WEBVTT - How Segways Work: The Luke Arm Update 0:00:03.360 --> 0:00:06.360 Get in touch with technology. What's tech Stuff from how 0:00:06.440 --> 0:00:14.320 stuff works dot Com. He there, and welcome to tech Stuff. 0:00:14.320 --> 0:00:17.200 I'm Jonathan Strickland and I'm Lauren foc Obama. Hey, Lauren, 0:00:17.200 --> 0:00:19.920 what are we doing today? Okay, it's kind of it's 0:00:20.000 --> 0:00:22.520 kind of a long story, all right, so let's let's 0:00:22.640 --> 0:00:24.880 let's gather around the camp fire children. We're gonna hear 0:00:25.239 --> 0:00:28.080 the story right now the Internet campfire. Yes. So, back 0:00:28.160 --> 0:00:32.560 on March, we published an episode called How Segways Work, 0:00:33.000 --> 0:00:35.319 which turned out to be about a lot more than 0:00:35.360 --> 0:00:38.040 just segways. We told the story in this episode of 0:00:38.440 --> 0:00:43.680 Dean Cayman and eccentric millionaire inventor. Not unlike Tony's Stark, 0:00:43.760 --> 0:00:45.680 he bought his own island. This one time, his own 0:00:45.760 --> 0:00:49.080 hype worked against him. When the very brilliant but very 0:00:49.159 --> 0:00:53.880 simple People Mover the Segway premiered, yep, and if you 0:00:53.920 --> 0:00:57.920 wanted to go way way back. Yeah, that wasn't the 0:00:57.920 --> 0:00:59.880 first time we ever talked about Dean came to the 0:01:00.160 --> 0:01:02.600 A eight. Chris and I did a fifteen minute long 0:01:02.640 --> 0:01:05.520 episode that's how far back we're talking when when I 0:01:05.560 --> 0:01:09.000 was able to only say things in fifteen minutes called 0:01:09.040 --> 0:01:13.440 how Dean came in works. I don't recommend that episode necessarily, uh, 0:01:13.520 --> 0:01:16.120 because it was before Chris and I really knew how 0:01:16.319 --> 0:01:19.839 podcasting worked. But we we've talked about him a couple 0:01:19.880 --> 0:01:23.000 of times anyway. Uh. Yeah. In that two thousand and 0:01:23.040 --> 0:01:25.959 eight episode, you guys covered the Luke Arm a little bit, 0:01:26.240 --> 0:01:30.360 technically the Decca Arm after Dean came in's medical technology company, 0:01:30.440 --> 0:01:32.880 Decca UM. But two thousand eight was the year that 0:01:32.920 --> 0:01:35.600 the Luke Arm came out of its funding period and 0:01:35.640 --> 0:01:38.400 went on to clinical trials. And if you guys haven't 0:01:38.480 --> 0:01:41.640 heard about this thing, it's a robotic Pross thesis and 0:01:41.720 --> 0:01:46.280 it was designed with funding from DARPA's Revolutionizing Prosthetics Program. 0:01:46.360 --> 0:01:49.040 The the idea behind it sounds like science fiction, Okay. 0:01:49.160 --> 0:01:53.160 It's a prosthetic arm that works basically like a biological arm, 0:01:53.200 --> 0:01:57.080 translating signals from the person's muscles along with some some 0:01:57.160 --> 0:02:01.600 foot button input to perform complex tasks. It's powered at 0:02:01.680 --> 0:02:04.400 multiple joints. It has eighteen degrees of freedom, which is 0:02:04.440 --> 0:02:07.600 not bad compared to a meat arms twenty two degrees 0:02:07.600 --> 0:02:10.280 of freedom, and it weighs a little bit less actually 0:02:10.320 --> 0:02:13.680 than the average biological arm. Yeah, and In fact, when 0:02:13.760 --> 0:02:16.080 you say it sounds like it's science fiction, the reason 0:02:16.120 --> 0:02:18.400 why it's called the Luke Arm is that it is 0:02:18.480 --> 0:02:22.120 really anyway, Yeah, it is. It is so nicknamed after 0:02:22.360 --> 0:02:27.080 the character from Star Wars Luke Skywalker, who spoiler alert 0:02:27.400 --> 0:02:34.040 loses a hand um and yes, gains a father and 0:02:34.160 --> 0:02:39.280 also an incredible robotic hand that works magically, uh, exactly 0:02:39.360 --> 0:02:41.680 like his real hand, almost as the actor did not 0:02:41.840 --> 0:02:44.240 have his hand cut off but merely put on a glove. Yeah, 0:02:44.280 --> 0:02:47.240 I mean, this is the Luke Arm that we're talking 0:02:47.280 --> 0:02:52.440 about here. Not quite as spectacular as that, but still amazing. Oh. Absolutely, 0:02:52.480 --> 0:02:56.119 And it's definitely enough to do an entire episode on uh, 0:02:56.160 --> 0:02:58.280 and we want to do that episode in the future. 