 2>looked like butterfly wings a little bit. Yeah, And b

0:31:37.360 --> 0:31:41.640
<v Speaker 2>when he went to present his findings, he basically had

0:31:41.640 --> 0:31:44.000
<v Speaker 2>the notion He's like, I'm gonna I'm gonna wow these

0:31:44.040 --> 0:31:47.160
<v Speaker 2>people in the crowd in nineteen seventy two. It's a

0:31:47.200 --> 0:31:50.160
<v Speaker 2>conference that I'm going to and I'm gonna I'm gonna

0:31:50.160 --> 0:31:53.000
<v Speaker 2>say something like, you know, the seagull flaps his wings

0:31:53.000 --> 0:31:55.920
<v Speaker 2>and it starts a small turbulence that can one that

0:31:55.920 --> 0:31:58.400
<v Speaker 2>can affect weather on the other side of the world. Right,

0:31:58.720 --> 0:32:01.120
<v Speaker 2>the small little thing will just grow and grow and

0:32:01.200 --> 0:32:04.400
<v Speaker 2>snowball and effect things. And he had a colleague was like,

0:32:05.720 --> 0:32:09.120
<v Speaker 2>seagull wings, that's nice, and he said, how about this,

0:32:09.280 --> 0:32:12.160
<v Speaker 2>And this is the title. They ended up with, predictability

0:32:12.280 --> 0:32:15.640
<v Speaker 2>Colon does the flap of a butterfly's wings in Brazil

0:32:16.160 --> 0:32:20.840
<v Speaker 2>set off a tornado in Texas? And everyone was like, whoa,

0:32:21.040 --> 0:32:22.920
<v Speaker 2>WHOA mine's blown?

0:32:24.360 --> 0:32:26.960
<v Speaker 1>Should we take a break? All right, We'll be right back,

0:32:43.960 --> 0:32:44.400
<v Speaker 1>all right.

0:32:44.480 --> 0:32:51.120
<v Speaker 2>So the Lorens Attractor is that picture that he ended

0:32:51.200 --> 0:32:58.360
<v Speaker 2>up with, The Lorens Attractor. And this biblical pattern website

0:32:59.000 --> 0:33:03.240
<v Speaker 2>that I found described attractors and strange attractors in a

0:33:03.280 --> 0:33:06.640
<v Speaker 2>way that even dumb old me could understand what you got.

0:33:06.880 --> 0:33:10.480
<v Speaker 2>So if I may, he says, all right, here's the

0:33:10.520 --> 0:33:15.200
<v Speaker 2>cycle of chaos. He said, I actually I don't know

0:33:15.200 --> 0:33:19.840
<v Speaker 2>who wrote this. A woman could have been a small child, Noah.

0:33:19.520 --> 0:33:24.960
<v Speaker 1>Of undetermined gender. I have no idea the gender neutral narrator,

0:33:25.960 --> 0:33:26.480
<v Speaker 1>they said.

0:33:26.920 --> 0:33:29.840
<v Speaker 2>He said, right, think about a town that has like

0:33:29.960 --> 0:33:33.520
<v Speaker 2>ten thousand people living in it. To make that town work,

0:33:33.600 --> 0:33:35.680
<v Speaker 2>you got to have like a gas station, a grocery store,

0:33:36.760 --> 0:33:41.200
<v Speaker 2>a library, whatever you need to sustain that town. Okay,

0:33:41.360 --> 0:33:45.320
<v Speaker 2>so all these things are built, everyone's happy, you have equilibrium.

0:33:45.600 --> 0:33:49.320
<v Speaker 2>He said, So that's great. Then let's say you build

0:33:49.400 --> 0:33:52.520
<v Speaker 2>some Someone comes and builds a factory on the outskirts

0:33:52.560 --> 0:33:54.560
<v Speaker 2>of that town, and there's going to be ten thousand

0:33:54.560 --> 0:33:55.600
<v Speaker 2>more people living there.

0:33:55.560 --> 0:33:56.800
<v Speaker 4>Right, and they don't go to church?

0:33:57.560 --> 0:34:01.560
<v Speaker 1>Maybe so, uh, did I say church they needed a church?

0:34:01.640 --> 0:34:05.480
<v Speaker 4>No? No, okay, I was just assuming this is what's equilibrium.

0:34:05.520 --> 0:34:08.239
<v Speaker 2>No, no, no, but you just have more people. So there's

0:34:08.719 --> 0:34:11.359
<v Speaker 2>you need another gas station and another grocery store. Let's

0:34:11.360 --> 0:34:14.680
<v Speaker 2>say so they build all these things and then you

0:34:14.719 --> 0:34:18.399
<v Speaker 2>reach equilibrium. Again, it's maintained because you build all these

0:34:18.400 --> 0:34:19.000
<v Speaker 2>other systems.

0:34:19.080 --> 0:34:19.279
<v Speaker 3>Up.

0:34:19.440 --> 0:34:24.480
<v Speaker 2>I see that equilibrium. It's called an attractor. Okay, So

0:34:24.560 --> 0:34:28.239
<v Speaker 2>then he said it said they said.

0:34:30.360 --> 0:34:33.080
<v Speaker 5>He capital he the royal.

0:34:33.120 --> 0:34:36.320
<v Speaker 2>He said, all right, Now, let's say instead of that

0:34:36.719 --> 0:34:39.719
<v Speaker 2>factory being built and you have those original ten thousand,

0:34:39.800 --> 0:34:42.040
<v Speaker 2>let's say three thousand. Those people just up and leave

0:34:42.080 --> 0:34:45.719
<v Speaker 2>one day, and the grocery store guy says, well, there's

0:34:45.760 --> 0:34:47.960
<v Speaker 2>only seven thousand people here. We need eight thousand people

0:34:47.960 --> 0:34:51.040
<v Speaker 2>living here to make a profit, so I'm shutting down

0:34:51.080 --> 0:34:54.160
<v Speaker 2>this grocery store. Then all of a sudden, you have

0:34:54.280 --> 0:34:57.799
<v Speaker 2>demand for groceries. So things go on for a little while,

0:34:57.800 --> 0:34:59.279
<v Speaker 2>and someone comes in and say, hey, this town needs

0:34:59.320 --> 0:35:03.000
<v Speaker 2>a grocery store. They build a grocery store, they can't sustain,

0:35:03.160 --> 0:35:05.560
<v Speaker 2>they shut down. Someone else comes along because the demand,

0:35:06.239 --> 0:35:11.800
<v Speaker 2>and it is this search for equilibrium, this dynamic Well,

0:35:12.040 --> 0:35:16.240
<v Speaker 2>you reach equililibrium here and there as the store opens.

