Speaker 1: Previously on snafu.
Speaker 2: The FBI arrested twenty persons in Camden, New Jersey, early
Speaker 2: today and charge them.
Speaker 3: With trying to steal draft records from the federal building there.
Speaker 4: What we wanted was to persuade the jury that the
Speaker 4: war was wrong and that it had to be stopped,
Speaker 4: and that our action was an attempt to find a
Speaker 4: jury who would set us free and end the war.
Speaker 5: Why should these lives be cut down for ten rubber
Speaker 5: and oil?
Speaker 4: And the judge says to the four person, do you
Speaker 4: have any other verdicts on any of the other defendants
Speaker 4: that are different on any of these counts? And the
Speaker 4: foreman said, no, your honor.
Speaker 6: And Senator Dole, the Republican chairman to accuse the Democrats
Speaker 6: of trying to make the FBI look like an American gestapo.
Speaker 7: I'm the defin chairman of the City of Illinois Black
Speaker 7: campin party.
Speaker 8: Free Hampton.
Speaker 9: We said, we work with.
Speaker 7: Anybody from police, with anybody that has revolutions.
Speaker 9: On their nine.
Speaker 1: In the late nineteen sixties, a lot of people had
Speaker 1: revolution on their minds, So when Fred Hampton spoke, they listened.
Speaker 10: He really was a great organizer and can relate to
Speaker 10: people quite well and had that charism where people were followed.
Speaker 11: That's Omar Barbour who joined the Black Panther Party in
Speaker 11: nineteen sixty seven.
Speaker 10: And you have to have integrity and people have to
Speaker 10: feel you have integrity. And you can fill that with
Speaker 10: Fred that he had integrity because understand that racism is
Speaker 10: an excuse you of capitalism, and we know that racism
Speaker 10: is just is a bad product capitalism.
Speaker 11: Hampton opposed to the War in Vietnam as another byproduct
Speaker 11: of capitalism. He empathized with the people of Vietnam. In
Speaker 11: his view, they're suffering at the hands of the US
Speaker 11: military was inextricably linked to the oppression that Americans of
Speaker 11: color faced at home.
Speaker 1: In response to that oppression.
Speaker 11: And the poverty around them, Hampton and the Black Panthers
Speaker 11: offered simple, effective solutions, free breakfast programs for kids, free
Speaker 11: healthcare clinics, the kinds of things the US government wasn't providing. Yes,
Speaker 11: people say, people, if you are fight of.
Speaker 9: You a fight, it'll feel.
Speaker 11: Hampton mobilized real working Americans, particularly people of color, which
Speaker 11: made him a threat to the wealthy white establishment. Hampton
Speaker 11: knew he was on Jay Edgar Hoover's radar.
Speaker 9: We know they have half, we.
Speaker 12: Know they're looking for us, we know they have had us.
Speaker 10: And then he simmits fourth nineteen sixty nine data. We
Speaker 10: all wrote out wield and testaments.
Speaker 13: Police arrived at Fred Hampton's West Side apartment the four
Speaker 13: forty five this morning. They had a search war and
Speaker 13: authorizing them to look for illegal weapons.
Speaker 11: That morning, America woke up to the news that Hampton
Speaker 11: had been killed, ostensibly in a shootout with police.
Speaker 13: Stints Attorney's office says that Hampton and another man were
Speaker 13: killed in the fifteen minute gun battle which followed.
Speaker 11: The official story was the police were investigating a tip
Speaker 11: about an illegal weapons stash at Hampton's home. When the
Speaker 11: cops arrived, the story went the panthers unleashed a hail
Speaker 11: of gunfire on the police, setting off a shootout that
Speaker 11: killed Hampton. But that story did not hold up to scrutiny.
Speaker 11: Looking at the crime scene, it was immediately apparent that
Speaker 11: there hadn't been a shootout at all. At least one
Speaker 11: hundred shots had been fired, but the bullet holes clearly
Speaker 11: showed that ninety nine of them had come from police guns. Outside.
Speaker 11: Hampton didn't pick up a gun. He hadn't even gotten
Speaker 11: out of bed. The police had murdered him in cold blood.
Speaker 10: When we found out that of all the shots that
Speaker 10: were fired in the apartment, only one was fired out
Speaker 10: and everything is fire in then it became much more
Speaker 10: clearer than there was a shooting. And now the shootout never.
Speaker 9: Said a word.
Speaker 6: You never got.
Speaker 7: About the bed.
Speaker 11: Akua and Jerry was Fred Hampton's girlfriend at the time
Speaker 11: of the shooting. She was eight months pregnant. In this interview,
Speaker 11: she's holding their new infant son.
Speaker 7: The person was in the room. They kept going out,
Speaker 7: stop shooting, stop shooting. We have a pregnant woman or
Speaker 7: pregnant sister in here.
Speaker 14: Piggs kept on shooting.
Speaker 7: Heard Pigs say he's barely alive, he'll barely make it.
Speaker 7: As soon they were talking about shevving fled. Then they
Speaker 7: started shooting Pig. They started shooting up, shooting again. I
Speaker 7: heard the screen. They stopped shooting. Pig said he was
Speaker 7: good and dead.
Speaker 10: Now the whole thing was fabricated and was disproved, And
Speaker 10: that really got to understand that there was definitely much
Speaker 10: more involved than just them coming to Servi a Warren
Speaker 10: or whatever. The justification was.
Speaker 11: In nineteen seventy one, the Illinois States Attorney who ordered
Speaker 11: the raid was charged with obstructing justice. In the Hampton case,
Speaker 11: the illusion that Hampton died in a gunfight with police evaporated,
Speaker 11: leaving the public to wonder who wanted him dead and
Speaker 11: why they thought they could murder him with impunity. The
Speaker 11: answers took years to come out, but when they finally did,
Speaker 11: America would learn the truth behind Hampton's murder and the
Speaker 11: truth about Jaedgar Hoover's secret FBI. I'm Ed Helms and
Speaker 11: This is Snaffo, a show about history's greatest screw ups.
Speaker 11: On season two, medburg the story of a daring heist
Speaker 11: that exposed Jaedgar Hoover's epic FBI snaffo. The Citizens Commission
Speaker 11: to Investigate the FBI had pulled off an incredibly risky heist.
