1 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:11,720 Speaker 1: Is it possible to be two different things at the 2 00:00:11,760 --> 00:00:16,360 Speaker 1: same time? Can you like dogs and cats? Can you 3 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 1: be a horse and a giraffe at the same time? 4 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:23,479 Speaker 1: Can something taste salty and sweet? Can address be black 5 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: and blue and white and gold? In today's podcast, we 6 00:00:27,640 --> 00:00:32,400 Speaker 1: talked about the centuries old scientific debate about light. Is 7 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: light a particle or a wave? Or is it both? Hello? 8 00:00:55,480 --> 00:00:58,800 Speaker 1: I'm Organ and I'm Daniel. Welcome to Daniel and Jorge 9 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: Explain the Universe, in which we try to explain the 10 00:01:01,840 --> 00:01:05,840 Speaker 1: whole universe and everything in it, including light. Now, I'm 11 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:08,959 Speaker 1: a cartoonist. I draw something called PhD comics, and I'm 12 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:12,200 Speaker 1: a particle physicist. During the day, I smash particles together 13 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:15,679 Speaker 1: with the large hadron collider. Yeah. Well, today on the program, 14 00:01:15,760 --> 00:01:23,000 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the nature of light. That's right. 15 00:01:23,040 --> 00:01:26,440 Speaker 1: People have been arguing for centuries what is light? Is 16 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: it made out of particles? Is it made out of waves? 17 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:32,040 Speaker 1: It's something else? Is it tiny little puppies screaming through space? 18 00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:34,440 Speaker 1: People have gone back and forth on the issue, and 19 00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:38,280 Speaker 1: today even the topic is not yet totally settled. So 20 00:01:38,319 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 1: we're gonna be taking you through that history and breaking 21 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:43,119 Speaker 1: it down it's one of the most mind blowing questions 22 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:47,080 Speaker 1: in human scientific history. That's right, what is light made 23 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:49,480 Speaker 1: out of? So, as usual, before we dig into it, 24 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:51,160 Speaker 1: we went out and we asked people on the street. 25 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:52,560 Speaker 1: What do you think light is made out of? What 26 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 1: do people know about light? Is light a particle or 27 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 1: is it a wave? Here's what people had to say. 28 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:01,560 Speaker 1: Do you think light? Is it out of particles or waves? 29 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:05,480 Speaker 1: Or both? Are neither? Photos? Yeah? Photons? Yeah, so you 30 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:10,840 Speaker 1: think it's a particle. I think it's waves. Yeah, it's both, 31 00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:15,800 Speaker 1: I think because it moves like a wave, but it 32 00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: also has properties of a particle and there's nothing saying 33 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:25,360 Speaker 1: it can't people. Okay, um, light, I think they're made 34 00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:30,680 Speaker 1: of wavelength Yeah all right. Well, um, it's interesting because 35 00:02:30,680 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 1: I think all of the answers are right or none 36 00:02:35,720 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 1: of them, or or both. Yeah. Well, it seems like 37 00:02:40,639 --> 00:02:42,600 Speaker 1: a lot of people reflected the fact that there is 38 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:45,679 Speaker 1: a controversy like that. You know, it's not really well 39 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:48,120 Speaker 1: described by either those. Some people went all in, you know, 40 00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:50,680 Speaker 1: like it's a photon or it's a wave, or it's 41 00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:53,399 Speaker 1: a wave length right, Yeah, that was my favorite one. 42 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: I want to be a wavelength like I've heard of 43 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: this word. It sounds really cool and scientific. I'm just 44 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 1: gonna throw it out there, that's right. Yeah, maybe I 45 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:06,200 Speaker 1: get some points. We award no points, people, no points. 46 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:09,160 Speaker 1: That's right. There's no prize, your prices. You get to 47 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:11,320 Speaker 1: be on our podcast, and maybe we even make fun 48 00:03:11,360 --> 00:03:13,919 Speaker 1: of you. Yeah, but yeah, I guess what you mean 49 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:16,320 Speaker 1: is nobody sort of fell for the trap, right, Like 50 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:18,799 Speaker 1: nobody said, oh, of course it's a particle, or nobody said, 51 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: oh of course it's a wave. Most people sort of 52 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: needed that there's some sort of duality there, something weird 53 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:27,600 Speaker 1: going on. That's right. That science is having some trouble, 54 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:30,400 Speaker 1: some difficulty coming up with a way to describe what 55 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 1: light is. And that might seem surprising to you because 56 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:35,600 Speaker 1: light is everywhere, right, and it runs the universe. It's 57 00:03:35,680 --> 00:03:39,600 Speaker 1: streaming through the Solar system from the Sun, illuminating our lives, 58 00:03:39,640 --> 00:03:42,440 Speaker 1: empowering everything on Earth. So you think this would be 59 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:44,720 Speaker 1: sort of a high priority topic to figure out, like 60 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: what is this stuff? What is it made out of? Yeah? 61 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: I mean, like, what are we paying you for, Daniel, 62 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:52,760 Speaker 1: if not to figure these kinds of questions out. I 63 00:03:52,880 --> 00:03:55,040 Speaker 1: was just about to figure out what light was when 64 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,520 Speaker 1: you called and said it's time to do this podcast. 65 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:02,080 Speaker 1: Totally about your thin train of thought there, that's right, 66 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:06,960 Speaker 1: reflect on that for a minute or but no, Yeah, 67 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: I'm a California taxpayer. Part of my salary goes to 68 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:13,480 Speaker 1: being your salary, like you know, one million of a present. 69 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:15,400 Speaker 1: That's true. Yeah, so you're you're saying you did pay 70 00:04:15,440 --> 00:04:25,520 Speaker 1: taxes very against another topics on air Daniel. Anyway, So 71 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:28,720 Speaker 1: that's an interesting question, like is light a waiver particle? 72 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: And it's weird that we don't know, um, but maybe 73 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:33,440 Speaker 1: let's bring it down a little bit. What is it? Like, 74 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:35,480 Speaker 1: what are we actually talking about when we say that 75 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: light could be a particle or light could be a wave, 76 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:41,359 Speaker 1: like you know, most people probably think of light is 77 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:45,520 Speaker 1: just like just like brightness, right. Yeah. The thing to 78 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:48,839 Speaker 1: understand here is that we try to describe light in 79 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:51,920 Speaker 1: terms of things we know, and that's what science is. Right. 80 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:54,640 Speaker 1: You see something weird and new and you wonder, is 81 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:57,719 Speaker 1: it like this other thing I know? So we've observed 82 00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:00,720 Speaker 1: different kinds of phenomenon in the world. Like you see waves, right, 83 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: you go to the beach, you see waves and water. 84 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:05,920 Speaker 1: You drop a rock in a small puddle. You see waves. 85 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:09,200 Speaker 1: We know what waves are, and we see different phenomena. 86 00:05:09,240 --> 00:05:11,680 Speaker 1: We try to categorize them in terms of things we know. Right, 87 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:15,040 Speaker 1: So like when people were studying sound, they discovered, oh, 88 00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:17,719 Speaker 1: sound is actually a wave. You know, it's a compression 89 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,760 Speaker 1: wave in the air. And that's cool because he says, oh, 90 00:05:20,800 --> 00:05:23,600 Speaker 1: I already know how the math for waves works. Right, 91 00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 1: I've seen waves and water. I've seen waves and other stuff. 