0:35:15.880 --> 0:35:17.759
<v Speaker 4>Periods of stability, periods.

0:35:17.400 --> 0:35:22.759
<v Speaker 2>Of stability, and that dynamic equilibrium is called a strange attractor.

0:35:23.360 --> 0:35:26.759
<v Speaker 2>So an attractor is the state which the system settles on.

0:35:27.120 --> 0:35:32.520
<v Speaker 2>Stranger attractor is the trajectory on which it never settles

0:35:32.560 --> 0:35:36.040
<v Speaker 2>down but tries to reach the equilibrium with periods of stability.

0:35:36.560 --> 0:35:37.120
<v Speaker 1>Does that make.

0:35:37.080 --> 0:35:42.440
<v Speaker 4>Sense that Bible based explanation was dynamite. I understand it

0:35:42.480 --> 0:35:45.600
<v Speaker 4>better than I did before, and I understood it okay before.

0:35:46.800 --> 0:35:47.319
<v Speaker 4>That's great.

0:35:47.440 --> 0:35:52.440
<v Speaker 1>Surely can add yeah, yeah, no, you're gonna add to it. No,

0:35:52.640 --> 0:35:53.040
<v Speaker 1>that's it.

0:35:53.280 --> 0:35:56.879
<v Speaker 4>No, I mean like it. Yeah. An attractor is where

0:35:56.960 --> 0:36:00.719
<v Speaker 4>if you graph something and eventually it reaches equilibrium, it's

0:36:00.719 --> 0:36:03.960
<v Speaker 4>a regular attractor. If it never reaches equilibrium and is

0:36:04.040 --> 0:36:07.000
<v Speaker 4>constantly trying to and has periods of stability, strange attractor.

0:36:07.239 --> 0:36:07.680
<v Speaker 5>I can't.

0:36:07.800 --> 0:36:10.680
<v Speaker 1>I can't top that, all right, grocery store, small town.

0:36:10.520 --> 0:36:11.160
<v Speaker 5>That was great.

0:36:11.480 --> 0:36:16.439
<v Speaker 4>So Lorenz's strange attractor was named a Lorenz attractor named

0:36:16.480 --> 0:36:17.480
<v Speaker 4>after him. Big deal.

0:36:17.520 --> 0:36:19.480
<v Speaker 1>They weren't using the word chaos yet.

0:36:19.440 --> 0:36:23.839
<v Speaker 4>No, but he published that paper about butterfly wings, right, yeah,

0:36:23.880 --> 0:36:28.279
<v Speaker 4>the butterfly effect, and it coupled with his picture is

0:36:28.440 --> 0:36:31.399
<v Speaker 4>the picture of a strange attractor, which is almost the

0:36:32.000 --> 0:36:39.040
<v Speaker 4>aside from fractals, almost the the emblem or the logo

0:36:39.239 --> 0:36:43.520
<v Speaker 4>for chaos theory, the Lorens attractor is. It got attention

0:36:43.960 --> 0:36:46.640
<v Speaker 4>off the bat. It wasn't like puant Caret's findings where

0:36:46.640 --> 0:36:50.040
<v Speaker 4>it got neglected for seventy years. Almost immediately everybody was

0:36:50.040 --> 0:36:53.480
<v Speaker 4>talking about this because again, what Lorenzo had uncovered, which

0:36:53.520 --> 0:36:55.840
<v Speaker 4>is the same thing that puant care had uncovered, is

0:36:55.880 --> 0:37:01.680
<v Speaker 4>that determinism is possibly based on all that the universe

0:37:01.840 --> 0:37:04.759
<v Speaker 4>isn't stable, that the universe isn't predictable, and that what

0:37:04.800 --> 0:37:08.600
<v Speaker 4>we are seeing as stable and predictable are these little

0:37:08.640 --> 0:37:13.440
<v Speaker 4>periods windows of stability that are found in strange attractor graphs.

0:37:13.760 --> 0:37:16.120
<v Speaker 4>That that's what we think the order of the universe is,

0:37:16.200 --> 0:37:21.160
<v Speaker 4>but that that is actually the abnormal aspect of the universe,

0:37:21.320 --> 0:37:25.839
<v Speaker 4>and that instability unpredictability as far as we're concerned is

0:37:25.920 --> 0:37:29.719
<v Speaker 4>the actual state of affairs in nature. And I think

0:37:29.800 --> 0:37:32.959
<v Speaker 4>as far as we're concerned is a really important point too, Chuck,

0:37:33.280 --> 0:37:39.920
<v Speaker 4>because it doesn't mean that nature is unstable chaotic. It

0:37:40.080 --> 0:37:43.919
<v Speaker 4>means that our picture of what we understand as order

0:37:44.280 --> 0:37:48.920
<v Speaker 4>doesn't jibe with how the universe actually functions. It's just

0:37:49.000 --> 0:37:54.600
<v Speaker 4>our understanding of it, and we're just so anthropocentric that

0:37:55.680 --> 0:37:57.920
<v Speaker 4>we see it as chaos and disorder and something to

0:37:57.960 --> 0:38:00.879
<v Speaker 4>be feared, when really it's just come flexity that we

0:38:01.800 --> 0:38:06.160
<v Speaker 4>don't have the capability of predicting. Yeah, after a certain.

