1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,320 Speaker 1: Do you have opinions that you feel you can express. 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:04,360 Speaker 1: I think we all do. Are you looking for a 3 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:07,280 Speaker 1: place to stir up conversation and let your opinions be heard? 4 00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:10,000 Speaker 1: I want to introduce you to a new alternative social 5 00:00:10,039 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: media site, snippy dot com. Snippy is an unbiased social 6 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,599 Speaker 1: media platform that's all about conversation and community. 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No shadow banning, no character limit, 16 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:52,440 Speaker 1: and no suppression of conservative thought ever. Check out the 17 00:00:52,479 --> 00:00:56,120 Speaker 1: website at snippy dot com or download the app, No censorship, 18 00:00:56,320 --> 00:00:59,160 Speaker 1: no agenda. Join us at snippy to get the discussion 19 00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:03,200 Speaker 1: rolling now. Here's a highlight from Coast to coast am 20 00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:06,360 Speaker 1: on iHeart Radio, Welcome back to Coast to coast. Let 21 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:09,200 Speaker 1: me share a Jerry Garcia quote with you. What we're 22 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: thinking about is a peaceful planet. We're not thinking about 23 00:01:12,120 --> 00:01:14,959 Speaker 1: anything else. We're not thinking about any kind of power. 24 00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:17,920 Speaker 1: We're not thinking about any kind of struggles. We're not 25 00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:21,360 Speaker 1: thinking about revolution or war or any of that. That's 26 00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:24,280 Speaker 1: not what we want. Nobody wants to get hurt. Nobody 27 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:27,039 Speaker 1: wants to hurt anybody. We'd all like to be able 28 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:30,080 Speaker 1: to live an uncluttered life, a simple life, a good life, 29 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: and think about moving the whole human race ahead a 30 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: step of a step or a few steps. Kind of 31 00:01:37,160 --> 00:01:41,360 Speaker 1: ironic given what happened to the members the core group 32 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:45,560 Speaker 1: of the Grateful Dead after the death of Jerry Garcia 33 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: in August of nine. Joel Selvin dives deep into the 34 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:55,400 Speaker 1: Machiavellian power struggle within the Grateful Dead after their philosophical leader, 35 00:01:55,640 --> 00:01:59,480 Speaker 1: Jerry Garcia, died suddenly in August of Joel is an 36 00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:02,520 Speaker 1: award winning journalist who has covered pop music for the 37 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:05,560 Speaker 1: San Francisco Chronicle since nineteen seventy. He's the author of 38 00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:08,360 Speaker 1: the best selling Summer of Love and co author with 39 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:11,040 Speaker 1: Sammy Hagar of the number one New York Times bestseller Read. 40 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,400 Speaker 1: He's written twelve other books about pop music, including his 41 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: latest Fair The Well, the final chapter of The Grateful 42 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:22,440 Speaker 1: Dead's Long Strange Trip. In fact, that Joel's co author 43 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:26,600 Speaker 1: is Pamela Little. Joel. Welcome back to Coast to Coast. 44 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:31,200 Speaker 1: How are you excellent? So good to be back. It's 45 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: great speaking with you again. You were kind enough to 46 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:35,359 Speaker 1: speak with to me for an episode of my podcast, 47 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: The Rock and Roll Twilight Zone on Altamont. And I 48 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,400 Speaker 1: learned so much from talking to you, and uh, uh, 49 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:43,440 Speaker 1: you know, I'm not blowing smoke here. I mean you 50 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:45,400 Speaker 1: truly are one of the deans of you know, in 51 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:48,640 Speaker 1: terms of chronicling rock and roll. You were there, you know, 52 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: from the early days. I think you attended your first 53 00:02:51,919 --> 00:02:54,880 Speaker 1: Grateful Dead concert, like at the beginning nineteen sixty six 54 00:02:54,960 --> 00:03:01,480 Speaker 1: or something, wasn't it, Uh April nineteen sixty six. Uh, 55 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:03,760 Speaker 1: they'd just gotten back from Los Angeles. They were on 56 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:07,799 Speaker 1: a teen dance bill with a group from Sacramento called 57 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:11,880 Speaker 1: the Union Jackson. It was so early in the psychedelic scene. 