92 00:05:26,480 --> 00:05:30,320 Speaker 1: You can describe it with like equations, right, yeah, wavy equations, 93 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 1: that's right, very solid unwavy physics to describe waves. And 94 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:38,080 Speaker 1: there's a lot of science that's gone into understanding ways. 95 00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:40,720 Speaker 1: So if you can cram it into that box and say, oh, 96 00:05:40,760 --> 00:05:43,039 Speaker 1: this is just another example of something we already know, 97 00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 1: then you're taking a huge leap forward. Right. So that's 98 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:48,920 Speaker 1: something people try to do is say, like, look, can 99 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 1: we describe this in terms of other things we know? 100 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 1: So we need like we you know, we know about light, 101 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:55,839 Speaker 1: but we want to know how it behaves and what 102 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:58,279 Speaker 1: makes it work. Yeah, and just on a more general level, 103 00:05:58,279 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: you try to see something new you are to describe 104 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:02,720 Speaker 1: in terms of things you know, Like, say you taste 105 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:04,600 Speaker 1: a new kind of fruit and you'd be like, Oh, 106 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:06,279 Speaker 1: it's a little bit like a cherry and a little 107 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: bit like an apple, and a little bit like you know, 108 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:10,440 Speaker 1: it's got a hint of smokiness to it or whatever. 109 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:13,320 Speaker 1: You know. You're like, it's a chapel. It's a chapel. 110 00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: How has nobody ever invented that? The cherry apple chapel? 111 00:06:16,960 --> 00:06:20,080 Speaker 1: Oh my gosh, somebody, if our lawyer is listening, get 112 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:24,599 Speaker 1: on that right away. Copyright that idea chapel dot com. 113 00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:26,680 Speaker 1: That's right. So that's the basic idea is we have 114 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:29,000 Speaker 1: these things we've seen. You see something new, you don't 115 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:30,919 Speaker 1: want to create a whole new category. You want to 116 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:33,159 Speaker 1: fit in into one of the existing categories. So we 117 00:06:33,279 --> 00:06:35,400 Speaker 1: set a new about light. It came from the sun. 118 00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,240 Speaker 1: You know, if you light a fire, it spreads out 119 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:41,200 Speaker 1: into a room. And so we're like, what's going on? 120 00:06:41,279 --> 00:06:46,000 Speaker 1: Like what? Um? What best describes how this light you know, 121 00:06:46,160 --> 00:06:48,760 Speaker 1: comes from a source and bounces off the walls and stuff? 122 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:52,520 Speaker 1: Exactly exactly, that's the question. And so we've seen things 123 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:54,160 Speaker 1: like waves, So what do we mean when we say 124 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:56,080 Speaker 1: a wave? Like, how could a light be a wave? Well? 125 00:06:56,520 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 1: How can anything be a wave? Yeah? How can anything 126 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:01,480 Speaker 1: be a wave. A wave is a funny thing because 127 00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:04,799 Speaker 1: it's not a thing itself. It's a property of some medium. 128 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:08,360 Speaker 1: Like it's like a ripple on something. Yeah, that's right. 129 00:07:08,440 --> 00:07:10,480 Speaker 1: Like if you do the wave at a baseball game, 130 00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: you know, there's nothing to the wave itself. It's just 131 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:16,480 Speaker 1: a bunch of people moving up and down waving their hands, right, 132 00:07:16,640 --> 00:07:19,320 Speaker 1: Or like a sound wave is just like air molecules 133 00:07:19,640 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: kind of bumping forward. That's right, yeah, exactly. Or a 134 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:24,960 Speaker 1: wave in the in the ocean, it's just it's an 135 00:07:25,080 --> 00:07:27,520 Speaker 1: arrangement of the water, right, It's it's the way the 136 00:07:27,520 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 1: water gets compressed and then stretched out and compressed and 137 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 1: then get stretched out. So that's the important thing about 138 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:35,000 Speaker 1: a wave is that it moves in this way through 139 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:39,160 Speaker 1: a medium. Okay, so that's a wave. It's like a propagation, 140 00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:41,800 Speaker 1: it's like a ripple through something. But then so then 141 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:44,080 Speaker 1: what what would you call a particle? Particle is different 142 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:46,400 Speaker 1: than that. A particle is different than that, and it's 143 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:48,920 Speaker 1: a totally different kind of thing, you know, and uh, 144 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:51,120 Speaker 1: to be a particle physicist, it's kind of odd, but 145 00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:53,640 Speaker 1: the concept of a particle is not that really well 146 00:07:53,680 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: to find you know, um, But when I think of 147 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:58,400 Speaker 1: a particle, I think of taking matter and breaking it 148 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: down to its smallest pieces. Like, if something is made 149 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:03,520 Speaker 1: out of particles, it means that at its smallest level, 150 00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 1: it's made out of this these little bits that can't 151 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,280 Speaker 1: be chopped into smaller bits, and that they're localized. They're 152 00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: like um, small and contained. Right. If if you discover 153 00:08:14,400 --> 00:08:16,760 Speaker 1: that something is made of particles, you expect it to 154 00:08:16,760 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 1: be like mostly empty space, but with these little dots 155 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:22,440 Speaker 1: of matter, Like it would take something and then you 156 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:24,600 Speaker 1: smash it to bits and just keep smashing, and at 157 00:08:24,640 --> 00:08:26,760 Speaker 1: some point you're going to get to these little like 158 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:30,680 Speaker 1: baby balls or like little tiny pellets that you can't 159 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: break down anymore, that's right. Yeah, It's like seeing a 160 00:08:33,840 --> 00:08:36,719 Speaker 1: picture on your your computer screen and discovering it's made 161 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:39,480 Speaker 1: out of pixels, right, and that those pixels are the 162 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:42,640 Speaker 1: basic elements and they come together to make the whole picture. Um. 163 00:08:42,679 --> 00:08:46,000 Speaker 1: So figuring out this something is made of particles means 164 00:08:46,080 --> 00:08:48,559 Speaker 1: that there's made of these these little bits that are 165 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:52,240 Speaker 1: not um connected to each other, right, they're separated. So 166 00:08:52,360 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 1: a wave and a particle in nature are totally different 167 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:58,120 Speaker 1: kinds of things, right Now, water of course is made 168 00:08:58,120 --> 00:09:00,760 Speaker 1: of particles, but can have waves in it, right, But 169 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:03,120 Speaker 1: I think maybe maybe what's important here is that, you know, 170 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:06,440 Speaker 1: particles we tend to think of as little tiny bits. 171 00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:08,560 Speaker 1: They can bounce around, right, and like go in a 172 00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:13,160 Speaker 1: straight line and then hit something else and then bounce back, 173 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,000 Speaker 1: or you know, kind of fly through space right in 174 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:20,040 Speaker 1: a discrete little package. Exactly. That's exactly the right way 175 00:09:20,040 --> 00:09:22,439 Speaker 1: to say. It is a discrete little package. Right. So 176 00:09:22,559 --> 00:09:24,120 Speaker 1: things that have made of particles we think of as 177 00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:27,679 Speaker 1: being discrete little bits um and they they've broken up 178 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:30,319 Speaker 1: into these little little pieces, and you're right, they move 179 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:33,280 Speaker 1: in straight lines. Right, Like you throw a rock, your 180 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:36,760 Speaker 1: your roll a smooth ball across the surface, you expected 181 00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:38,840 Speaker 1: to move in a straight line. So that's kind of 182 00:09:38,840 --> 00:09:41,880 Speaker 1: what we mean by a wave and a particle, that's right. Yeah. 183 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:44,520 Speaker 1: And so the question is is like is light a 184 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:47,080 Speaker 1: ripple on a medium? Is that what light is? Or 185 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:50,319 Speaker 1: is it like actually little things and move around in space? Right? 