0:38:05.920 --> 0:38:08.279
<v Speaker 2>Degree, Yeah, I think that makes me feel a little better,

0:38:08.320 --> 0:38:10.600
<v Speaker 2>because when you read stuff like this, you start to

0:38:10.600 --> 0:38:13.560
<v Speaker 2>feel like, well, the Earth could just throw us all

0:38:13.640 --> 0:38:16.920
<v Speaker 2>off of its face at any moment because it starts

0:38:16.920 --> 0:38:19.480
<v Speaker 2>spinning so fast that gravity becomes undone.

0:38:19.560 --> 0:38:20.400
<v Speaker 1>And I know that's not right.

0:38:20.440 --> 0:38:22.800
<v Speaker 4>By the way, I've always loved that kind of science

0:38:22.840 --> 0:38:26.600
<v Speaker 4>that shows we don't know anything, like Robert Robert Hume,

0:38:27.040 --> 0:38:28.920
<v Speaker 4>who I know, I understand was a philosopher, but he

0:38:28.960 --> 0:38:30.120
<v Speaker 4>was a philosopher scientist.

0:38:30.280 --> 0:38:30.560
<v Speaker 1>Sure.

0:38:31.239 --> 0:38:33.319
<v Speaker 4>His whole jam was like cause and effect is an

0:38:33.320 --> 0:38:37.600
<v Speaker 4>illusion that, like we all, it's just an assumption, like

0:38:37.640 --> 0:38:40.319
<v Speaker 4>that if you drop a pencil, it will always fall down.

0:38:40.480 --> 0:38:44.680
<v Speaker 4>It's an illusion and this is pre gravity understanding gravity.

0:38:45.120 --> 0:38:46.320
<v Speaker 4>But he makes a good.

0:38:46.200 --> 0:38:48.080
<v Speaker 1>Price gravity when everyone's just floating around.

0:38:48.360 --> 0:38:52.040
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, going this pencils got me wacky. Yeah, but the

0:38:52.120 --> 0:38:55.799
<v Speaker 4>point was that you know, we are we base a

0:38:55.800 --> 0:38:59.360
<v Speaker 4>lot of our assumptions or a lot of stuff that

0:38:59.400 --> 0:39:02.840
<v Speaker 4>we take a law are actually based on assumptions that

0:39:02.880 --> 0:39:05.799
<v Speaker 4>are made from observations over time, and that we're just

0:39:05.840 --> 0:39:08.440
<v Speaker 4>making predictions that cause and effect as an illusion. I

0:39:08.480 --> 0:39:15.400
<v Speaker 4>love that guy, and this definitely supports that idea for sure. Sorry,

0:39:15.640 --> 0:39:17.320
<v Speaker 4>I'm excited about chaos theory.

0:39:17.360 --> 0:39:18.200
<v Speaker 1>Can believe it?

0:39:18.320 --> 0:39:21.600
<v Speaker 2>Well, I mean I like that I'm able to understand

0:39:21.600 --> 0:39:24.200
<v Speaker 2>it in enough of a rudimentary way that I can

0:39:24.480 --> 0:39:26.040
<v Speaker 2>talk about it at a dinner party.

0:39:26.120 --> 0:39:30.200
<v Speaker 4>Well, thank your Bible website. Well once you take the

0:39:30.280 --> 0:39:34.280
<v Speaker 4>formulas out, Yeah, for people like us, we're like, oh, okay,

0:39:34.280 --> 0:39:35.680
<v Speaker 4>we can understand chaos.

0:39:35.760 --> 0:39:35.960
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:39:36.040 --> 0:39:38.759
<v Speaker 4>Then when somebody says, good, do a differential equation, You're

0:39:38.760 --> 0:39:39.040
<v Speaker 4>just like.

0:39:39.280 --> 0:39:43.200
<v Speaker 1>What what a different equation? All right?

0:39:43.239 --> 0:39:46.240
<v Speaker 2>So earlier I said that chaos had not been used

0:39:46.239 --> 0:39:49.680
<v Speaker 2>the word chaos to describe all this junk, right, and

0:39:49.719 --> 0:39:51.120
<v Speaker 2>that didn't happen until.

0:39:51.160 --> 0:39:54.880
<v Speaker 1>Later on, well actually about ten years, you know, but

0:39:54.960 --> 0:39:55.400
<v Speaker 1>it was kind of.

0:39:55.360 --> 0:39:56.920
<v Speaker 2>At the same time this other stuff was going on

0:39:57.000 --> 0:40:01.359
<v Speaker 2>with Lorenz. Yeah, late sixties, early seventies. There's a guy

0:40:01.440 --> 0:40:06.520
<v Speaker 2>named Stephen Smale, Fields metal recipient, so you know, he's

0:40:06.520 --> 0:40:12.439
<v Speaker 2>good at math, and he described something that we now

0:40:12.520 --> 0:40:16.319
<v Speaker 2>know as the Smale horseshoe. And it goes a little

0:40:16.360 --> 0:40:21.719
<v Speaker 2>something like this. So, all right, take a piece of

0:40:22.040 --> 0:40:25.799
<v Speaker 2>dough like bread dough, and you smash it out into

0:40:25.840 --> 0:40:27.080
<v Speaker 2>a big flat rectangle.

0:40:27.480 --> 0:40:29.920
<v Speaker 1>Do So you're looking at that thing and you're like, boy,

0:40:30.120 --> 0:40:31.680
<v Speaker 1>I hope this makes some good bread.

0:40:31.760 --> 0:40:32.959
<v Speaker 4>This is gonna be so good.

0:40:33.400 --> 0:40:35.359
<v Speaker 1>So then you go a little roseberry on it, yeah,

0:40:35.400 --> 0:40:37.600
<v Speaker 1>maybe so well sea salt.

0:40:37.520 --> 0:40:40.759
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, and then lick it before you bake it so

0:40:40.840 --> 0:40:42.880
<v Speaker 4>you know it's yours. No one else can have it.

