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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, do you have a pretty good routine? You

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Speaker 1: mean like a dance routine or like ten tight minutes

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Speaker 1: of stand up comedy? I mean like a schedule, Like

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Speaker 1: do you have the same day plant every day? Or

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Speaker 1: do you wing it every day? Yeah? I'm pretty into

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Speaker 1: my schedules. It's the only way I can really stay

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Speaker 1: on top of everything. Oh man, that is the opposite

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Speaker 1: of what I do. I like to wake up every

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Speaker 1: day not knowing what's gonna happen. Well, I like to

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Speaker 1: plan every day, but in the end, every day turns

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Speaker 1: out totally different because my well laid plans get blown

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Speaker 1: up by something that happens. See, so what's the point

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Speaker 1: of making plans. I like to live in a superposition

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Speaker 1: of organization and chaos. So you're both or neither depends

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Speaker 1: on which day you collapse my wave function and on

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Speaker 1: which day my schedule collapses. Sounds like you're the one

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Speaker 1: who collapses at the end of the day, though. That's

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Speaker 1: how you know him a true quantum mechanic. Hi am

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Speaker 1: or Him and Cartoonists, and the co author of Frequently

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Speaker 1: Asked Questions about the Universe. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a

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Speaker 1: particle physicist. And a professor at U C Irvine, And

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Speaker 1: I'm supposed to understand quantum mechanics. You're supposed to do that,

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Speaker 1: I guess because you're a physicist, right, that's right, it's

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Speaker 1: my official job. Particles are definitely quantum objects, and yet

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Speaker 1: it's still something that everybody in the field struggles with.

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Speaker 1: But didn't Richard Fine when famously said that nobody understands

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Speaker 1: quantum mechanics and if you do, then you don't really

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Speaker 1: understand it. And he was one of the top five

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Speaker 1: smartest physicists. So yeah, everybody below him on the ranking

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Speaker 1: can't understand it better than he does. With the top four, dude,

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Speaker 1: I think there are a few people out there that

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Speaker 1: might understand quantum mechanics better than Richard Fineman. Yeah. Do

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Speaker 1: you think it's maybe just a limitation of the human

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Speaker 1: brain or is the quantum mechanics use there not understandable.

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Speaker 1: I think we definitely can understand the mathematics of it,

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Speaker 1: but sometimes translating that mathematics into intuition is really complicated.

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Speaker 1: It's hard to understand things which are very unfamiliar to us.

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Speaker 1: Because in the end, physics is about trying to explain

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Speaker 1: the unfamiliar in terms of the familiar. But sometimes we

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Speaker 1: don't have a good intuitive analog to reach for. Sometimes

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Speaker 1: we find something which really is very different from anything

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Speaker 1: we've experienced before. That's why I don't believe in intuition,

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Speaker 1: either schedules and intuitions. I just leave him at home

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Speaker 1: every day. But anyways, welcome to our podcast Daniel and

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Speaker 1: Jorge Explained the Universe, a production of My Heart Radio

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Speaker 1: in which we attempt to apply our intuition to understanding

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Speaker 1: everything about the universe. For these little squishy brains that

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Speaker 1: evolved on this one rock around one planet. It's an

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Speaker 1: incredible task to try to understand everything that's out there,

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Speaker 1: including phenomena that our ancestors never saw, crazy black holes,

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Speaker 1: incredibly dense neutron stars, any buzzing particles. Is it even

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Speaker 1: possible to grop all of that, to import it somehow

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Speaker 1: into our minds so we can play with it, manipulated

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Speaker 1: and understand it. That's right, because it is a vast

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Speaker 1: and incredible universe full of amazing things that run counter

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Speaker 1: to our intuitions sometimes and that are very difficult to understand.

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Speaker 1: And so the only thing we can schedule on this

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Speaker 1: podcast is the idea that we're gonna talk about it

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Speaker 1: and try to understand it and ask questions about it.

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Speaker 1: Because on the podcast we try to do something which

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Speaker 1: may be impossible, which is to translate all of these ideas,

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Speaker 1: which in the end are expressed mathematically, into concepts that

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Speaker 1: we can deliver into your brain just with chit chat

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Speaker 1: and conversation. It's not always easy to know how to

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Speaker 1: transform these ideas from their essential mathematical principles into an

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Speaker 1: intuitive understanding, a stream of words which land in your

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Speaker 1: ear and build in your mind a little model that

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Speaker 1: makes you go, oh, I get it. But that's what

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Speaker 1: we're going for. Yeah, it's a pretty challenging problem if

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Speaker 1: you think about it, right, because we're trying to take

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Speaker 1: the higher universe, which is at least four dimensions, maybe more,

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Speaker 1: and we're trying to get it down to really one dimension, right,

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Speaker 1: because audio is just one one degree of freedom, right,

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Speaker 1: I suppose though, although in principle there are an infinite

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Speaker 1: number of frequencies along which to convey information. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's a good point. We're trying to like serialize the

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Speaker 1: universe into a stream of information which unpacks itself into

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Speaker 1: your mind to give you a mental model of the

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Speaker 1: universe that somehow works. I guess it would help if

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Speaker 1: maybe we're recording stereo, like I could be on people's

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Speaker 1: left ear and you could be on people's right ear,

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Speaker 1: and then we could maybe convey more information that way,

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Speaker 1: like a little angel and devils standing on your shoulders.

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Speaker 1: Or maybe we need to cartoonists and to physicists going simultaneously.

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Speaker 1: How does that help, and we're all talking at the

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Speaker 1: same time exactly, it would be two dimensional podcasting simultaneously.

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Speaker 1: I feel like you would still collapse right under the

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Speaker 1: amount of information. You're still collapsing the information down to

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Speaker 1: one dimensional audio. Yeah. I think probably it's best to

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Speaker 1: stick with one dimension and do best to project these

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Speaker 1: crazy ideas down into a one dimensional audio stream. It

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Speaker 1: is a complex universe, and sometimes it's a seemingly random universe.

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Speaker 1: It's a huge universe, and all kinds of things are

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Speaker 1: happening in it, and it's not quite clear where the

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Speaker 1: things are happening according to a plan or if they

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Speaker 1: are just randomly occurring in the universe. Yeah. One of

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Speaker 1: the most fundamental questions about the nature of the universe

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Speaker 1: is whether you can predict what's going to happen in

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Speaker 1: the future based on the past. Is the universe like

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Speaker 1: a big clock, where if you understood all of the

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Speaker 1: rules and had enough information, you could tell exactly what

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Speaker 1: was going to happen? Or fundamentally, is there something weird

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Speaker 1: going on at the heart of the machine that is

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Speaker 1: running the universe, something different from anything we have ever

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Speaker 1: experienced directly, something truly random? And well, I guess the

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Speaker 1: universe seems pretty random, right, Like if I flip a coin,

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Speaker 1: it's really hard to tell if it's going to be

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Speaker 1: heads or tails. Right, it does, And we often use

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Speaker 1: flipping a coin or rolling a dice as an approximation

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Speaker 1: for some random But those are not actually random processes.

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Speaker 1: Those are just very very complicated processes, things which are

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Speaker 1: hard to predict, but in principle possible to predict if

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Speaker 1: you had enough information and enough computer processing power. What

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Speaker 1: about whether we're going to explain something well or not?

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Speaker 1: Isn't that also kind of random? Hey, sometimes what we

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Speaker 1: talk about on the podcast feels a little random. You know,

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Speaker 1: I'll prepare a whole outline and we'll never get past

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Speaker 1: the first bit. Wait, are you saying I'm the random

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Speaker 1: filter here? I'm saying that Daniel Jorge interaction is a

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Speaker 1: little unpredictable. Sometimes what we end up talking about in

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Speaker 1: the best possible way. I love those episodes when you're

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Speaker 1: like a whole lot of second, slow down, what does

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Speaker 1: that actually mean? And then we spend forty five minutes

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Speaker 1: talking about the definition. We may we just need like

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Speaker 1: a parallel podcast or something. Maybe we need the multi

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Speaker 1: World's podcast where we take every possible branch and every

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Speaker 1: possible digression simultaneously. Well, this idea of whether the universe

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Speaker 1: is random or not with something that sort of came

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Speaker 1: up recently in the last hundred or two hundred years, right,

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Speaker 1: I mean, after Newton, people have figured that the universe

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Speaker 1: was pretty mechanical, pretty much like a machine where everything

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Speaker 1: followed F equals m A, and you could predict what

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Speaker 1: the path of a baseball or dropping a coin, what

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Speaker 1: was going to happen. You could predict that. But then

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Speaker 1: came quantum mechanics, who said, well, maybe things are not

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Speaker 1: that predictable. Yeah, And both of those really are revolutions

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Speaker 1: in our understanding of how the universe works. I mean,

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Speaker 1: before quantum mechanics, even just the idea that the universe

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Speaker 1: was deterministic, that it was like clockwork, that the whole

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Speaker 1: apparatus of reality was somehow following physical laws which you

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Speaker 1: could uncover and understand and used to predict the future.

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Speaker 1: This was a big idea, right. This flew in the

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Speaker 1: face of lots of people sort of spiritual sense that

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Speaker 1: there was somebody out there, unpredictable, in control of the universe.

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Speaker 1: To reduce it to a set of natural laws which

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Speaker 1: governed it, that was a big step forward. And so

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Speaker 1: then to pull the rug out from underneath that and say, actually, no,

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Speaker 1: at the heart of all of it, there might be

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Speaker 1: something unpredictable, some process which determines the outcome but isn't

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Speaker 1: determined by the past, is somehow fundamentally random. That was

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Speaker 1: a crazy, big new idea. Yeah, I guess it was

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Speaker 1: a double sweeping of the rug, right, because before Newton,

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Speaker 1: I guess, and before these fundamental laws of the universe,

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Speaker 1: people kind of thought the universe was random. Right. It

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Speaker 1: was random, or at least at the whim of some

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Speaker 1: gods or some deity that sort of randomly decided things.

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Speaker 1: And then we thought it was all ordered, and then

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Speaker 1: we realized, wait, it is sort of random. Yeah, exactly

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Speaker 1: though random in a very very different way. Right, quantum

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Speaker 1: mechanical randomness, as we'll dig into, it's not arbitrary or

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Speaker 1: at the whims of some god. Right, how do you know, Daniel?

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Speaker 1: You know, we might be at the whims of the

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Speaker 1: writers of the simulation. But whatever code they wrote is

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Speaker 1: what determines how the universe seems to work. What if

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Speaker 1: that code is at the whim of some other writers. Well,

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Speaker 1: maybe it is, but they don't seem to have been

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Speaker 1: changing the code recently. It seems like the code is

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Speaker 1: pretty stable over the fourteen billion years at the universe's history,

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Speaker 1: So there haven't been any updates. Well, it seems like

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Speaker 1: we've done a double take here on the random of

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Speaker 1: the universe. And the latest is that according to quantum mechanics,

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Speaker 1: things are random. But is that really true? And so

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Speaker 1: to be on the podcast we'll be tackling the question

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Speaker 1: how do we know quantum mechanics is really random as

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Speaker 1: opposed to just plane wacky or flaky or at the

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Speaker 1: whim of some quantum mechanical gods. Well, you know, quantum

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Speaker 1: mechanics has probabilities in it, and you can talk about

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Speaker 1: what probabilities means. Sometimes probability just means our lack of information.

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Speaker 1: Things we don't know, but in principle could predict. And

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Speaker 1: sometimes probability means fundamentally random, governed by our process outside

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Speaker 1: of our control. You're gonna bet on the outcome of

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Speaker 1: a Roulette wheel spin, for example, you might think that's random,

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Speaker 1: and in principle, if you knew how the ball bounced

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Speaker 1: and you spun it the same way twice, you should

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Speaker 1: get exactly the same answer, So it's not really random.

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Speaker 1: The probabilities, they're just come from your lack of understanding.

