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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one,

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Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. Consider it a double feature.

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Speaker 1: Enjoy the show. Hello, Welcome to this dand history class,

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Speaker 1: where we dust off a little piece of history every day.

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Speaker 1: The day was May six, eight four. Katie Sandwina was

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Speaker 1: born Katherine Brumbach in Vienna, Austria, to Philippe and Johanna Brumbach.

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Speaker 1: Katie would go on to become a popular strong woman

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Speaker 1: who wiled her audiences with feats like lifting horses. Katie

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Speaker 1: was born into a circus family. Her mom and dad

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Speaker 1: were circus performers, standing at about six ft tall and

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Speaker 1: six ft six respectively. When Katie was two years old,

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Speaker 1: she was already holding handstands, so she began gymnastics training

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Speaker 1: early on as a child. By the time she was

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Speaker 1: a teenager, Katie had already grown to six ft tall

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Speaker 1: and a hundred and eighty seven pounds or about a

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Speaker 1: hundred and eighty three centimeters and eight five. Because she

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Speaker 1: was growing to be beautiful and strong, she became an

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Speaker 1: important part of the family show as they toured throughout Europe.

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Speaker 1: In her early acts, Katie's father would offer a hundred

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Speaker 1: gold marks to anyone who could beat her at wrestling.

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Speaker 1: Nobody ever managed to beat her, but she did meet

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Speaker 1: the love of her life through this stunt. When she

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Speaker 1: was sixteen, a nineteen year old acrobat named Max Hayman

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Speaker 1: took on the challenge of wrestling Katie in the hopes

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Speaker 1: that he would get some publicity in cash. She defeated him,

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Speaker 1: but they soon fell in love with each other. She

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Speaker 1: even began including him in her act, lifting him over

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Speaker 1: her head with one arm and using him as a

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Speaker 1: rifle in a skit where she pretended to be a soldier.

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Speaker 1: A couple of years after they met, Katie and Max

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Speaker 1: were married. Max and Katie, also known as the Lady Hercules,

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Speaker 1: split from the family circus and left Europe for the

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Speaker 1: United States in the early nineteen hundreds. Part of Katie's

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Speaker 1: act was to challenge people to beat her at lifting

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Speaker 1: progressively heavier weights. One formidable challenger was Eugene Sando, a

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Speaker 1: famous bodybuilder. They made it up to three hundred pound weights.

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Speaker 1: Katie lifted the load over her head, but Sando could

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Speaker 1: only lift it to his chest. Katie had beaten a

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Speaker 1: leading strong man, and because she had, perhaps out of

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Speaker 1: jest or tribute, Katie changed her last name to Sandwina,

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Speaker 1: a female derivative of Sando. She added the Great Sandwina

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Speaker 1: to her list of monikers. As Katie beefed up her

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Speaker 1: strong woman act, she began amazing her crowds by breaking

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Speaker 1: iron chains, bending iron bars, juggling thirty pound cannonballs, balancing

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Speaker 1: a revolving merry go round with several adults on it

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Speaker 1: on her chest, acting as the foundation of a bridge

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Speaker 1: over which several people and a horsewhip pass, and lifting

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Speaker 1: a halftime cannon on her back or chest. But for

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Speaker 1: the press, just as impressive as her feet was her beauty.

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Speaker 1: One nineteen eleven article by Kate Carew in the San

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Speaker 1: Francisco Examiner set the following of Katie. She is as

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Speaker 1: majestic as the sphinx, as pretty as a valentine, as

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Speaker 1: sentimental as a German school girl, and as wholesome as

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Speaker 1: a great big slice of bread and butter. She has

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Speaker 1: the strength of ten ordinary men, united with the milky

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Speaker 1: satin femininity of a hundred ordinary women. And she has

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Speaker 1: stepped down from the dwelling place of the gods to

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Speaker 1: do strong woman stunts in the circus. Katie toward the

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Speaker 1: u s on the Orpheum Vaudeville circuit. While she was

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Speaker 1: on tour, she had a son with Max, named Theodore.

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Speaker 1: She performed to act the night before Theodore was born.