186 00:09:50,320 --> 00:09:53,000 Speaker 1: Does it have its own stuff to it? Right? Or 187 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:55,959 Speaker 1: is it just a way something else moves right? That's 188 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:58,360 Speaker 1: sort of another way to phrase the question, right, And 189 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:01,280 Speaker 1: those are two pretty different picture is a reality? Right? Yeah? 190 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:03,679 Speaker 1: The light could be little pellets flying around, or it 191 00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:06,679 Speaker 1: could be some sort of ripple on a medium. To us, 192 00:10:06,679 --> 00:10:09,840 Speaker 1: in our intuitive sense, it couldn't be any more different, right, 193 00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:12,480 Speaker 1: that's right. Yeah, it's like you can't be a Democrat 194 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:14,680 Speaker 1: and a Republican, you know, just you have to pick one, 195 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:19,640 Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, if you can be or you could 196 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:23,080 Speaker 1: be neither as opposed, Um, you shouldn't be both though, Yeah, 197 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:26,040 Speaker 1: that would be a violation of some some election law 198 00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: not recommended to violate election that's right. Yeah. So, speaking 199 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:35,040 Speaker 1: of political shouting matches, this one, this historical scientific shouting match, 200 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:37,960 Speaker 1: began all the way back with the Greeks, right Democratus 201 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:40,800 Speaker 1: he's the guy sort of the first atomist. He's the 202 00:10:40,800 --> 00:10:42,880 Speaker 1: first person to look at the world and to say, 203 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:45,760 Speaker 1: you know, maybe everything's made out of tiny little bits, 204 00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:48,880 Speaker 1: not just light, but also matter. And that was sort 205 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:51,960 Speaker 1: of the birth of that idea that maybe everything around 206 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:55,400 Speaker 1: us that seems macroscopic is made out of tiny little things, 207 00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,600 Speaker 1: smaller than we can see. And you know, as usual, 208 00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:01,319 Speaker 1: when somebody comes up with a good idea, they overextended. 209 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:03,480 Speaker 1: They're like, well, maybe if rocks are made out of stuff, 210 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:06,160 Speaker 1: then water is also made out of particles, and maybe 211 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:08,760 Speaker 1: even light is made out of particles. You know. It's 212 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:11,680 Speaker 1: at the time seemed like a totally a crazy reach. 213 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:13,920 Speaker 1: And that makes sense, right, because light seems to go 214 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:16,880 Speaker 1: in a straight line. It seems to bounce off of things. 215 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:19,439 Speaker 1: So why couldn't light just be like a little tiny 216 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:22,239 Speaker 1: little pellets that bounce around the room and then eventually 217 00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:25,040 Speaker 1: hit your eye and then that's how you see something. Yeah, 218 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: it certainly seems to have some of those particles like properties, right, 219 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:30,520 Speaker 1: it moves in straight lines. Uh, it certainly would be 220 00:11:30,520 --> 00:11:33,160 Speaker 1: going really really fast. At the time, people thought that 221 00:11:33,240 --> 00:11:37,559 Speaker 1: light traveled instantly, right. They thought that light um instantaneously 222 00:11:37,559 --> 00:11:40,040 Speaker 1: went from like the sun to the earth, or or 223 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: um if you started a fire, that the light would 224 00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:44,840 Speaker 1: immediately illuminate the room. Now, we of course know that 225 00:11:44,880 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: it just happens super duper crazy fast, too fast for 226 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:51,439 Speaker 1: those folks to ever measure, so it's almost like it's instantaneous. 227 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,040 Speaker 1: But they thought that these things just moved instantly through 228 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:56,360 Speaker 1: space and filled up the room. Okay, and I want 229 00:11:56,360 --> 00:11:58,480 Speaker 1: to talk a little bit more about that, but first 230 00:11:58,520 --> 00:12:14,320 Speaker 1: a quick break. So, initially we thought light was or 231 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 1: the Greeks thought that light was a particle, right, And 232 00:12:18,679 --> 00:12:20,400 Speaker 1: I think we have to qualify that because it makes 233 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,880 Speaker 1: the Greek sound really smart. Just come up with this 234 00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:25,840 Speaker 1: idea of atoms and all that stuff, and you say 235 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:28,040 Speaker 1: this before you're really really down in the Greeks. Well, 236 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:30,440 Speaker 1: I think people give the Greeks too much credit for that, because, 237 00:12:30,640 --> 00:12:33,240 Speaker 1: as I've probably said to you before, Um, the Greeks 238 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:34,880 Speaker 1: had lots and lots of ideas. You know, they had 239 00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:36,679 Speaker 1: like thousands of these ideas about how the way the 240 00:12:36,679 --> 00:12:39,320 Speaker 1: world works, and yeah, one of them was close to true. 241 00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: But like, if we're going to do some accounting, let's 242 00:12:41,720 --> 00:12:46,080 Speaker 1: also remember the n that were totally off base, you know, 243 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:48,839 Speaker 1: and and give them credit for those. Yeah, find that 244 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:52,040 Speaker 1: Greek we thought life was just little puppies, and be like, see, 245 00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: you guys also thought they were puppies. You can't be 246 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:57,760 Speaker 1: that smart, that's right. But it's a cool idea. So 247 00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:00,160 Speaker 1: give them credit for having that idea and know what 248 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:01,760 Speaker 1: they were smoking when they came up with it. But 249 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:04,800 Speaker 1: I'd like to figure out where to find something. Um. 250 00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:07,040 Speaker 1: And then it was thousands of years later before people 251 00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,360 Speaker 1: had another idea. It was a Descartes, the guy who's 252 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:12,440 Speaker 1: famous for you know, I think therefore I am he 253 00:13:12,559 --> 00:13:14,680 Speaker 1: thought about He was one of the early scientists, not 254 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:17,280 Speaker 1: just philosopher, but a scientist, back in the day when 255 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:20,040 Speaker 1: you know, science really was part of philosophy, and he 256 00:13:20,160 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: thought that light was waves. What made him think it 257 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:25,320 Speaker 1: was waves? You know, I don't think he had much 258 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:27,760 Speaker 1: justification for it. This is back in the early days 259 00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:30,680 Speaker 1: when science wasn't really an empirical study where you didn't 260 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:34,320 Speaker 1: like go out and do experiments to test your hypothesis. Um, 261 00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:36,840 Speaker 1: it just made more sense to him for light to 262 00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:40,520 Speaker 1: be like these wave like disturbances, which kind of makes sense, right, 263 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,320 Speaker 1: Like if you have a speaker in a room emitting 264 00:13:43,360 --> 00:13:46,520 Speaker 1: sound waves, Um, it's not that different from like a 265 00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:49,240 Speaker 1: light bulb in the middle of the room emitting light 266 00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:52,280 Speaker 1: all around it. Right. Yeah. And there's some things that 267 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 1: light does that don't really that don't really seem consistent 268 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: with particles, you know, like the way light bends through 269 00:13:59,280 --> 00:14:02,040 Speaker 1: a lens, right, it's called we call in science, we 270 00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: call that refraction. You know, with light changes from going 271 00:14:04,920 --> 00:14:07,240 Speaker 1: through air to glass, it bends in this weird way. 272 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:12,120 Speaker 1: That's something that's very common for waves, right, And a 273 00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:16,720 Speaker 1: particle wouldn't bend inside of a lens. No particle, that's 274 00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:20,720 Speaker 1: definitely a wave like behavior, yeah, not particle like behavior. 