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Speaker 1: The question really is quantum mechanics the same way. Are

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Speaker 1: there details which actually do determine the outcome of these experiments,

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Speaker 1: which is not aware of them? Or is the universe

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Speaker 1: really actually at its core a random number generator? You're

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Speaker 1: asking is it really random or does it just seem random?

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Speaker 1: Because something can seem random, right like I can have

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Speaker 1: a computer code that spits out random numbers, which will

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Speaker 1: look pretty random to anyone, but actually there's sort of

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Speaker 1: card coded on the computer right exactly. Random number generators

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Speaker 1: follow a sequence where computers follow rules. They can't actually

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Speaker 1: generate random numbers. They can only have pseudo random number

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Speaker 1: sequences that sort of look random ish, right, And so

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Speaker 1: we're asking the same question about the entire universe. Is

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Speaker 1: the universe actually random at its core? Or does it

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Speaker 1: just seem random? And I guess we need to go

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Speaker 1: to quantum mechanics to find the answer. And we've been

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Speaker 1: talking around this topic and a few recent episodes and

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Speaker 1: listeners have responded and asked us to dig into the

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Speaker 1: heart of the matter. Yeah, and as usually, we were

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Speaker 1: wondering how many people out there I thought about whether

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Speaker 1: quantum mechanics really is random or not. So thanks to

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Speaker 1: everybody who answers these questions for us. It gives us

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Speaker 1: a great sense for what people know and what they're

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Speaker 1: wondering about, and what you might be thinking out there.

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Speaker 1: And if you would like to lend your voice for

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Speaker 1: a future episode, please don't be shy, all right to

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Speaker 1: us two questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. So

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Speaker 1: think about it for a second. Do you think quantum

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Speaker 1: mechanics really is random? Here's what people had to say. Actually,

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Speaker 1: I then that's what Einstein thought. He thought there was

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Speaker 1: some hidden variables are controlled all the processes, and we

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Speaker 1: didn't know about that, and that's why we thought it

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Speaker 1: rest them, but I think there have been many experiments

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Speaker 1: where they redeed the same thing over in our work,

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Speaker 1: but in the same conditions, but there's a different result

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Speaker 1: each time, and that's what that's how we know that

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Speaker 1: it is truly random is such a question. We do

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Speaker 1: experiments thousands and thousands of times so that we can

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Speaker 1: get probability curves that show randomness. But he would only

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Speaker 1: know to a certain amount of certainty based on how

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Speaker 1: many experiments you do, and you can't do an infinite

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Speaker 1: number of experiments. So maybe we don't know that it's random,

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Speaker 1: but it's just random enough for purposes. Well, if it's

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Speaker 1: not random, I guess scientists would have figured out how

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Speaker 1: it's really working, and we would have really cool quantum

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Speaker 1: computers by now. We may not know it as an

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Speaker 1: absolute fact, but our models really suggest it is random

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Speaker 1: through many experiments and theories. That model of randomness holds

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Speaker 1: out really, really well. And that's about as good as

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Speaker 1: we can get if the model fits we accepted. I'm

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Speaker 1: a big fan of the idea that there's a hidden

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Speaker 1: variable that we don't understand, But at the same time

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Speaker 1: I realized that all the evidence says that it's really

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Speaker 1: really random. There's that whole thing where you send electrons

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Speaker 1: through a slit experiment, one electron at a time, and

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Speaker 1: they still interfere because, as I've heard you guys say,

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Speaker 1: it's a field, not a point. But I don't really

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Speaker 1: understand damn that um. As a computer programmer, I know

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Speaker 1: that quantum is the gold standard for truly random numbers,

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Speaker 1: but I guess I really don't understand that at all.

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Speaker 1: If you set up an experiment, well so they call

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Speaker 1: it an ensemble, if you set up multiple instances of

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Speaker 1: that experiment and everything is the same, and you produce

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Speaker 1: the electron, say you, I don't know if I were

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Speaker 1: it in a given direction, And then well, since you

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Speaker 1: know its position or the trajectory it's taking, if you

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Speaker 1: then try to measure its momentum while it's moving, even

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Speaker 1: though the experiments are set up in exactly the same way,

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Speaker 1: you get different answers for the momentum, and it doesn't

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Speaker 1: depend on how you've set up the experiment, because the

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Speaker 1: ensembles are exactly the same and there is no like

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Speaker 1: sort of external factor that you can change that somehow

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Speaker 1: correlates with the measured momentum and that's why we say

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Speaker 1: quantum mechanics is random. Well, I guess you could set

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Speaker 1: up the same experiment many many times and if you

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Speaker 1: get different outcomes um with the sort of random distribution,

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Speaker 1: you would know that it's very random. Otherwise I have

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Speaker 1: no idea. Interesting, I feel like some people don't want

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Speaker 1: to know, kind of. It is really hard to accept

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Speaker 1: this idea that the universe is so different from the

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Speaker 1: one you experience. So I think a lot of people resisted. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and do you think quantum mechanics is random or maybe

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Speaker 1: it was just discovered randomly? It does seem like the

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Speaker 1: history of science is a little bit random, you know,

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Speaker 1: especially in the case of quantum mechanics, because we had

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Speaker 1: a few experiments that people had done and nobody really understood,

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Speaker 1: and then Einstein and Plank came along and sort of

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Speaker 1: put the pieces together years later. Makes you wonder if

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Speaker 1: it could have happened sooner, or maybe if it could

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Speaker 1: have happened decades later. It's fun to think about alternative

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Speaker 1: histories and what we might have discovered or not at all. Right,

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Speaker 1: Like what if Einstein had decided that he wanted to

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Speaker 1: play soccer for a living. Maybe we wouldn't be having

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Speaker 1: this conversation at all. Usually can't say that about historical figures,

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Speaker 1: but Eisen is one of those figures where if he

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Speaker 1: hadn't come along at the moment he did, things would

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Speaker 1: be super different. Things might be different. There are people

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Speaker 1: who say that a lot of the precursors to his

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Speaker 1: ideas came from other people, and so it was sort

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Speaker 1: of inevitable for them to click together. You know, a

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Speaker 1: lot of the math that underpins relativity was developed by

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Speaker 1: other folks. Rimon, for example, developed the rimanny and manifold,

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Speaker 1: which Einstein realized was a great way to describe the

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Speaker 1: curvature of space. Other folks were working on similar ideas

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Speaker 1: and may have brought it together even without Einstein, though

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Speaker 1: it could have taken a few years or decades longer. Well,

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Speaker 1: Eisen did what he did. And here we are talking

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Speaker 1: about quantum mechanics and randomness and whether or not it

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Speaker 1: is actually random at its core. And so I guess, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: let's start with the basics here. Uh, Well, first of all,

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Speaker 1: what do we mean by the word random? So by

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Speaker 1: random we really mean something which is not determined by

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Speaker 1: the experimental setup you'd build an experiment to shoot a ball,

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Speaker 1: or to flip a coin, or to roll a dice

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Speaker 1: or whatever. If it really is random, then you can

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Speaker 1: do the same experiment twice and get different outcomes, right

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Speaker 1: Like For example, a computer random number generator is not

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Speaker 1: really random because it uses a computer formula, right like that.

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Speaker 1: One works by taking a look at the current time,

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Speaker 1: grabbing a bunch of different variables that are changing all

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Speaker 1: the time, and then it processes those and then it

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Speaker 1: spits out what seems like a random number, but it's

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Speaker 1: not really random because venia what all the numbers that

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Speaker 1: went into the random number generator, you could generate the

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Speaker 1: exact same sequence, right yeah, and we do that all

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Speaker 1: the time. You have a random number seeds for example.

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Speaker 1: These are the parameters that control the random number generation.

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Speaker 1: And if you give a computer the same seeds, it

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Speaker 1: will generate the same sequence of random numbers every time.

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Speaker 1: So computer random number generators are deterministic. They can be

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Speaker 1: predicted from their inputs and reproduced. You run the same

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Speaker 1: random number generator with the same inputs get exactly the

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Speaker 1: same outputs, So that's deterministic. That's not random, But they

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Speaker 1: are chaotic. They are hard to predict. Their designed to

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Speaker 1: be complicated the way. For example, a die is designed

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Speaker 1: to be unpredictable, as all these sharp edges which bounce

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Speaker 1: unpredictably against surfaces and makes it really tricky to know

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Speaker 1: if a two or four is going to land upright,

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Speaker 1: It's very sensitive to exactly how you throw it, which

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Speaker 1: makes it hard to predict and appear random but not

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Speaker 1: actually be random, right, because a die with sharp edges

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Speaker 1: sort of like if you stand it on one corner,

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Speaker 1: I guess it might fall to the rider, It might

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Speaker 1: fault to the left, or it might bounce to the

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Speaker 1: right or left, just like a coin if you stand

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Speaker 1: it up on its side, it could maybe um flip

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Speaker 1: or land and either way. Yeah, imagine trying to learn,

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Speaker 1: for example, how to flip a coin so that it

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Speaker 1: always comes up heads. In principle, you could you could

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Speaker 1: learn how to spin it at just the right frequency

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Speaker 1: and toss it in the air just the right velocity,

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Speaker 1: so it has a certain number of flips before it

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Speaker 1: lands on your hand and it's always going to come

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Speaker 1: up heads. That would be a great skill, right, But

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Speaker 1: it's so hard to do because it's so sensitive to

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Speaker 1: all of those details. You'd have to be a master

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Speaker 1: coin flipper to be able to do that same with

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Speaker 1: a dive. Some many knew how to roll sevens every

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Speaker 1: single time. They would make zillions of dollars at casinos

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Speaker 1: every day. Right, The whole game of craps is built

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Speaker 1: on the assumption that nobody can really control what happens

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Speaker 1: to the diet even though they give them to you,

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Speaker 1: they let you roll them, right, And so the whole

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Speaker 1: assumption there is that you can't reproduce the same toss

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Speaker 1: over and over again. So I don't let you into

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Speaker 1: casinos anymore. It may they stop you at the door first,

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Speaker 1: they're like, are you Antonian physicists or a quantum mechanicis

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Speaker 1: may say quantum physicists. They'll let you in. They'll let

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Speaker 1: you in exactly because you've given up. You've allowed the

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Speaker 1: randomness to enter your life, all right. So that's the

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Speaker 1: kind of the difference between random and not random. Random

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Speaker 1: you can't predict given the initial conditions, and not random

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Speaker 1: you can't predict it even if it is really hard.

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Speaker 1: If you can't predict it, then it's possible that you

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Speaker 1: can't predict it, and so it's not random, and everything

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Speaker 1: in your everyday experience is not random. Whether you hit

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Speaker 1: a green light, or whether you trip on the steps,

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Speaker 1: or whether that bird poops on your shoulder or whatever.

