1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all. Eves here were doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:08,200 Speaker 1: events in history on with the show. Hi, I'm Eves 3 00:00:08,760 --> 00:00:12,040 Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, a show 4 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:16,160 Speaker 1: that on covers a little bit more about history every day. 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:30,120 Speaker 1: The day was February. It was St. Scholastica's Day, commemorative 6 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:35,519 Speaker 1: day of feasting that honors the Catholic Saints Scholastica. On 7 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 1: this day in Oxford, England, a couple of students from 8 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:42,160 Speaker 1: the University of Oxford were drinking at the swindle Stock 9 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:45,479 Speaker 1: Tavern and just did not like the wine they were guzzling. 10 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: The students, who were claimed to be one Walter Springhouse 11 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:58,160 Speaker 1: and a Roger de chester Field, expressed their distaste by 12 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:03,280 Speaker 1: complaining to the taverner, and the taverner named John Croydon 13 00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:08,000 Speaker 1: responded and kind, exchanging some snappy words with the students. 14 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: In the end, the students through the wine at the 15 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 1: tavern keeper's head and beat him up. This bar fight 16 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:20,480 Speaker 1: sparked three days of riots which resulted in the death 17 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:25,120 Speaker 1: of sixty three students and thirty locals. On the surface, 18 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:28,760 Speaker 1: it seems like the riots were incited by a group 19 00:01:28,760 --> 00:01:31,440 Speaker 1: of people who made a mountain out of a mole hill. 20 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 1: But tensions between the townspeople and the university folk are 21 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:40,639 Speaker 1: still called town and gown had been brewing for a while. 22 00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:44,320 Speaker 1: The university had a lot of power in the town 23 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 1: and the townspeople weren't all happy with the university's growing 24 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:54,760 Speaker 1: control and Oxford's worsening economic conditions. There were conflicts between 25 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:58,000 Speaker 1: the town and the university over the control of prices, 26 00:01:58,400 --> 00:02:01,800 Speaker 1: and plenty of town versus own riots had broken out 27 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:05,800 Speaker 1: in the thirteenth century. There was even violence between scholars 28 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:10,760 Speaker 1: within the university. So after the students through the wine 29 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:14,000 Speaker 1: at the tavern keeper, a brawl broke out in the bar. 30 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:18,880 Speaker 1: Mayor of Oxford, John to Bearford, acts the chancellor of 31 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:23,120 Speaker 1: the university to arrest the two offending wine throwers, but 32 00:02:23,480 --> 00:02:27,280 Speaker 1: that did not happen. A local rang the bill at 33 00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:30,640 Speaker 1: St Martin's Church to call out the town's folk, and 34 00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:33,919 Speaker 1: students rang the bill at the university church at St 35 00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:38,520 Speaker 1: Mary's to alert the academic folk, and from there the 36 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:43,160 Speaker 1: pub brawl turned into an all out riot. Armed with bows, 37 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:48,040 Speaker 1: arrows and other weapons, the two sides fought all day, 38 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 1: and by the end of that day nobody had been 39 00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:56,000 Speaker 1: killed or fatally wounded. But the next day the locals 40 00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: put armed men at St. Giles Church who attacked passing 41 00:02:59,639 --> 00:03:03,880 Speaker 1: people from the university. People joined the riots from the 42 00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 1: surrounding countryside, and they looted and set fire to some 43 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:11,720 Speaker 1: of the academic halls. And the day after that the 44 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:17,480 Speaker 1: townspeople apparently reached havoc on the university folk. Students houses 45 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: were looted, one of the town's gates have been destroyed. 46 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:26,880 Speaker 1: They scalped some scholars. The locals seemed to have emerged victorious, 47 00:03:27,639 --> 00:03:31,120 Speaker 1: but in the end the university had the upper hand. 48 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:36,000 Speaker 1: King Edward the Third was staying at Woodstock, which is 49 00:03:36,080 --> 00:03:40,760 Speaker 1: near Oxford, and he sent judges to Oxford to investigate 50 00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:45,760 Speaker 1: the riots and find out who led them. A bunch 51 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: of people were imprisoned, including the mayor. The King told 52 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:52,760 Speaker 1: the townsfolk to give everything they had looted back to 53 00:03:52,800 --> 00:03:56,840 Speaker 1: the university and to pay a hefty sum. He said 54 00:03:56,880 --> 00:03:59,760 Speaker 1: that there would also be a charter for the university 55 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: that said