275 00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: And so Descartes saw that and he's like, oh, you know, 276 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,000 Speaker 1: we have optics, we have these lenses, so maybe light 277 00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:27,840 Speaker 1: is a wave. But if light is a wave, then 278 00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:31,160 Speaker 1: it opens this other question. What's doing the waving? Right? 279 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:33,280 Speaker 1: I mean with sound, you know it's the air, and 280 00:14:33,320 --> 00:14:36,120 Speaker 1: in water waves obviously it's the water. But if light 281 00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:38,840 Speaker 1: is a wave, then what is waving? Meaning? Like, if 282 00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 1: light is a ripple, what is it a ripple of 283 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:44,920 Speaker 1: that's right? Yeah, what's doing the rippling? Right? If it's 284 00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: a wave, it has to be a wave in something, 285 00:14:46,320 --> 00:14:49,000 Speaker 1: because a wave is just a description of some other 286 00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:53,120 Speaker 1: form of matter rippling, right, It couldn't just be like 287 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:56,920 Speaker 1: a stuff that we can't see. Yeah, and so you 288 00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,480 Speaker 1: have to invent some stuff that we can't see, right, 289 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 1: So explain light being a wave. You have to invent 290 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:04,040 Speaker 1: this universe filled with stuff or there has to be 291 00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:06,520 Speaker 1: that stuff between us and the sun for example, right, 292 00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:08,760 Speaker 1: which is a huge amount of this new stuff you're inventing. 293 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:10,960 Speaker 1: And if you're looking at the stars, there has to 294 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:13,120 Speaker 1: be that stuff between you and the stars. Right, So 295 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:16,000 Speaker 1: now we're talking about billions of miles of this new stuff, 296 00:15:16,520 --> 00:15:19,000 Speaker 1: and Decart, you know, didn't know. So he just gave 297 00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 1: it a name. He's called I don't even know how 298 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:23,680 Speaker 1: to pronounce it, but he called it plenum. And he thought, well, 299 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:25,600 Speaker 1: there must be if light is a wave, there must 300 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:27,840 Speaker 1: be some stuff that's doing the waving, and we'll just 301 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:29,680 Speaker 1: give it a name and maybe we'll be right, and 302 00:15:29,720 --> 00:15:32,560 Speaker 1: then we'll be famous forever. Isn't it is that different 303 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,120 Speaker 1: under either it's similar in concept, right, it's a different idea, 304 00:15:36,160 --> 00:15:38,200 Speaker 1: but it's similar in concept that like, if light is 305 00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:40,680 Speaker 1: a wave, it must be waving through something, and we 306 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:42,640 Speaker 1: don't know what it is, which is invents something to 307 00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:45,600 Speaker 1: give it a name as a placeholder so when later 308 00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,360 Speaker 1: people do the hard work of actually discovering it will 309 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:51,320 Speaker 1: still get credit. So it was a particle. Light was 310 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:53,600 Speaker 1: a particle, then it was a wave, and then what happened, Well, 311 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:55,680 Speaker 1: then Newton came along, right, And Newton is a really 312 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:58,240 Speaker 1: smart guy, and everybody knows that he's famous for thinking 313 00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:01,480 Speaker 1: about gravity, but he also like to think about optics 314 00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,760 Speaker 1: and lenses. And he thought for sure that light was 315 00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:07,160 Speaker 1: a particle because he saw it moving in straight lines, 316 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:10,960 Speaker 1: and he saw distinct shadows. But you know, Newton also 317 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:13,080 Speaker 1: did a lot of experiments with optics. He did he 318 00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:15,560 Speaker 1: studied prisms, and he saw light bending, and he saw 319 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:18,600 Speaker 1: light splitting into colors. And you can't explain that if 320 00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:21,640 Speaker 1: light is a particle, but he tried. You know, He's like, well, 321 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,000 Speaker 1: maybe when a particle hits the glass, it gets some 322 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: sort of weird sideways force, um, and that makes it bend. 323 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:32,120 Speaker 1: But you know, that's not really an explanation. That's just 324 00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:34,560 Speaker 1: sort of like a I don't really understand it. But 325 00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:37,920 Speaker 1: maybe it's something like this, like, if light is a particle, 326 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:41,560 Speaker 1: why does it split into the rainbow kind of thing? Yeah, exactly. 327 00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:44,040 Speaker 1: And you know this is again back in the day 328 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:47,040 Speaker 1: when empirical studies of science weren't the main way to 329 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:50,200 Speaker 1: answer questions. It was mostly thinking in your head about 330 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:52,680 Speaker 1: things that made sense to you, and then they would 331 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:55,360 Speaker 1: argue about them. Right. A lot of a way scientific 332 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:57,880 Speaker 1: disputes he used to be resolved was people would argue 333 00:16:57,880 --> 00:16:59,520 Speaker 1: about it and then say, well, that makes no sense, 334 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:01,960 Speaker 1: so it can't be true. Um. And we know now, 335 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,479 Speaker 1: of course, that the universe doesn't always make sense to us. 336 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:07,760 Speaker 1: What's real doesn't isn't necessarily the things that we would 337 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:11,480 Speaker 1: have accepted as true or or accepted as a reasonable 338 00:17:11,520 --> 00:17:13,760 Speaker 1: way to describe the universe. But you know, if that's 339 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:15,560 Speaker 1: the way nature works, that's the way nature works, you 340 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:18,560 Speaker 1: have to accept it. But that's the sort of primacy 341 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:21,880 Speaker 1: of experimental results came later on. So back in the day, 342 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:24,320 Speaker 1: people just sort of used to argue for an explanation 343 00:17:24,320 --> 00:17:26,720 Speaker 1: that made sense to them. Right, Well, it was kind 344 00:17:26,720 --> 00:17:29,000 Speaker 1: of hard for them to build a particle collider, right, 345 00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:34,240 Speaker 1: that's right, yeah, exactly. They they didn't have the massive 346 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:36,159 Speaker 1: government funding to do that. These were men of leisure 347 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:39,000 Speaker 1: studying science in the spare time. In fact, it was 348 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: called like natural philosophy, right, It wasn't called science at 349 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:45,840 Speaker 1: the time, wasn't. Yeah, that's right exactly. Science All science 350 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:49,359 Speaker 1: grew out of philosophy. Um, it was called these folks 351 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:52,640 Speaker 1: were natural philosophers. But you know, later on then people 352 00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:55,399 Speaker 1: started doing experiments. And there were a bunch of French 353 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:58,320 Speaker 1: guys um who did a bunch of experiments, and some 354 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,400 Speaker 1: of some English folks, and they were studying how life 355 00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:04,600 Speaker 1: behaved and refraction and reflection, and they saw it doing 356 00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:06,560 Speaker 1: these things, and they thought, there's no way Newton's right, 357 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:09,080 Speaker 1: this has to be a wave. Um. You know, they 358 00:18:09,119 --> 00:18:14,560 Speaker 1: saw things like interference patterns. Right. Interference patterns is when 359 00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:17,560 Speaker 1: you have two waves and sometimes one is rippling up 360 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:20,480 Speaker 1: at the same time another one is rippling down. Right. 