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Speaker 1: These things can seem random, whether really just complex. They're

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Speaker 1: actually just chaotic. Even the weather, right, the weather is

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Speaker 1: not fundamentally quantum mechanically random. It's just difficult to predict

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Speaker 1: because it's so complicated. So in our experience, everything that

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Speaker 1: seems random is actually just deterministic and complicated, or at

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Speaker 1: least I think you mean, it's mostly deterministic and chaotic, right,

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Speaker 1: And it's it's just saying that Newtonian dynamics dominate our

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Speaker 1: everyday lives. But there is still a little bit of

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Speaker 1: a quantum at it's hard right at the microscopic level,

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Speaker 1: right like as the coin hits the table, there is

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Speaker 1: some sort of maybe quantum interaction there. They could determine

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Speaker 1: whether it flips to the right or to the left. Well,

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Speaker 1: we do know that microscopically everything we experience is made

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Speaker 1: of quantum objects, and so if quantum mechanics is random,

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Speaker 1: then you know, you might ask why aren't things made

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Speaker 1: of quantum objects also random. The answer is that that

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Speaker 1: randomness mostly averages out, and so even electron is going

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Speaker 1: to like quantum mechanically fluctuate to the left somewhere than

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Speaker 1: an electron quantum mechanically fluctuating to the right. So when

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Speaker 1: you have in big enough groups of quantum objects, these

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Speaker 1: things tend to wash out. It's very difficult to actually

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Speaker 1: pinpoint quantum mechanical impacts on everyday macroscopic classical objects. Otherwise

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Speaker 1: we would have discovered quantum mechanics sooner. You know, it

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Speaker 1: would have been more obvious if there were quantum mechanical

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Speaker 1: impacts on our everyday life. Right, But you just found

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Speaker 1: it a little bit absolute in But then you said

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Speaker 1: you mostly wash this out, right, not completely right. There

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Speaker 1: is still a little bit of tiny, little bit of

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Speaker 1: maybe quantum randomness in our everyday lives too. Yeah, there's

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Speaker 1: a little bit there. Right In the end, these things

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Speaker 1: are averages, so there are probabilities you could in principle

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Speaker 1: disappear and quantum tunnel to the other side of your house. Right,

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Speaker 1: It's not impossible. That's why you should never say things absolutely. Also,

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Speaker 1: this is not something that we a hundred understand, right,

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Speaker 1: How do quantum mechanical objects when they're all tiny, the

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Speaker 1: huge frothing mass of them, how did they come together

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Speaker 1: to make the classical picture that we understand that boundary

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Speaker 1: is kind of fuzzy and not super well understood. So

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Speaker 1: there might be places where quantum effects really do have

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Speaker 1: so of like cascading consequences which lead to macroscopic effects,

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Speaker 1: like the heart of the human brain. Are there quantum

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Speaker 1: effects inside your neurons which change the decisions that you make?

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Speaker 1: We don't really understand that in enough detail to be

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Speaker 1: absolutist about it, right, But I think what you're saying

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Speaker 1: that then, is that our everyday lives that things are

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Speaker 1: mostly deterministic because all the quantum mechanics sort of mostly

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Speaker 1: washes off. But although there's still a little bit of

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Speaker 1: room there for things to be random, but they're not

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Speaker 1: as random as they are at the microscopic level. If

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Speaker 1: you're looking at like one electron that has a as

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Speaker 1: a huge random as factor whether it goes right or

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Speaker 1: left exactly, we think that at the microscopic level, quantum

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Speaker 1: mechanics might be really truly random. Although there are a

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Speaker 1: lot of different interpretations for these weird experiments that we're

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Speaker 1: going to dig into, these bells experiment with entangled particles, right, So,

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Speaker 1: even at the macroscopic level, you can ask the question

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Speaker 1: if an electron is actually actually random or whether it

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Speaker 1: just seems random. Right, that's the question we're asking today.

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Speaker 1: That's the one at the heart of the matter. If

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Speaker 1: the tiniest little bits in the universe can be predicted

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Speaker 1: if you have not all the information, or if the

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Speaker 1: universe is like rolling a truly random die every time

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Speaker 1: an electron has to decide where it's going to go.

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Speaker 1: All right, well, let's dig into whether or not the

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Speaker 1: universe is random at the microscopic level or not, and

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Speaker 1: how we could maybe tell the difference using a famous experiment. First,

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Speaker 1: let's take a quick break. All right, we're asking the

432
00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:44,520
Speaker 1: question whether the universe really is random, and whether or

433
00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:47,240
Speaker 1: not Daniel can plan his day with any certainty at all,

434
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:51,000
Speaker 1: or is it all a futile exercise. Just give up

435
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:55,440
Speaker 1: like I do. Just embrace the chaos. Yeah, embrace the randomness.

436
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:58,560
Speaker 1: It's different than kids. Well you should e'mbrace both. I

437
00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:02,000
Speaker 1: guess just let whatever have happened. Yeah, So that there's

438
00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:04,959
Speaker 1: a famous way to tell whether or not electrons and

439
00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:08,560
Speaker 1: things at the microscopic level are truly random, or whether

440
00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:11,000
Speaker 1: or not they just seem random. Right, And this is

441
00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:14,840
Speaker 1: the idea of Bell's experiment, And it goes actually back

442
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,439
Speaker 1: to Einstein again. Einstein, though he had some of the

443
00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:22,000
Speaker 1: foundational ideas that led us to develop quantum mechanics, he

444
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:25,679
Speaker 1: was fundamentally uncomfortable with the idea that the universe was

445
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:29,399
Speaker 1: truly random. He thought that perhaps there were just details

446
00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:32,600
Speaker 1: there that we were not understanding, that when things seemed random,

447
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,439
Speaker 1: it was just because there was missing information that we

448
00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:39,400
Speaker 1: didn't have that was actually controlling the outcome of the experiments.

449
00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:41,160
Speaker 1: So he and a couple of buddies of his came

450
00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:42,960
Speaker 1: up with a thought experiment because he was like a

451
00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:46,560
Speaker 1: champion of thought experiments, to demonstrate how weird it would

452
00:23:46,560 --> 00:23:50,199
Speaker 1: be if quantum mechanics was really random. Yeah, And I

453
00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:52,080
Speaker 1: think it all sort of goes back to this picture

454
00:23:52,119 --> 00:23:54,480
Speaker 1: of one electron, right, Like, if you shoot an electron

455
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,480
Speaker 1: towards a magnet, it has kind of a random equal

456
00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:01,119
Speaker 1: probability of serving to the right, as does swerving to

457
00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:04,760
Speaker 1: the left. Right. That's kind of the fundamental random experiment

458
00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,840
Speaker 1: that people picture when they picture quantum mechanics. Right, It's

459
00:24:07,840 --> 00:24:09,800
Speaker 1: like it has a half a probablegy to go right.

460
00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:13,160
Speaker 1: Have a probability to go left, and it's totally randomly.

461
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:15,600
Speaker 1: There's no way you could maybe predict whether it's going

462
00:24:15,680 --> 00:24:17,680
Speaker 1: to go right or left. Yeah, And just to clarify,

463
00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:20,240
Speaker 1: electrons always go the same direction when they hit like

464
00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:24,000
Speaker 1: a big macroscopic magnet, because magnetic fields turn electrons in

465
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,480
Speaker 1: a way that we understand it. But electrons also have

466
00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:30,359
Speaker 1: another quantum mechanical component, the spin, which affects their little

467
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:33,000
Speaker 1: magnetic field, and so that can affect whether they go

468
00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:35,359
Speaker 1: like left or right when they hit like a weird

469
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:38,000
Speaker 1: magnetic field. And so you're right. Quantum mechanics says there's

470
00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:40,480
Speaker 1: an equal probability for it to be spin up or

471
00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:42,480
Speaker 1: spin down, which means that it goes left or it

472
00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:45,240
Speaker 1: goes right, and it says that that's not actually determined

473
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:50,439
Speaker 1: until somebody measures it, that both possibilities are live simultaneously

474
00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:54,240
Speaker 1: until you actually measure it, whereas the other view says, no,

475
00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:57,200
Speaker 1: no, no no, there's some detail that determines whether it's spin

476
00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:58,960
Speaker 1: up or spin down, whether it's going to go left

477
00:24:59,080 --> 00:25:01,240
Speaker 1: or right, and it those left or it goes right

478
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:03,440
Speaker 1: the whole time until you look at it. Right. That's

479
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:05,920
Speaker 1: the idea of the hidden variable right, Like, maybe the

480
00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:08,879
Speaker 1: electron at its core knows whether it's spinning up or

481
00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:11,320
Speaker 1: spinning down. It's just that we don't know. And so

482
00:25:11,359 --> 00:25:13,360
Speaker 1: that's why you call it a hidden variable. And so

483
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,680
Speaker 1: the question is, does the electron actually know if it's

484
00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:18,520
Speaker 1: spinning up or down? Or does even the electron not

485
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,280
Speaker 1: know what's going to happen until somebody comes in and

486
00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:23,280
Speaker 1: ask it or puts it. Yeah, and you might imagine

487
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:25,680
Speaker 1: it's impossible to tell the difference, like how can you

488
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:28,480
Speaker 1: know if it's actually determined but you're just not aware

489
00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:30,280
Speaker 1: of it, or if it's chosen at the time you

490
00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:32,800
Speaker 1: poke it, because before that nobody's poking it, So how

491
00:25:32,840 --> 00:25:35,600
Speaker 1: can you tell? So Einstein's big idea was to add

492
00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:38,280
Speaker 1: another electron, which said, well, what if you have two

493
00:25:38,359 --> 00:25:41,120
Speaker 1: of these things and you know something about the pair

494
00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:43,960
Speaker 1: of them. You know that they have to have opposite spins,

495
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,320
Speaker 1: maybe they come from the same source, so they're constrained somehow.

496
00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:49,399
Speaker 1: There's a connection between them, so that if one of

497
00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:51,080
Speaker 1: them is spin up, the other one has to be

498
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:54,439
Speaker 1: spinned down. This is the idea of quantum entanglement. And

499
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,200
Speaker 1: it's not so hard to I understand the general idea

500
00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,360
Speaker 1: For example, you have two bags, one with the red ball,

501
00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:02,199
Speaker 1: one with a blue ball in it, and you and

502
00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:04,159
Speaker 1: your friend each take one bag, but you don't know

503
00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:06,879
Speaker 1: which is which, and you travel like ten miles apart.

504
00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:08,800
Speaker 1: Now you look at the bag and you say, oh,

505
00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:11,120
Speaker 1: I have the blue ball. That means my friend has

506
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,520
Speaker 1: the red ball. Or if your friend has the blue ball,

507
00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:15,439
Speaker 1: that means you have the red ball. Because you know

508
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:18,160
Speaker 1: there's only one blue ball, then you know something about

509
00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:20,679
Speaker 1: what's happening with the other particle. That's the idea of

510
00:26:20,840 --> 00:26:24,159
Speaker 1: entanglement connecting these two electrons together, right, Because when you

511
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:26,479
Speaker 1: separate the balls in the bags, you take one this

512
00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:28,399
Speaker 1: way and take the other one that way. They have

513
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:32,199
Speaker 1: something that ties their history together, right, some sort of

514
00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:34,399
Speaker 1: constraint that says if one is blue, the olne spread

515
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:36,520
Speaker 1: and if this one is red deal and has to

516
00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,520
Speaker 1: be blue. Right, it's something that ties their histories together exactly.

517
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:43,399
Speaker 1: In Einstein's point was if things really aren't determined until

518
00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:46,439
Speaker 1: you look, that means something really weird. That means that

519
00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,320
Speaker 1: the electrons, which are now five miles apart from each other,

520
00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:51,879
Speaker 1: if you measure one of them and it determines to

521
00:26:51,880 --> 00:26:54,399
Speaker 1: be spin up if you're saying that they really weren't

522
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:57,440
Speaker 1: determined until you're measured, that means that the other electron,

523
00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:01,840
Speaker 1: now ten miles apart, instantaneously is from undetermined to spin

524
00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:05,199
Speaker 1: down without anybody even looking at it. So this was

525
00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:09,240
Speaker 1: Einstein's complaint that if quantum mechanics really was random, then

526
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:13,159
Speaker 1: it was somehow nonlocal. It is somehow instantaneous collapse of

527
00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:16,399
Speaker 1: the distant electron the other one the way you weren't

528
00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:19,480
Speaker 1: even looking at. Right. Yeah, you mentioned the idea of local,

529
00:27:19,520 --> 00:27:21,320
Speaker 1: because that's kind of a big part of it, right,

530
00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:23,320
Speaker 1: Like if I take one of the balls and I

531
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:25,800
Speaker 1: go to New Mexico and you stay in Los Angeles,

532
00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:27,760
Speaker 1: and I opened my ball and I know and I

533
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:30,040
Speaker 1: see that it's red, then I know that your ball

534
00:27:30,119 --> 00:27:31,840
Speaker 1: is blue. But you don't know that I opened my

535
00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:34,560
Speaker 1: bag and found a red ball right to you. It's

536
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:38,919
Speaker 1: still uh, totally unpredictable what's in your bag. Unless I

537
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,399
Speaker 1: go and I call you or I send you an

538
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,120
Speaker 1: email saying, hey, my ball was a certain color, then

539
00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:47,320
Speaker 1: you would know what color your ball is exactly. But

540
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,280
Speaker 1: according to quantum mechanics, it is at that point determined

541
00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:53,119
Speaker 1: once you've measured yours to be red, then mine is blue.