Speaker 11: They'd leaked the stolen documents to the press and successfully
Speaker 11: evaded j Edgar Hoover's dragnet. As you might recall, buried
Speaker 11: within those documents was a single word, a code name
Speaker 11: co intel pro. To the burglars. At the time, it
Speaker 11: meant nothing, just some bureau jargon. Soon an even splashier scandal,
Speaker 11: Watergate was dominating the headlines the media. Burglary could have
Speaker 11: become a historical footnote, but it.
Speaker 1: Wasn't over yet.
Speaker 5: I had gone to the Senate Judiciary Committee to pick
Speaker 5: up a very mundane item, and people were using the
Speaker 5: photo copy of the machine, and I had to wait
Speaker 5: to get a copy of this report.
Speaker 11: Carl Stern was a young reporter covering the Justice Department
Speaker 11: for NBC. One day in nineteen seventy two, he was
Speaker 11: in a government office, just waiting for a copy machine
Speaker 11: when an offhand comment piqued his interest.
Speaker 5: While I was waiting, my friend said, here, ever seen
Speaker 5: these papers? And he had a couple of dozen pages
Speaker 5: that had been provided courtesy of the Citizens Commission to
Speaker 5: Investigate the FBI. While you're wasting time here, why don't
Speaker 5: you take a look. And flipping through the pages, I
Speaker 5: noticed one It said Cohen telpro new Left.
Speaker 11: The FBI file contained an article from Baron's magazine criticizing
Speaker 11: left wing student activism at Columbia. The file also contained
Speaker 11: a memo to agents of the media FBI office instructing
Speaker 11: them to anonymously mail this article to local college administrators.
Speaker 5: It was you know, a little handwriting below the notice
Speaker 5: to the field office that said Tom or for the
Speaker 5: agent in charge there, Tom Lewis, Tom, can you handle
Speaker 5: swarththor Haverford and Villanova. I mean, they had this thing
Speaker 5: really quite explicitly described.
Speaker 9: That's what caught my eye.
Speaker 11: The implication was clear the FBI was covertly trying to
Speaker 11: sway colleges into cracking down on anti war students. Co
Speaker 11: Intel pro New Left appeared to be the name of
Speaker 11: this operation. But what the hell kind of operation was this?
Speaker 5: Mailed anonymously? Do FBI agents mail andi leftwik literature anonymously?
Speaker 5: Is that what FBI agents do?
Speaker 9: And that's what bothered me.
Speaker 1: Carl asked his usual government sources.
Speaker 5: A series of Justice Department and FBI employees.
Speaker 9: When I raised the you know, we can't talk.
Speaker 11: About that, which is FED speak for keep your nose
Speaker 11: out of this, Carl.
Speaker 5: Well, nothing is going to get a reporter's interest more
Speaker 5: quickly than SAGA can't talk about it.
Speaker 11: So Carl turned to FOYA, the Good Old Freedom of
Speaker 11: Information Act, although at this time it was actually the
Speaker 11: Good New Freedom of Information Act. It had only passed
Speaker 11: a few years earlier in nineteen sixty eight, Of course,
Speaker 11: the FBI denied his initial request, citing national security concerns,
Speaker 11: but Carl was a dog with a co intel pro bone,
Speaker 11: so he sued the government. Now, a judge would read
Speaker 11: a batch of documents explaining co intel pro and rule
Speaker 11: on whether or not they could be released to Carl,
Speaker 11: but he.
Speaker 9: Didn't want to read all those pages, so.
Speaker 5: He gave it to his clerk, one of his clerks,
Speaker 5: to read over the weekend. The clerk lived in one
Speaker 5: of these housing to elements over in Virginia. It was summertime,
Speaker 5: quite hot. He went to the swimming pool to take
Speaker 5: a tip and took a handful of the documents with
Speaker 5: him to read at the pool.
Speaker 11: Northern Virginia, where even the pool side reading is highly classified.
Speaker 5: Okay, well, unfortunately, after his swimming went back to his apartment,
Speaker 5: the doorbell rang and it was some sweet young thing
Speaker 5: holding the documents, saying, sir, you left me. He's under
Speaker 5: your chair, your lounge. So here were these highly important
Speaker 5: documents which were in court litigating the sea, and they
Speaker 5: were under his chair at the swimming pool.
Speaker 11: There's probably an alternate universe in which the aforementioned sweet
Speaker 11: young thing was a Soviet spy who picked up these documents,
Speaker 11: leaked them all and brought down the US government.
Speaker 15: But instead that sweet young thing who found retrieved these
Speaker 15: documents save the Republic as she became the Clerk's wife.
Speaker 9: Yep, it was.
Speaker 11: The first meet cute in the history of the Freedom
Speaker 11: of Information Act. A victory for love and soon maybe
Speaker 11: a victory for Carl. But just as Carl started digging
Speaker 11: for its deepest, darkest secrets, the Bureau suffered the greatest
Speaker 11: loss of its sixty four year history. I'll let Walter
Speaker 11: Cronkite break the news to you.
Speaker 2: Good evening. Jay Edgar Hoover has died at the age
Speaker 2: of seventy seven. For almost every living American generation, Hoover,
Speaker 2: the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, stood as
Speaker 2: a symbol of incorruptible law enforcement and untouchable who liked
Speaker 2: to boast that his men could not be bought.
Speaker 11: In May second, nineteen seventy two, j Edgar Hoover died
Speaker 11: suddenly at his home in Washington, DC. The official cause
Speaker 11: of death cardiovascular disease.
Speaker 9: We like to think that maybe we hastened that a
Speaker 9: little bit.
Speaker 11: Okay, so Bonnie Rains and the other burglars might not
Speaker 11: have been too upset, but mainstream America was in mourning.
Speaker 11: President Nixon ordered flags flown at half staff. Hoover's body
Speaker 11: lay in state at the Capitol Rotunda, the first unelected
Speaker 11: civil servant given that honor. After thousands of people streamed
Speaker 11: through the Capitol to pay their respects, the only director
Speaker 11: the FBI had ever known was laid to rest at
Speaker 11: Congressional Cemetery. It is eulogy for Hoover. President Nixon didn't
Speaker 11: just praise the late FBI director. He also lashed out
Speaker 11: at the FBI's haters.
Speaker 16: The FBI will carry on in the future true to
Speaker 16: its finest traditions in the past, because, regardless of what
Speaker 16: the snipers and detractors would have us believe, the fact
Speaker 16: is a director Hoover built the bureau totally on principle.