361 00:18:20,520 --> 00:18:23,960 Speaker 1: So imagine, for example, you have a bathtub of water 362 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:26,200 Speaker 1: in front of you, and you slap it with two 363 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:28,920 Speaker 1: hands at once, right, each one is going to send 364 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:32,119 Speaker 1: waves out, and then when those end, those waves are 365 00:18:32,119 --> 00:18:35,120 Speaker 1: either rippling up or rippling down. And when they reach 366 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,240 Speaker 1: each other, if they're both rippling up at the same time, 367 00:18:38,280 --> 00:18:41,560 Speaker 1: then they constructively interfere to get a double wave. If 368 00:18:41,560 --> 00:18:44,320 Speaker 1: they're both rippling down at the same time, they constructively 369 00:18:44,359 --> 00:18:47,359 Speaker 1: interfered to get a double down wave. If one is 370 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:50,159 Speaker 1: rippling up and the others rippling down, then they then 371 00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:53,000 Speaker 1: they cancel each other out right, And so you would 372 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:57,040 Speaker 1: see no light, yeah, exactly, And so you can do 373 00:18:57,080 --> 00:18:59,280 Speaker 1: this kind of stuff in you know, in your bathtub, 374 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:02,280 Speaker 1: you can see interfe Auran's patterns, um. And what happens 375 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:04,199 Speaker 1: if you have two sources like that, like one from 376 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:06,800 Speaker 1: each of your hands, is you get some areas where 377 00:19:06,960 --> 00:19:08,800 Speaker 1: the waves are high in some areas where the waves 378 00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:11,040 Speaker 1: are are low, in some areas where there are no waves. 379 00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:12,720 Speaker 1: And so as you say, if you do with light, 380 00:19:13,119 --> 00:19:15,960 Speaker 1: then you see these patterns of dark and light, these stripes, 381 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:18,600 Speaker 1: And you couldn't do that with particles, right, like a 382 00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: particle wouldn't cancel another particle. Yeah, there's no way to 383 00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:24,480 Speaker 1: explain that with particles. People thought, well, look, um, this 384 00:19:24,560 --> 00:19:26,800 Speaker 1: is something that waves do and light is doing it, 385 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:28,720 Speaker 1: and there's no way to explain it with particles, so 386 00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:32,399 Speaker 1: light must be a wave. In fact, there's even famous 387 00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:35,080 Speaker 1: cases where they said, well, you know, um, if light 388 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:37,480 Speaker 1: is a wave, then you know, if you set up 389 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,720 Speaker 1: this various experiment, you would get this crazy effect and 390 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:43,520 Speaker 1: so that's absurd and so it definitely can't be true. 391 00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:45,760 Speaker 1: And then they went and did the experiment and saw 392 00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: the crazy wave effect and they're like, oh, that is true. 393 00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:51,960 Speaker 1: You know, this is a I love that because it's 394 00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:55,640 Speaker 1: the primacy of experimental experimentalism, right, like, go and check 395 00:19:55,680 --> 00:19:57,880 Speaker 1: the data, Go and actually get some data and see 396 00:19:57,880 --> 00:20:00,520 Speaker 1: what the universe tells you. Yeah, Like you're like a 397 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:03,879 Speaker 1: doughnut can't possibly be a croissant at the same time, 398 00:20:04,359 --> 00:20:07,680 Speaker 1: But it turns out that you can bake something called 399 00:20:07,680 --> 00:20:10,439 Speaker 1: the cronut. Yeah exactly. I think that's a big debate 400 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:13,080 Speaker 1: in pastry science still though. And is it from a 401 00:20:13,119 --> 00:20:15,119 Speaker 1: donut like that's like a croissant or is it a 402 00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:17,520 Speaker 1: croissant that's like a donut. Yeah. I'm getting my degree 403 00:20:17,560 --> 00:20:23,520 Speaker 1: and I'm particle baking. Yeah, the large Pastry Collider. I'm 404 00:20:23,520 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 1: looking forward to the construction of that project. But that's 405 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:30,720 Speaker 1: kind of what you mean. It's like you, people don't 406 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:33,840 Speaker 1: think it's possible until they actually see it. And waves 407 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:36,760 Speaker 1: and light has been doing this to people for hundreds 408 00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:39,199 Speaker 1: of years, or they're like, they can't possibly be doing this, 409 00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: or they can't it can't possibly be doing that, but 410 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:44,240 Speaker 1: it just keeps doing all these weird things. Yeah, exactly. 411 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:46,840 Speaker 1: And and that was the experiment, it was called the 412 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:50,159 Speaker 1: double slit experiment, the one that really convinced people that 413 00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:53,800 Speaker 1: light is a wave because they shone a strong light 414 00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:56,120 Speaker 1: and they had just two little narrow slits which act 415 00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:59,160 Speaker 1: like sources like slapping your hands in the bathtub water 416 00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:01,880 Speaker 1: and and on the screen behind it, they saw these 417 00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:04,800 Speaker 1: interference patterns, right, is that you could definitely only get 418 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:07,199 Speaker 1: if light was a wave. And so that was the 419 00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:10,879 Speaker 1: early eighteen hundreds, and everybody was absolutely certain light was 420 00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:14,240 Speaker 1: totally a wave. The question was settled. We knew forever 421 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:17,200 Speaker 1: light was a wave, and we still didn't know what 422 00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:20,119 Speaker 1: was it waving through. But how did they explain all 423 00:21:20,119 --> 00:21:23,120 Speaker 1: those particle experiments? Well, this was before we even really 424 00:21:23,160 --> 00:21:27,440 Speaker 1: knew about particles, right, No real particles had been discovered 425 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,080 Speaker 1: at this point. With this idea from the Greeks of 426 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:32,040 Speaker 1: thousands of years ago that maybe things were made out 427 00:21:32,040 --> 00:21:35,359 Speaker 1: of particles and the chemistry was getting warmed up, and 428 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:37,000 Speaker 1: you know, people are starting to think about atoms and 429 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:40,000 Speaker 1: molecules and stuff, um, but they hadn't really seen any 430 00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:43,960 Speaker 1: actual particles yet. It was decades later when the electron 431 00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:47,119 Speaker 1: was discovered, um, that people started to think about the 432 00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: particle model again. But you know, the wave theory was 433 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:52,359 Speaker 1: definitely ascended, right. Everybody definitely looked at these double slit 434 00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:55,040 Speaker 1: experiments and saw light doing all this wavy stuff, and 435 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:57,359 Speaker 1: they were sure that light was a wave. Now that 436 00:21:57,480 --> 00:22:00,880 Speaker 1: people extend that to other things, like, you know, they thought, oh, 437 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 1: light is this weird wavy thing, but surely us, we're 438 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:06,920 Speaker 1: made out of little tiny atoms. Yeah, that's a good question. 