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Speaker 1: In nineteen eleven, John Wrinkling signed Katie and Max to

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Speaker 1: the Barnum and Bailey Circus. At first, she was part

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Speaker 1: of an act called the Sanduinas, which included other strength

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Speaker 1: related performances, but once it was clear she was the

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Speaker 1: star of the show, Katie became the future performer. At

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Speaker 1: press conferences, physicians would take note of Katie's measurements, and

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Speaker 1: reporters would dote over her perfection and venus like beauty.

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Speaker 1: Outside of her circus work, she was also a suffragette.

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Speaker 1: In nineteen twelve, she became the vice president of the

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Speaker 1: Suffragette Ladies of the Barnum and Bailey Circus. In nineteen eighteen,

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Speaker 1: Katie and Max had another son, named Alfred. They stayed

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Speaker 1: with Barnum and Bailey for a while, but after the

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Speaker 1: circus fell on hard times during the Great Depression, the

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Speaker 1: duo joined the state run works prog Us Administration Circus.

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Speaker 1: Katie gave her last performance in the late nineteen forties,

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Speaker 1: and she retired when she was sixty four years old.

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Speaker 1: At that point, she and Max opened a restaurant in

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Speaker 1: New York, where they would sometimes on her customers request

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Speaker 1: to perform strength beats. In January of nineteen fifty two,

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Speaker 1: Katie died of cancer. I'm Eve stiff Coote and hopefully

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Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you

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Speaker 1: did yesterday. If you'd like to learn more about Katie Sandwina,

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Speaker 1: listen to the episode of Stuff You Missed in History

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Speaker 1: Class called The Glamorous Strong Woman. If you have any

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Speaker 1: burning questions or comments, you can find us on Twitter, Instagram,

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Speaker 1: and Facebook at t D I h D Podcast. Thanks

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Speaker 1: for joining me on this trip through history. See you

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Speaker 1: here same place tomorrow. Hello everyone, I'm Eves and welcome

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Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class, a podcast where the

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Speaker 1: past becomes the president. The day was May six, eight two.

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Speaker 1: US President Chester A. Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act.

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Speaker 1: The act banned the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years,

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Speaker 1: though Congress later extended it on paper. The act still

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Speaker 1: allowed Chinese merchants, students, teachers, and diplomats to enter the US,

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Speaker 1: but it prevented thousands of people from immigrating into the country,

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Speaker 1: and it established a precedent for discriminatory race and class

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Speaker 1: based immigration laws. In the eighteen fifties, thousands of Chinese

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Speaker 1: people began moving to the United States in search of work.

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Speaker 1: Many of them moved to California to join the gold Rush,

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Speaker 1: though other sought work in factories, minds, agriculture, domestic jobs,

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Speaker 1: and the garment industry. Many of these Chinese laborers were

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Speaker 1: escaping poverty and social unrest in China, and they often

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Speaker 1: worked for lower wages than non Chinese labors did. As

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Speaker 1: more Chinese immigrants began taking low wage jobs in the US,

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Speaker 1: non Chinese laborers began to resent the competition they created

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Speaker 1: in job markets. Anti Chinese sentiment grew. Despite the fact

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Speaker 1: that Chinese immigrants made up a lot of the labor

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Speaker 1: in minds, the first Transcontinental Railroad, and other industries, they

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Speaker 1: faced poor conditions and discrimination at work and at home.

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Speaker 1: California and other states began passing anti Chinese laws. For instance,

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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty, the California state legislature passed the Foreign

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Speaker 1: Miners Tax Law, placing a monthly twenty dollar tax on

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Speaker 1: miners who were not US citizens. The act was repealed

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Speaker 1: the next year but soon re enacted, and it led

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Speaker 1: many Chinese miners to quit their job and moved to

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Speaker 1: cities under averished conditions. The eighteen sixty eight Berlin Game

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Speaker 1: Stewart Treaty allowed for Chinese immigration to the US with

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Speaker 1: few regulations. It annulled many state laws that restricted Chinese immigration.