542
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:56,159
Speaker 1: So Einstein's big point here was to say, this is ridiculous,

543
00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,080
Speaker 1: This idea that quantum mechanics is random, that there aren't

544
00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:02,040
Speaker 1: details determining which one is spin up and which one

545
00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:05,280
Speaker 1: has spin down, requires them to somehow conspire across great

546
00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:08,480
Speaker 1: distances faster than the speed of light. So we said,

547
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:12,560
Speaker 1: obviously this can't be true, but it turned up that

548
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:14,359
Speaker 1: it is true. I feel like you were leading me

549
00:28:14,359 --> 00:28:17,480
Speaker 1: into that, but I don't really know. That's what Einstein

550
00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:19,520
Speaker 1: I wanted everybody to think. But again you can ask

551
00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:22,600
Speaker 1: the question, how can you know? Maybe quantum mechanics really

552
00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:25,360
Speaker 1: is just weird that way and it doesn't sit well

553
00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:28,680
Speaker 1: in Einstein's brain, doesn't mean it isn't reality. Is there

554
00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:31,160
Speaker 1: some way we can enhance this experiment so we can

555
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:33,679
Speaker 1: tell the difference. We can tell if it really is

556
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:36,560
Speaker 1: random and decided at the last minute before you measure it,

557
00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:40,280
Speaker 1: or if it's all somehow decided in advance using information.

558
00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:42,840
Speaker 1: We just don't have access to some sort of weird

559
00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:46,040
Speaker 1: hidden details about these particles that determine which one is

560
00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:48,520
Speaker 1: spin up or spin down. So that was the great challenge.

561
00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:50,680
Speaker 1: Is there a way to come up with an experiment

562
00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:53,400
Speaker 1: to tell the difference. Right, you're saying that as soon

563
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,520
Speaker 1: as I opened my bag in New Mexico and I

564
00:28:55,560 --> 00:28:58,960
Speaker 1: see that my ball is read, suddenly your ball goes

565
00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:02,560
Speaker 1: from being a quant mechanical object that could be anything

566
00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:06,040
Speaker 1: to a non quantum mechanical object which can only be blue.

567
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:08,760
Speaker 1: That's the weird thing that kind of freak instain out.

568
00:29:09,480 --> 00:29:11,200
Speaker 1: As soon as I opened my bag in New Mexico,

569
00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:16,040
Speaker 1: So your bag in Los Angeles starts being quantum mechanical instantaneously. Yeah.

570
00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:18,480
Speaker 1: So people were chewing on this problem, and one other

571
00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:22,520
Speaker 1: very smart guy who might understand quantum mechanics better than

572
00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:25,720
Speaker 1: Richard Feynman, he came up with a really ingenious idea

573
00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:28,120
Speaker 1: for how to tell the difference, for how to know

574
00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:31,400
Speaker 1: if quantum mechanics was doing this at the last minute,

575
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:34,560
Speaker 1: if it was really was left undecided and truly randomly

576
00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:37,400
Speaker 1: collapsed at the last moment, or if he was determined

577
00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:40,000
Speaker 1: by some information we just didn't have access to. He

578
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:42,120
Speaker 1: actually came up with a way to test that, to

579
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:45,280
Speaker 1: build an experiment which would tell you what the universe

580
00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,080
Speaker 1: was doing. Well, what's the alternative? Then, in the case

581
00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:50,280
Speaker 1: of the two balls, the one in New Mexico and

582
00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:52,239
Speaker 1: the one in Los Angeles. Like, if Einstein is right,

583
00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:54,880
Speaker 1: then what actually happened to the balls? You actually knew

584
00:29:54,880 --> 00:29:57,120
Speaker 1: which one was red and blue the whole time. Yeah,

585
00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:59,040
Speaker 1: if eine Stein is right, then one was red and

586
00:29:59,120 --> 00:30:01,880
Speaker 1: one was blue with whole time. We don't have access

587
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:04,400
Speaker 1: to the information. We didn't know that until we opened

588
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:07,320
Speaker 1: it up. But it actually was read the whole time.

589
00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:10,440
Speaker 1: And if quantum mechanics is right, then it wasn't read.

590
00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:13,480
Speaker 1: It was a possibility of being read and a possibility

591
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:16,640
Speaker 1: being blue. Right in the quantum mechanical view, both were

592
00:30:16,680 --> 00:30:19,520
Speaker 1: possibilities until I open minding in Mexico, and in which

593
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,680
Speaker 1: case both became non possibilities exactly. And if Einstein was right,

594
00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:26,080
Speaker 1: you get what he calls realism. He says, the universe

595
00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:28,920
Speaker 1: is a certain way, even if you aren't looking at it.

596
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:31,280
Speaker 1: There is a fact of the matter, and the ball

597
00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:34,280
Speaker 1: is blue or is read regardless of whether we know

598
00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:37,480
Speaker 1: it or not. That's what Einstein believed. But the typical

599
00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:40,920
Speaker 1: description of quantum mechanics says that it really is undetermined

600
00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:43,880
Speaker 1: and there's a random process that chooses it at the

601
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,480
Speaker 1: last moment, just before you measure it, or as you

602
00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:49,360
Speaker 1: measure it, or the act of you measuring it collapses

603
00:30:49,360 --> 00:30:52,520
Speaker 1: it and forces the universe to access its true random

604
00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:55,400
Speaker 1: number generator. And I think one the Einstein's point is

605
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:57,520
Speaker 1: that it's hard to tell the difference between those two

606
00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,000
Speaker 1: scenarios whether they were red and blue the whole time

607
00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,280
Speaker 1: time or whether they decided only when I opened mining

608
00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:04,719
Speaker 1: New Mexico, because there's no way to tell a difference,

609
00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:06,760
Speaker 1: which is that simple experiment, So you need to sort

610
00:31:06,760 --> 00:31:10,120
Speaker 1: of do an experiment two point oh that maybe messages

611
00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:14,320
Speaker 1: with that to see if actually things were random or not. Yeah, exactly,

612
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:16,600
Speaker 1: And that was Bell's big idea. Bell came up with

613
00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:19,200
Speaker 1: a way to test this, and at first, blush, it

614
00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:23,040
Speaker 1: feels impossible, right, like how could you tell whether it's

615
00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:26,400
Speaker 1: undetermined when you don't look without looking, and by looking

616
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:28,760
Speaker 1: you collapse it. So it seems sort of like a paradox,

617
00:31:28,760 --> 00:31:32,440
Speaker 1: like impossible to probe. Bell's big idea was taking advantage

618
00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:35,600
Speaker 1: of another aspect of quantum mechanics that didn't exist in

619
00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:37,680
Speaker 1: the hidden variables picture, and that's the fact that it

620
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,840
Speaker 1: matters along which direction you're measuring the spin. So we're

621
00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:43,880
Speaker 1: talking about a quantum mechanical property of these electrons. It's

622
00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:46,520
Speaker 1: called spin, and they can be spin up or spin down.

623
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:48,680
Speaker 1: But it can be spin up or spin down along

624
00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:51,320
Speaker 1: with some direction. Right, if you have like an axis

625
00:31:51,360 --> 00:31:54,320
Speaker 1: you're defining as X, you can say, is my electron

626
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:56,800
Speaker 1: spin up or spin down along this axis? You can

627
00:31:56,840 --> 00:32:00,600
Speaker 1: also measured along Y or measured along z. Asid anything

628
00:32:00,680 --> 00:32:04,080
Speaker 1: quantum mechanically is that these things are connected. Like in

629
00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:06,920
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics, you can't know the spin in X and

630
00:32:07,040 --> 00:32:11,000
Speaker 1: in Y and in Z simultaneously. They're all weirdly entangled

631
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:14,080
Speaker 1: by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the same way that like

632
00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:17,000
Speaker 1: you can't know the position and momentum of an object

633
00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:20,240
Speaker 1: at the same time those two pieces of information are

634
00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:23,480
Speaker 1: really connected together. So Bell came up with this experiment

635
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:27,000
Speaker 1: where people in different locations might use different axes, they

636
00:32:27,040 --> 00:32:30,160
Speaker 1: might be measuring the spin in different directions, and quantum

637
00:32:30,160 --> 00:32:33,600
Speaker 1: mechanics would make a different prediction for the correlations between

638
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,920
Speaker 1: those measurements than the hidden variable theory would. Yeah, let

639
00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:38,800
Speaker 1: me just let me go back the little bit on

640
00:32:38,840 --> 00:32:40,640
Speaker 1: this idea of spin, because this is when I think

641
00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:42,600
Speaker 1: it's going to be hard to explain over audio. I

642
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:44,680
Speaker 1: think maybe a way to picture it is that you know,

643
00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:46,280
Speaker 1: instead of a red and a blue ball that we

644
00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:48,920
Speaker 1: put in our and those hidden bags, instead of drawing

645
00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:51,560
Speaker 1: arrow on our balls, like an arrow pointing up or

646
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:54,920
Speaker 1: an arrow pointing down right, or I guess the arrow

647
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:57,000
Speaker 1: could be pointing in any direction. Really in the in

648
00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:00,719
Speaker 1: the ball right, it could be pointing up, down, left, right, diagonal,

649
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,800
Speaker 1: diagonal down, diagonal up, So it can be pointing in

650
00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:07,880
Speaker 1: any of those directions. But one thing about quantum mechanics

651
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:09,840
Speaker 1: is that you can't ask whether it's pointing up and

652
00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:12,200
Speaker 1: down and left and right at the same time. That's

653
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:14,280
Speaker 1: a weird thing about quantum mechanics, right. The weird thing

654
00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:16,600
Speaker 1: about quantum mechanics there is that it matters the order

655
00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:19,480
Speaker 1: in which you do it. Just like if you measure position,

656
00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:22,080
Speaker 1: you get a number, and then you measure momentum, then

657
00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:25,280
Speaker 1: your position measurement is no longer valid. Once you measure momentum,

658
00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:28,239
Speaker 1: you scramble the position. In the same way here, if

659
00:33:28,280 --> 00:33:30,920
Speaker 1: you measure the spin along one axis, you look to

660
00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:33,080
Speaker 1: see if the arrow is pointing up or down according

661
00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:36,080
Speaker 1: to your imaginary Z axis, and then you do it

662
00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:39,080
Speaker 1: along y or X. It scrambles the first measurement, so

663
00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:43,200
Speaker 1: you can't know the spin in all three directions simultaneously

664
00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:45,400
Speaker 1: for a quantum object the way you can for a ball.

665
00:33:45,520 --> 00:33:47,280
Speaker 1: Right ball, you can just look at and say, oh,

666
00:33:47,320 --> 00:33:49,320
Speaker 1: it's kind of up in Z and kind of down

667
00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:51,520
Speaker 1: and X and kind of whatever. You can just know

668
00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:54,600
Speaker 1: it's determined as possible. These are sort of like orthogonal

669
00:33:54,640 --> 00:33:58,520
Speaker 1: directions in the hidden variable theory quantum mechanics. They're weirdly

670
00:33:58,520 --> 00:34:01,240
Speaker 1: connected to each other. Is like let information available. There's

671
00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:04,280
Speaker 1: like shared information between x, Y and Z and the

672
00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:07,280
Speaker 1: spin measurements. Right, Like, let's maybe explain it. Like let's

673
00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:09,640
Speaker 1: say I point an arrow on the face of my ball,

674
00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:11,880
Speaker 1: and it can be up, down, left, right, the daggon

675
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,799
Speaker 1: or whatever. Maybe you can picture it as like the

676
00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:17,920
Speaker 1: hour hand in a clock, So it can be pointing

677
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,360
Speaker 1: up at twelve o'clock or down at six o'clock, or

678
00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:22,800
Speaker 1: right at three o'clock or left at nine o'clock, or

679
00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:25,440
Speaker 1: it could put pointing at one o'clock, four o'clock, eight o'clock,

680
00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:27,839
Speaker 1: ten o'clock. And you can only sort of ask one

681
00:34:27,880 --> 00:34:31,520
Speaker 1: thing at a time, whether it's generally pointing up or

682
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:33,959
Speaker 1: down or left or right, not both at the same time.