Speaker 11: Hoover died a hero to mainstream America, having blackmailed, imprisoned, buried,
Speaker 11: or otherwise outlasted generations of enemies and detractors. I'll be honest,
Speaker 11: I wish Hoover had lived just a little bit longer,
Speaker 11: because the following year, the judge in Carl Stearn's Secret
Speaker 11: Document case ruled in his favor and ordered the release
Speaker 11: of a few crucial documents explaining that mysterious phrase co
Speaker 11: intel pro.
Speaker 9: What I got was four pages of paper.
Speaker 11: Okay, so not a lot of pages, but turns out
Speaker 11: a lot of revelations even then.
Speaker 5: The first of the four pages reference eighth co and
Speaker 5: tailpro programs dealing with things as the Black Extreamist Socialist
Speaker 5: Workers Party, disruption of white hate crubs, they got New Left,
Speaker 5: of course, so on and on.
Speaker 11: It had been more than two and a half years
Speaker 11: since the Burglars first uncovered that word co intel pro.
Speaker 11: Now finally the world would know what it meant. This
Speaker 11: was the umbrella term for no fewer than eight FBI programs,
Speaker 11: all using patently unconstitutional counterintelligence tactics against American citizens, and,
Speaker 11: according to Carl sources, all happening without the knowledge of
Speaker 11: any Attorneys general. It was an explosive story. On December sixth,
Speaker 11: nineteen seventy three, a dapper and confident young Carl Stern
Speaker 11: appeared on the NBC Nightly News and introduced America to
Speaker 11: the dark sides of j Edgar Hoover and the FBI.
Speaker 3: The documents proved for the first time with the FBI
Speaker 3: undertook a program to harris and destroy new Left political
Speaker 3: organizations whose views the federal police agency disagreed with. Wrote
Speaker 3: FBI Director Hoover, the purpose of the program would be
Speaker 3: to expose and disrupt the new Left. We must frustrate
Speaker 3: every effort of these groups and individuals to consolidate their
Speaker 3: forces or to recruit new or youthful adherents.
Speaker 11: Carl's referencing memos from nineteen sixty eight here, But to
Speaker 11: be clear, Cointel pro began all the way back in
Speaker 11: nineteen fifty six. The FBI had kept it a secret
Speaker 11: for the better part of two decades, but now Carl
Speaker 11: was reading the bureau's secrets out loud on national television.
Speaker 3: One former agent who participated in the program has described
Speaker 3: how burglaries, forged blackmail letters, and threats of violence were
Speaker 3: used to try to stop anti war marches. Many of
Speaker 3: the techniques were clearly illegal, but justified in the interest
Speaker 3: of national security. Today, the Justice Departments said no Attorney
Speaker 3: General authorized or knew of the program.
Speaker 11: Almost immediately the calls for congressional hearings began, but in
Speaker 11: classic Congress fashion, Congress dragged its feet. It took several
Speaker 11: more shocking revelations, including the news that Hoover had illegally
Speaker 11: spied on members of Congress, for the legislative branch to
Speaker 11: officially establish a committee to start looking into all this shit.
Speaker 11: Leading that committee was Senator Frank Church, Democrat of Idaho.
Speaker 17: He once said to me and others that he would
Speaker 17: be the last Democrat ever elected to the Senate from Idaho,
Speaker 17: and in fact, that's exactly what happened.
Speaker 1: That's Locke Johnson.
Speaker 11: He was special assistant to Frank Church during what came
Speaker 11: to be known as the Church Committee hearings. Locke and
Speaker 11: his team of investigators conducted an exhaustive review of intelligence
Speaker 11: practices at the FBI, CIA, NSSAY, and a bunch of
Speaker 11: other spooky acronyms. By the way, for more on that,
Speaker 11: I hope you'll check out our bonus interview with Locke. Anyway,
Speaker 11: it took more than a year before the committee was
Speaker 11: ready to make its findings public.
Speaker 17: We were slow rolled and stonewalled, and we used a
Speaker 17: couple of Washington expressions. We had to fight them tooth
Speaker 17: and nail.
Speaker 11: Despite the slow rolling and stonewalling, Church's team eventually pried
Speaker 11: mountains of co intel pro documents away from the FBI,
Speaker 11: they conducted interviews with agents and with victims of the
Speaker 11: bureau's misbehavior. On November eighteenth, nineteen seventy five, Frank Church
Speaker 11: sat in a crowded, high columned chamber in the Russell
Speaker 11: Senate Office building and called to order a momentous hearing.
Speaker 18: There has never been a full public accounting of FBI
Speaker 18: domestic intelligence operations. Therefore this committee has undertaken such an investigation.
Speaker 17: It was packed with people. Very ornate took place and
Speaker 17: in the front of the people there are five hundred
Speaker 17: people or so, citizens and tourists in many cases, and
Speaker 17: no doubt some KGB people, and they're trying to learn
Speaker 17: about American intelligence. In the front row television cameras and
Speaker 17: reporters senators all the eleven senators, and behind the senators
Speaker 17: were we staffer is sitting to help them if they
Speaker 17: needed help.
Speaker 11: You can actually see a young Lock Johnson just behind
Speaker 11: Frank Church in the old C span footage of the hearings.
Speaker 1: The proceedings began with a thank you.
Speaker 11: Frank Church voiced his appreciation for the anonymous burglars whose
Speaker 11: courageous actions had precipitated these hearings. From there, the focus
Speaker 11: turned to two government lawyers, Fritz Schwartz and Curtis Smothers.
Speaker 11: They were there to lay out the facts of Hoover's
Speaker 11: secret FBI. Here's Schwartz now turning to Cohen Tailpro coen.
Speaker 14: Telpro is a abbreviation of the words counter intelligence program.
Speaker 14: Telpro is the name for the effort by the Bureau
Speaker 14: to destroy people and to destroy organizations, or, as they
Speaker 14: used the words disrupt, to neutralize.
Speaker 17: All the horrible operations by the intelligence agency is, particularly
Speaker 17: the FBI against American citizens, had their origins in this
Speaker 17: false belief that communism was going to destroy US.
Speaker 11: Counterintelligence activities are by definition conducted to counter the activities
Speaker 11: of foreign intelligence agents, but for years the FBI had
Speaker 11: operated under the assumption that anyone speaking out against the
Speaker 11: government could be a foreign agent, or at least could
Speaker 11: be investigated as if they were.
Speaker 1: Here's Curtis Smothers.