0:02:58.520 --> 0:03:03.799 But okay, So news just dropped on that this arm 0:03:03.800 --> 0:03:07.160 has been approved for commercial manufacture and sale by the 0:03:07.280 --> 0:03:10.440 f d A, the Food and Drug Administration, which is 0:03:10.480 --> 0:03:12.480 the governing body in the United States. It has say 0:03:12.520 --> 0:03:15.040 over this kind of thing. So we wanted to share 0:03:15.200 --> 0:03:18.160 the story of who this Cayman person is and how 0:03:18.200 --> 0:03:20.760 he got into the medical tech business. So we are 0:03:20.800 --> 0:03:27.280 going to do a dreaded and or savored update episode. Yes, 0:03:27.520 --> 0:03:30.760 we're going to replay for you how segways work. Um, 0:03:30.880 --> 0:03:33.200 I I hope I didn't really listen to it, and 0:03:33.200 --> 0:03:35.600 this was from relatively early in my text up days, 0:03:35.640 --> 0:03:40.680 so so I really hope it doesn't suck, you know. Uh, 0:03:40.760 --> 0:03:45.160 I'm I am confident that it is a strong episode. 0:03:45.160 --> 0:03:48.160 So let us not worry about such things, Lauren. Let 0:03:48.240 --> 0:03:51.360 us let us listen back on how segways work, and 0:03:51.400 --> 0:03:54.640 when it's over, we'll come back and we'll wrap up 0:03:54.640 --> 0:03:59.960 a little bit. We've got some more information for you. Yeah, 0:04:00.400 --> 0:04:02.920 the segue, I think is where a lot of people, 0:04:03.720 --> 0:04:06.720 no Dean Cayman like they they heard about it that 0:04:06.800 --> 0:04:08.800 because of the segue, well it got it got a 0:04:08.840 --> 0:04:11.240 great deal of publicity, which we will talk about later 0:04:11.280 --> 0:04:14.200 in the episode. Because it was the hype for it 0:04:14.240 --> 0:04:16.640 is can really only be called hype. It was very intent. 0:04:16.720 --> 0:04:18.120 It was it was like it was like if you 0:04:18.160 --> 0:04:21.200 had heard that this rock and roll band that had 0:04:21.320 --> 0:04:24.479 not released an album in like ten years was getting 0:04:24.520 --> 0:04:27.320 back together to do their first studio album, uh, and 0:04:27.880 --> 0:04:29.919 that you know, in a decade, and that would that 0:04:29.960 --> 0:04:32.040 would be kind of similar to the hype build up. 0:04:32.080 --> 0:04:33.800 But not only were they going to do an album, 0:04:33.800 --> 0:04:36.640 but they were going to revolutionize the entire music industry 0:04:36.680 --> 0:04:39.200 with this album. That's the level. Yeah, that's fair. So 0:04:39.240 --> 0:04:42.080 we'll talk about that in a bit, but first we 0:04:42.120 --> 0:04:44.360 wanted to kind of talk about actually what it was 0:04:44.640 --> 0:04:46.560 and how it worked. So if you were to look 0:04:46.600 --> 0:04:48.039 at one of these things, in case you have not 0:04:48.160 --> 0:04:50.920 seen it, it looks like a little two wheeled scooter, 0:04:51.040 --> 0:04:54.280 but the wheels are are side by side. They're not 0:04:54.600 --> 0:04:57.080 in line with one another. Their side by side. And 0:04:57.160 --> 0:04:59.240 when you would stand on a platform with the left 0:04:59.240 --> 0:05:01.360 wheel to your left, in the right wheel to your right, 0:05:01.680 --> 0:05:05.320 there's a bar that comes straight up vertically from the platform. 0:05:05.920 --> 0:05:08.800 Their handlebars handle bars that you hold onto, and then 0:05:08.839 --> 0:05:12.480 when you when you lean, it moves. When you lean forward, 0:05:12.560 --> 0:05:15.360 it starts to move forward. When you lean backward, it stops. 