WEBVTT - Lab 009: How NOT to Get Away with Murder 0:00:00.160 --> 0:00:01.400 It's been so hot outside. 0:00:01.720 --> 0:00:04.640 Man, what I was not ready for the summer. It 0:00:04.680 --> 0:00:09.080 went straight from cold wintertime to ninety five degrees one 0:00:09.119 --> 0:00:10.119 hundred percent humidity. 0:00:10.320 --> 0:00:12.800 And when you feel like that, once you get past 0:00:12.800 --> 0:00:13.600 the pollen part. 0:00:14.320 --> 0:00:16.000 It's hard for me to get past the fallen part. 0:00:16.120 --> 0:00:18.799 The immediate feeling is like, it feels just like that 0:00:18.920 --> 0:00:22.560 Donald Glover song. It sounds like summer. Yeah, and it's 0:00:22.600 --> 0:00:26.840 like family reunion and real hot dogs. It's crispy. I 0:00:26.880 --> 0:00:29.160 want a burnt one. I love it. Summer is family 0:00:29.160 --> 0:00:31.720 reunion time. It is. I haven't been to a family 0:00:31.720 --> 0:00:33.600 reunion in a couple of years. I didn't go to 0:00:33.640 --> 0:00:36.120 the last one. The one before that. My family came 0:00:36.159 --> 0:00:38.920 to DC, and so you've been everybody that's in my 0:00:38.960 --> 0:00:41.879 family that listens, know, you've been calling us country and 0:00:41.880 --> 0:00:45.600 so all those country folks when we're in DC having 0:00:45.600 --> 0:00:47.200 a good time, I believe. 0:00:46.960 --> 0:00:48.919 That you all are southern and not country. 0:00:49.040 --> 0:00:51.440 I don't want to no, that's because somebody corrected you 0:00:51.479 --> 0:00:54.640 on Instagram. That's because someone corrected you on Instagram. 0:00:54.680 --> 0:00:56.880 So you said country, I say. 0:00:56.840 --> 0:01:01.760 Southern, Southern. What I want to know is this summer, 0:01:02.040 --> 0:01:05.080 are people going to switch from Frankie Beverly a maze 0:01:05.120 --> 0:01:07.160 before I let go to Beyonce, before I let go. 0:01:07.200 --> 0:01:08.880 Are the old people gonna let us do it? Okay? 0:01:08.959 --> 0:01:10.720 So one thing that we know is that old folks 0:01:10.760 --> 0:01:13.959 love a line dance. Yes, so especially one with instructions. 0:01:13.959 --> 0:01:16.640 You don't have to memorize, you just exactly. Beyonce tells 0:01:16.680 --> 0:01:18.440 us exactly what to do, and old people love that, 0:01:18.800 --> 0:01:20.560 so they got they gotta switch over. 0:01:20.760 --> 0:01:23.560 I hope my mom is listening. She loves line. 0:01:23.360 --> 0:01:25.760 Dancing, she does, and she is one of the young 0:01:25.800 --> 0:01:29.960 people that love them. You remember that time we were 0:01:30.000 --> 0:01:31.520 line dancing in your house? 0:01:31.760 --> 0:01:34.920 Yes in North Carolina? Yes, child. We were working up 0:01:34.959 --> 0:01:35.520 a sweat. 0:01:37.280 --> 0:01:40.080 Missus Wattley was outstepping all of us. 0:01:40.280 --> 0:01:42.440 Man, you're gonna twist your ankle trying to keep up. 0:01:43.080 --> 0:01:47.919 Don't do it. I'm t T and I'm Zachiah. 0:01:47.440 --> 0:02:04.639 And from Spotify Studios. This is Dope Labs. 0:02:05.120 --> 0:02:07.680 I think one of my favorite things about family reunions 0:02:07.880 --> 0:02:13.880 is just seeing how alike everybody is. Like my mom 0:02:14.240 --> 0:02:16.880 and one of her first cousins, they look just alike. 0:02:17.560 --> 0:02:19.840 Do you feel like you look like somebody in your family? 