58 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 1: It was it was like a moment in Berkeley, all 59 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:17,799 Speaker 1: the way across the Bridge from San Francisco, and they 60 00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:21,000 Speaker 1: were trying this out. And I remember that they had 61 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:27,959 Speaker 1: a kind of like a sort of lean to light 62 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:31,959 Speaker 1: show and they borrowed an opaque projector remember those old 63 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:34,680 Speaker 1: opaque projectors that your teacher used to put books in 64 00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:39,720 Speaker 1: the And they had a bowl of colored jello under 65 00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:43,120 Speaker 1: the opaque jello and that was the light show. That 66 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:47,280 Speaker 1: was the light show that I vaguely remember the band 67 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:50,880 Speaker 1: from that night. But you know, at that point in 68 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:55,040 Speaker 1: San Francisco, you couldn't go to rock shows without running 69 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 1: into the Grateful Dead. They were on every bill, they 70 00:03:57,160 --> 00:04:01,520 Speaker 1: were at every concert. They were just around owned. They 71 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:04,680 Speaker 1: were the home team. Now were the Mary Pranksters around? 72 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: Was that still part of the kool Aid ascid test? 73 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: Or was? Or was LSD? Had it been banned in 74 00:04:09,800 --> 00:04:13,880 Speaker 1: California by that time? So the kool Aid acid tests 75 00:04:14,560 --> 00:04:19,480 Speaker 1: the uh, they're in late sixty Uh. Most of them 76 00:04:19,480 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: took place down in the South Bay. They had one 77 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:24,280 Speaker 1: up in Mirror Beach, up in Marin County, which is 78 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: where they met Allsley. UH. And they had a couple 79 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: in San Francisco. And then they held the Acid the 80 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:35,200 Speaker 1: Trips Festival in January of sixty six, and that's sort 81 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:38,640 Speaker 1: of a starting point for the whole San Francisco seene 82 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:44,920 Speaker 1: the January UH, Bill Graham started producing concerts with the 83 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:48,440 Speaker 1: Jefferson Airplane at the Fillmore and cooks over messenger Service, 84 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:50,960 Speaker 1: and Big Brother in the Holding Company started playing UH 85 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:56,039 Speaker 1: in public um so it rolled out from there. The 86 00:04:56,120 --> 00:05:00,320 Speaker 1: Dead became the Dead in about December of sixty five. 87 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 1: They were the Warlocks before that, and they were just 88 00:05:03,279 --> 00:05:05,440 Speaker 1: part and parcel of the of the whole deal. They 89 00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:09,280 Speaker 1: were they were UH in everyday event on the San 90 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:12,120 Speaker 1: Francisco rock scene. Now, I don't want to dwell in 91 00:05:12,200 --> 00:05:16,640 Speaker 1: the past because this this book is post It's what 92 00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:20,000 Speaker 1: happened to The Grateful Dead's core the four after the 93 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:21,960 Speaker 1: death of Jerry Garcia. But I gotta ask you because 94 00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:25,400 Speaker 1: you mentioned Owsley Stanley, the third I believe, the grandson 95 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:28,200 Speaker 1: of a Kentucky senator. I mean, this guy wanted to 96 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:31,520 Speaker 1: you know, he had aspirations of becoming a ballerina, and 97 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:35,920 Speaker 1: he was a pilot and he did everything. Yeah, would 98 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:39,720 Speaker 1: there have been The Grateful Dead without Owsley Stanley. So 99 00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:42,520 Speaker 1: I'm so glad you mentioned that he is a huge 100 00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 1: UH factor in the design of the Grateful Dead in 101 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:54,160 Speaker 1: the in the conceptualization, in the actualization Owsley, who's best known, 102 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:57,120 Speaker 1: of course for being the first private party to synthesize 103 00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:04,760 Speaker 1: lsd Uh. He really is also a revolutionary acoustician, you know, 104 00:06:04,839 --> 00:06:09,640 Speaker 1: sound engineer. Uh. He was the first person to create monitors, 105 00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:12,760 Speaker 1: the wall of sound. Well, the wall sound was later, 106 00:06:12,839 --> 00:06:15,200 Speaker 1: but the I mean monitors, man, you know, so you 107 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:18,680 Speaker 1: can hear yourself sing little those little speakers that they 108 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 1: turned around and face the band. And he was also 109 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:27,680 Speaker 1: the first guy to mix a concert in stereo. I 110 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:30,960 Speaker 1: didn't know that. Yeah, yeah, no, honestly was was it was? 111 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:35,159 Speaker 1: It was mad cap genius, an amazing guy and extraordinary personality. 112 00:06:35,560 --> 00:06:39,279 Speaker 1: And of course the lsd Uh Empire made a lot 113 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:42,400 Speaker 1: of dough, so he was. He funded an awful lot 114 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:46,479 Speaker 1: of The Grateful Dead's early enterprises. He was their benefactor 115 00:06:47,080 --> 00:06:51,880 Speaker 1: right now. I mean you you've insisted all along despite 116 00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:53,600 Speaker 1: you know, I don't know how many concerts of the 117 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:55,760 Speaker 1: Dead you've attended, but you were there in sixty six. 118 00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:59,640 Speaker 1: But you say you're not a deadhead. Explain yeah, well 119 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: you know, um, I'm not really a dead head. I 120 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,599 Speaker 1: remember those guys they showed up on the on the 121 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 1: public transportation system at the Fillmore shows, and they danced 122 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:12,680 Speaker 1: over the side with their hands over their heads and everything. 