0:05:15.400 --> 0:05:17.800 If you lean back enough, it'll go backward a little bit. 0:05:17.839 --> 0:05:20.680 But it's um and uh and and the new models 0:05:20.720 --> 0:05:23.080 these days, when you tilt the handlebars, that is how 0:05:23.120 --> 0:05:26.159 you steer. Yeah, and the original one, you would twist 0:05:26.400 --> 0:05:29.560 one of the handlebars, the right handlebars, rapping a motorcycle 0:05:29.600 --> 0:05:31.760 style exactly, and if you if you twisted, if you 0:05:31.839 --> 0:05:34.080 twisted one way, it would turn left and you twist 0:05:34.120 --> 0:05:35.839 the other way. It turns right, and the way it 0:05:35.880 --> 0:05:39.040 turns is kind of cool. Uh. When you lean forward, 0:05:39.120 --> 0:05:42.720 both wheels engage and start moving forward simultaneously. Correct. When 0:05:42.760 --> 0:05:45.840 you turn, only one wheel starts to move in one 0:05:45.880 --> 0:05:49.240 direction and the other wheel allows you to pivot on 0:05:50.320 --> 0:05:53.159 on a dine right right. Yeah, it's a turning radius 0:05:53.160 --> 0:05:57.360 of zero zero turning radius, which is pretty amazing. And uh, 0:05:57.400 --> 0:06:00.159 we'll talk about what he intended this device to do 0:06:00.400 --> 0:06:02.360 in the second half, I think, but first we wanted 0:06:02.400 --> 0:06:04.880 to kind of talk about the actual technology that makes 0:06:04.960 --> 0:06:08.120 this possible. And Uh, Dean came in. Before he had 0:06:08.360 --> 0:06:11.040 gone into developing the Segway, had already started to work 0:06:11.080 --> 0:06:14.760 on some pretty cool systems. He did some work on 0:06:14.760 --> 0:06:18.520 on motorized wheelchairs that were capable of doing things like 0:06:18.600 --> 0:06:21.760 climbing up staircases, and that work kind of led him 0:06:21.760 --> 0:06:25.000 to the idea of what if I created a device 0:06:25.480 --> 0:06:29.280 that could transport people at a good clip, uh, and 0:06:29.360 --> 0:06:32.560 make it so that it it works on the same 0:06:32.560 --> 0:06:36.440 principle as what it's like when you're walking. So when 0:06:36.480 --> 0:06:41.520 you're walking, Yeah, exactly, it works in a way that 0:06:41.760 --> 0:06:44.760 feels natural to us. Although I will tell you the 0:06:44.760 --> 0:06:47.679 first time you get on a segway, nothing feels natural 0:06:47.760 --> 0:06:49.560 about it. I haven't actually been on one. You have, 0:06:49.760 --> 0:06:52.080 I have, I've done, I've I've been on a segway. 0:06:52.160 --> 0:06:54.839 I really enjoyed it. I had a great time. But 0:06:56.160 --> 0:06:59.880 have you ever engaged in an activity where the first 0:07:00.080 --> 0:07:03.600 up requires you to do something that feels totally unnatural 0:07:03.640 --> 0:07:06.520 to you? So there's like your body is actually resisting 0:07:06.600 --> 0:07:09.760 what you have to do. But basically that's me walking 0:07:09.800 --> 0:07:11.720 every day. But I mean, but but for for example, 0:07:11.720 --> 0:07:14.440 when I switched from a W A S D keyboard 0:07:14.880 --> 0:07:18.800 uh First Person Shooters to Xbox controller, I was like, 0:07:18.920 --> 0:07:21.080 what is this? See? For me, what I think of 0:07:21.240 --> 0:07:23.640 is like the first time when I was a little 0:07:23.720 --> 0:07:27.160 kid that I ever tried snorkeling, because I put my 0:07:27.200 --> 0:07:29.680 face in the water and my body is telling me, 0:07:30.080 --> 0:07:34.160 for goodness sakes, man, whatever you do, don't breathe. Then 0:07:34.480 --> 0:07:37.920 you're underwater, and you know, my my reast of my 0:07:37.960 --> 0:07:43.240 brain is saying, foolish, scary, reptile brain. That's not anything 0:07:43.280 --> 0:07:45.400 to worry about. You have a tube to the air 0:07:45.600 --> 0:07:48.920 which is unobstructed. You can breathe all you like. And 0:07:48.960 --> 0:07:55.400 it took that leaped, not literally didn't literally leap, but no, yeah, 0:07:55.440 --> 0:07:58.840 I couldn't get enough traction, but it took that mental 0:07:58.920 --> 0:08:00.760 leap to get to a point where I felt comfortable. 