Speaker 19: Part of the problem as they attempted to translate the
Speaker 19: tactics used first against the Communist Party against virtually every
Speaker 19: perceived enemy. As the Bureau looked across the landscape and
Speaker 19: decided whose be neutralized, discredited, or destroyed, take.
Speaker 11: For example, the Socialist Workers Party. They had been the
Speaker 11: target of what the FBI called quote black bag jobs,
Speaker 11: acute euphemism for when the FBI just straight up committed burglary.
Speaker 11: Between nineteen sixty and sixty six, FBI agents broke into
Speaker 11: the party's New York City offices no fewer than ninety
Speaker 11: two times. You know what they say, If at first
Speaker 11: you don't succeed in finding evidence of Soviet espionage, try
Speaker 11: try again ninety one more times. More than four hundred
Speaker 11: black bag jobs would eventually come to light. Many of
Speaker 11: them involved photographing private homes and offices and or leaving
Speaker 11: behind listening devices to gather information on their targets. This
Speaker 11: kind of thing is legal if you have a warrant,
Speaker 11: but the FBI never bothered with that pesky formality, which
Speaker 11: meant none of what they learned from these break ins
Speaker 11: would be admissible in court. Hoover and his men were
Speaker 11: well aware of this. They didn't intend to build criminal
Speaker 11: cases against co intel pros targets. Rather, the goal of
Speaker 11: these operations was simply to gather information that could be
Speaker 11: used against.
Speaker 14: Them, all information on activities in connection with demonstrations aimed
Speaker 14: at social reform, whatever that may be.
Speaker 11: Basically, if your politics didn't meet with the FBI's approval,
Speaker 11: the bureau felt entitled to gather information on every aspect
Speaker 11: of your life.
Speaker 19: Information which extended to their personal lives and died down
Speaker 19: to when including sex activities.
Speaker 11: Hoover kept these black bag jobs under wraps with an
Speaker 11: almost unbelievably simplistic bureaucratic trick. Any files related to the
Speaker 11: break ins went into a specially designated file called I
Speaker 11: swear I'm not making this up, the do not file file.
Speaker 11: Presumably Hoover kept that file locked in his this is
Speaker 11: not a filing cabinet filing cabinet and whatever he needed
Speaker 11: to threaten, embarrass, or just confuse his targets, he knew
Speaker 11: exactly where to look that do not file file.
Speaker 14: Bureau agents were told to attack the new Left by
Speaker 14: disinformation and misinformation, and I.
Speaker 19: Will give you.
Speaker 11: Schwartz recounted a story from the first inauguration of Richard Nixon.
Speaker 11: He told the committee how a protest group called the
Speaker 11: National Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam had cooperated
Speaker 11: with police and their efforts to keep demonstrations calm and organized,
Speaker 11: but the FBI didn't want an orderly protest, they wanted chaos,
Speaker 11: so they resorted to counterintelligence tactics.
Speaker 14: Now what did the FBI do. They found out what
Speaker 14: Citizen Band was being used for walkie talkies, and they
Speaker 14: used that Citizen Band to supply the marshals with misinformation
Speaker 14: and pretending to be a unit of the National Mobilization
Speaker 14: to end the war in Vietnam, countermanded the orders issued
Speaker 14: by the movement.
Speaker 17: The bureau had targeted a lot of people that went
Speaker 17: way beyond even spying. These documents made it clear that
Speaker 17: the FBI was attacking these individuals, attempting to destroy their reputations.
Speaker 11: As it turned out, investigating actual criminals took a back
Speaker 11: seat to petty, vindictive harassment, like trying to get people fired.
Speaker 11: They'd even contacted a bank in Wisconsin and urged them
Speaker 11: not to give a home loan to a cub Scout
Speaker 11: leader with Communist sympathies.
Speaker 17: And I'll never forget going to visit Anatole Rappaport. He
Speaker 17: wrote some of the pioneer work in game theory, so
Speaker 17: he was one of America's finest intellectuals.
Speaker 11: Rapaport was a Russian immigrant US Air Force veteran and
Speaker 11: professor at the University of Michigan. He'd been at the
Speaker 11: forefront of the teaching movement, inviting students to drop what
Speaker 11: they were doing and join open discussions of what was
Speaker 11: going on in Vietnam.
Speaker 17: Jego Hoover went after him like you wouldn't leave, through
Speaker 17: anonymous letter, writing in particular, why well, First of all,
Speaker 17: Rappaport had been born in Russia. Ooh, scary. So the
Speaker 17: FBI began to send out these anonymous letters claiming that
Speaker 17: Rappaport was a communist, that he was in control of
Speaker 17: Moscow and KGB. The letters went to legislators in the
Speaker 17: state of Michigan, went to university administrators, and to the
Speaker 17: great shame of all of them involved, they believed these
Speaker 17: stories and finally hounded Rappaport out of the University of Michigan.
Speaker 11: By the time Locke learned that Rapaport had been a
Speaker 11: target of co intel pro, Rapaport was living in Canada, and.
Speaker 17: He sat down and leafed through these documents. As I
Speaker 17: sat there, and he would shake his head and he
Speaker 17: just couldn't believe that his own government, the Federal Bureau
Speaker 17: of Investigation, had been the one behind all of these
Speaker 17: attacks against him. And at the end of going a
Speaker 17: couple of hours through these documents, he began to weep
Speaker 17: so very sad spectacle. And that's just, you know, one
Speaker 17: of probably two thousand ors so cases like throughout the country.
Speaker 11: This was one of co intel Pro's favorite tactics, the
Speaker 11: poison pen letter, usually sent anonymously or forged to employers, colleagues,
Speaker 11: or even loved ones. At the hearings, Curtis Smothers was
Speaker 11: visibly uncomfortable as he read aloud from a particularly disgusting example,
Speaker 11: an anonymous letter sent by the FBI to the husband
Speaker 11: of a white woman who was involved with a black
Speaker 11: activist group.
Speaker 19: Look, man, I guess your old lady doesn't get enough
Speaker 19: at home. Oh, she wouldn't be shucking and jibing with
Speaker 19: all black men in action, you did, Like, all she
Speaker 19: wants to integrate is the bedroom.
Speaker 11: Remember, the FBI was overwhelmingly white at this time. It
Speaker 11: was almost certainly a white male FBI agent who wrote
Speaker 11: these lines.
Speaker 19: And us black sisters ain't gonna take no second best
Speaker 19: for all men. It's signed a soul system.