439 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:09,960 Speaker 1: I wonder if people thought lights a wave. Maybe we're 440 00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:13,199 Speaker 1: a wave too, right yeah, or like everything is just 441 00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:17,160 Speaker 1: like a wave. Yeah, probably not because um, nobody thought 442 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,119 Speaker 1: that light had any mass to it, right, whereas we 443 00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:22,960 Speaker 1: definitely know that we have mass. Right, we feel pretty 444 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,119 Speaker 1: heavy sometimes after a big meal. Um. Even before the 445 00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:29,120 Speaker 1: discovery particles, though, there was a huge advance in the 446 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:33,280 Speaker 1: theory of light, which was a Scottish guy named Maxwell. 447 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:36,640 Speaker 1: He was working on electricity and magnetism and he put 448 00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:41,040 Speaker 1: together all these equations to describe electricity magnetism, and he 449 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:43,120 Speaker 1: just sort of wrote them down in a new way. 450 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:45,679 Speaker 1: This is like the way you could do theoretical physics 451 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:47,679 Speaker 1: back in the days. You just take existing ideas and 452 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:50,159 Speaker 1: you find a new way to write them down. Um. 453 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:52,919 Speaker 1: But he wrote them down in this way that looked 454 00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:56,040 Speaker 1: like the mathematics of a wave. We have this equation, 455 00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:59,640 Speaker 1: it's called a wave equation, and it describes how waves 456 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:02,520 Speaker 1: moved medium I meaning like it could be described by 457 00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,840 Speaker 1: the equations that looked like sign waves and co sine waves, right, 458 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:08,640 Speaker 1: I mean, just in case anyone remembers high school math, 459 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:10,960 Speaker 1: that's kind of that's kind of what we mean by 460 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:14,080 Speaker 1: mathematical equations that you can describe it as a sign 461 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:17,080 Speaker 1: wave ver cosine waves. Right, that's right. Yeah, the solution 462 00:23:17,119 --> 00:23:19,800 Speaker 1: of these equations are sign waves and cosine waves. These 463 00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:23,480 Speaker 1: are differential equations to describe how things move through the medium. 464 00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:26,760 Speaker 1: And if things follow these equations, then their waves. Right. 465 00:23:27,359 --> 00:23:31,119 Speaker 1: And so he looked at the equations for electricity and 466 00:23:31,119 --> 00:23:34,199 Speaker 1: for magnetism and he rewrote them and he realized, you 467 00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,560 Speaker 1: can rewrite them in a way that looks just like 468 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:40,560 Speaker 1: the wave equation. Right, So he said, oh, electricity magnetism 469 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:44,960 Speaker 1: has the same equation as waves moving through water or 470 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:48,520 Speaker 1: waves moving through air. And in fact, if you write 471 00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:51,080 Speaker 1: it in terms of this wave equation, you can pull 472 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:53,919 Speaker 1: out what the speed of those waves must be. And 473 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,200 Speaker 1: the speed that he pulled out from this from these 474 00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,879 Speaker 1: equations was the speed of light. So he had this 475 00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:00,879 Speaker 1: moment of a pi any. He must have been like 476 00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:05,720 Speaker 1: in his office late one night, rearrange these equations and realized, oh, 477 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:08,959 Speaker 1: my gosh, light is a wave and it's a wave 478 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,480 Speaker 1: of electromagnetism. So like a light bulb turn on on 479 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:16,639 Speaker 1: top of his head, emitting waves exactly the first appropriate 480 00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:23,840 Speaker 1: light bulb ever. Yeah, So then that seems pretty definitive um. 481 00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:27,400 Speaker 1: The double slid experiment shows it light interferes with itself. 482 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:32,080 Speaker 1: And also this guy figured out that it's mathematically describable 483 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:36,480 Speaker 1: by sign ways and cosign waves right right right, That 484 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:40,560 Speaker 1: light is waves of electromagnetism. Yeah, exactly. So then it 485 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:43,440 Speaker 1: all seems really nice and tidy. But then the particle 486 00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:47,760 Speaker 1: revolution comes, right. People discover the electron, people discover the neutron, 487 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:50,880 Speaker 1: people discovering all these particles. But then they were doing 488 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: experiments where they were shining light onto materials and trying 489 00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:57,440 Speaker 1: to get it to kick off electrons. So you shine 490 00:24:57,440 --> 00:24:59,600 Speaker 1: a really bright light at something and you hope that 491 00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:02,200 Speaker 1: some of the electrons in the material absorb that light 492 00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:05,919 Speaker 1: and get enough energy to be free right to run away. 493 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:08,600 Speaker 1: And so this is called the photo electric effect. You 494 00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:10,639 Speaker 1: shine light is something and you measure the electrons that 495 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:14,040 Speaker 1: come off. So what they saw in this experiment only 496 00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:17,040 Speaker 1: made sense if the energy of the light comes in 497 00:25:17,119 --> 00:25:20,959 Speaker 1: little packets rather than a continuous stream like waves. So 498 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: they turned up the intensity of the light and they 499 00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:26,080 Speaker 1: made it brighter, but that didn't increase the energy the 500 00:25:26,080 --> 00:25:29,199 Speaker 1: electrons that were coming off, which doesn't make sense if 501 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:32,040 Speaker 1: it's a wave. It only makes sense if photons come 502 00:25:32,080 --> 00:25:35,480 Speaker 1: in little packets, So then increasing the intensity of the 503 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:39,159 Speaker 1: light means more photons, but it doesn't give more energy 504 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,880 Speaker 1: to any one electron because each electron can only absorb 505 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:46,680 Speaker 1: one photon. And nobody understood this at all. There's made 506 00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:49,840 Speaker 1: no sense to anybody. Was a huge puzzle. We totally 507 00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:51,720 Speaker 1: believe that it acted like a wave. We had the 508 00:25:51,760 --> 00:25:54,360 Speaker 1: double slit experiment told us it was a wave. Maxwell's 509 00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:57,000 Speaker 1: equations told us it was a wave. But then we 510 00:25:57,080 --> 00:25:59,440 Speaker 1: had the photo electric effect, which didn't quite make sense 511 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:03,520 Speaker 1: to anybody, Okay, and then Einstein said, well, what if 512 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:06,919 Speaker 1: light comes in these little packets like you were saying before. 513 00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:10,040 Speaker 1: But if light is not this continuous stream of energy 514 00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 1: like a wave, is right, a wave is continuous stream 515 00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:14,679 Speaker 1: of energy. What if it comes in these little bits 516 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,280 Speaker 1: and um? And that explained everything if you if you 517 00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:20,719 Speaker 1: thought that light was came into little packets, it explained 518 00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:23,880 Speaker 1: the photo electric effect, explained these all these other mysteries 519 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:26,760 Speaker 1: in physics, and that was the birth of quantum mechanics. 520 00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:29,680 Speaker 1: Did they think that maybe it was little packets of waves? 