0:08:00.760 --> 0:08:02.920 Same sort of thing on a segue, because the way 0:08:02.960 --> 0:08:05.560 it works is that you start to lean forward as 0:08:05.640 --> 0:08:08.840 if you're going to take a step, because basically what 0:08:08.960 --> 0:08:13.360 walking is is controlled falling. Right, Yeah, You're you're you're 0:08:13.400 --> 0:08:16.440 throwing the upper part of your body forward. You're you're 0:08:16.520 --> 0:08:19.600 essentially unbalancing yourself and then counting on one leg or 0:08:19.640 --> 0:08:24.200 the other hypothetically to catch right. Yeah, you just you're 0:08:24.200 --> 0:08:27.280 constantly catching yourself with your legs. You're you know, especially 0:08:27.320 --> 0:08:29.160 if you're if you're walking at a good pace, you know, 0:08:29.200 --> 0:08:32.120 you'll see people they're leaning into it and uh, and 0:08:32.240 --> 0:08:34.880 that weight is what's helping them propel forward. And then 0:08:34.920 --> 0:08:37.280 they swing a leg out, which catches them, stops them 0:08:37.320 --> 0:08:40.480 from falling, and they use that leg to push them forward, 0:08:40.559 --> 0:08:42.760 and then the other leg and so on and so forth. 0:08:42.760 --> 0:08:45.960 And it's something that we once we start to learn 0:08:45.960 --> 0:08:48.160 how to walk, it just becomes natural to us. We 0:08:48.200 --> 0:08:50.040 don't even think about it, right, right, Well, we've got 0:08:50.040 --> 0:08:53.320 all kinds of a really really intricate inner ear sensory 0:08:53.360 --> 0:08:55.480 mechanisms to tell us when we're balanced and when we're 0:08:55.520 --> 0:08:58.160 off balanced, and how everything is going. It's a really 0:08:58.240 --> 0:09:00.679 it's such an automatic process that when you're not too 0:09:00.840 --> 0:09:03.320 you're not thinking about it. Yeah. And what's also funny 0:09:03.440 --> 0:09:06.760 is that that that same system of sensors that we 0:09:06.800 --> 0:09:08.760 have in our brain. Well, two things are funny. One 0:09:08.800 --> 0:09:11.440 thing is that a lot of that informed Dean Cayman 0:09:11.480 --> 0:09:13.520 when he was designing the segue. He wanted to have 0:09:14.000 --> 0:09:17.280 a mechanical means to sort of recreate that. And the 0:09:17.280 --> 0:09:20.760 other thing is that these sensors are not fails. There's 0:09:20.760 --> 0:09:25.160 they're they're not foolproof. We we can fool ourselves. Uh. 0:09:25.280 --> 0:09:28.480 This is partially what leads us to things like motion sickness, 0:09:28.600 --> 0:09:32.000 where we get one set of input from a set 0:09:32.000 --> 0:09:34.440 of senses telling us one thing, and a different set 0:09:34.440 --> 0:09:36.880 of input from other senses telling us another thing, and 0:09:36.920 --> 0:09:41.120 that that conflict makes our brains say, Okay, if that's 0:09:41.120 --> 0:09:45.840 how you're gonna play it, we're losing lunch. That's it. Uh. 0:09:45.960 --> 0:09:50.640 Someone who has suffered from from car sickness motion sickness 0:09:50.640 --> 0:09:54.320 that way, strangely enough, never got s sick but I've 0:09:54.360 --> 0:09:58.440 been motion sick from a car before. But anyway, so 0:09:58.480 --> 0:10:01.520 the the they are foul, both these systems in our 0:10:01.600 --> 0:10:03.920 our brains and in the segway. As it turns out. 0:10:04.480 --> 0:10:07.080 So Dean came and wanted to create the segue in 0:10:07.080 --> 0:10:11.160 such a way that it would require you to lean 0:10:11.240 --> 0:10:13.240 forward as if you were going to take a step, 0:10:13.280 --> 0:10:15.440 and that would be the indicator to move right and 0:10:15.480 --> 0:10:17.720 then and then sort of trust the machine. I imagine 0:10:17.720 --> 0:10:20.319 that that's where you have your initial problem because you're 0:10:20.360 --> 0:10:23.600 you're you're leaning forward and you're not catching yourself. Yeah, 0:10:23.640 --> 0:10:26.440 and you know you've already been told, You've already been told, 0:10:26.559 --> 0:10:29.439 do not take your foot off the platform to step 0:10:29.480 --> 0:10:33.560 and catch yourself, because then you run yourself over. So 0:10:33.640 --> 0:10:36.640 not only do you not wear a helmet at the 0:10:36.679 --> 0:10:39.319 time hypothetically, yes, I was wearing a helmet at the time. 0:10:39.400 --> 0:10:42.839 That was that was, that was a requirement. I want 0:10:42.840 --> 0:10:45.160 to say that I was at Disney when I did this. 