Speaker 11: The FBI used this same tactic against white actress Jean Seberg,
Speaker 11: who was known for supporting groups like the NAACP and
Speaker 11: the Black Panthers. When Sieberg became pregnant in nineteen seventy,
Speaker 11: the Los Angeles office of the FBI saw an opportunity
Speaker 11: to neutralize her. With Hoover's approval, agents furnished fake letters
Speaker 11: to a gossip columnist who reported in the La Times
Speaker 11: that an anonymous actress matching Sieberg's description had cheated on
Speaker 11: her husband with a Black Panther and was carrying his child.
Speaker 11: Overwhelmed with stress from these public smears, Seeberg went into
Speaker 11: premature labor, and the baby did not survive. Sieberg never recovered,
Speaker 11: though she lived long enough to see the FBI's role
Speaker 11: in the affair come to light. She died by suicide
Speaker 11: in nineteen seventy nine, and then came the bureau's most
Speaker 11: infamous poison pen letter of all. It would emerge as
Speaker 11: part of the FBI's sweeping and relentless effort to disrupt
Speaker 11: the civil rights movement. Co Intel profiles on doctor Martin
Speaker 11: Luther King Junior revealed that Hoover had become paranoid to
Speaker 11: the point of delusion.
Speaker 19: By January of sixty two. Mister Hoover has already typed
Speaker 19: doctor King as no good. Hoover is particularly disturbed after
Speaker 19: in nineteen sixty three it became clear that the concept
Speaker 19: of nonviolence was gaining adherents. Quoting from a memorandum, the
Speaker 19: plan here is to completely discredit doctor King by quote,
Speaker 19: taking him off his pedestal, and to reduce him completely
Speaker 19: in influence.
Speaker 11: In the wake of the nineteen sixty three March on
Speaker 11: Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where King delivered his famous
Speaker 11: I Have a Dream speech, Hoover had his men conduct
Speaker 11: an exhaustive investigation and to ties between King and Soviet intelligence.
Speaker 11: The connection between them, his agents reported back was quote infinitesimal.
Speaker 14: This was not accepted by the director of the FBI.
Speaker 14: He found that thinking wrong, unacceptable and said that it
Speaker 14: must be changed, And it was changed.
Speaker 11: Think about that for a second. When his own well
Speaker 11: oiled investigative machine presented Hoover with facts that didn't line
Speaker 11: up with his assumptions, he ordered his agents to ignore
Speaker 11: those facts, and he launched an effort to destroy King anyway.
Speaker 14: The lower level people in the FBI apologized for having
Speaker 14: misunderstood matters, and on they go with this effort to
Speaker 14: discredit and start they do the bugs on doctor King.
Speaker 11: Eventually, an illegal bug picked up evidence that King was
Speaker 11: having an affair. As he prepared to travel to Norway
Speaker 11: to accept the Nobel Peace Prize, the FBI sent him
Speaker 11: the ultimate poison pen letter.
Speaker 14: The Bureau went so far as to mail anonymous letters
Speaker 14: to doctor King and his wife, which were mailed shortly
Speaker 14: before he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and finishes
Speaker 14: with this suggestion, King, there is only one thing left
Speaker 14: for you to do. You know what it is. You
Speaker 14: have just thirty four days in which to do it.
Speaker 14: This exact number has been selected for a specific reason.
Speaker 14: It has definite practical significance. It was thirty four days
Speaker 14: before the award.
Speaker 1: You were done.
Speaker 14: That was taken by doctor King to mean a suggestion
Speaker 14: for suicide. Was it not understand, Senator who wrote the letter? Well,
Speaker 14: that's a matter of dispute. It was found in the
Speaker 14: files of mister Sullivan.
Speaker 11: Schwartz was referring to FBI Director Bill Sullivan. Sullivan's name
Speaker 11: was all over the co Intel pro documents. He'd helped
Speaker 11: Hoover design the first co Intel pro operations back in
Speaker 11: nineteen fifty six.
Speaker 14: He claims that it's a plant in his files and
Speaker 14: that someone else in the Bureau in.
Speaker 9: Fact wrote the document.
Speaker 14: The document which was found is a draft of the letter,
Speaker 14: which was the anonymous letter which was actually sent.
Speaker 18: Is there right to dispute that the letter did in
Speaker 18: fact come from the FBI.
Speaker 9: We've heard no dispute of that.
Speaker 11: As the Church Committee hearings went on, it became clear
Speaker 11: that the FBI had strayed light years away from its mandate.
Speaker 11: The Bureau was supposed to enforce America's laws and prevent
Speaker 11: criminal activity, but even when the targets were actual criminals,
Speaker 11: co intel pro didn't appear at all interested in enforcing
Speaker 11: the law.
Speaker 17: We had one FBI informant who had infiltrated the Klan.
Speaker 11: Shortly before he was set to testify. This informant, Gary
Speaker 11: Thomas Rowe, told the Church Committee staff he didn't want
Speaker 11: his face on camera. He had been a mole in
Speaker 11: the Birmingham, Alabama KKK and if anyone recognized them, his
Speaker 11: life might be in danger.
Speaker 17: So we had him wear a mask with eye holes
Speaker 17: and a mouth hole so he could.
Speaker 1: Speak locks under selling it.
Speaker 11: Roe basically testified before Congress with what looked kind of
Speaker 11: like a diaper on his head. Just google Gary Rowe
Speaker 11: Church Committee you'll see what I mean.
Speaker 17: He told us that the FBI had told him, Look,
Speaker 17: what we want you to do is go down there
Speaker 17: and have affairs with clan members wives. And so the
Speaker 17: word gets well this is going on and the Klan members'
Speaker 17: families will be dissolved and disrupted.
Speaker 11: Okay, now that's a weird government assignment. But Roe was
Speaker 11: also gathering some very valuable intel. He discovered that the
Speaker 11: Birmingham chapter of the Klan was planning to assault the
Speaker 11: Freedom Writers as they came through town. He even learned
Speaker 11: that the local police were going to assist them by
Speaker 11: looking the other way. So Roe did what an informant
Speaker 11: is supposed to do. He informed his handlers that a
Speaker 11: violent crime was about to happen.
Speaker 14: Did you inform the FBI about planned violence prior to
Speaker 14: that incident?
Speaker 12: Sir I gave the FBI information pertanning to the Freedom Writers,
Speaker 12: so approximately three weeks before the girth.
Speaker 1: But the FBI did nothing.
Speaker 11: On Mother's Day nineteen sixty one, the Freedom Writers reached
Speaker 11: Birmingham and were brutally assaulted by the KKK.