0:40:44.239 --> 0:40:47.160
<v Speaker 2>So you have that flat rectangle of dough, you roll

0:40:47.200 --> 0:40:51.480
<v Speaker 2>it up into a tube and then you smash that

0:40:51.520 --> 0:40:54.040
<v Speaker 2>down kind of flat, and then you bend that down

0:40:54.120 --> 0:40:57.200
<v Speaker 2>to where it eventually looks like a horseshoe. Okay, so

0:40:57.280 --> 0:41:00.400
<v Speaker 2>now you take that horseshoe, you take another rectangle dough

0:41:00.760 --> 0:41:03.920
<v Speaker 2>and you throw that horseshoe onto that and then you

0:41:04.000 --> 0:41:08.160
<v Speaker 2>do the same thing. The smale horseshoe basically says you

0:41:08.200 --> 0:41:11.680
<v Speaker 2>cannot predict where the two points of that horseshoe will

0:41:11.760 --> 0:41:15.720
<v Speaker 2>end up. Yeah, you can roll it a million times

0:41:15.960 --> 0:41:19.400
<v Speaker 2>and it'll end up in a million different places.

0:41:19.600 --> 0:41:21.520
<v Speaker 4>Totally random, different places too.

0:41:21.480 --> 0:41:22.680
<v Speaker 1>Totally random. You never know.

0:41:23.040 --> 0:41:24.759
<v Speaker 2>It's like a box of chocolates. You never know what

0:41:24.800 --> 0:41:25.399
<v Speaker 2>you're gonna get.

0:41:26.040 --> 0:41:28.319
<v Speaker 1>You have to say it, and that became known.

0:41:28.480 --> 0:41:29.239
<v Speaker 4>You have to say it.

0:41:29.360 --> 0:41:32.080
<v Speaker 1>Oh what imitate Forrest Gump? Sure, I can't do that.

0:41:32.080 --> 0:41:32.520
<v Speaker 4>That's fine.

0:41:32.640 --> 0:41:34.200
<v Speaker 1>He's not one. He's not in my repertoire.

0:41:34.760 --> 0:41:35.280
<v Speaker 4>That's fine.

0:41:35.800 --> 0:41:37.920
<v Speaker 1>Although I did see that again part of it recently.

0:41:38.880 --> 0:41:40.120
<v Speaker 4>Does it hold up well?

0:41:40.160 --> 0:41:42.200
<v Speaker 2>I mean, take out forty minutes of it and it

0:41:42.200 --> 0:41:45.719
<v Speaker 2>would have been a better movie, like all of that.

0:41:45.880 --> 0:41:47.120
<v Speaker 1>Coincidence stuff that.

0:41:47.840 --> 0:41:48.800
<v Speaker 5>Oh I love that.

0:41:49.239 --> 0:41:52.000
<v Speaker 2>And he also did the smile T shirt like it

0:41:52.080 --> 0:41:55.600
<v Speaker 2>was just too much, Like he really hammered it too much.

0:41:55.760 --> 0:41:56.480
<v Speaker 3>I liked it.

0:41:57.280 --> 0:41:58.800
<v Speaker 4>That was the basis of the movie.

0:41:58.960 --> 0:41:59.160
<v Speaker 1>I know.

0:41:59.200 --> 0:42:01.319
<v Speaker 2>But see it again and I guarantee you, like an

0:42:01.360 --> 0:42:02.920
<v Speaker 2>hour and a half into it, you'll be like, I

0:42:03.000 --> 0:42:05.120
<v Speaker 2>get it.

0:42:06.000 --> 0:42:07.759
<v Speaker 4>You know. It was a good Tom Hanks movie. That

0:42:07.880 --> 0:42:10.400
<v Speaker 4>was overlooked A Road to Perdition.

0:42:11.360 --> 0:42:14.080
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, this is a good one. Great Sam Mendez.

0:42:14.600 --> 0:42:16.120
<v Speaker 4>Oh man, that guy's awesome.

0:42:16.320 --> 0:42:16.800
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:42:16.880 --> 0:42:19.520
<v Speaker 4>Oh what is he going to do? He might do something.

0:42:19.719 --> 0:42:21.960
<v Speaker 2>He did the James Bar he did Skyfall. Yeah, yeah, no,

0:42:22.040 --> 0:42:24.239
<v Speaker 2>he's gonna also that last one that wasn't so great.

0:42:24.440 --> 0:42:27.480
<v Speaker 4>He's got a potential project coming up and he would

0:42:27.480 --> 0:42:29.759
<v Speaker 4>be amazing for it. I don't remember what it was.

0:42:29.840 --> 0:42:31.279
<v Speaker 1>Did you see Revolutionary Road?

0:42:31.640 --> 0:42:31.879
<v Speaker 5>Yes?

0:42:32.239 --> 0:42:34.600
<v Speaker 4>God how it was just like.

0:42:35.040 --> 0:42:36.479
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, you want to jump off a bridge?

0:42:36.520 --> 0:42:40.280
<v Speaker 4>Yeah? Movie like every five minutes during that movie.

0:42:40.320 --> 0:42:41.000
<v Speaker 1>That was hardcore.

0:42:41.160 --> 0:42:41.560
<v Speaker 4>It is.

0:42:42.320 --> 0:42:43.680
<v Speaker 5>Uh he did that one too, huh.

0:42:43.800 --> 0:42:45.719
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and don't see that if you're like engaged to

0:42:45.719 --> 0:42:47.279
<v Speaker 2>be married or thinking about.

0:42:47.040 --> 0:42:50.439
<v Speaker 4>It, yeah, or if you're blue already. Yeah I'm yeah.

0:42:50.640 --> 0:42:52.759
<v Speaker 4>Just take a really good good mood and be like

0:42:52.800 --> 0:42:54.960
<v Speaker 4>I'm sick of being in a good mood. Sit down

0:42:55.000 --> 0:42:56.279
<v Speaker 4>and watch Revolutionary Road.

0:42:56.360 --> 0:42:58.520
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. Watch Joe versus the Volcano instead.

0:42:58.640 --> 0:43:01.040
<v Speaker 4>Great movie. Uh.

0:43:01.120 --> 0:43:03.680
<v Speaker 1>Where was I smale? Horseshoe is what that's called?

0:43:04.360 --> 0:43:08.680
<v Speaker 2>And that was he was the first person to actually

0:43:08.800 --> 0:43:09.840
<v Speaker 2>use the word chaos.