0:10:45.440 --> 0:10:47.760 It was at some park and I think it was Disney, 0:10:47.800 --> 0:10:50.760 and it was it was not the full Epp Cut tour, 0:10:50.800 --> 0:10:53.360 which we can talk about. I've got a little factoid 0:10:53.400 --> 0:10:56.959 on that. Uh, there is a tour that very popular 0:10:57.000 --> 0:11:00.400 tour at Epcot that uses segways. It was that it 0:11:00.480 --> 0:11:03.839 was just a little like familiarize yourself with this technology thing, 0:11:03.880 --> 0:11:05.679 and I was like, I've always wanted to do this, 0:11:05.760 --> 0:11:07.240 and that's when I tried it. So I've only done 0:11:07.280 --> 0:11:09.920 at the one time, and I really would love to 0:11:10.320 --> 0:11:12.480 have more time with it because it was an interesting experience. 0:11:12.520 --> 0:11:16.559 But yes, it requires you to move forward as if 0:11:16.559 --> 0:11:18.440 you were going to take a step, but not take 0:11:18.480 --> 0:11:21.320 your weight completely off your foot, just lean forward as 0:11:21.320 --> 0:11:24.120 if you were about to start walking, and that makes 0:11:24.160 --> 0:11:28.120 the segway go, which is kind of cool. Um. Now, 0:11:28.280 --> 0:11:30.640 the way it does that is it has a complex 0:11:30.760 --> 0:11:35.040 system of gyroscopes inside to kind of let it know 0:11:35.920 --> 0:11:39.719 what orientation the segue is in relative to the ground. Right. 0:11:39.720 --> 0:11:42.679 It has five gyroscopes. In fact, technically it's really only 0:11:42.760 --> 0:11:44.520 using three of them. Two of them are fail safes. 0:11:44.720 --> 0:11:47.360 Yeah yeah, three of them are meant to detect things 0:11:47.440 --> 0:11:51.000 like forward, leaning forward, leaning backward, and tilt to the 0:11:51.080 --> 0:11:53.280 left or right. Right. Okay, but so so a gyroscope, 0:11:53.360 --> 0:11:55.480 let's talk about what a gyroscope is because a little 0:11:55.480 --> 0:11:58.760 bit integral. Yeah. Um, so it's basically just a spinning 0:11:58.760 --> 0:12:02.640 wheel inside of aim. Yeah, the frame itself is stable 0:12:02.679 --> 0:12:08.720 and free. The spinning wheel as um. Well, it's rotating 0:12:08.720 --> 0:12:11.160 around an axis, right, so you've got the access at 0:12:11.200 --> 0:12:13.679 the center of the wheel. The wheel rotates and then 0:12:13.760 --> 0:12:18.400 it was it resists changes forces that would change the 0:12:18.559 --> 0:12:22.480 alignment of that gyroscope so well, because if you push 0:12:22.520 --> 0:12:25.320 on the on the spinning wheel, it's just going to 0:12:25.520 --> 0:12:29.920 transfer into it's it's called precessing. This is a really 0:12:30.440 --> 0:12:33.199 this is an interesting thing. It's actually it's one of 0:12:33.200 --> 0:12:35.320 those things that's kind of difficult to explain in an 0:12:35.360 --> 0:12:38.040 audio podcast. First of all, let me tell you that 0:12:38.320 --> 0:12:41.200 at how stuff works dot com we have an article 0:12:41.200 --> 0:12:45.040 on how gyroscopes work, which includes video showing what I'm 0:12:45.080 --> 0:12:47.400 about to talk about. So if you have trouble visualizing 0:12:47.400 --> 0:12:49.560 what I'm about to explain, despite the fact that we're 0:12:49.559 --> 0:12:53.240 both gesticulating wildly, yeah, really, I mean, there's only so 0:12:53.320 --> 0:12:55.760 much I can get across in radio, right, but you 0:12:55.760 --> 0:12:57.640 can go there and look it up. But what the 0:12:57.720 --> 0:13:01.280 gyroscope does is this whole thing of recessing is imagine 0:13:01.320 --> 0:13:05.560 that you have a bicycle wheel suspended from a string, 0:13:05.840 --> 0:13:08.520 some strings tied to the ceiling somewhere the bicycle wheels 0:13:08.559 --> 0:13:12.400 hanging down the the string is tied to the axis 0:13:12.400 --> 0:13:14.600 of the wheel, so it could still spin freely. Okay, 0:13:14.760 --> 0:13:17.840 got it. Now, if you were to align that wheel 0:13:17.880 --> 0:13:21.320 so it's vertical relative to the ground, so the wheel 0:13:21.400 --> 0:13:23.120 is as if it was on a bicycle