the chancellor would have jurisdiction over the selling 56 00:04:03,560 --> 00:04:06,920 Speaker 1: of food in Oxford, and he would get the profits 57 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:12,320 Speaker 1: of the town's judicial process. The charter also said that 58 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:15,720 Speaker 1: every future sheriff of Oxford would take an oath to 59 00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:19,320 Speaker 1: defend the privileges of the university and protect the students 60 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:24,640 Speaker 1: from violence. The king also gave the university members immunity 61 00:04:24,680 --> 00:04:29,440 Speaker 1: from prosecution for robbery, trespassing, arson, and other crimes they 62 00:04:29,440 --> 00:04:33,920 Speaker 1: had committed. On top of all this, the Bishop of 63 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,839 Speaker 1: Lincoln put Oxford under an interdict that lasted for about 64 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:41,880 Speaker 1: a year. The interdict was lifted on the condition that 65 00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:46,720 Speaker 1: the mayor, bailiffs, and sixty other leading townspeople attend and 66 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,080 Speaker 1: pay for a mass every year on the anniversary of 67 00:04:50,120 --> 00:04:54,360 Speaker 1: the riots. During the mass, they were required to pray 68 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:57,159 Speaker 1: for the souls of those who have been killed, and 69 00:04:57,240 --> 00:04:59,919 Speaker 1: each person was supposed to offer a penny at the altar. 70 00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:04,320 Speaker 1: During the mass, they were required to pray for the 71 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:07,599 Speaker 1: souls of those who have been killed, and each person 72 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:11,680 Speaker 1: was supposed to offer a penny at the altar. This 73 00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:15,320 Speaker 1: practice continued all the way up until the eighteen hundreds, 74 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:19,800 Speaker 1: although some mayors over the years did refuse to participate 75 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: in the penance. But even though the town no longer 76 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:29,160 Speaker 1: had to continue this tradition after eighteen Parliament didn't officially 77 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:33,760 Speaker 1: rescind the decree until nineteen fifty five. A lot of 78 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:37,120 Speaker 1: the details of the riots are shaky and likely biased 79 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:41,440 Speaker 1: or exaggerated, considering accounts of the event were largely written 80 00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:44,960 Speaker 1: by scholars from the university, and details differed from one 81 00:05:44,960 --> 00:05:48,560 Speaker 1: account to the next. But the already small town was 82 00:05:48,640 --> 00:05:51,920 Speaker 1: devastated by all the deaths and destruction, and the Saints 83 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:56,320 Speaker 1: Scholastica Day Riots remain an infamous event in the history 84 00:05:56,520 --> 00:06:01,760 Speaker 1: of Oxford, England. I'm Eve Jeff Cote and hopefully you 85 00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:04,599 Speaker 1: know a little bit more about history today than you 86 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:08,640 Speaker 1: did yesterday. You can subscribe to This Day in History 87 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:11,919 Speaker 1: Class on Apple Podcasts, the I Heart Radio app, or 88 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:15,320 Speaker 1: wherever you get your podcast. Tune in tomorrow for another 89 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:24,479 Speaker 1: Day in History. Welcome back. I'm your host Eves, and 90 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:27,320 Speaker 1: you're tuned into This Day in History Class, a show 91 00:06:27,400 --> 00:06:30,640 Speaker 1: that takes history and squeezes it into bite size stories. 92 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:43,640 Speaker 1: The day was February. The IBM computer Deep Blue became 93 00:06:43,680 --> 00:06:46,400 Speaker 1: the first machine to beat a reigning chess World champion 94 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:50,640 Speaker 1: in a regular tournament. Over the years, scientists have turned 95 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:53,720 Speaker 1: to chess to test computer's abilities, since the game is 96 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:58,040 Speaker 1: challenging but has to find rules. The link between machines 97 00:06:58,120 --> 00:06:59,920 Speaker 1: and chess goes all the way back to the eight 98 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:05,080 Speaker 1: teenth century, when Hungarian inventor Wolfgang von Kimberlin created the Turk, 99 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:08,680 Speaker 1: a fake chess playing machine that was actually operated by 100 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:12,440 Speaker 1: a human hiding inside of it. By the nineteen fifties, 101 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:16,920 Speaker 1: scientists were putting more serious efforts into researching computer chess playing. 102 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:22,440 Speaker 1: Chess computers associate numerical values with the positions of each 103 00:07:22,520 --> 00:07:26,680 Speaker 1: chess piece using a formula called an evaluation function. The 104 00:07:26,760 --> 00:07:30,200 Speaker 1: computers used those values to determine the best move to make. 105 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:35,360 Speaker 1: After years of researchers developing chest playing hardware, computers were 106 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:39,160 Speaker 1: still not able to beat human chess players, but advances 107 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:43,280 Speaker 1: in custom chip technology eventually allowed computers to do faster 108 00:07:43,760 --> 00:07:48,640 Speaker 1: and deeper searching. In a graduate student at a Carnegie 109 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:53,119 Speaker 1: Mellon University named Function, Shu, began working on a chess 110 00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:57,320 Speaker 1: playing machine called chip Test. After chip Test came Deep Thought, 111 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:01,720 Speaker 1: another computer made to play chess. Shoo, along with some 112 00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 1: of his classmates, worked on the team that developed Deep Thought. 