683
00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:37,080
Speaker 1: So like, if it's actually pointing at two o'clock, I

684
00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:38,880
Speaker 1: can as well as it pointing up or down, and

685
00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:40,759
Speaker 1: you would say, well, it's at two o'clock, so it's

686
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:43,520
Speaker 1: pointing up. Where I can ask is the pointing left

687
00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:45,520
Speaker 1: or right? And you say, well, it's pointing right because

688
00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:48,239
Speaker 1: it's pointing at two o'clock. But I can't ask both

689
00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:50,279
Speaker 1: of them at the same time to really figure out

690
00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:52,799
Speaker 1: what the hour was like. Once you ask whether it's

691
00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:55,080
Speaker 1: up or down, the whole thing collapses and that's it.

692
00:34:55,120 --> 00:34:57,440
Speaker 1: I can't know anything else about it. Yeah, once you

693
00:34:57,480 --> 00:35:00,480
Speaker 1: make a measurement, all your previous measurements are now relevant,

694
00:35:00,719 --> 00:35:04,120
Speaker 1: so you can't like zero in on the exact details. Right,

695
00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:06,160
Speaker 1: Like you would maybe said your hour clock at a

696
00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:08,839
Speaker 1: point in your clock right, and then I would ask

697
00:35:08,880 --> 00:35:12,359
Speaker 1: you is it up or down? And you would see up.

698
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:14,399
Speaker 1: And now I can't ask you whether it was right

699
00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:16,480
Speaker 1: or left because I would tell me exactly where the

700
00:35:16,719 --> 00:35:20,799
Speaker 1: hand was right, remember that there might not be any

701
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:24,000
Speaker 1: where it really was. In the theory of local realism,

702
00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:26,759
Speaker 1: there is a true position, a total reality, and the

703
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:29,600
Speaker 1: clock really is pointed in just one direction, but in

704
00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:34,000
Speaker 1: the quantum theory without hidden variables, measuring it along one

705
00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:37,759
Speaker 1: direction scrambles it any other directions, so they're not just

706
00:35:37,960 --> 00:35:41,000
Speaker 1: not known, they are not determined. And that's really the

707
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,520
Speaker 1: issue we want to address. The question we want to answer,

708
00:35:43,719 --> 00:35:47,360
Speaker 1: can we tell if those measurements are undetermined or unknown?

709
00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:50,279
Speaker 1: And the fact that in quantum mechanics you can't know

710
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:53,880
Speaker 1: more than one direction of spin at once is the

711
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:58,040
Speaker 1: crucial concept in Bell's theory because it changes how measurements

712
00:35:58,040 --> 00:36:02,040
Speaker 1: in different directions are core lated measurements along different axes,

713
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:04,319
Speaker 1: And this is the exact idea at the heart of

714
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:08,120
Speaker 1: Bell's experiment. Bell says, let's take our balls and let's

715
00:36:08,239 --> 00:36:10,960
Speaker 1: pick three directions in advance. And the people who are

716
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:13,680
Speaker 1: doing these measurements, they're gonna pick one of these three

717
00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:15,960
Speaker 1: directions to make their measurement. As you say, it's like

718
00:36:16,080 --> 00:36:18,480
Speaker 1: picking two o'clock or nine o'clock or six o'clock on

719
00:36:18,520 --> 00:36:20,919
Speaker 1: the clock right to make your measurement, to ask whether

720
00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:22,839
Speaker 1: the arrow is up or down. They're going to pick

721
00:36:22,880 --> 00:36:25,400
Speaker 1: one of those. And if things really are determined, then

722
00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:28,600
Speaker 1: the direction they pick doesn't matter, doesn't change the state

723
00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,799
Speaker 1: of the ball at all, it's a very simple relationship

724
00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:34,000
Speaker 1: between whether or not they're they're likely to see the

725
00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:36,120
Speaker 1: same answer. You know, if they both pick twelve o'clock,

726
00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:37,960
Speaker 1: they're going to see the same answer. One of them

727
00:36:37,960 --> 00:36:39,960
Speaker 1: picks twelve and the other one picks two o'clock, they're

728
00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:42,520
Speaker 1: almost always going to see the same answer. This kind

729
00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:45,560
Speaker 1: of stuff. So you can say, if things aren't messed

730
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,120
Speaker 1: up in that way, measuring in one direction doesn't measure

731
00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:51,400
Speaker 1: and the other directions, then we understand exactly how often

732
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:53,480
Speaker 1: people should get the same answer. But in the quantum

733
00:36:53,480 --> 00:36:56,440
Speaker 1: mechanics version, if these things are scrambled, if measuring one

734
00:36:56,480 --> 00:37:00,160
Speaker 1: direction messes up, the measurements in the other directions, get

735
00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:02,279
Speaker 1: a different relationship with people with the two balls or

736
00:37:02,280 --> 00:37:04,839
Speaker 1: the two electrons get the same answer sort of more

737
00:37:04,960 --> 00:37:08,120
Speaker 1: often than you would expect. If things really are determined

738
00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:12,480
Speaker 1: by hidden variables, these correlations between the different directions quantum

739
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:14,840
Speaker 1: mechanically come into play and sort of mess up the

740
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:17,839
Speaker 1: otherwise perfect picture, right. I think you're saying that, Like

741
00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:20,359
Speaker 1: in our original experiment where we have the tool balls

742
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:22,080
Speaker 1: in Los Angeles, and I took one of the balls

743
00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:24,600
Speaker 1: to New Mexico. Now we're going to introduce something new

744
00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:28,320
Speaker 1: to eights experiment in order to test this quantum randomness,

745
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:32,160
Speaker 1: and that is to put people in between Los Angeles

746
00:37:32,840 --> 00:37:36,200
Speaker 1: and New Mexico and have them asked questions about the

747
00:37:36,239 --> 00:37:39,360
Speaker 1: ball on the way as it's traveling from Los Angeles

748
00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:41,560
Speaker 1: to New Mexico, right, and somehow that's going to tell

749
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:44,719
Speaker 1: you whether or not things are actually random or not.

750
00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:48,799
Speaker 1: You measure each ball one time, because once you've measured it,

751
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:50,880
Speaker 1: there's no more entanglement with the other ball going in

752
00:37:50,880 --> 00:37:54,040
Speaker 1: the other direction, and you don't necessarily measure each ball

753
00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:57,520
Speaker 1: along the same spin axis. Each ball gets measured along

754
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:00,440
Speaker 1: one of three directions. You can make the three directions

755
00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:02,640
Speaker 1: like a Mercedes symbol if you want. Both balls might

756
00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:05,840
Speaker 1: get measured along the same direction, which case one is

757
00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:07,680
Speaker 1: up and one and down. That happens a third at

758
00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:10,200
Speaker 1: the time, but two thirds of the time you don't

759
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:13,440
Speaker 1: choose the same axes and bells and equalities all about

760
00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:16,439
Speaker 1: how often both balls that measured spin up or spin

761
00:38:16,520 --> 00:38:20,000
Speaker 1: down along the random access that's chosen for a hidden

762
00:38:20,080 --> 00:38:23,160
Speaker 1: variable model, you get the same answer from both balls

763
00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:25,759
Speaker 1: less than two thirds of the time, And so when

764
00:38:25,760 --> 00:38:28,120
Speaker 1: you compare the answers for one ball and the other ball.

765
00:38:28,239 --> 00:38:30,560
Speaker 1: It just depends on like what angle the ball actually

766
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:33,360
Speaker 1: was at. Right, Maybe let's step people through that example

767
00:38:33,520 --> 00:38:36,440
Speaker 1: in our scenario here of l a Vers is New Mexico.

768
00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,800
Speaker 1: So like, let's say that things are not quantum mechanical,

769
00:38:39,840 --> 00:38:42,239
Speaker 1: and you actually drew on your ball, you know, an

770
00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:45,680
Speaker 1: arrow pointing at one o'clock right now. The first person's

771
00:38:45,680 --> 00:38:47,520
Speaker 1: going to ask is it generally pointing in the twelve

772
00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:50,759
Speaker 1: o'clock direction, and you would say yes, And when it

773
00:38:50,840 --> 00:38:53,120
Speaker 1: arrives in New Mexico, it's still going to be pointing

774
00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:55,560
Speaker 1: at one o'clock like you drew it right exactly. You

775
00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:57,520
Speaker 1: also have to have people asking the same questions of

776
00:38:57,560 --> 00:39:00,480
Speaker 1: the other ball and then comparing the answers. That's the

777
00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:03,000
Speaker 1: key to the experiment. Okay, now that's what it's going

778
00:39:03,040 --> 00:39:06,640
Speaker 1: to happen. If the universe is not random, if he

779
00:39:06,680 --> 00:39:09,840
Speaker 1: has hidden variables, if you actually drew the arrow on

780
00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:11,920
Speaker 1: the ball before putting it into the bag. But now

781
00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:15,759
Speaker 1: let's paint the quantum mechanical version where it's something. It's

782
00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:17,960
Speaker 1: not really drawn on the ball, it's just something. It

783
00:39:18,080 --> 00:39:21,560
Speaker 1: just has the probability of being something. Right, Yeah, So

784
00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:24,359
Speaker 1: as a probability in any random direction, And the only

785
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,480
Speaker 1: thing we know is that whatever direction is in the

786
00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:29,560
Speaker 1: other ball going to the other city is pointing the

787
00:39:29,640 --> 00:39:32,680
Speaker 1: other way. And so in the quantum mechanical version, you

788
00:39:32,680 --> 00:39:35,440
Speaker 1: can really only ask one question. You can measure it

789
00:39:35,520 --> 00:39:38,080
Speaker 1: along one direction. You can say, is it pointing towards

790
00:39:38,080 --> 00:39:41,080
Speaker 1: two o'clock or is it pointing towards eleven o'clock. Once

791
00:39:41,120 --> 00:39:42,719
Speaker 1: you've done that, you sort of messed it up. You

792
00:39:42,719 --> 00:39:45,600
Speaker 1: can't really get any more information about the ball. So

793
00:39:45,680 --> 00:39:48,040
Speaker 1: you can make one measurement about your ball, and your

794
00:39:48,080 --> 00:39:50,200
Speaker 1: friend going the other direction you can make one measurement

795
00:39:50,239 --> 00:39:52,760
Speaker 1: about their ball. If you pick these three directions in advance,

796
00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:55,160
Speaker 1: then you can predict how often they will get the

797
00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:57,880
Speaker 1: same answer. Like both people say two o'clock, then you

798
00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:00,440
Speaker 1: know they're going to get opposite answers. Right, one ball

799
00:40:00,520 --> 00:40:01,960
Speaker 1: is going to be up with respect to two o'clock,

800
00:40:01,960 --> 00:40:03,560
Speaker 1: the other one is going to be down. But if

801
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:05,680
Speaker 1: one person uses two o'clock and the other person uses

802
00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:08,680
Speaker 1: eleven am, then they might get different answers. And quantum

803
00:40:08,680 --> 00:40:12,400
Speaker 1: mechanics tells you how likely they are to get different answers. Well,

804
00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:14,680
Speaker 1: let's step people through it. What happens if it is

805
00:40:14,680 --> 00:40:17,600
Speaker 1: a quantum mechanical ball that goes through and gets the question.