123 00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:14,880 Speaker 1: And then and anytime the Dead was on the bill, 124 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:20,760 Speaker 1: there was a contingent of those people. Uh. And it's 125 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:25,880 Speaker 1: it's a culty behavior. I've never been to two Dead 126 00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 1: shows in a row. I've never whirled in the hallway. 127 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:33,240 Speaker 1: I've certainly taken L S D and and gone to 128 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:37,240 Speaker 1: Dead concerts, but uh, I just never followed them that way. 129 00:07:37,240 --> 00:07:39,600 Speaker 1: But on the other hand, as the pop music reporter 130 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:41,960 Speaker 1: for the San Francisco Chronicle, I saw the Grateful Dead 131 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:45,200 Speaker 1: as a big time story and and I wanted to 132 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:47,680 Speaker 1: make sure they were adequately covered in the paper. So, 133 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 1: you know, pretty much saw their major local concerts and 134 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: and and covered all the large events in their in 135 00:07:54,920 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: their career from the nine. Had had Jerry Garcia not past, 136 00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:04,520 Speaker 1: would they have just kept going. Well, they had a 137 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:08,360 Speaker 1: tour book that September. Uh, they had sixty people working 138 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:11,920 Speaker 1: for them, and uh, everybody was living the good life 139 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:17,600 Speaker 1: and very accustomed to it. There was a few outlier 140 00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:21,800 Speaker 1: voices in the early nineties going, hey, you know this 141 00:08:22,080 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: sixty seventy concerts of years pretty hard on Garcia. Are 142 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:29,560 Speaker 1: you sure you want to keep pushing him this hard? 143 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:34,520 Speaker 1: But nobody paid any attention to that, and uh, yeah, 144 00:08:34,559 --> 00:08:37,120 Speaker 1: he was. His health was in very bad shape all 145 00:08:37,160 --> 00:08:39,640 Speaker 1: through the nineties. He almost died in the eighties. It 146 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 1: was in a coma for a number of days and 147 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:44,120 Speaker 1: came out of it. It was a year before he 148 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:48,360 Speaker 1: was really back on his feet, and he never really recovered. Uh, 149 00:08:48,559 --> 00:08:53,080 Speaker 1: went back on drugs. His his weight blew up. Uh. 150 00:08:53,840 --> 00:08:55,520 Speaker 1: He was a mess, and I don't think he was happy. 151 00:08:56,160 --> 00:09:02,360 Speaker 1: I think he uh was, you know, felt closed in 152 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:05,560 Speaker 1: from the band. I think that being the leader of 153 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:09,000 Speaker 1: the Grateful Dead had become a real burden to him. 154 00:09:09,160 --> 00:09:12,040 Speaker 1: But well, he was out getting off that train. He 155 00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:14,319 Speaker 1: was only one way to leave. I mean, he had 156 00:09:14,559 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: become the reluctant leader of what had grown into this 157 00:09:19,679 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: global empire. I mean, how much were they grossing concerts, 158 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:28,160 Speaker 1: record sales, merchandise in particular annually? It was phenomenal. The 159 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:31,839 Speaker 1: numbers were just off the charts, you know, the uh 160 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:37,160 Speaker 1: fifty million in ticket sales, another thirty million in t 161 00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:42,880 Speaker 1: shirt sales, Uh, you know, three million over the course 162 00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:45,679 Speaker 1: of several years. I mean, they were the top grossing 163 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: rock band for a number of years in a row 164 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 1: in the early nineties. They are playing consecutive dates stadiums, 165 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 1: Michael Jackson, Rolling Stones, Territory, and yet they didn't get 166 00:09:56,520 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: played on the radio. That's true, they really didn't. I mean, 167 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:06,360 Speaker 1: they had that little MTV moment with I Will Survive, 168 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:11,719 Speaker 1: but such a gray. Uh No, they the Dead were 169 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:14,360 Speaker 1: never part of the radio. They they existed in a 170 00:10:14,679 --> 00:10:17,719 Speaker 1: different universe than other rock bands. And the people that 171 00:10:17,800 --> 00:10:21,680 Speaker 1: went to their shows, uh, really were devoted to the 172 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,040 Speaker 1: grateful Dead, and they weren't the same people that showed 173 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:27,320 Speaker 1: up at the Jay Giles show the next week. That 174 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:31,599 Speaker 1: must have been a heavy burden on on Garcia, responsible 175 00:10:31,679 --> 00:10:35,679 Speaker 1: for what maybe maybe a hundred families from the from 176 00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:38,040 Speaker 1: the core group of musicians right down to the guy 177 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 1: who sold burritos at their concerts, I mean hundreds of 178 00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 1: people reliant upon him. Well. And also there's been so 179 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:50,480 Speaker 1: many long, thin, hard years where they didn't make any 180 00:10:50,559 --> 00:10:55,200 Speaker 1: dough and everybody was was was scrapping to to put 181 00:10:55,240 --> 00:11:01,320 Speaker 1: food on the table. Really, I remember in five they've 182 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:03,760 Speaker 1: been on the road for ten years and they took 183 00:11:03,760 --> 00:11:06,680 Speaker 1: a year off and the drummer Bill Kreisman wanted to 184 00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:08,880 Speaker 1: buy a condo, you know, have a place to live, 185 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:12,840 Speaker 1: and and he couldn't raise the five thousand dollars that 186 00:11:12,880 --> 00:11:16,959 Speaker 1: he needed for a downtainment. How is that possible? After 187 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:23,120 Speaker 1: after American Beauty and all of these great albums about money, 188 00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:27,680 Speaker 1: and they spent it, like, you know, wilfully on on 189 00:11:27,960 --> 00:11:30,679 Speaker 1: you know, improving their acoustics, on the wall of sound 190 00:11:31,240 --> 00:11:35,839 Speaker 1: that you mentioned, Uh, on the you know, hiring one point. 191 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:38,520 Speaker 1: They in the seventies, they had three hundred people working 192 00:11:38,559 --> 00:11:41,160 Speaker 1: for him. They had their own travel agency, they had 193 00:11:41,160 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: their own car rental company. Uh. They just soaked it 194 00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:48,160 Speaker 1: up and spread it out thin and and they were 195 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: they stayed true to that code, you know. I mean 196 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:54,280 Speaker 1: they they saw money as a tool to expand their 197 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:59,280 Speaker 1: influence and and and and make their scene groovier. It's 198 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: interesting mentioned that that quote of Jerry Garcia off the top, 199 00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:04,880 Speaker 1: and it is kind of ironic. And I mean, I 200 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:06,520 Speaker 1: don't want to I don't want to go too far 201 00:12:06,559 --> 00:12:09,640 Speaker 1: into this analogy because I mean, but I think of 202 00:12:09,760 --> 00:12:15,600 Speaker 1: when Garcia died and you had these four tempestuous characters. 203 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:20,240 Speaker 1: It was almost like Tito in Yugoslavia, you know, not that, 204 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,280 Speaker 1: not that Garcia was Tito. I mean he was a 205 00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:25,720 Speaker 1: strong armed man. But Garcia, with his zen like, you know, 206 00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 1: non confrontational, he held them together. But within his absence, 207 00:12:30,240 --> 00:12:32,280 Speaker 1: they just went at each other hammer and tongs, didn't 208 00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:36,199 Speaker 1: they They did not have any grounds for a relationship 209 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:39,679 Speaker 1: between the four of them, they all each and every 210 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:43,439 Speaker 1: one of them. I thought that they were Jerry Garcia's 211 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:46,839 Speaker 1: best friend, but they didn't think that about each other. 212 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:51,439 Speaker 1: And then when Jerry was taken out of the equation, 213 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: it's like the hub went away and the spokes were 214 00:12:55,640 --> 00:13:00,520 Speaker 1: just at luc Ins. How does how do people though 215 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:06,200 Speaker 1: performed together, lived together, traveling a bus together, in hotels 216 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:11,000 Speaker 1: who the lean times, and not develop a close, you know, 217 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:14,400 Speaker 1: brotherly bond. You know the fans thinking about this golden 218 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:17,880 Speaker 1: ring of love around the band, How is that not 219 00:13:18,720 --> 00:13:23,360 Speaker 1: they those guys are all bonded. There's no question about that. 220 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:26,120 Speaker 1: But and and and Garcia I remember him telling me 221 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:30,280 Speaker 1: that one of the things that really served to bond them, 222 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:33,520 Speaker 1: and used that word was all the LSD trips they 223 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:37,840 Speaker 1: took together as young men. Um So they were bonded. 224 00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:41,040 Speaker 1: But it was a question of a relationship, right, and 225 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:46,000 Speaker 1: you know relationally they all related to each other through Jerry, 226 00:13:46,160 --> 00:13:50,680 Speaker 1: and they didn't have like the parallel alliances that that 227 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,959 Speaker 1: you would need to survive the loss of the centrifugial 228 00:13:55,679 --> 00:13:58,560 Speaker 1: part of their scene. Listen to more Coast to Coast 229 00:13:58,640 --> 00:14:01,840 Speaker 1: a M. Every weeknight at one a m. Eastern and 230 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:04,120 Speaker 1: go to Coast to Coast a m dot com for 231 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:04,480 Speaker 1: more