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Speaker 1: That said, laws restricting Chinese immigration were still passed. The

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Speaker 1: us is Page Act of eighteen seventy five prohibited the

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Speaker 1: immigration of East Asian forced laborers and people entering for

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Speaker 1: quote A moral purposes. This act was a thinly veiled

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Speaker 1: effort to restrict Asian immigration without doing so on the

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Speaker 1: basis of race, and it effectively ended the immigration of

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Speaker 1: Chinese women. While some advocated anti Chinese legislation by saying

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Speaker 1: that Chinese immigrants would lower American moral standards, others were

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Speaker 1: explicit that their concerns were based on race. A few

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Speaker 1: years after the Page Act was passed, Congress passed legislation

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Speaker 1: to restrict immigration from China. In March of eighteen seventy nine.

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Speaker 1: West President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed the bill for violating

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Speaker 1: the Berlin Game Treaty, but he still opposed the so

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Speaker 1: called Chinese Invasion, and many politicians supported the complete exclusion

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Speaker 1: of Chinese immigrants. In eighteen eighty the Hayes administration appointed

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Speaker 1: U S diplomat James Angel to negotiate a new treaty

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Speaker 1: with China. The US ratified the Angel Treaty in eighteen

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Speaker 1: eighty one, which permitted a suspension on the immigration of

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Speaker 1: Chinese laborers, but allowed the entry and exit of those

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Speaker 1: who were already in the US. In eighteen eighty two,

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Speaker 1: President Chester Arthur vetoed a bill that banned the immigration

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Speaker 1: of Chinese laborers for twenty years, but on May sixth

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Speaker 1: of that year, he signed the Chinese Exclusion Act into law.

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Speaker 1: The Acts suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years.

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Speaker 1: It also required Chinese laborers already in the US who

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Speaker 1: left the country to get certificates of return in order

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Speaker 1: to re enter the country. On top of this, the

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Speaker 1: Act prohibited courts from naturalizing Chinese people. After the Act

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Speaker 1: went into effect, some people took violent actions to get

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Speaker 1: Chinese people out of their communities, and the Rock Springs

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Speaker 1: massacre of eighteen eighty five, which I covered in a

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Speaker 1: previous episode, White miners started a riot in Wyoming Territory

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Speaker 1: that caused the death of at least twenty eight Chinese

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Speaker 1: miners and drove many others out of town. The Scott

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Speaker 1: Act of eighteen eighty eight banned the re entry of

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Speaker 1: around twenty thousand Chinese people who had left the US temporarily.

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Speaker 1: The Geary Act of eighteen ninety two renewed Chinese exclusion

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Speaker 1: for ten years, and in nineteen o two it was

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Speaker 1: extended indefinitely. The acts placed heavy restrictions on the immigration

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Speaker 1: of Chinese people, encouraged the abuse of Chinese workers, and

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Speaker 1: incited increased violence, racism, and xenophobia. But many Chinese people

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Speaker 1: managed to circumvent the laws, and some Chinese merchants organized

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Speaker 1: and anti American boycott, and many Chinese people protested and

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Speaker 1: fought for their rights in court. Still, US immigration exclusion escalated,

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Speaker 1: and the Immigration Act of nineteen twenty four banned all

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Speaker 1: immigration from Asia. As immigration increased after World War Two,

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Speaker 1: Congress established quotas to regulate immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Acts

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Speaker 1: were repealed in nineteen forty three after the US and

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Speaker 1: China became allies in the war and the Magnuson Act

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Speaker 1: was passed. It set the annual quota for Chinese immigrants

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Speaker 1: extremely low at one and five people. It wasn't until

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Speaker 1: the Immigration and Nationality Act of nineteen sixty five that

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Speaker 1: the National Origins quota system was abolished and the number

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Speaker 1: of Asian people immigrating to the US increased dramatically. I'm

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Speaker 1: Eve Jeff Cote and hopefully you know a little more

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Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. And if you

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Speaker 1: have any comments or suggestions or questions, you can hit

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Speaker 1: us up on social media where at t d i

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Speaker 1: h C Podcast. You can also send us an email

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Speaker 1: at this day at I heeart media dot com. Thanks

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Speaker 1: again for listening to the show and we'll see you tomorrow.

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Speaker 1: For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the i

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

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Speaker 1: your favorite shows.