806
00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:20,440
Speaker 1: So the first person says, is it generally pointing towards

807
00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:23,600
Speaker 1: twelve o'clock? And then that will sort of collapse the

808
00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:26,120
Speaker 1: ball a little bit, right. I think that's what you're saying,

809
00:40:26,239 --> 00:40:29,719
Speaker 1: is that now the ball cannot be pointing downwards if

810
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:32,000
Speaker 1: I say yes, if you say yes, then the ball

811
00:40:32,040 --> 00:40:35,160
Speaker 1: cannot be pointing downwards. So that if the next person says, hey,

812
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:38,080
Speaker 1: is it pointing three o'clock, they can't tell you. Right. Well,

813
00:40:38,120 --> 00:40:40,560
Speaker 1: what happens is you've destroyed the entanglement, so you can

814
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,080
Speaker 1: make the measurement, but it's no longer constrained to be

815
00:40:43,120 --> 00:40:45,799
Speaker 1: the opposite of what the other ball is. And the

816
00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:47,960
Speaker 1: whole idea is that these things need to be entangled.

817
00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:50,680
Speaker 1: Once you've made a measurement, then the entanglement is broken.

818
00:40:50,719 --> 00:40:53,000
Speaker 1: You can only use up the entanglement sort of one time.

819
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:55,760
Speaker 1: That's why you can only really make one interesting measurement.

820
00:40:56,040 --> 00:40:57,719
Speaker 1: You can make as many measurements as you like, but

821
00:40:57,760 --> 00:41:00,000
Speaker 1: they're not really as interesting because you no longer measure

822
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:03,320
Speaker 1: ring an entangled system. Right. Once you interact with something,

823
00:41:03,360 --> 00:41:05,840
Speaker 1: you break the entanglement. But wait, is that really a

824
00:41:05,880 --> 00:41:08,480
Speaker 1: good analogy of Bell's theorem that somebody along the way

825
00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:11,520
Speaker 1: asks if it's pointing towards twelve o'clock. Sort of if

826
00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:14,919
Speaker 1: you take one more step. Bell's experiment says, pick three

827
00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:18,440
Speaker 1: directions in advance. Everybody decides in those three directions, and

828
00:41:18,440 --> 00:41:20,719
Speaker 1: then when you actually make your measurement, you pick one

829
00:41:20,719 --> 00:41:24,480
Speaker 1: of those three directions randomly. So you know, Jorge in

830
00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:26,600
Speaker 1: New Mexico is going to pick the two o'clock direction,

831
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,279
Speaker 1: and Daniel in l A. Is maybe he's gonna pick

832
00:41:29,280 --> 00:41:31,520
Speaker 1: the two o'clock direction, maybe he's gonna pick the eleven o'clock.

833
00:41:31,640 --> 00:41:34,200
Speaker 1: There's a random element there. If we pick the same directions,

834
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:36,640
Speaker 1: we're gonna get answers exactly opposite each other. Of course,

835
00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:39,040
Speaker 1: if we don't pick the same directions, then we might

836
00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:40,920
Speaker 1: get the same answers. We might not. And that's the

837
00:41:40,960 --> 00:41:43,960
Speaker 1: part that's predicted by quantum mechanics. Oh, I see, you

838
00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:46,719
Speaker 1: don't ask it the three times when it's going from

839
00:41:46,840 --> 00:41:49,400
Speaker 1: l A to New Mexico. You ask it one time,

840
00:41:49,719 --> 00:41:52,600
Speaker 1: like one of the three people ask their question. That's

841
00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:55,279
Speaker 1: what you're saying, and the person who gets to ask.

842
00:41:55,320 --> 00:41:58,239
Speaker 1: The question is decided at random exactly, and in the

843
00:41:58,320 --> 00:42:00,880
Speaker 1: hidden variables version, you can very easy calculate what are

844
00:42:00,880 --> 00:42:03,560
Speaker 1: the chances that the one ball is going to give

845
00:42:03,560 --> 00:42:05,879
Speaker 1: you the same answer as the other ball, And it's

846
00:42:05,880 --> 00:42:07,799
Speaker 1: all determined, and so you can just do the calculations.

847
00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:10,120
Speaker 1: You get a very crisp number of prediction. But quantum

848
00:42:10,120 --> 00:42:12,680
Speaker 1: mechanics adds more connections between these balls because it says

849
00:42:12,719 --> 00:42:15,800
Speaker 1: measurements in one direction are connected to measurements in another direction,

850
00:42:15,840 --> 00:42:18,279
Speaker 1: which doesn't exist for the hidden variables versions. So it

851
00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:20,960
Speaker 1: means you're more likely in the quantum mechanics to get

852
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,120
Speaker 1: the same answer as the other person. Bell's experiment is

853
00:42:24,120 --> 00:42:27,680
Speaker 1: not a one off thing. You can't say from one experiment, Oh, definitely,

854
00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:31,440
Speaker 1: it was random. It's a statistical calculation. Across many iterations

855
00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:33,960
Speaker 1: of this experiment, you get a correlation between these things

856
00:42:33,960 --> 00:42:37,759
Speaker 1: which should be impossible. In the hidden variables version, your

857
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,080
Speaker 1: measurements agree more often than if all the details were

858
00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,840
Speaker 1: specified in advance, and it's because of that quantum mechanical

859
00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:48,000
Speaker 1: connection between measuring in different directions. All right, Well, dig

860
00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:50,040
Speaker 1: into this a little bit more, because I feel like

861
00:42:50,080 --> 00:42:52,640
Speaker 1: maybe you're sort of waving your hand and saying, there's

862
00:42:52,640 --> 00:42:54,960
Speaker 1: a lot of complex math here that we can't understand

863
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:57,319
Speaker 1: on the podcast. But I wonder if there are sort

864
00:42:57,320 --> 00:42:59,719
Speaker 1: of intuitive ways for us to figure out why they

865
00:42:59,719 --> 00:43:01,960
Speaker 1: would give you different results if there was there was

866
00:43:01,960 --> 00:43:04,359
Speaker 1: a hidden variable or not. Let's try to dig into that.

867
00:43:04,440 --> 00:43:19,399
Speaker 1: But first let's take another quick break. Alright, we're talking

868
00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:23,719
Speaker 1: about Bell's experiments, which, if it's true, confirms whether or

869
00:43:23,760 --> 00:43:27,120
Speaker 1: not quantum mechanics really is random or we just think

870
00:43:27,160 --> 00:43:31,040
Speaker 1: it's random, which would also confirm whether the universe is random.

871
00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:33,440
Speaker 1: And that's a pretty big deal, right. If the universe

872
00:43:33,520 --> 00:43:36,400
Speaker 1: is random, then it's totally unpredictable. If the universe is

873
00:43:36,440 --> 00:43:39,879
Speaker 1: not random, then everything that happens is kind of predetermined.

874
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,960
Speaker 1: Although to this day there are very strenuous philosophical arguments

875
00:43:43,960 --> 00:43:47,840
Speaker 1: about what the results of Bell's experiment really means. Is

876
00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:51,560
Speaker 1: it actually ruling out local hidden variables? And one person

877
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:54,960
Speaker 1: who argued very strongly that these experiments don't rule out

878
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:59,719
Speaker 1: hidden variables was Bell. Bell was persuaded not that the

879
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:03,720
Speaker 1: universe was random, but just that the universe was non local,

880
00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:06,880
Speaker 1: that it was somehow coordinating the results of these experiments

881
00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:10,520
Speaker 1: across space and time in a way that we didn't understand. Well,

882
00:44:10,560 --> 00:44:13,120
Speaker 1: we had this experiment setup where we had some balls

883
00:44:13,160 --> 00:44:15,600
Speaker 1: and we drew arrows on them, or had them quantum

884
00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,920
Speaker 1: mechanically drawn on the balls, and then we sent them

885
00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:20,320
Speaker 1: to New Mexico, and you had people asking questions alowing

886
00:44:20,320 --> 00:44:22,640
Speaker 1: the way. But it seems sort of like you're saying that, really,

887
00:44:22,640 --> 00:44:25,359
Speaker 1: to understand how Bill's experiment works, we sort of really

888
00:44:25,360 --> 00:44:27,840
Speaker 1: need to dig into the math, because that's where the

889
00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:31,000
Speaker 1: differences between a random universe and a non random universe

890
00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:33,840
Speaker 1: really are. Like, if it's really random, then the math

891
00:44:33,960 --> 00:44:36,200
Speaker 1: says that you should get one type of result from

892
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,399
Speaker 1: this experiment, and if it's not random, then the math

893
00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:40,560
Speaker 1: has you should get another kind of results. Yeah, it

894
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:42,359
Speaker 1: does come down to the math. And there are lots

895
00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:45,480
Speaker 1: of times in quantum mechanics where things don't make intuitive

896
00:44:45,520 --> 00:44:48,040
Speaker 1: sense to us, but the math is pretty clear and

897
00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:50,040
Speaker 1: it tells you exactly what's going to happen. And this

898
00:44:50,080 --> 00:44:52,520
Speaker 1: is one of those scenarios where you're like, well, that

899
00:44:52,520 --> 00:44:55,200
Speaker 1: would be really weird if that were true. The quantum

900
00:44:55,239 --> 00:44:57,360
Speaker 1: mechanic predicts it to happen, and then you go and

901
00:44:57,400 --> 00:44:59,400
Speaker 1: you do it in the experiment, and it does like

902
00:44:59,440 --> 00:45:02,400
Speaker 1: people have in these experiments starting in the seventies and

903
00:45:02,440 --> 00:45:05,279
Speaker 1: up till fairly recently, more and more sophisticated versions of them,

904
00:45:05,320 --> 00:45:08,000
Speaker 1: and the numbers they get agree with quantum mechanics. They

905
00:45:08,040 --> 00:45:11,200
Speaker 1: disagree with the local hidden variables picture of the universe.

906
00:45:11,320 --> 00:45:13,160
Speaker 1: And what you want is to, like have a deep

907
00:45:13,239 --> 00:45:16,400
Speaker 1: understanding of why that is. What is it about quantum

908
00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:19,360
Speaker 1: mechanics that makes it have a different prediction. So this

909
00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:22,840
Speaker 1: experiment predicts something different for quantum mechanics and the hidden

910
00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:25,200
Speaker 1: variables theory, and that's tricky. I mean, it's very clear

911
00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:26,759
Speaker 1: to just look at the math, like you write out

912
00:45:26,800 --> 00:45:29,239
Speaker 1: the probabilities, you do the calculation, the number comes out

913
00:45:29,239 --> 00:45:31,880
Speaker 1: of certain value. But we don't all think mathematically, and

914
00:45:31,920 --> 00:45:34,520
Speaker 1: so you want sometimes an intuitive understanding. And I think

915
00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:37,160
Speaker 1: the most intuitive understanding I have of it at least

916
00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:40,319
Speaker 1: is that quantum mechanics ties up these different measurements, if

917
00:45:40,320 --> 00:45:42,720
Speaker 1: you're thinking about measurements in one direction, how they're connected

918
00:45:42,760 --> 00:45:44,719
Speaker 1: to measurements in other directions than sort of in the

919
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:47,719
Speaker 1: hidden variables version, everything is clean and crisp and they

920
00:45:47,719 --> 00:45:50,520
Speaker 1: don't mess up each other, whereas in the quantum mechanical version.

921
00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:53,000
Speaker 1: You make a measurement in one direction, it's more connected

922
00:45:53,160 --> 00:45:56,080
Speaker 1: to measurements in other directions. That's what gives you these

923
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:59,600
Speaker 1: enhanced mathematical probabilities. All right, well, I think maybe the

924
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:02,640
Speaker 1: next and then should be have people actually done this experiment?