0:43:10.000 --> 0:43:11.520
<v Speaker 5>Oh he was, I think so.

0:43:11.719 --> 0:43:14.359
<v Speaker 4>No, No, No, York was Tom York's dad.

0:43:14.640 --> 0:43:16.760
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, you're right, he wasn't the first person York correct.

0:43:16.880 --> 0:43:19.680
<v Speaker 4>But SMaL's horseshoe illustrates a really good point.

0:43:19.760 --> 0:43:21.160
<v Speaker 1>Chuck, is it Tom York's dad?

0:43:21.480 --> 0:43:26.280
<v Speaker 4>No, Okay, no, but they're both British, Sure, Yorky's actually

0:43:26.280 --> 0:43:33.200
<v Speaker 4>one's Australian. Nope, they're British. So those two points which

0:43:33.200 --> 0:43:35.440
<v Speaker 4>should which started out right by each other, and then

0:43:35.560 --> 0:43:37.240
<v Speaker 4>end up in two totally different places.

0:43:37.320 --> 0:43:37.720
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:43:37.800 --> 0:43:40.759
<v Speaker 4>That applies not just to bread dough, but also too

0:43:40.880 --> 0:43:44.080
<v Speaker 4>things like water molecules that are right next to each

0:43:44.120 --> 0:43:47.759
<v Speaker 4>other at some point and then a month later they're

0:43:47.800 --> 0:43:50.799
<v Speaker 4>in two different oceans, even though you would assume that

0:43:50.840 --> 0:43:53.120
<v Speaker 4>they would go through all the same motions and everything.

0:43:53.239 --> 0:43:54.120
<v Speaker 5>Oh, sure, but they're not.

0:43:54.160 --> 0:43:57.600
<v Speaker 4>There's so many different variables with things like ocean currents

0:43:57.640 --> 0:44:00.479
<v Speaker 4>that two water molecules that were one side by side

0:44:00.560 --> 0:44:04.560
<v Speaker 4>end up in totally random different places. Yeah, and that's

0:44:04.600 --> 0:44:09.839
<v Speaker 4>part of chaos. It's basically chaos personified yea, or chaos

0:44:09.880 --> 0:44:11.000
<v Speaker 4>molecule fied.

0:44:12.360 --> 0:44:13.360
<v Speaker 1>So we mentioned York.

0:44:13.960 --> 0:44:16.600
<v Speaker 2>Where I was going with that was there was an

0:44:16.600 --> 0:44:21.560
<v Speaker 2>Australian named Robert May, and he was a population biologist,

0:44:22.040 --> 0:44:25.640
<v Speaker 2>so he was using math to model how animal populations

0:44:25.680 --> 0:44:30.640
<v Speaker 2>would change over time giving certain starting conditions. So he

0:44:30.719 --> 0:44:36.000
<v Speaker 2>started using these equations as differential equations, and he came

0:44:36.080 --> 0:44:38.640
<v Speaker 2>up with a formula known as the logistic difference equation

0:44:39.480 --> 0:44:43.600
<v Speaker 2>that basically enabled him to predict these animal populations pretty well.

0:44:44.560 --> 0:44:47.320
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, and it was working pretty well for a while,

0:44:47.360 --> 0:44:51.000
<v Speaker 4>but he noticed something really really weird, right, Yeah, he

0:44:51.080 --> 0:44:55.400
<v Speaker 4>had this formula, the logistic difference in equation is the

0:44:55.480 --> 0:44:58.120
<v Speaker 4>name of it. Sure, Okay, So we had that formula,

0:44:58.200 --> 0:45:02.600
<v Speaker 4>and he figured out that if you took R, which

0:45:02.640 --> 0:45:07.000
<v Speaker 4>in this case was the reproductive rate of an animal population, yeah,

0:45:07.320 --> 0:45:09.400
<v Speaker 4>and you pushed it past three.

0:45:09.400 --> 0:45:10.240
<v Speaker 1>The number three.

0:45:10.440 --> 0:45:14.680
<v Speaker 4>So that meant that the average animal in this population

0:45:14.760 --> 0:45:19.880
<v Speaker 4>of animals had three offspring in its lifetime or in

0:45:19.920 --> 0:45:22.799
<v Speaker 4>a season whatever. If you pushed it past three, all

0:45:22.840 --> 0:45:28.640
<v Speaker 4>of a sudden, the number of the population would diverge.

0:45:28.760 --> 0:45:31.520
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, if you pushed it equal to three actually, or more.

0:45:31.640 --> 0:45:34.840
<v Speaker 4>Right, it would diverge. Yeah, which is weird because a

0:45:34.920 --> 0:45:38.799
<v Speaker 4>population of animals can't be two different numbers, you know,

0:45:39.280 --> 0:45:42.600
<v Speaker 4>like that herd of antelope is not there's not thirty,

0:45:42.719 --> 0:45:45.600
<v Speaker 4>but there's also forty five of them at the same time. Yeah,

0:45:45.719 --> 0:45:48.360
<v Speaker 4>that's called a superposition, and that has to do with

0:45:48.440 --> 0:45:52.120
<v Speaker 4>quantum states, not herds of antelopes.

0:45:52.200 --> 0:45:54.120
<v Speaker 5>Sure, that was kind of weird.

0:45:54.480 --> 0:45:56.320
<v Speaker 4>And then he found if you pushed it a little further,

0:45:56.360 --> 0:46:00.280
<v Speaker 4>if you made the reproductive rate like three point oh five,

0:46:00.000 --> 0:46:03.000
<v Speaker 4>five seven or something like that. I think it was

0:46:03.040 --> 0:46:05.759
<v Speaker 4>a different number, but you just tweaked it a little bit, not.

0:46:05.760 --> 0:46:06.400
<v Speaker 5>Even to four.

0:46:06.440 --> 0:46:09.120
<v Speaker 1>We're talking like, oh yeah, millions.