0:02:19.919 --> 0:02:23.240 Everyone tells me that I look just like my father's mom. 0:02:23.520 --> 0:02:27.000 They're saying that, it's like uncanny is crazy, genetics is 0:02:27.000 --> 0:02:29.440 a weird thing, because I'm like, how when you know 0:02:29.840 --> 0:02:32.440 I have a whole other side of my family, how 0:02:32.440 --> 0:02:36.280 do I look just like right, hurt and not like 0:02:36.600 --> 0:02:37.440 anybody else. 0:02:37.560 --> 0:02:40.600 It's really interesting because when everyone's together, you start looking 0:02:40.600 --> 0:02:44.200 at things and noticing things that you never noticed before. 0:02:44.480 --> 0:02:47.880 And so I have like a second cousin. And people say, oh, 0:02:47.960 --> 0:02:50.320 y'all look so much alike, and I'm like, that's my 0:02:50.560 --> 0:02:54.880 that's a distance. It's a second cousin, you know, versus 0:02:55.000 --> 0:02:58.160 me and my mom or me and my dad. Someone 0:02:58.240 --> 0:02:59.560 saying that we look just alike. 0:02:59.720 --> 0:03:01.799 Right, I know, me and all my sisters have the 0:03:01.840 --> 0:03:05.280 same pinky toe? What same exact pinky toe? 0:03:05.480 --> 0:03:07.200 What is it? I don't need you don't even want 0:03:07.200 --> 0:03:07.400 to know. 0:03:07.480 --> 0:03:09.239 It's not like what it was not cute? 0:03:09.320 --> 0:03:11.720 But aren't those things like so strange? Yeah? 0:03:11.800 --> 0:03:13.280 And we get it from our mom because our mom 0:03:13.320 --> 0:03:14.239 has the same pinky toe. 0:03:14.360 --> 0:03:16.560 And how come nobody got your dad pinky toe? Have 0:03:16.639 --> 0:03:18.520 you even seen your dad's pinky toe? I've seen it. 0:03:18.600 --> 0:03:21.120 I don't want to he wears sampals. Yeah, and so 0:03:21.200 --> 0:03:23.240 it's like all these things, Like I feel like the 0:03:23.280 --> 0:03:27.520 family reunions turn everybody into like a genealogist or honestly, 0:03:27.560 --> 0:03:29.760 a forensic detective. You're like, hey, all of us got 0:03:29.760 --> 0:03:32.080 this pinky toe, then somebody else come along you like, 0:03:32.080 --> 0:03:33.799 you don't have that pinkye to see a pinky Are 0:03:33.800 --> 0:03:36.200 you really in the family right now? You got the mall. 0:03:36.560 --> 0:03:38.400 If you follow the key on Instagram, you see that 0:03:38.480 --> 0:03:40.600 she has a mole right above her mouth. 0:03:40.600 --> 0:03:42.640 It's beautiful. It's my reset button. 0:03:43.200 --> 0:03:45.880 Yes, it's her reset button, her power up button, all 0:03:45.920 --> 0:03:48.960 the button. Anytime Zakia needs anything, she could press that 0:03:48.960 --> 0:03:51.040 that mole and she'll get it. Where does the mole 0:03:51.120 --> 0:03:52.720 come from? It's so distinct. 0:03:52.840 --> 0:03:54.920 I think I'm only one with a mole. But I 0:03:54.960 --> 0:04:00.720 think my mom and her brothers have like soft, curly hair, Okay. 0:04:01.120 --> 0:04:04.840 And then I went natural and I was like, hey, 0:04:05.320 --> 0:04:08.920 my hair is coarse. It's about a four C. And 0:04:08.960 --> 0:04:11.720 I asked my dad. He was my dad's bald now 0:04:11.760 --> 0:04:13.840 so conveniently, He's like, no, no, no, I have waves. 