925
00:46:02,680 --> 00:46:04,319
Speaker 1: I mean, we sort of talked about it, and we

926
00:46:04,480 --> 00:46:06,919
Speaker 1: know that if it comes out one way, it sort

927
00:46:06,920 --> 00:46:09,880
Speaker 1: of proves quantum mechanics is random or not. And have

928
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:12,600
Speaker 1: people actually done this experiment? They have. The first test

929
00:46:12,680 --> 00:46:16,000
Speaker 1: was in nineteen seventy two, originally done with photons. You

930
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:17,759
Speaker 1: can do this kind of experiment with any sort of

931
00:46:17,840 --> 00:46:20,960
Speaker 1: quantum object, where you can create entanglement, where you create

932
00:46:20,960 --> 00:46:23,719
Speaker 1: a connection between these two things so that they have

933
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:26,759
Speaker 1: to like follow some overall constraint, want to spin up

934
00:46:26,800 --> 00:46:28,960
Speaker 1: or want to spin down. In the case of photons,

935
00:46:28,960 --> 00:46:31,440
Speaker 1: they're not spinning one half particles. They don't spin up

936
00:46:31,560 --> 00:46:33,719
Speaker 1: or down. They have three different states, including like a

937
00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:36,879
Speaker 1: circuit of polarization. But fundamentally the idea is the same.

938
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:40,640
Speaker 1: And so the first test confirmed Bell's experiment in nineteen

939
00:46:40,719 --> 00:46:43,160
Speaker 1: seventy two. That was just a few years after his

940
00:46:43,239 --> 00:46:46,480
Speaker 1: original paper. It's actually a funny story about that because

941
00:46:46,560 --> 00:46:49,480
Speaker 1: Bell chose to publish his theorem in a really cheap

942
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:51,840
Speaker 1: journal that didn't charge him to publish it, and it

943
00:46:51,880 --> 00:46:54,480
Speaker 1: meant that very few people actually read the paper when

944
00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:56,520
Speaker 1: it first came out. It was such a cheap journal

945
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,040
Speaker 1: that if Bell wanted copies of his own paper, the

946
00:46:59,120 --> 00:47:02,520
Speaker 1: journal would even charge large him for his own copies. Usually,

947
00:47:02,520 --> 00:47:03,839
Speaker 1: if you write a paper, you get like a certain

948
00:47:03,920 --> 00:47:06,239
Speaker 1: number of free copies. So he published it in this cheap,

949
00:47:06,280 --> 00:47:08,560
Speaker 1: obscure journal, which meant that not many people saw it.

950
00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:11,200
Speaker 1: But one guy did and he was really intrigued, and

951
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:13,520
Speaker 1: he set up the first experiment in the seventies to

952
00:47:13,640 --> 00:47:17,279
Speaker 1: test this idea. And it involves kind of pairing up

953
00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:19,719
Speaker 1: electrons or pairing up photons, and so maybe just to

954
00:47:19,760 --> 00:47:22,120
Speaker 1: paint us a picture. You know, you've sort of run

955
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,680
Speaker 1: this bunch of times, right, not just once, and then

956
00:47:24,760 --> 00:47:26,640
Speaker 1: you can tell the universe is random or not. You

957
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:28,680
Speaker 1: have to run it like a hundred times. And if

958
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:31,680
Speaker 1: at the end you get you know a certain number

959
00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:34,479
Speaker 1: of times them both being spin up or spin down,

960
00:47:34,840 --> 00:47:37,000
Speaker 1: it means that the universe is random. But if at

961
00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:39,279
Speaker 1: the end you get that there was both spin up

962
00:47:39,560 --> 00:47:42,360
Speaker 1: or spin down, as a different percentage, then you know

963
00:47:42,400 --> 00:47:45,200
Speaker 1: that the universe is maybe not random. Right, that's kind

964
00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:47,960
Speaker 1: of what we're looking at. Yeah, you prepare these particles,

965
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:50,400
Speaker 1: you send them off in different directions. Then you have

966
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:53,920
Speaker 1: some process to randomly choose the axis along which you're

967
00:47:53,960 --> 00:47:55,560
Speaker 1: going to measure the spin. Remember, you have to have

968
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:59,240
Speaker 1: like three different possibilities and you have to randomly choose

969
00:47:59,280 --> 00:48:02,200
Speaker 1: which one. Oh, how did they do it? Did they

970
00:48:02,239 --> 00:48:04,239
Speaker 1: flip a coin? I don't remember the details of the

971
00:48:04,239 --> 00:48:07,239
Speaker 1: first experiment, but they've become more and more elaborate as

972
00:48:07,280 --> 00:48:10,440
Speaker 1: time goes on. They use things like telescopes pointed to

973
00:48:10,640 --> 00:48:14,320
Speaker 1: distant stars, and like the flickering of that star helps

974
00:48:14,320 --> 00:48:17,560
Speaker 1: determine which when you pick. They've been really really careful

975
00:48:17,719 --> 00:48:20,200
Speaker 1: about how to determine these things. Sometimes they're linked to

976
00:48:20,280 --> 00:48:23,640
Speaker 1: cosmic rays, which people think might be fundamentally random. Is

977
00:48:23,680 --> 00:48:26,319
Speaker 1: there a mu on hitting my detector right now? So

978
00:48:26,360 --> 00:48:27,839
Speaker 1: they do a lot of work to try to make

979
00:48:27,880 --> 00:48:30,239
Speaker 1: sure these things are random. Remember in our episode about

980
00:48:30,280 --> 00:48:33,400
Speaker 1: super determinism, this was the heart of the matter. People

981
00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:36,880
Speaker 1: were worried about whether that choice really was random, or

982
00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:38,879
Speaker 1: whether it just appeared to be random, whether the whole

983
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:41,640
Speaker 1: universe had been built to conspire to make these things

984
00:48:41,719 --> 00:48:44,440
Speaker 1: look random when really they weren't. Wait wait, I think

985
00:48:44,480 --> 00:48:47,040
Speaker 1: you're telling me that this experiment that humans have devised

986
00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:50,719
Speaker 1: to test whether the universe is random or not depends

987
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:54,520
Speaker 1: on us doing something random. It's a little bit funny,

988
00:48:54,560 --> 00:48:57,600
Speaker 1: isn't it. Absolutely, and people have been digging into these

989
00:48:57,640 --> 00:49:00,719
Speaker 1: apparent loopholes and Bells experiment and that one of them like,

990
00:49:00,960 --> 00:49:02,880
Speaker 1: how do we know that the way we constructed the

991
00:49:02,920 --> 00:49:06,640
Speaker 1: experiment is actually random? Another one is, how do you

992
00:49:06,680 --> 00:49:09,600
Speaker 1: know these two things actually aren't communicating in some way?

993
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:12,600
Speaker 1: The first experiment wasn't that big, you know, the photons,

994
00:49:12,640 --> 00:49:14,799
Speaker 1: They didn't send them very far apart. And so they've

995
00:49:14,840 --> 00:49:17,719
Speaker 1: been making these experiments more and more elaborate, trying to

996
00:49:17,719 --> 00:49:20,560
Speaker 1: make them more actually random in the way they choose

997
00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:23,720
Speaker 1: the axis, and making the particles further and further apart,

998
00:49:23,840 --> 00:49:26,360
Speaker 1: so there's no way to transmit information from one to

999
00:49:26,360 --> 00:49:28,239
Speaker 1: the other unless you do it faster than the speed

1000
00:49:28,280 --> 00:49:30,480
Speaker 1: of light. So they've been slowly working to try to

1001
00:49:30,520 --> 00:49:33,279
Speaker 1: close these loopholes. And every time somebody does want one

1002
00:49:33,320 --> 00:49:36,160
Speaker 1: of these experiments, somebody goes, oh, wait, but what if

1003
00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:38,960
Speaker 1: have you checked? How do you really know in one

1004
00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:41,440
Speaker 1: of the core foundational loopholes that people are trying to

1005
00:49:41,440 --> 00:49:43,880
Speaker 1: close is this one about the randomness. So they come

1006
00:49:43,960 --> 00:49:46,520
Speaker 1: up with these more and more elaborate systems to try

1007
00:49:46,520 --> 00:49:49,640
Speaker 1: to ensure that the construction of the experiment itself is

1008
00:49:49,680 --> 00:49:52,480
Speaker 1: actually random, right, because if the experiment depends on you

1009
00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:55,040
Speaker 1: doing something random, if you're if you're not really random

1010
00:49:55,120 --> 00:49:57,440
Speaker 1: doing it, then the whole experiment sort of falls apart

1011
00:49:57,440 --> 00:50:00,200
Speaker 1: a little bit, right. Yeah, absolutely, that's the base is

1012
00:50:00,239 --> 00:50:03,960
Speaker 1: of super determinism, to say no, things really are determined.

1013
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:06,880
Speaker 1: It's just that even how you're choosing the apparently random

1014
00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:10,400
Speaker 1: element of this experiment is not random, that itself is

1015
00:50:10,440 --> 00:50:13,839
Speaker 1: determined by things that happened before. All Right. So then

1016
00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:17,360
Speaker 1: people have been doing this experiment for fifty years, and

1017
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:19,520
Speaker 1: they've been trying harder and harder to make it more

1018
00:50:19,560 --> 00:50:23,320
Speaker 1: and more pure and exact and full proof. And what's

1019
00:50:23,320 --> 00:50:26,040
Speaker 1: the overall result that they've been getting. They've been getting

1020
00:50:26,040 --> 00:50:28,279
Speaker 1: that the universe is really random at the quantum level.

1021
00:50:28,360 --> 00:50:29,920
Speaker 1: They've been getting a result that says that there are

1022
00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:33,719
Speaker 1: no local hidden variables, right, That says that there's no

1023
00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:37,800
Speaker 1: information that's being passed along with these particles that somehow

1024
00:50:37,800 --> 00:50:40,279
Speaker 1: determines whether the ball is red or blue, or you know,

1025
00:50:40,280 --> 00:50:44,520
Speaker 1: what direction is pointed at. There's no information with the particles. Wait,

1026
00:50:44,680 --> 00:50:47,520
Speaker 1: I feel like maybe you're using um sort of lawyers

1027
00:50:47,560 --> 00:50:50,760
Speaker 1: speak here. Absolutely, I am right, Like I asked whether

1028
00:50:50,760 --> 00:50:52,520
Speaker 1: the universe is random or not, and you said there

1029
00:50:52,520 --> 00:50:55,319
Speaker 1: are no local hidden variables, which is not a yes

1030
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:57,359
Speaker 1: or no answer, not a yes or no answer. So

1031
00:50:57,560 --> 00:51:00,680
Speaker 1: what are what are the lawyerly nuances here? Yeah, because

1032
00:51:00,719 --> 00:51:04,839
Speaker 1: it's possible that there are global hidden variables, that there's

1033
00:51:04,880 --> 00:51:08,680
Speaker 1: something controlling everything that happens in the universe that determines

1034
00:51:08,760 --> 00:51:12,239
Speaker 1: the outcome of this experiment. Bell's experiment only rules out

1035
00:51:12,360 --> 00:51:16,640
Speaker 1: local hidden variables, not global hidden variables. What's the difference, Well,

1036
00:51:16,640 --> 00:51:19,760
Speaker 1: local hidden variables would mean information is being passed along

1037
00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:23,160
Speaker 1: with the electron. Something about the electron itself in the

1038
00:51:23,280 --> 00:51:26,000
Speaker 1: environment of the electron determines whether it goes spin up

1039
00:51:26,080 --> 00:51:30,040
Speaker 1: or spin down. Something global would be coordinating across space

1040
00:51:30,120 --> 00:51:32,920
Speaker 1: time faster than the speed of light. And so. For example,

1041
00:51:32,960 --> 00:51:36,320
Speaker 1: there is an interpretation of quantum mechanics called Bomian mechanics

1042
00:51:36,520 --> 00:51:40,040
Speaker 1: where quantum mechanics is not random. But there's this pilot wave.