0:46:08.640 --> 0:46:13.279
<v Speaker 4>Of a of a degree. All of a sudden it

0:46:13.280 --> 0:46:16.200
<v Speaker 4>would turn into four. So there'd be four different numbers

0:46:16.239 --> 0:46:18.480
<v Speaker 4>for that was the animal population, and then we would

0:46:18.480 --> 0:46:20.520
<v Speaker 4>turn into sixteen. And then all of a sudden, after

0:46:20.520 --> 0:46:23.160
<v Speaker 4>a certain point, it would turn into chaos. The number

0:46:23.160 --> 0:46:25.400
<v Speaker 4>would be everything at once, all over the place, just

0:46:25.440 --> 0:46:28.960
<v Speaker 4>totally random numbers that it oscillated between.

0:46:29.160 --> 0:46:32.320
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, but in all that chaos, there would be periods

0:46:32.360 --> 0:46:33.000
<v Speaker 2>of stability.

0:46:33.160 --> 0:46:34.800
<v Speaker 4>Right, you push it a little further, and all of

0:46:34.800 --> 0:46:36.960
<v Speaker 4>a sudden it would just go to two again. Yeah,

0:46:37.200 --> 0:46:39.719
<v Speaker 4>but beyond that, it didn't go back to the original

0:46:39.760 --> 0:46:41.960
<v Speaker 4>two numbers. It went to another two. So if you

0:46:41.960 --> 0:46:45.000
<v Speaker 4>looked at it on a graph, it went line divided

0:46:45.040 --> 0:46:49.439
<v Speaker 4>into two, divided into four eight sixteen chaos two four

0:46:49.560 --> 0:46:53.799
<v Speaker 4>sixteen two four eight sixteen chaos all before you even

0:46:53.840 --> 0:46:56.799
<v Speaker 4>got to the number four of the reproductive rate.

0:46:57.280 --> 0:47:00.320
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And he was working with mister York because he

0:47:00.360 --> 0:47:02.760
<v Speaker 2>was a little confounded. So he was a mathematician buddy

0:47:02.760 --> 0:47:06.000
<v Speaker 2>of his, James York from the University of Maryland. So

0:47:06.080 --> 0:47:09.080
<v Speaker 2>they worked together on this, and in nineteen seventy five

0:47:09.120 --> 0:47:14.120
<v Speaker 2>they co authored a paper called Period three Implies Chaos

0:47:14.200 --> 0:47:18.839
<v Speaker 2>and man, finally somebody said the word I kept thinking

0:47:18.880 --> 0:47:19.920
<v Speaker 2>it was all these other people.

0:47:20.120 --> 0:47:24.480
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, And this paper where they first debuted the name chaos.

0:47:25.960 --> 0:47:30.880
<v Speaker 4>They they based it Tom York's dead based it on

0:47:31.560 --> 0:47:32.720
<v Speaker 4>Edward Lawrence's paper.

0:47:33.200 --> 0:47:33.399
<v Speaker 3>Yeah.

0:47:33.440 --> 0:47:35.080
<v Speaker 4>He was like, you know what, I have a feeling

0:47:35.160 --> 0:47:37.200
<v Speaker 4>that has something to do with the Lawrens attractor.

0:47:37.600 --> 0:47:38.440
<v Speaker 3>So that.

0:47:40.280 --> 0:47:43.760
<v Speaker 4>Provided chaos to the world. And it was the basically

0:47:43.800 --> 0:47:49.040
<v Speaker 4>the third the third time a scientist had said we

0:47:49.480 --> 0:47:52.719
<v Speaker 4>don't understand the universe like we think we do, and

0:47:52.760 --> 0:47:56.040
<v Speaker 4>determinism is based on an illusion like don't you get

0:47:56.040 --> 0:48:01.520
<v Speaker 4>it of order in a really chaotic universe? And this

0:48:01.760 --> 0:48:04.000
<v Speaker 4>established chaos. It took off like a rocket in the

0:48:04.120 --> 0:48:06.319
<v Speaker 4>eighties and the nineties. You know, as you know from

0:48:06.400 --> 0:48:10.120
<v Speaker 4>Jurassic Park, chaos was everything everybody's like chaos, this is

0:48:10.360 --> 0:48:13.200
<v Speaker 4>totally awesome, it's the new frontier of science. And then

0:48:13.239 --> 0:48:15.440
<v Speaker 4>it just went It just went away, And a lot

0:48:15.440 --> 0:48:19.160
<v Speaker 4>of people said, well, it was a little overhyped, but

0:48:19.239 --> 0:48:21.840
<v Speaker 4>I think more than anything, and I think this is

0:48:21.920 --> 0:48:24.000
<v Speaker 4>kind of the current understanding of chaos because it didn't

0:48:24.000 --> 0:48:26.320
<v Speaker 4>actually go away. It became a deeper and deeper field.

0:48:26.520 --> 0:48:32.720
<v Speaker 4>As you'll see, people mistook what chaos meant. It wasn't

0:48:32.840 --> 0:48:37.960
<v Speaker 4>the new type of science. It was a new understanding

0:48:38.040 --> 0:48:40.160
<v Speaker 4>of the universe. It was saying like, yes, you can

0:48:40.200 --> 0:48:41.920
<v Speaker 4>still use Newtonian physics.

0:48:42.120 --> 0:48:44.520
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, like don't throw everything out the windows. No, you

0:48:44.560 --> 0:48:46.400
<v Speaker 2>can still try and predict weather and still try and

0:48:46.400 --> 0:48:50.240
<v Speaker 2>build more accurate instruments and get you know, decent results.

0:48:50.640 --> 0:48:57.320
<v Speaker 2>But you can't with absolute perfection predict complex systems like determinism.

0:48:57.440 --> 0:49:01.439
<v Speaker 4>The ultimate goal of determinism is false. It can never

0:49:01.480 --> 0:49:04.080
<v Speaker 4>be it can never be done because we can't have

0:49:04.120 --> 0:49:08.280
<v Speaker 4>an infinitely precise measurement for every variable or any variable. Therefore,

0:49:08.280 --> 0:49:11.160
<v Speaker 4>we can't predict these outcomes. Right, So you would expect

0:49:11.200 --> 0:49:14.120
<v Speaker 4>science to be like, what's the point, what's.