521 00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:32,320 Speaker 1: Do you know what I mean? Like little short bursts 522 00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:34,800 Speaker 1: of ripples? You know, you know what I mean, Like, 523 00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:37,760 Speaker 1: could that explain how it's both things that run through 524 00:26:37,760 --> 00:26:41,320 Speaker 1: his brain? Yes? Absolutely, I think that's probably the first 525 00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:44,800 Speaker 1: way he thought about it. Is like a little localized ripple, right, 526 00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: like um, a little Yeah, that's the best way to 527 00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:50,439 Speaker 1: put it, A little localized ripple, like the way you 528 00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: can send a little ripple of water um through swimming pool, 529 00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:58,400 Speaker 1: or something like a chirp or like a little sound burst. Yeah, exactly, 530 00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:02,320 Speaker 1: like a little chirp. But it's strange because you know, 531 00:27:02,359 --> 00:27:03,959 Speaker 1: you can make a chirp of any size. You can 532 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:05,560 Speaker 1: make a big one, a little one, along one, a 533 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:08,400 Speaker 1: fat one. But light, for some reason, wanted to come 534 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:12,199 Speaker 1: only these in these little distinct chirps of a specific size, 535 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:15,120 Speaker 1: and the size of those chirps was controlled by their 536 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:17,960 Speaker 1: their color or their frequency. And so that was the 537 00:27:17,960 --> 00:27:20,000 Speaker 1: birth of quantum mechanics, which we could spend a whole 538 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:22,640 Speaker 1: other podcast talking about um. But it was the first 539 00:27:22,680 --> 00:27:26,359 Speaker 1: clue that maybe light did come in these distinct little packages. Yeah, 540 00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:29,560 Speaker 1: let's talk about that, but first let's take a quick break. 541 00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:43,880 Speaker 1: And that's what we talked about, Like what is a particle. 542 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:46,960 Speaker 1: It's a distinct little package and then here's the part 543 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,000 Speaker 1: that blew my mind is that then they went back 544 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:51,920 Speaker 1: and they did that double slit experiment again, but they 545 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,280 Speaker 1: slowed it down. Instead of shining a really big beam 546 00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:58,879 Speaker 1: of light, they just shown one photon at a time, right, Okay, 547 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:02,080 Speaker 1: because they wanted to see what's going to happen, right 548 00:28:02,119 --> 00:28:03,840 Speaker 1: if it light comes in these little packets, How does 549 00:28:03,880 --> 00:28:07,159 Speaker 1: that explain the interference effect? How can light interfere if 550 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:09,879 Speaker 1: it's a particle? So like, instead of like pointing the 551 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:13,560 Speaker 1: hose of water at these two little holes and just 552 00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:16,919 Speaker 1: seeing what happens on the other side, they were throwing 553 00:28:16,960 --> 00:28:20,640 Speaker 1: one droplet of water at a time, yes, exactly, and 554 00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:22,760 Speaker 1: they what they expected to see was that there would 555 00:28:22,760 --> 00:28:25,280 Speaker 1: be no interference pattern, right, because the interference comes from 556 00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:28,479 Speaker 1: having two sources. Right. You have interference when you have 557 00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:30,880 Speaker 1: two waves that are either adding up or canceling out, 558 00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:34,640 Speaker 1: meaning like a huge stream of light is going through 559 00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:38,200 Speaker 1: these two little slids. Then the two little slits act 560 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:41,440 Speaker 1: like little sources, like little sorts of ripples, which can 561 00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:43,720 Speaker 1: cancel that exactly. But if you throw one drop at time, 562 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:46,040 Speaker 1: it's either going to go in one slid or it's 563 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:48,040 Speaker 1: going to go on the other slid. Right, that's right, yeah, 564 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:51,360 Speaker 1: and so there should be nothing to interfere. Right, so 565 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: that's what they expected. But what they what they saw 566 00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:56,160 Speaker 1: blew their minds. Right. What happens if you slow the 567 00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:59,400 Speaker 1: experiment down, you send one photon at a time, is 568 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:01,800 Speaker 1: that you will get an interference pattern. It's just that 569 00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,760 Speaker 1: it builds up piece by piece. So used to throw 570 00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:08,120 Speaker 1: one photon through and it lands someplace on the screen. 571 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:10,800 Speaker 1: Through another photon through lands somewhere else on the screen. 572 00:29:11,240 --> 00:29:14,400 Speaker 1: After you add up a million photons, you rebuild the 573 00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:19,720 Speaker 1: original interference pattern you saw. What Light is a particle, 574 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:22,240 Speaker 1: but it's acting like a wave? Right, How is that? 575 00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:24,479 Speaker 1: How can that even be? Right? It's not just that 576 00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:27,280 Speaker 1: it's like it's a particle that's acting like a wave, 577 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:31,800 Speaker 1: as if it was in a huge stream of other particles. Right, 578 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:36,000 Speaker 1: that's right, And this blew everybody's mind. And the answer, 579 00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:39,760 Speaker 1: of course, is that light is a particle. But like 580 00:29:40,040 --> 00:29:43,960 Speaker 1: every kind of matter, like every particle, how it moves 581 00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:49,000 Speaker 1: is governed by mathematics of wave equations. So every particle 582 00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:53,120 Speaker 1: carries with it's some quantum mechanical wave that determines where 583 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:56,800 Speaker 1: it goes. But what was happening in that experiment was 584 00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:00,560 Speaker 1: that a particle photon was approaching the experiment and then 585 00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:02,680 Speaker 1: you could either go through the left hand side or 586 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:07,160 Speaker 1: the right hand side slit right, And because it's quantum mechanical, 587 00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:10,240 Speaker 1: it did both. It had a chance to do both, 588 00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:13,640 Speaker 1: and what was interfering was the probability to go through 589 00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:16,560 Speaker 1: the left slit or the right slit. So that's interesting. 590 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:18,840 Speaker 1: I don't think i've heard that explanation before that it's 591 00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:21,120 Speaker 1: a it's a particle and a wave in the sense 592 00:30:21,160 --> 00:30:24,600 Speaker 1: that it is a particle, but it moves according to 593 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:29,640 Speaker 1: wave equations. Yes, everything moves according to wave equations. It's 594 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:32,800 Speaker 1: just the wavelength for things depends on how much energy 595 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:35,520 Speaker 1: they have. So that was this guy to Brogueli. He 596 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:37,120 Speaker 1: came up with this equation and maybe you've heard the 597 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:40,720 Speaker 1: expressions and Brogueli wavelength. I've heard the expression wavelength. That 598 00:30:40,760 --> 00:30:46,120 Speaker 1: seems to be everything is wavelength. We were making fun 599 00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:52,120 Speaker 1: of that guy. Turns out he was right, twist ending, No, um, 600 00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:56,320 Speaker 1: everything has a wavelength, right, Um, you can describe the 601 00:30:56,320 --> 00:30:59,360 Speaker 1: motion of anything in terms of a wave. Now, the 602 00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:01,640 Speaker 1: wavelength pends on the mass and the momentum and for 603 00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:05,680 Speaker 1: most things like me or you or cantelope, the wavelength 604 00:31:06,040 --> 00:31:09,960 Speaker 1: of its quantum mechanical um wave function is tiny, and 605 00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:13,240 Speaker 1: so you can't even notice, right, there's the wave effects 606 00:31:13,320 --> 00:31:15,800 Speaker 1: of you and your son walking down the hallway and 607 00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:18,960 Speaker 1: interferring with each other are basically negligible. But on the 608 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:23,640 Speaker 1: scale of particles, these wave functions interfere with each other. Yeah, 609 00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:27,080 Speaker 1: that's a crazy thodd that you know. We I think 610 00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:29,520 Speaker 1: people think quantum is something that doesn't affect their lives, 611 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:35,800 Speaker 1: but quantum ideas and concepts are everywhere, right, Like you 612 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:39,680 Speaker 1: have a sort of like a quantum superposition, or you 613 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:42,520 Speaker 1: you're not really there, you sort of there's a cloud 614 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,080 Speaker 1: of you that I'm not really here. I'm just an 615 00:31:45,080 --> 00:31:50,880 Speaker 1: a on on the internet. But that's a that's definitely cloud. Yeah, 616 00:31:50,880 --> 00:31:54,240 Speaker 1: there is this quantum mechanical certainty and everything. Yes, yeah, yeah, 617 00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:57,160 Speaker 1: it's just you can't notice. That really blew people's minds. 