that you 0:13:23.160 --> 0:13:26.120 were riding down the streets. Okay. The string is tied 0:13:26.160 --> 0:13:29.439 to one side of that axis, so there's a string 0:13:29.480 --> 0:13:31.199 that's coming down on one side of the access. The 0:13:31.280 --> 0:13:32.920 other side of the access doesn't have a string tied 0:13:32.960 --> 0:13:35.679 to it, so there's nothing to keep it vertical. If 0:13:35.679 --> 0:13:37.600 you were to just let go, that wheel would flop 0:13:37.640 --> 0:13:41.280 down into the horizontal uh formation. It would just be 0:13:41.360 --> 0:13:44.000 parallel to the ground. Correct more or less. If you 0:13:44.040 --> 0:13:46.439 were to turn it vertical and then start spinning the wheel, 0:13:46.760 --> 0:13:50.640 it would remain vertical, really, and it would slowly begin 0:13:50.679 --> 0:13:54.600 to rotate around the string. So that's the precession, is 0:13:54.640 --> 0:13:57.680 that it's rotating around a different access perpendicular to the 0:13:57.720 --> 0:14:01.559 one of its main motion. Now is it staying vertical 0:14:01.679 --> 0:14:04.080 as opposed to flopping over? The reason for that is 0:14:04.120 --> 0:14:08.880 that if you were to uh apply a force to say, 0:14:09.720 --> 0:14:13.000 let's say you've got the bicycle wheel spinning in your arms. Okay, 0:14:13.000 --> 0:14:16.079 you're you're holding me, You're holding the axis in front 0:14:16.080 --> 0:14:19.280 of you, and the wheel is vertical, and you've got spinning. 0:14:19.440 --> 0:14:21.600 You can do this. I've seen science museums that have 0:14:21.680 --> 0:14:24.200 had this where you sit in a swivel chair and 0:14:24.240 --> 0:14:27.600 you hold the bicycle wheel in front of you, like 0:14:27.680 --> 0:14:29.400 you extend your arms out so that the wheel can 0:14:29.440 --> 0:14:32.120 spin freely in front of you. If you try and 0:14:32.240 --> 0:14:34.840 tilt that wheel, you'll feel resistance. And the reason for 0:14:34.880 --> 0:14:38.480 that is that imagine that, uh, you know, take a 0:14:38.680 --> 0:14:42.680 still image, like you're able to freeze time. Okay, I can, so, 0:14:43.000 --> 0:14:45.040 all right, well that's good, And you're going to tilt 0:14:45.080 --> 0:14:47.120 the wheel so that the top of the wheel from 0:14:47.120 --> 0:14:49.640 your perspective, would be moving to the left and the 0:14:49.640 --> 0:14:51.600 bottom of the wheel would be moving to the right. 0:14:51.720 --> 0:14:55.040 You're tilting it on a diagonal. Okay. Now, as that 0:14:55.080 --> 0:14:58.120 wheel is spinning the point where you would be turning 0:14:58.120 --> 0:15:00.360 it to the left, that that's you're replying a force 0:15:00.440 --> 0:15:03.560 to that section. So imagine imagine a spot at the 0:15:03.640 --> 0:15:06.280 very top of the wheel, at the vertical apex of 0:15:06.280 --> 0:15:09.880 that wheel. Okay, that's where you're applying the force to 0:15:09.920 --> 0:15:12.520 move to the left. Now the wheel is actually spinning. 0:15:12.560 --> 0:15:16.680 So if we were to jump ahead twenty frames, now 0:15:16.720 --> 0:15:19.040 the point is directly in front of the wheel. It's 0:15:19.040 --> 0:15:21.320 no longer at the top. It is rotated around to 0:15:21.360 --> 0:15:24.640 be in the front, and uh, it still wants to 0:15:24.640 --> 0:15:27.760 go toward the left. Go ahead another twenty frames. Now 0:15:27.800 --> 0:15:29.760 the point is at the bottom of the wheel. It 0:15:29.880 --> 0:15:32.800 still wants to go to the left. But the force 0:15:32.840 --> 0:15:35.000 you're applying is trying to make the bottom of the 0:15:35.000 --> 0:15:37.960 wheel go to the right. So the force you're applying 0:15:38.360 --> 0:15:41.080 is trying to push the wheels direction in one way. 0:15:41.600 --> 0:15:44.360 But because that reference point was at the top at 0:15:44.520 --> 0:15:46.640 the beginning and it's still trying to go to the 0:15:46.720 --> 0:15:48.320 left from when you were applying the force at the 0:15:48.400 --> 0:15:51.280 very beginning, those two forces cancel each other out. It 0:15:51.320 --> 0:15:55.560 resists the force to make it move in a different direction. 