0:49:13.960 --> 0:49:14.800
<v Speaker 5>The point of anything?

0:49:14.880 --> 0:49:15.720
<v Speaker 1>No, not science.

0:49:15.880 --> 0:49:19.759
<v Speaker 4>Well, some some chaos people have said no, this is

0:49:19.880 --> 0:49:23.719
<v Speaker 4>this is great, this is good. We'll take this. We'll

0:49:23.760 --> 0:49:26.799
<v Speaker 4>take the universe as it is, rather than trying to

0:49:26.840 --> 0:49:30.120
<v Speaker 4>force it into our pretty little equations and saying like,

0:49:30.520 --> 0:49:33.239
<v Speaker 4>if the ocean temperature is this at this time of

0:49:33.320 --> 0:49:36.440
<v Speaker 4>year and the fish population is this at that time,

0:49:36.680 --> 0:49:40.000
<v Speaker 4>then this is how many offspring this fish stop, this

0:49:40.040 --> 0:49:45.160
<v Speaker 4>fish population is going to have. Say okay, here is

0:49:45.239 --> 0:49:48.640
<v Speaker 4>the fish population, Here is the ocean temperature, here are

0:49:48.640 --> 0:49:51.120
<v Speaker 4>all these other variables. Let's feed it into a model

0:49:51.320 --> 0:49:54.840
<v Speaker 4>and see what happens. Not this is going to happen.

0:49:55.360 --> 0:49:59.080
<v Speaker 4>What happens instead, And this is kind of the understanding

0:49:59.120 --> 0:50:03.279
<v Speaker 4>of chaos there. Now, it's taking raw data, as much

0:50:03.400 --> 0:50:05.719
<v Speaker 4>data as you can possibly get your hands on, as

0:50:05.800 --> 0:50:07.840
<v Speaker 4>precise data as you could possibly get your hands on,

0:50:08.080 --> 0:50:10.600
<v Speaker 4>and just feeding it into a model and seeing what

0:50:10.719 --> 0:50:15.640
<v Speaker 4>patterns emerge. Rather than making assumptions, it's saying, what's the outcome?

0:50:15.640 --> 0:50:17.000
<v Speaker 4>What comes out of this model?

0:50:17.200 --> 0:50:20.200
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And that's why, like when you see things like

0:50:20.360 --> 0:50:22.560
<v Speaker 2>you know, fifty years ago they predicted this animal be

0:50:22.600 --> 0:50:27.400
<v Speaker 2>its extinct and it's not. Well, it's because the variations

0:50:27.440 --> 0:50:31.160
<v Speaker 2>were too complex, right, They tried to predict And that's

0:50:31.160 --> 0:50:36.359
<v Speaker 2>why if you look at a ten day forecast, you, sir,

0:50:36.440 --> 0:50:40.600
<v Speaker 2>are a fool, Right, it's true, Well, ten days from

0:50:40.600 --> 0:50:42.520
<v Speaker 2>now it says it's going to rain in the afternoon.

0:50:42.960 --> 0:50:43.279
<v Speaker 1>Come on.

0:50:43.840 --> 0:50:46.640
<v Speaker 4>But if you take if you took enough variables for

0:50:46.840 --> 0:50:50.160
<v Speaker 4>weather for like a city, and fed it into a

0:50:50.280 --> 0:50:53.760
<v Speaker 4>model of the weather for that city, you could find

0:50:55.160 --> 0:50:58.920
<v Speaker 4>you could find a time when it was similar to

0:50:59.080 --> 0:51:01.640
<v Speaker 4>what it is now. Yeah, and you could conceivably make

0:51:01.719 --> 0:51:04.960
<v Speaker 4>some assumptions based on that. You can say, well, actually

0:51:05.239 --> 0:51:07.480
<v Speaker 4>we can, we can predict a little further out than

0:51:07.520 --> 0:51:12.080
<v Speaker 4>we think. But it's it's based on this theory, this

0:51:12.200 --> 0:51:17.760
<v Speaker 4>understanding of chaos, of unpredictability, of not just not forcing

0:51:17.880 --> 0:51:21.880
<v Speaker 4>nature into our formulas, but putting data into a model

0:51:21.920 --> 0:51:23.360
<v Speaker 4>and seeing what comes out of it.

0:51:23.520 --> 0:51:23.719
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:51:23.760 --> 0:51:25.520
<v Speaker 2>And then at the end of that you learn, like

0:51:25.600 --> 0:51:28.680
<v Speaker 2>when that animal is not extinct like you thought it

0:51:28.719 --> 0:51:30.600
<v Speaker 2>would be, you go back and look at the original thing,

0:51:30.640 --> 0:51:33.640
<v Speaker 2>and you have a more accurate picture of how the

0:51:34.280 --> 0:51:38.400
<v Speaker 2>data could have been off slightly this one value, and

0:51:38.440 --> 0:51:40.719
<v Speaker 2>then you have more buffalo than you think.

0:51:41.600 --> 0:51:45.000
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, sure you got buffaloed by chaos.

0:51:45.160 --> 0:51:47.640
<v Speaker 1>And we're not even getting into fractals. That's a whole

0:51:47.680 --> 0:51:48.120
<v Speaker 1>other thing.

0:51:48.160 --> 0:51:51.080
<v Speaker 2>And we did a whole other podcast in June twenty

0:51:51.080 --> 0:51:58.080
<v Speaker 2>twelve about fractals and the mandal while mandel Brett mendel Brett, Mandelbrot, Yeah,

0:51:58.280 --> 0:52:01.520
<v Speaker 2>and go listen to that one and hear me clinging

0:52:01.520 --> 0:52:03.560
<v Speaker 2>to the edge of a clift.

0:52:02.640 --> 0:52:07.520
<v Speaker 4>Yet, man, we should end this. But first I want

0:52:07.560 --> 0:52:10.440
<v Speaker 4>to say, there is a really interesting article it's pretty

0:52:10.520 --> 0:52:17.319
<v Speaker 4>understandable on Quanta magazine about a guy named George Sugihara

0:52:18.280 --> 0:52:22.920
<v Speaker 4>and he is a chaos theory dude who's got a

0:52:22.960 --> 0:52:25.880
<v Speaker 4>whole lab and is applying it to real life. So

0:52:26.719 --> 0:52:30.800
<v Speaker 4>it's a really good picture of chaos theory and action.