618 00:31:57,160 --> 00:31:59,680 Speaker 1: This concept that like, okay, light is a particle, but 619 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:02,479 Speaker 1: it's so acts like a wave. We can use these 620 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: wave equations to describe it um. And you know, there's 621 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:09,800 Speaker 1: another layer to that experiment which is even crazier, right, 622 00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:13,480 Speaker 1: which is if what's interfering is the probability to go 623 00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:15,640 Speaker 1: through the left slit or the right slit right. Then 624 00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:18,040 Speaker 1: when the when the photon approaches the experiment, it can 625 00:32:18,040 --> 00:32:20,840 Speaker 1: go through one or the other. The interference pattern comes 626 00:32:20,920 --> 00:32:23,840 Speaker 1: from the uncertainty of which is going to go through. 627 00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:25,720 Speaker 1: So what you can do is you can add a 628 00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:28,280 Speaker 1: little detector to one slit that like gives you a 629 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:30,640 Speaker 1: ping if it goes through that slit right, so you 630 00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:32,480 Speaker 1: know for sure if it goes through one slit or 631 00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:36,680 Speaker 1: the other. If you do that, the interference pattern disappears. 632 00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:41,360 Speaker 1: Why does it disappear. It disappears because the interference only 633 00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:45,200 Speaker 1: came from the interference of the possibility of the particle 634 00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:46,920 Speaker 1: to go through the left slit or the right slit, 635 00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:50,000 Speaker 1: our lack of knowledge. Once you know it goes through 636 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:52,200 Speaker 1: the right slit of left slit, there's no more uncertainty. 637 00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:54,640 Speaker 1: There's nothing to interfere. It just goes through the left 638 00:32:54,920 --> 00:32:57,760 Speaker 1: or goes through the right. It's it's like you're throwing 639 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:01,520 Speaker 1: boxes full of hats that are either dead or alive, 640 00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:05,520 Speaker 1: and you see what happens on the other side. It's 641 00:33:05,560 --> 00:33:08,160 Speaker 1: different if you take a peek inside the box before 642 00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:12,880 Speaker 1: it gets there exactly exactly, and no cats were harmed 643 00:33:12,880 --> 00:33:15,240 Speaker 1: in the making of this podcast. I now feeling hers 644 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:21,920 Speaker 1: to point out, Um, that's sort of where we are today, 645 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,360 Speaker 1: is that we know that light is a particle and 646 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:27,600 Speaker 1: then it comes in these little discrete packets become photons, right, 647 00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 1: But we also know that, like everything else, light is 648 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:34,600 Speaker 1: determined by how it's wave function moves. Every particle and 649 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,240 Speaker 1: every object has this wave function and how it moves 650 00:33:38,360 --> 00:33:41,680 Speaker 1: is controlled by wave equations. It's not like, uh, it's 651 00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:44,240 Speaker 1: both particle and a wave and people don't really know 652 00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:46,960 Speaker 1: which one it is, or people are still confused about that. 653 00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:48,960 Speaker 1: But it sort of sounds like you're not that confused 654 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:50,920 Speaker 1: about it, right, It sort of sounds like you know 655 00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:54,480 Speaker 1: it's a particle, but it moves around like a wave. Yeah, 656 00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,640 Speaker 1: and but it's still confusing. I mean, I think you could. 657 00:33:57,640 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 1: It's totally reasonable to say it's both. It's a particle 658 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:03,800 Speaker 1: but it acts like a wave. Right. It's also totally 659 00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:07,520 Speaker 1: reasonable to say it's neither. It's not a particle, it's 660 00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:10,520 Speaker 1: not a wave, it's something else. It's something weird, something 661 00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:18,680 Speaker 1: totally strange we've never seen before, or a pave you 662 00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:25,879 Speaker 1: are on fire. The simple spelling. But but that's that's 663 00:34:25,880 --> 00:34:29,640 Speaker 1: a joke. But it's also serious because sometimes we discover 664 00:34:29,719 --> 00:34:32,680 Speaker 1: things which are unlike anything else we've seen, and how 665 00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:34,960 Speaker 1: do you describe them? I mean, we should stop using 666 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:37,399 Speaker 1: these words. We should maybe come up with a new 667 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:40,440 Speaker 1: word to describe what it is, because it's not not 668 00:34:40,520 --> 00:34:43,680 Speaker 1: described by either word particle. That's right, it's a chapel, 669 00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,000 Speaker 1: it's a cherry apple combination. Yeah, let's not call it 670 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:49,160 Speaker 1: a particle or a wave. Let's just make up a 671 00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:52,640 Speaker 1: new word that embodies these two ways to behave. That's right. 672 00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:55,720 Speaker 1: But here we've discovered something which is different from anything 673 00:34:55,719 --> 00:34:59,960 Speaker 1: in our macroscopic world. There's nothing in our world particles, waves, 674 00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:03,719 Speaker 1: little puppies that is a good analogy for what light is. 675 00:35:03,880 --> 00:35:05,759 Speaker 1: So we have to try to sort of describe it 676 00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:08,440 Speaker 1: in terms of sometimes it's like this, sometimes like this. 677 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,400 Speaker 1: My personal belief is that it's it's not like anything else, 678 00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:15,000 Speaker 1: and that these are approximations. But you know, like we 679 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,719 Speaker 1: were talking about earlier, you can be different contradictory things 680 00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:20,880 Speaker 1: like how would you describe yourself? You know, sometimes your husband, 681 00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:24,640 Speaker 1: sometimes your father, sometimes your cartoonist. Sometimes you're just asleep. 682 00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:28,120 Speaker 1: You know, like all these things describe you their contradictory 683 00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:30,799 Speaker 1: There are different facets of who you are at your core, 684 00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,879 Speaker 1: and none of them define you right right, But if 685 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:35,879 Speaker 1: you don't have to have the right label, you make 686 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:39,000 Speaker 1: up and you do right. Yes, we need a new thing. 687 00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,200 Speaker 1: Right light is definitely its own weird kind of thing. 688 00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:55,319 Speaker 1: All right, Well, until next time. If you still have 689 00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,800 Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop 690 00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:00,920 Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You 691 00:36:00,920 --> 00:36:04,360 Speaker 1: can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel 692 00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:07,920 Speaker 1: and Jorge That's one word, or email us at Feedback 693 00:36:07,960 --> 00:36:19,080 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com.