Speaker 12: They were big more badly Yes, there were a thousand
Speaker 12: men at least almost day of the morning of the
Speaker 12: Freedom Writers, just roaming up and down right in front
Speaker 12: of city Hall. We had baseball bets, we had clubs,
Speaker 12: we had chains, we had pistol sticking in our belts.
Speaker 12: It was just unbelievable.
Speaker 11: Later Rowe asked his handler why the g men hadn't
Speaker 11: stepped in.
Speaker 12: He said, we our investigating agency, not an enforcement agency.
Speaker 12: All we do is gather information, That was my answer.
Speaker 11: Tens of thousands of quote subversives surveiled over the course
Speaker 11: of decades, hundreds of illegal break ins, thousands of informants
Speaker 11: and wiretaps. You think that casting a net this wide
Speaker 11: the FBI would have prevented some crime or another, even
Speaker 11: if it was by accident. Hadn't the GMN caught at
Speaker 11: least one actual bad guy in all of this? Apparently not.
Speaker 11: Just as blanket surveillance had failed to catch the media burglars,
Speaker 11: a decade and a half of co intel pro operations
Speaker 11: also failed to catch a single Communist agent or any
Speaker 11: other criminal, Hoover's FBI had gotten people fired, broken up marriages,
Speaker 11: destabilized law abiding political groups, and sown a general sense
Speaker 11: of paranoia throughout the American left. But years later, when
Speaker 11: historian and FBI expert Athan Theoharis conducted an exhaustive analysis
Speaker 11: of everything that had come to light, he reached a
Speaker 11: devastating conclusion quote, I can think of no crime that
Speaker 11: was stopped by information gained during co intel pro. Co
Speaker 11: Intel pro hadn't saved a single American life. In fact,
Speaker 11: as the Church Committee was about to learn, the opposite
Speaker 11: was true, the FBI had American blood on its hands.
Speaker 11: In nineteen sixty eight, j Edgar Hoover wrote a memo.
Speaker 11: In it he urged his g men to quote prevent
Speaker 11: the rise of a messiah who could unify and elect
Speaker 11: the militant black nationalist movement. That movement and its leaders
Speaker 11: became co intel pros chief targets, and.
Speaker 17: Black Panthers, by the way, were the arch victims among
Speaker 17: all the array of other victims from Anatole Rappertport to
Speaker 17: doctor King to klueclickt Plan, you name it. The Black
Speaker 17: Panthers and other black kind of extremist groups but non
Speaker 17: violent and were the major targets that Hoover wanted to
Speaker 17: destroy it.
Speaker 20: He declares the Black Panther Party the greatest threat to
Speaker 20: the internal security of the United States in nineteen sixty eight.
Speaker 11: That's Donna Merch, a scholar of the Black Panther Party.
Speaker 20: And does it it precisely the moment that the party
Speaker 20: is turning away from its use of police patrols and
Speaker 20: explicit arm self defense imagery.
Speaker 11: These police patrols were organized groups of Black Panthers who
Speaker 11: patrolled their neighborhood are in accordance with the Second Amendment
Speaker 11: as a deterrent against police violence. They saw this as
Speaker 11: an essential way to defend their communities against ongoing, unchecked
Speaker 11: and widely accepted abuse from police. But Donna says the
Speaker 11: Panthers were turning away from their focus on guns in
Speaker 11: favor of social programs just as the FBI stepped up
Speaker 11: its efforts against the Panthers. She told us the FBI's
Speaker 11: interest in the Panthers was never really about the threat
Speaker 11: of violence, but about their ideas.
Speaker 20: And so I think there was a real sense of
Speaker 20: fright about the strength of their ideas and the depth
Speaker 20: of support that they had within the black community, but
Speaker 20: also among Mother Country radicals, among white college students, also
Speaker 20: white artists and writers. Because the Panthers were an intellectual movement.
Speaker 10: It was just awakening, if you will, as what it
Speaker 10: was to be a young black Afnan American.
Speaker 11: This is Omar Barber again, whom you heard from at
Speaker 11: the top of this episode on a party.
Speaker 10: One of the things we had to do was to
Speaker 10: read and not only the autobioer Malcolm X, but James
Speaker 10: Baldwins of various books as well as France Banon.
Speaker 9: I reatch you out earth.
Speaker 11: If this is different from the image you have in
Speaker 11: your mind when you hear Black Panthers, that's probably because
Speaker 11: the FBI was so successful in smearing them. The Panthers
Speaker 11: were committed socialists. Fred Hampton's socialist principles compelled him to
Speaker 11: feed the poor, educate kids, and reach out across racial lines.
Speaker 11: In sixty eight, Hampton formed the Rainbow Coalition, a collection
Speaker 11: of groups that were not natural allies. In fact, some
Speaker 11: of them had actively fought against each other. They ranged
Speaker 11: from street charities to street gangs, and from Chinese and
Speaker 11: Puerto Rican revolutionaries to the Young Patriots Organization, a group
Speaker 11: of poor white Appalachians who'd moved to Chicago to find work.
Speaker 11: Through the Rainbow Coalition, Fred demonstrated that these disparate movements
Speaker 11: had a lot in common.
Speaker 10: But then he would articulate what that stand up living was,
Speaker 10: that children's educations, the ability to feed themselves, and he
Speaker 10: would say, look, that's the same problem we have down
Speaker 10: in Bronsville in Chicago. He wasn't coming to those Appellachian
Speaker 10: whites and saying, you know, your guys should come with us,
Speaker 10: because we the better ones. And now he was saying,
Speaker 10: you know, if you really look at your condition and
Speaker 10: you understand it is because of capitalism.
Speaker 11: The Black Panther newspaper, which they distributed in cities all
Speaker 11: over the country, was a visible reminder of their presence
Speaker 11: and their political agenda. So were the Panthers food distribution programs.
Speaker 11: Both became targets of the FBI.
Speaker 20: They sprayed scatole, which is a foul smelling basically chemical
Speaker 20: agent on the newspaper.
Speaker 10: We used to get the paper shipped in from Oakland
Speaker 10: and to Kenney Airport. We go pick up the papers.
Speaker 10: They would be destroyed what and we would get a
Speaker 10: call from not to the workers say, man, you guys
Speaker 10: been to go to papers. In fact, some of the
Speaker 10: workers used to hide out papers for us to we
Speaker 10: come get them, and stuff like.