0:52:31.760 --> 0:52:35.000
<v Speaker 4>Go check it out. Okay, if you want to know

0:52:35.040 --> 0:52:39.160
<v Speaker 4>more about chaos theory, I hope your brain's not broken.

0:52:39.239 --> 0:52:42.719
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, go take some LSD and look at fractals. Don't

0:52:42.719 --> 0:52:42.960
<v Speaker 1>do that.

0:52:43.920 --> 0:52:47.360
<v Speaker 4>You can type those words into how stuff works in

0:52:47.400 --> 0:52:50.960
<v Speaker 4>the search bar any of those fractals, LSD chaos. It'll

0:52:51.000 --> 0:52:53.920
<v Speaker 4>bring up some good stuff. And since I said good stuff,

0:52:53.960 --> 0:52:55.319
<v Speaker 4>it's time for a listener mail.

0:52:57.480 --> 0:53:01.040
<v Speaker 1>I'm gonna call this rare shout out get requests all

0:53:01.080 --> 0:53:01.600
<v Speaker 1>the time.

0:53:01.480 --> 0:53:05.200
<v Speaker 4>And bet I know each one really Yeah dude and

0:53:05.200 --> 0:53:08.520
<v Speaker 4>his girlfriend. Yeah, no, so far so good.

0:53:09.440 --> 0:53:10.920
<v Speaker 2>Hey, guys, just wanted to say I think you're doing

0:53:10.960 --> 0:53:13.799
<v Speaker 2>a wonderful job with the show to this date. My

0:53:13.920 --> 0:53:16.000
<v Speaker 2>first time listening was during my first deployment.

0:53:17.040 --> 0:53:18.880
<v Speaker 5>Yeah yeah, yeah, when.

0:53:18.760 --> 0:53:22.120
<v Speaker 2>I listened to your list on famous and influential films,

0:53:22.440 --> 0:53:25.080
<v Speaker 2>I was hooked after that. Since I came back stateside,

0:53:25.120 --> 0:53:27.960
<v Speaker 2>have spent many hours driving to and fro to see

0:53:28.000 --> 0:53:31.480
<v Speaker 2>my girlfriend to my barracks, and I can happily say

0:53:31.520 --> 0:53:34.720
<v Speaker 2>that they've been made all the more enjoyable by listening

0:53:34.760 --> 0:53:35.320
<v Speaker 2>to you guys.

0:53:35.640 --> 0:53:36.080
<v Speaker 4>That's good.

0:53:36.360 --> 0:53:38.480
<v Speaker 2>Even my girlfriend Rachel has warmed up to you dudes,

0:53:39.000 --> 0:53:41.120
<v Speaker 2>which was not a pleasant I'm sorry, which was a

0:53:41.160 --> 0:53:44.200
<v Speaker 2>pleasant shock to me. She has told me repeatedly that

0:53:44.239 --> 0:53:48.520
<v Speaker 2>she cannot listen to audiobooks because quote, hearing people talk

0:53:48.640 --> 0:53:49.560
<v Speaker 2>on the radio.

0:53:49.400 --> 0:53:51.200
<v Speaker 1>Gives me a headache end quote.

0:53:51.520 --> 0:53:53.920
<v Speaker 2>Anyway, I hope you guys continue to make awesome podcasts

0:53:54.160 --> 0:53:56.680
<v Speaker 2>as I'm headed out on my next deployment. And if

0:53:56.719 --> 0:53:58.319
<v Speaker 2>you could give a shout out to Rachel, I'm sure

0:53:58.320 --> 0:54:00.360
<v Speaker 2>it would make her feel a little better that I

0:54:00.400 --> 0:54:03.480
<v Speaker 2>got the pleasant people on the podcast to reaffirm how

0:54:03.560 --> 0:54:08.799
<v Speaker 2>much I love her. That is, John, Rachel, hang in there, John,

0:54:08.960 --> 0:54:12.120
<v Speaker 2>be safe and uh, thanks for listening.

0:54:12.200 --> 0:54:14.080
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, man, thank you, that is a great email. I

0:54:14.120 --> 0:54:14.600
<v Speaker 4>love that one.

0:54:14.640 --> 0:54:16.719
<v Speaker 1>Glad we don't give you a headache. Rachel, Yeah for real,

0:54:16.800 --> 0:54:18.040
<v Speaker 1>she listens to this one, She's.

0:54:17.920 --> 0:54:20.480
<v Speaker 4>Like, Okay, oh yeah, everybody's gonna get a headache from

0:54:20.520 --> 0:54:22.840
<v Speaker 4>this one. Like I came to hate the sound of

0:54:22.880 --> 0:54:24.240
<v Speaker 4>my own voice from this one.

0:54:24.480 --> 0:54:25.239
<v Speaker 1>Ah, you'll be right.

0:54:27.280 --> 0:54:28.719
<v Speaker 4>If you want to get in touch with us, you

0:54:28.760 --> 0:54:31.120
<v Speaker 4>can hang out with us on Twitter at s y

0:54:31.280 --> 0:54:33.880
<v Speaker 4>s K podcast. Same goes for Instagram. You can hang

0:54:33.920 --> 0:54:35.800
<v Speaker 4>out with us on Facebook dot com slash stuff you

0:54:35.800 --> 0:54:38.200
<v Speaker 4>Should Know. You can send us an email to stuff

0:54:38.239 --> 0:54:41.120
<v Speaker 4>podcast at HowStuffWorks dot com and has always joined us

0:54:41.120 --> 0:54:43.080
<v Speaker 4>at our home on the web, Stuff you Should Know

0:54:43.280 --> 0:54:49.799
<v Speaker 4>dot com.

0:54:49.840 --> 0:54:52.400
<v Speaker 5>For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit

0:54:52.400 --> 0:54:59.880
<v Speaker 5>HowStuffWorks dot com.