113 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,239 Speaker 1: Deep Thought could process seven hundred and twenty thousand moves 114 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:12,400 Speaker 1: per second. It was the first computer to beat a 115 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:16,880 Speaker 1: grandmaster in a regular tournament game. It also won the 116 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:20,640 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty nine World Computer Chess Championship, an event where 117 00:08:20,720 --> 00:08:25,120 Speaker 1: chess engines compete against one another. IBM Research hired some 118 00:08:25,240 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 1: of the Carnegie Melon researchers to work on a successor 119 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: to Deep Thought. IBM Research is the innovation arm of 120 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:37,280 Speaker 1: IBM and American technology company. At IBM, the researchers were 121 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:41,720 Speaker 1: joined by other computer scientists, including Jerry Brody and C. J. Tan. 122 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:45,319 Speaker 1: They called the computer chess playing system they were working 123 00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:49,400 Speaker 1: on Deep Blue. Deep Blue went up against Gary Kasparov, 124 00:08:49,679 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: a Russian chess grandmaster in World Chess Champion in ninety 125 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:59,160 Speaker 1: six at a tournament in Philadelphia on February. Deep Blue 126 00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:01,760 Speaker 1: won the opening game of the match, making it the 127 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:04,600 Speaker 1: first machine to win a chess game against a reigning 128 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:09,320 Speaker 1: chess world champion under regular tournament time controls. But in 129 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,440 Speaker 1: the following five games of the match, deep Blue either 130 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: lost or drew, and Kasparov ended up winning the match. 131 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:20,280 Speaker 1: At that point, Deep Blue can analyze one hundred million 132 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:23,240 Speaker 1: moves per second, but that was not enough to beat 133 00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:27,640 Speaker 1: human skill and strategy, so the IBM team upgraded Deep 134 00:09:27,679 --> 00:09:31,319 Speaker 1: Blue to a system unofficially called deeper Blue. They created 135 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:35,000 Speaker 1: a thirty processor supercomputer with four hundred and eighty custom 136 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:39,240 Speaker 1: integrated circuits that were designed to play chess. The computer 137 00:09:39,320 --> 00:09:43,680 Speaker 1: could evaluate around two hundred million moves per second. This 138 00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 1: new version of Deep Blue got a rematch against Kasparov 139 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:51,640 Speaker 1: in New York City in May. In this sixth game match, 140 00:09:52,080 --> 00:09:56,360 Speaker 1: deep Blue defeated Kasparoff in the deciding sixth game, winning 141 00:09:56,360 --> 00:09:59,719 Speaker 1: three and a half to two and a half. Kasparoff, 142 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:02,680 Speaker 1: in other chess masters, penned the defeat on a single 143 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:06,840 Speaker 1: unexpected move that confused caspar Off. The match got a 144 00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:09,560 Speaker 1: lot of media attention and put high powered computing on 145 00:10:09,600 --> 00:10:13,760 Speaker 1: the world stage. Though Deep Blue was eventually retired, it 146 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:19,080 Speaker 1: inspired later computers and researchers applied its architecture to financial modeling, 147 00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:25,600 Speaker 1: data mining, and molecular dynamics. Years after the match, one 148 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:29,600 Speaker 1: of the computer scientists who designed Deep Blue, Murray Campbell, 149 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:33,920 Speaker 1: said the infamous unexpected move the computer made was the 150 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:37,800 Speaker 1: result of a book in the computer software I'm Eves 151 00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:40,079 Speaker 1: Jeff Coote, and hopefully you know a little more about 152 00:10:40,120 --> 00:10:44,000 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. Feel free to share 153 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:47,400 Speaker 1: your thoughts or your innermost feelings with us and with 154 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:53,400 Speaker 1: other listeners. On social media at t d i HC podcast. 155 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:58,200 Speaker 1: We also accept electronic letters at this day at i 156 00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:01,920 Speaker 1: heart media dot com. Thanks for listening and we'll see 157 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:13,000 Speaker 1: you tomorrow. For more podcasts from my heart Radio, visit 158 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:15,520 Speaker 1: the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 159 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:16,680 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.