0:15:56.080 --> 0:15:57.960 And uh, then you also have the precession. So if 0:15:57.960 --> 0:15:59.840 you're singing a swivel chair, you start to spin around. 0:15:59.880 --> 0:16:02.440 It's kind of fun. Uh, this is a great cheap 0:16:02.440 --> 0:16:07.800 way to entertain small children. Um. Anyway, it's an interesting 0:16:08.320 --> 0:16:12.080 just an interesting fact of physics is that the gyroscope 0:16:12.120 --> 0:16:16.040 in this this stable frame will react in this way. 0:16:16.400 --> 0:16:19.280 But so okay, So, so the point of gyroscopes being 0:16:19.400 --> 0:16:21.880 in devices like this is that if you measure the 0:16:21.960 --> 0:16:24.760 position of the spinning wheel inside of its frame, you 0:16:24.800 --> 0:16:28.520 can determine the the pitch and the pitch rate. Yeah, exactly, 0:16:28.520 --> 0:16:31.240 You're you're looking at like the the frame itself can 0:16:31.280 --> 0:16:35.040 move freely within the confines of whatever it is you're 0:16:35.040 --> 0:16:37.640 talking talking, right, whether it's it could be a segue, 0:16:37.640 --> 0:16:39.680 it could be an airplane, it could be a phone 0:16:40.320 --> 0:16:43.480 um and so it can move freely within that context. 0:16:43.560 --> 0:16:45.840 And it maybe a solid state drive, as is the 0:16:45.840 --> 0:16:49.400 case with the segue, may not be an actual physical gyroscope. 0:16:49.640 --> 0:16:51.400 And we'll we'll get into that in just a second, right, 0:16:51.560 --> 0:16:53.240 And uh, but if you're able to do that in 0:16:53.280 --> 0:16:57.200 such a way, then the gyroscope and the pitch detection 0:16:57.360 --> 0:17:02.600 will allow the will give enough information so that some 0:17:02.680 --> 0:17:05.639 sort of processor can take that information in and know 0:17:06.240 --> 0:17:09.439 what orientation the segue is in relative to the ground. 0:17:10.000 --> 0:17:14.200 So by detecting these changes and by detecting the forces 0:17:14.240 --> 0:17:17.880 that are enacting upon these different gyroscopes, the segue can 0:17:17.960 --> 0:17:21.879 interpret that and say, oh, I should engage the motor 0:17:22.000 --> 0:17:25.359 to drive forward, or I should stop, or I should 0:17:25.480 --> 0:17:28.760 move back move backward exactly, or I should I should 0:17:28.960 --> 0:17:30.760 probably put up at a warning because this guy is 0:17:30.920 --> 0:17:34.320 really leaning over a bit too far right right, Um, 0:17:34.359 --> 0:17:36.200 but so so yeah, So the kind of gyroscopes that 0:17:36.200 --> 0:17:38.840 are that are in a segue. Are these solid state 0:17:38.960 --> 0:17:43.360 angular rate sensors? Yes, that that are basically the way 0:17:43.359 --> 0:17:46.119 that I understand. It's a little silicon plate. Yes, and 0:17:46.160 --> 0:17:48.080 I think I actually said that the correct way the 0:17:48.080 --> 0:17:52.160 first time. Yes, you did silicon not silicone. You're exactly right, 0:17:52.520 --> 0:17:55.560 two separate issues. Um. And so it's a it's a 0:17:55.680 --> 0:18:00.159 silicon silicon plate mounted on a support frame. And uh, 0:18:00.320 --> 0:18:02.960 you run. You run an electrostatic current across the plate 0:18:03.400 --> 0:18:06.720 and wiggles the silicon particles around and makes the plate 0:18:07.000 --> 0:18:10.080 as a whole vibrate in a very predictable way. Um. 0:18:10.200 --> 0:18:15.240 And when there's a physical change in the forces, meaning 0:18:15.280 --> 0:18:17.280 when you've tilted in some way. Yeah, yeah, when when 0:18:17.280 --> 0:18:21.400 you physically move the plate on its access axis. Yes, 0:18:22.359 --> 0:18:26.040 talking is great. The particles suddenly shift and the vibration changes, right, 0:18:26.080 --> 0:18:28.840 And by changing of vibration, you know that there's a 0:18:28.920 --> 0:18:31.600 change in the state that you are in, whether that's 0:18:31.640 --> 0:18:34.480 a tilt or you know, whatever other thing you might 0:18:34.520 --> 0:18:36.399 have this gyroscope, and but in the case of the segue, 0:18:36.400 --> 0:18:39.600 we're talking about specifically the tilt of the segue itself. Right, 0:18:39.640 --> 0:18:41.200 So if you hook a computer up to this, that 0:18:41.240 --> 0:18:45.480 can measure the precise change, right and interpret it exactly. 