Speaker 20: That the breakfast programs had to constantly be moved, that
Speaker 20: they were really trying to destroy the breakfast programs because
Speaker 20: they meaning the FBI and local on state law enforcement,
Speaker 20: they saw those as such a danger because of the
Speaker 20: ways that they would influence parents and children and families.
Speaker 11: Omar and a fellow Panthers knew they were being targeted
Speaker 11: by the government, but it was never really clear exactly
Speaker 11: who was behind it.
Speaker 20: The core strategy is to criminalize and kill the leadership
Speaker 20: of the party and the rank and file. At the
Speaker 20: very least a third of the party was agen provocateurs
Speaker 20: and informers.
Speaker 11: Omar says, it's now clear that many of the people
Speaker 11: around him were working to undermine the Black Panther Party.
Speaker 10: We had members who were doing stick ups, robbing people,
Speaker 10: and doing other things, and we call them agent provocate tools.
Speaker 11: These provocateurs would commit flagrant crimes like robberies and muggings,
Speaker 11: and they would make sure that their actions implicated the
Speaker 11: Panther organization, giving law enforcement an excuse to move in.
Speaker 10: And subsequently we learned to find a lot of those
Speaker 10: people where in fact, not only agent provocate tools, but
Speaker 10: undercover officers, and.
Speaker 20: You're inserting people into organizations to increase that level of
Speaker 20: anger and to increase that level of violence, and often
Speaker 20: inserting violence because that was a way to have people
Speaker 20: arrested and then locked away in prison.
Speaker 11: The FBI strategy worked. The bureau successfully created deep rifts
Speaker 11: within the party, using forged letters and agent provocateurs to
Speaker 11: encourage violence and foster grievances. The same was true for
Speaker 11: the Black Panthers' relationships to other black organizations.
Speaker 17: A special agent in San Diego wrote a classified letter
Speaker 17: back to Jagger, who were saying, we've managed to convince
Speaker 17: one black group in San Diego that the real enemies
Speaker 17: are another black group, and we've got them into an argument,
Speaker 17: and there have been some shootings and some killings between
Speaker 17: these two groups. And we prevented them from concentrating on
Speaker 17: civil rights by getting them involved in gang warfare against
Speaker 17: each other. And that was a co Intel pro goal.
Speaker 11: In nineteen sixty eight, co Intel Pro successfully framed a
Speaker 11: Panther named Geronimo Pratt, who was arrested and convicted of
Speaker 11: murdering a woman in Los Angeles. He spent twenty seven
Speaker 11: years in prison before it was finally proven that Pratt
Speaker 11: had been in Oakland, four hundred miles away.
Speaker 1: At the time of the crime.
Speaker 11: The FBI had known Pratt was innocent the entire time,
Speaker 11: but they allowed him to spend nearly three decades in prison.
Speaker 11: And then there was the case of Fred Hampton. The
Speaker 11: Black Panthers, and many of had long been convinced that
Speaker 11: Jay Edgar Hoover had assassinated Hampton. Now that Hoover was
Speaker 11: dead and his secrets were out, the nation finally learned
Speaker 11: the full story. In nineteen sixty seven, a young black
Speaker 11: man named William O'Neil stole a car in Chicago, drove
Speaker 11: it to Indiana, and abandoned it. Since he'd crossed state lines,
Speaker 11: his crime was a federal one, so the FBI investigated.
Speaker 1: Eventually, an agent caught.
Speaker 9: Up with O'Neil.
Speaker 11: He told him that even though he was caught red handed,
Speaker 11: there was no need to worry. They could work something out.
Speaker 11: He then asked O'Neill to infiltrate the Illinois Black Panther party.
Speaker 11: O'Neill excelled as an informant. He ingratiated himself with the
Speaker 11: Panthers and became head of security to their charismatic young leader,
Speaker 11: Fred Hampton. In late nineteen sixty nine, O'Neill provided the
Speaker 11: FBI with the address of the house where Hampton was staying.
Speaker 11: He told them there were guns there, and he drew
Speaker 11: a map of the house, even marking the location of
Speaker 11: Fred Hampton's bed. On the night of December third, nineteen
Speaker 11: sixty nine, O'Neil slipped a sedative into a glass of
Speaker 11: kool aid and gave it to Chairman Fred and then departed.
Speaker 11: A few hours later, the police arrived and shot their
Speaker 11: way into the apartment using the map. They went straight
Speaker 11: to the bedroom and killed Fred Hampton in cold blood
Speaker 11: as he lay drugged and knocked out in his bed.
Speaker 11: O'Neil was not the last informant and Hampton was not
Speaker 11: the last Panther to die.
Speaker 10: Not only was it the organizations that were targeted Cointelpro,
Speaker 10: but the greater Black community. There was a criminalation of
Speaker 10: a people, a race of people, not just the organization
Speaker 10: that may be and represented those people. That's the angle
Speaker 10: that we still have to look at. There were a
Speaker 10: lot of panthers that were killed in very unusual circumstances
Speaker 10: that a lot of pants in that won in jail.
Speaker 10: If the committee's invest atic guy had not uncovered those files,
Speaker 10: I think we would have seen more desks.
Speaker 11: As part of his research before the hearings, Locke Johnson
Speaker 11: traveled to Boston to interview former FBI Assistant Director Bill Sullivan,
Speaker 11: one of the chief architects of co Intel pro Now.
Speaker 11: He was sitting directly across from Locke in a private
Speaker 11: room at Logan Airport.
Speaker 17: And I asked him, how could you have done these things?
Speaker 17: How could you have tried to destroy anatole, rappaport and
Speaker 17: doctor King and the hundreds upon hundreds of other people
Speaker 17: in the civil rights movement and in the anti war
Speaker 17: protest movement. How could you have done that to these
Speaker 17: people who weren't breaking any laws, that they were expressing
Speaker 17: their views. And he said, that's what Hoover wanted me
Speaker 17: to do. And I had a mortgage on my house
Speaker 17: and I had three kids in college. I reminded me
Speaker 17: of Hannah Urant's banality of evil. Help people do the
Speaker 17: most awful things for the most mundane reasons. It was
Speaker 17: really quite shocking. You know the old cliche about you
Speaker 17: could hear a pin drop, That's exactly what it was.
Speaker 17: In the Russell.
Speaker 11: Auditorium after hearing the facts of Cotel pro laid out
Speaker 11: before the Church Committee. Michigan Senator Philip Hart spoke up.