1043
00:51:40,160 --> 00:51:42,960
Speaker 1: This thing which controls the whole universe and arranges for

1044
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:45,879
Speaker 1: these things, coordinates and says, oh, if this one over

1045
00:51:45,920 --> 00:51:48,000
Speaker 1: here spin up, I'm going to go make this one

1046
00:51:48,080 --> 00:51:52,240
Speaker 1: be spin down. And so it's like coordinating globally faster

1047
00:51:52,320 --> 00:51:54,520
Speaker 1: than the speed of light. Wait, so a local hidden

1048
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:57,160
Speaker 1: viroiable is when the ball you put in the bag

1049
00:51:57,520 --> 00:51:59,800
Speaker 1: has a little pocket inside of it that knows whether

1050
00:51:59,840 --> 00:52:02,880
Speaker 1: it is spinning up or down. That's the local hidden variable.

1051
00:52:03,080 --> 00:52:05,279
Speaker 1: And the Bell's experiment proves that there is no such

1052
00:52:05,360 --> 00:52:08,600
Speaker 1: pocket inside of the the electron or the ball, but

1053
00:52:08,640 --> 00:52:10,959
Speaker 1: there might be a global hidden variable, meaning like there's

1054
00:52:10,960 --> 00:52:15,279
Speaker 1: a giant universe size pocket out there hiding information and

1055
00:52:15,320 --> 00:52:20,040
Speaker 1: coordinating information between here and alpha centric kind of right exactly,

1056
00:52:20,080 --> 00:52:23,360
Speaker 1: And that seems really weird. So the more common interpretation

1057
00:52:23,640 --> 00:52:26,719
Speaker 1: is equantum mechanics is really just random. If you don't

1058
00:52:26,760 --> 00:52:29,760
Speaker 1: like nonlocality, if you don't like things being coordinated across

1059
00:52:29,760 --> 00:52:32,719
Speaker 1: the universe, then the more common interpretation is, well, things

1060
00:52:32,719 --> 00:52:35,160
Speaker 1: are just really random. But it's important to remember that

1061
00:52:35,160 --> 00:52:38,200
Speaker 1: that's one possible interpretation of Bell's experiment. There are other

1062
00:52:38,239 --> 00:52:41,880
Speaker 1: ones which involve non local hidden variables, So it doesn't

1063
00:52:41,920 --> 00:52:44,800
Speaker 1: actually put a nail in the coffin of hidden variables completely,

1064
00:52:45,040 --> 00:52:47,719
Speaker 1: just local hidden variables. Wait, you're saying that like a

1065
00:52:47,760 --> 00:52:52,440
Speaker 1: global hidden viroiable, like the whole universe is coordinated somehow magically.

1066
00:52:52,920 --> 00:52:56,759
Speaker 1: Is this looks the same as a totally random universe. Yes,

1067
00:52:56,960 --> 00:52:59,200
Speaker 1: we cannot tell the difference. Nobody's come up with a

1068
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:02,840
Speaker 1: way to disting between that view, which is Bowmian mechanics,

1069
00:53:02,840 --> 00:53:06,480
Speaker 1: which actually Bell himself is a huge proponent of and

1070
00:53:06,920 --> 00:53:09,960
Speaker 1: sort of Copenhagen view where these things are not determined

1071
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:12,600
Speaker 1: and then they collapse when you make this measurement. I guess.

1072
00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:15,320
Speaker 1: Then the next question is if there is a giant

1073
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:21,120
Speaker 1: universe size hidden pocket viable, you know, thing coordinating everything,

1074
00:53:21,560 --> 00:53:24,040
Speaker 1: is that random or not? In that theory, it's not random,

1075
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:28,040
Speaker 1: it's deterministic. In that theory, everything that happens is determined

1076
00:53:28,040 --> 00:53:31,600
Speaker 1: by the initial conditions. There's no randomness in it. I

1077
00:53:31,640 --> 00:53:34,840
Speaker 1: feel like this confirms something I've sort of come to

1078
00:53:34,840 --> 00:53:36,520
Speaker 1: believe it for a long time, which is that there's

1079
00:53:36,560 --> 00:53:39,480
Speaker 1: really no difference between a totally random universe and a

1080
00:53:39,560 --> 00:53:45,399
Speaker 1: universe run by all powerful God. Well, we can't tell

1081
00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:48,479
Speaker 1: the difference. Philosophically, it's a very different statement about what's

1082
00:53:48,480 --> 00:53:51,480
Speaker 1: out there, what's real, what's happening in the universe. But

1083
00:53:51,560 --> 00:53:53,080
Speaker 1: it really goes to the heart of the question and

1084
00:53:53,200 --> 00:53:55,200
Speaker 1: like what that means. What does it mean for things

1085
00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:57,880
Speaker 1: to be happening if we can't know the difference, If

1086
00:53:57,880 --> 00:54:00,520
Speaker 1: these particles really are undetermined, or if they were determined

1087
00:54:00,520 --> 00:54:03,400
Speaker 1: the whole time by some crazy pilot function which is

1088
00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:05,840
Speaker 1: controlling the fate of the universe, What really is the

1089
00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:09,000
Speaker 1: difference to us if we can't ever devise an experiment

1090
00:54:09,040 --> 00:54:12,120
Speaker 1: to tell the difference, is there really a difference? I

1091
00:54:12,120 --> 00:54:14,520
Speaker 1: don't know. It's a really interesting question in philosophy, which

1092
00:54:14,520 --> 00:54:19,719
Speaker 1: is one reason why philosophers still have jobs, because people

1093
00:54:19,760 --> 00:54:21,480
Speaker 1: are confused. It sounds like we need to start a

1094
00:54:21,480 --> 00:54:25,440
Speaker 1: new religion called pilotism, maybe pilotism or how would you

1095
00:54:25,440 --> 00:54:29,480
Speaker 1: call it, global hidden vinableism. It's not a religion. It's

1096
00:54:29,520 --> 00:54:33,319
Speaker 1: a totally respectable philosophy of quantum mechanics, and it's not

1097
00:54:33,480 --> 00:54:36,480
Speaker 1: very mainstream because for a long time people thought that

1098
00:54:36,520 --> 00:54:39,440
Speaker 1: Belle's experiment ruled it out, and there was actually a

1099
00:54:39,480 --> 00:54:42,320
Speaker 1: proof by von Neumann that suggested that no hidden variables

1100
00:54:42,320 --> 00:54:44,680
Speaker 1: were allowed, but there was a mistake in it. So

1101
00:54:44,760 --> 00:54:47,480
Speaker 1: it's a sort of a historical accident that Bowman mechanics

1102
00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:49,879
Speaker 1: was sort of cast aside for many years, even though

1103
00:54:49,920 --> 00:54:53,040
Speaker 1: Bell himself was a proponent of it and people thought

1104
00:54:53,080 --> 00:54:55,600
Speaker 1: that his experiments ruled out all hidden variables. And now

1105
00:54:55,680 --> 00:54:58,279
Speaker 1: Bowmian mechanics is sort of like an afterthought. People don't

1106
00:54:58,280 --> 00:55:00,960
Speaker 1: get taught it in schools, not mentioned very often, even

1107
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,000
Speaker 1: though it's totally consistent with our understanding of the universe.

1108
00:55:04,160 --> 00:55:07,960
Speaker 1: It's just maybe even stranger than a random universe. Well,

1109
00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:11,279
Speaker 1: it's interesting to think that maybe we'll never find out right, Like,

1110
00:55:11,320 --> 00:55:14,400
Speaker 1: it's possible that it's impossible to tell the difference between

1111
00:55:14,840 --> 00:55:17,560
Speaker 1: you know, all powerful God or pilot function or pilot

1112
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:22,000
Speaker 1: wave and a totally random, unpredictable universe. It's possible, or

1113
00:55:22,080 --> 00:55:24,680
Speaker 1: maybe we just need next centuries and John Bell to

1114
00:55:24,680 --> 00:55:27,600
Speaker 1: come up with an even more clever idea for an

1115
00:55:27,640 --> 00:55:30,520
Speaker 1: experiment that can somehow tell the difference. I mean, I

1116
00:55:30,560 --> 00:55:33,360
Speaker 1: remember learning about this experiment as an undergrad in quantum

1117
00:55:33,360 --> 00:55:36,560
Speaker 1: mechanics and thinking, how could you possibly construct an experiment

1118
00:55:36,560 --> 00:55:38,680
Speaker 1: to tell the difference. It's impossible, and then reading his

1119
00:55:38,680 --> 00:55:41,360
Speaker 1: experiment going oh wow, that's clever. I never would have

1120
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:43,319
Speaker 1: thought of that. So it might just mean that we

1121
00:55:43,400 --> 00:55:46,520
Speaker 1: need another generation of clever scientists. Maybe somebody out there

1122
00:55:46,560 --> 00:55:50,000
Speaker 1: listening has actually understood our description of Bell's experiment and thought,

1123
00:55:50,440 --> 00:55:52,200
Speaker 1: what if you add in this feature to it? What

1124
00:55:52,239 --> 00:55:54,279
Speaker 1: if you did that? What have you changed in this

1125
00:55:54,320 --> 00:55:56,560
Speaker 1: way to come up with a new experiment that might

1126
00:55:56,600 --> 00:55:59,080
Speaker 1: tell us the difference? Well, what's the probability of that

1127
00:56:00,360 --> 00:56:02,880
Speaker 1: somewhere between zero and one? As long as it's not zero,

1128
00:56:02,920 --> 00:56:04,880
Speaker 1: I guess we just gotta keep doing it and eventually

1129
00:56:04,880 --> 00:56:06,960
Speaker 1: somebody will come up with the answer. Right, that's how

1130
00:56:07,080 --> 00:56:10,239
Speaker 1: statistics works. That's right. If we do an infinite number

1131
00:56:10,280 --> 00:56:13,920
Speaker 1: of podcast we will eventually inspire the physical theory of

1132
00:56:13,960 --> 00:56:16,719
Speaker 1: the universe. Yeah, we'll eventually get to take credit for

1133
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:21,680
Speaker 1: understanding the universe exactly monkeys on typewriters and cartoonists and

1134
00:56:21,680 --> 00:56:24,920
Speaker 1: physicists on podcasts. Well, we're making pretty good progress, right,

1135
00:56:24,920 --> 00:56:27,600
Speaker 1: we'ven We've got a couple of hundred episodes on Under

1136
00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:30,080
Speaker 1: our Belt. Yeah, something north of four hundred. Yea, So

1137
00:56:30,160 --> 00:56:34,120
Speaker 1: now we just need what infinity minus for hundred more exactly?

1138
00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:36,520
Speaker 1: Let me do the calculation to do too. That's infinity

1139
00:56:38,239 --> 00:56:42,560
Speaker 1: but getting close all right, Well, we hope you enjoyed

1140
00:56:42,600 --> 00:56:45,480
Speaker 1: that attempt to try and explain Bell's theorem, which is

1141
00:56:45,480 --> 00:56:48,120
Speaker 1: pretty complicated. It's pretty complicated even if you have the

1142
00:56:48,160 --> 00:56:50,520
Speaker 1: math and the diagrams in front of you. So thanks

1143
00:56:50,520 --> 00:56:52,960
Speaker 1: for bearing with us and this attempt to translate into

1144
00:56:53,040 --> 00:56:56,480
Speaker 1: a one dimensional form for your audio stream. Hope you

1145
00:56:56,560 --> 00:56:58,680
Speaker 1: enjoyed it. Yeah, and please join my new church of

1146
00:56:59,480 --> 00:57:03,000
Speaker 1: pilot Is where Jorge is the God. Are you accepting donations?

1147
00:57:03,480 --> 00:57:06,000
Speaker 1: There you go, that's right, I am the pilot Wave.

1148
00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:17,640
Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us. See you next time. Thanks for listening,

1149
00:57:17,640 --> 00:57:20,360
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

1150
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:23,800
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast for

1151
00:57:23,920 --> 00:57:27,680
Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

1152
00:57:27,800 --> 00:57:35,760
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Ye