0:18:45.520 --> 0:18:47.880 So if it says like, oh, it's changed a little bit, 0:18:47.920 --> 0:18:50.359 like the vibration has changed a little bit, indicating that 0:18:50.400 --> 0:18:52.879 the person is starting to lean forward time to engage 0:18:52.920 --> 0:18:55.320 the motors. If it's changed a lot, it might mean 0:18:55.359 --> 0:18:57.960 that the person has leaned forward pretty hard, which indicates 0:18:57.960 --> 0:19:00.520 that you should move at a faster pace. Uh. So 0:19:00.560 --> 0:19:03.000 you've got these motors that will engage in order to 0:19:03.600 --> 0:19:05.840 activate the wheels, and the wheels begin to turn and 0:19:05.880 --> 0:19:09.080 that's where you get the motion. So the thing that's 0:19:09.160 --> 0:19:12.200 keeping this all going is um. You know, you've got 0:19:12.200 --> 0:19:14.919 the gyroscopic sensors that's giving the information. But then you 0:19:14.960 --> 0:19:18.200 have two circuit boards that have controllers on them as 0:19:18.240 --> 0:19:23.040 ten microprocessors total in the original segue, and those microprocessors 0:19:23.040 --> 0:19:26.200 are what's taking in all this information and uh and 0:19:26.200 --> 0:19:30.280 and translating it into action. Yeah. Yeah, that that first one. UM. 0:19:30.440 --> 0:19:34.520 The microprocessors would check the position sensors about a hundred 0:19:34.520 --> 0:19:37.240 times per second, that's right. Yeah, So that way it 0:19:37.280 --> 0:19:39.359 can make sure that it's giving the right information to 0:19:39.400 --> 0:19:41.520 the motors so that you're you're moving at the right 0:19:41.560 --> 0:19:45.960 speed compared to how you are how you're physically manipulating 0:19:46.000 --> 0:19:48.159 the segue right, right, it's it's also gotten there um 0:19:48.200 --> 0:19:51.200 a couple of tilt sensors filled with electrolyte fluid, electrolytes 0:19:51.240 --> 0:19:56.200 being of course what plants crave, thank you bondo, which 0:19:56.280 --> 0:19:58.600 which is again just like your inner ear. Yeah, yeah, 0:19:58.600 --> 0:20:00.520 it's your inner ear has flu it in it, and 0:20:00.560 --> 0:20:04.760 that's what helps you determine what your orientation is relative 0:20:04.800 --> 0:20:07.840 to your environment. This is why one of the reasons 0:20:07.840 --> 0:20:12.679 why when people go up in the vomit commet, that's 0:20:12.720 --> 0:20:15.879 why it's called that, because when you're in the vomit commet, 0:20:16.040 --> 0:20:18.920 you're you're the sensory information you're getting from your eyes 0:20:19.000 --> 0:20:21.919 and from your your you know, what you're feeling is 0:20:21.960 --> 0:20:24.199 so different from what your inner ear is trying to 0:20:24.320 --> 0:20:27.320 make sense of when this fluid is something. Yeah, yeah, 0:20:27.320 --> 0:20:29.560 it's basically you've just got this little sensor in your 0:20:29.560 --> 0:20:31.480 head where you've got a level of fluid, and that 0:20:31.560 --> 0:20:34.159 is how you calibrate yourself to the ground by based 0:20:34.200 --> 0:20:37.080 on on where the fluid is tilting right and in 0:20:37.119 --> 0:20:40.240 a freefall motion. That that information ends up being a 0:20:40.280 --> 0:20:43.520 little weird, and so a lot of people end up 0:20:43.560 --> 0:20:46.920 again losing their lunch, which is why they often refer 0:20:47.040 --> 0:20:49.800 to the planes that take these these flights as the 0:20:49.880 --> 0:20:53.600 vomit commet. Yeah, but it's interesting that the segue itself 0:20:53.720 --> 0:20:55.560 has this electoral life. Not great, you don't have to 0:20:55.560 --> 0:20:58.480 worry about your segue losing its lunch. Don't worry about 0:20:58.480 --> 0:21:00.879 that part. That part similar he has now ended. But 0:21:00.920 --> 0:21:03.560