Speaker 8: I've been told for years by, among others, some of
Speaker 8: my own family that this is exactly what the Bureau
Speaker 8: was doing all the time, And in my great wisdom
Speaker 8: in high office, I assured them they were on pot.
Speaker 9: This just wasn't true, couldn't happen. They wouldn't do it.
Speaker 11: Heart was nearing the end of his third and final
Speaker 11: term in the Senate. His health was declining. In fact,
Speaker 11: according to Locke, Heart had to miss some of the
Speaker 11: hearings for medical reasons, but he had heard enough.
Speaker 8: What you've described is a series of illegal actions intended
Speaker 8: squarely to deny First Amendment rights to some Americans. The trick, now,
Speaker 8: as I say it, Miss Chairman, is for this committee
Speaker 8: to be able to figure out how to persuade the
Speaker 8: people of this country that indeed it did go on,
Speaker 8: and how shall we ensure that it never happened again.
Speaker 17: And it was kind of a turning point in which
Speaker 17: even the three conservative Republicans sort of had an epiphany
Speaker 17: that the FBI had really gone way too far. They
Speaker 17: had no accountability, and the anchor of democracy is accountability.
Speaker 11: As he filled the questions from the Church committee, visibly
Speaker 11: sweaty and red as a phone tapping Tomato. FBI Deputy
Speaker 11: Associate Director James Adams acknowledged that the Bureau had strayed
Speaker 11: from its mission. He encouraged Congress to give them some
Speaker 11: quote guidelines, at which point Frank Church reminded him that
Speaker 11: he already had some you know, laws.
Speaker 18: You shouldn't have ever had to have had guidelines to
Speaker 18: tell you that the federal government's chief law enforcement agency
Speaker 18: ought not to disobey the law. And really, you don't
Speaker 18: need explicit guidelines to.
Speaker 9: Tell you that, or you shouldn't have.
Speaker 18: Wouldn't you agree?
Speaker 3: I would say that, looking at it today, we should
Speaker 3: have looked at it that way yesterday.
Speaker 11: Hindsight's twenty twenty Congress wasn't going to accept that old
Speaker 11: chestnut and leave it at that. In the wake of
Speaker 11: the Church hearings, it passed a new law limiting future
Speaker 11: FBI directors to a term of ten years.
Speaker 17: Finally, seventy five, we began to do something in the
Speaker 17: United States of America about secret power, the most dangerous
Speaker 17: power of all, and we tried to tame secret power
Speaker 17: by creating a House and sidate Intelligence Committee.
Speaker 11: It sounds crazy now, but the Church Committee really was
Speaker 11: the first time that Congress ever held the FBI to account.
Speaker 11: In the wake of these revelations, both Houses of Congress
Speaker 11: eventually voted to keep permanent standing committees to review what
Speaker 11: intelligence agencies were doing, which they still do today. The
Speaker 11: media burglars watched the hearings unfold, unable to discuss them
Speaker 11: with each other or take any credit for the crucial
Speaker 11: role they'd played.
Speaker 21: It was very exciting when the Church Committee decided to
Speaker 21: take us on.
Speaker 9: This is fabulous.
Speaker 21: I wasn't sure it was going to rise to that level,
Speaker 21: but I thought it was amazing. And you know, we
Speaker 21: had raised the coniousness in the whole country about the FBI.
Speaker 22: I had sort of a feeling of, well, finally, you know,
Speaker 22: not that I expected a whole lot out of it,
Speaker 22: but at least it was, you know, the Congress is
Speaker 22: acknowledging the you know, the anti democratic stuff that had
Speaker 22: been going on.
Speaker 2: Our hope was that there would be serious oversight of
Speaker 2: the FBI and the CIA.
Speaker 1: Long overdue in this so called democracy.
Speaker 17: If you look at the history of Jaegar Hoover, it
Speaker 17: was the most damaging act against him in that long history.
Speaker 17: In my view, there were more heroes and burglars because
Speaker 17: it brought to light the fact that cointelpro and the
Speaker 17: counter intelligence program of the FBI existed.
Speaker 11: Next on SNAFU, the fallout from the Church Committee revelations,
Speaker 11: What are.
Speaker 9: We going to do about this? Easy as We're going
Speaker 9: to get?
Speaker 11: The time of Goodbye, the final chapters of our burglar stories.
Speaker 9: I Changed, Sinning and Sorry, My Underground Life.
Speaker 1: And a Return to the Scene of the Crime.
Speaker 11: Snapoo is a production of iHeartRadio, Film, Nation Entertainment, and
Speaker 11: Pacific Electric Picture Company in association with Gilded Audio. This
Speaker 11: season of Snapfoo is based on the book The Burglary
Speaker 11: The Discovery of Jay Edgar Hoover's Secret FBI, written by
Speaker 11: Betty Metzger.
Speaker 1: It's executive produced by.
Speaker 11: Me Ed Helms, Milan Papelka, Mike Walbo, Whitney Donaldson, Andy Chug,
Speaker 11: Dylan Fagan, and Betty Metzger. Our lead producers are Sarah
Speaker 11: Joyner and Alyssa Martino. Producer is Stephen Wood. This episode
Speaker 11: was written by Albert Chen, Sarah Joyner, and Stephen Wood,
Speaker 11: with additional writing and story editing from Alissa Martino and
Speaker 11: Ed Helms. Tory Smith is our associate producer. Nevin Calla
Speaker 11: poly is our production assistant. Facts checking by char ARLs Richter.
Speaker 11: Our creative executive is Brett Harris. Sensitivity consult from Oloa
Speaker 11: Kemi Ala de Sui, editing, sound design and original music
Speaker 11: by Ben Chugg, Engineering and technical direction by Nick Dooley.
Speaker 11: Additional editing from Kelsey Albright, Olivia Canny and Jimma Castelli.
Speaker 11: Foley theme music by Dan Rosatto. Special thanks to Alison Cohen,
Speaker 11: Daniel Welsh and Ben Riizak. Additional thanks to director Joanna
Speaker 11: Hamilton for letting us use some of the original interviews
Speaker 11: from her incredible documentary nineteen seventy one. Finally, our deepest
Speaker 11: gratitude to the courageous Citizens Commission to Investigate the FBI,
Speaker 11: Bill Davidon, Ralph Daniel, Judy fine Gold, Keith Forsyth, Bonnie Rains,
Speaker 11: John Rains, Sarah Schumer and Bob Williamson.