0:04:13.840 --> 0:04:16.200 I have waves. I never heard my hair is not 0:04:16.279 --> 0:04:18.839 like that. And I'm like, hey, playboy, either your hair 0:04:19.000 --> 0:04:21.240 was like that or you're not my father or you 0:04:21.279 --> 0:04:23.680 are not the father. So yeah, I feel like, now 0:04:23.760 --> 0:04:25.919 you don't have to look and see does this person 0:04:25.960 --> 0:04:28.920 belong Do they look like Aunt Carol? Do they look 0:04:28.960 --> 0:04:31.760 like Uncle Joe? Yes? Or no? Right, you't gotta ask 0:04:31.760 --> 0:04:36.800 those questions because there's for ninety nine dollars and sometimes less, 0:04:37.440 --> 0:04:39.760 you can get a commercial DNA test. 0:04:39.960 --> 0:04:43.159 Yeah, like ancestry dot com twenty. 0:04:42.880 --> 0:04:43.560 Three and meters. 0:04:43.839 --> 0:04:49.359 Yeah, my heritage family tree DNA and delicious goes on 0:04:49.400 --> 0:04:49.960 and on and on. 0:04:50.160 --> 0:04:52.039 Hey, people get these results back, and I think the 0:04:52.080 --> 0:04:54.800 family re unions this year are gonna be spicy, y'all 0:04:54.839 --> 0:04:58.640 eating chicken a corporate and they're like uncle Billy, it says, 0:04:58.720 --> 0:05:02.160 I'm not this. Hey, nobody told them they want. They 0:05:02.200 --> 0:05:05.280 want answers questions that need answers. I don't know how 0:05:05.279 --> 0:05:08.440 people decide like, yes, I want to do a genetic test, 0:05:09.080 --> 0:05:11.120 and then beyond the genetic test, the people that put 0:05:11.120 --> 0:05:14.760 them into those genealogy databases to find more people like 0:05:15.000 --> 0:05:18.200 I understand the thirst for that information, but I'm also like, 0:05:18.400 --> 0:05:20.480 aren't you a little bit nervous about that? 0:05:20.520 --> 0:05:22.640 I'm nervous about all that stuff, which is why I 0:05:22.760 --> 0:05:25.120 have not done that. Yeah, I feel confidence that I 0:05:25.160 --> 0:05:28.039 know for the most part where I'm from, and so 0:05:28.120 --> 0:05:30.159 I just I'm just sticking with that. If it's something different, 0:05:30.160 --> 0:05:31.119 it's gonna have to be different. 0:05:31.160 --> 0:05:33.279 I'm from North Carolina, and I think that's good enough 0:05:33.279 --> 0:05:37.880 for me. I'm from North Carolina and it's human and 0:05:38.240 --> 0:05:40.200 that's all I need to end to. Bugs are the 0:05:40.279 --> 0:05:41.120 size of your head. 0:05:41.480 --> 0:05:43.080 That's all you need to know about North Carolina. 0:05:43.240 --> 0:05:44.760 But you know, that really brings up a good point, 0:05:44.760 --> 0:05:46.760 Like you were saying, I don't really know how it works, 0:05:46.800 --> 0:05:49.800 And somebody asked us about that on our Instagram lot. Yeah, 0:05:49.920 --> 0:05:52.599 somebody asked us a question. They said, have y'all done 0:05:53.360 --> 0:05:55.720 like twenty three and meters or ancestry testing? 0:05:55.880 --> 0:05:57.719 Yeah, one of those commercial genetic testing. 0:05:57.839 --> 0:05:59.679 Yeah, And they're like, have you done a commercial genetic 0:05:59.720 --> 0:06:02.960 test or direct to consumer genetic test? And what do 0:06:03.000 --> 0:06:06.359 you think about it? Guess what we're answering your question today. 0:06:09.640 --> 0:06:12.000 So today we're talking about genetic. 0:06:11.600 --> 0:06:15.320 Testing, specifically direct to consumer genetic testing and how that 0:06:15.360 --> 0:06:18.920 information is being used. All right, let's get into the recitation. 0:06:19.320 --> 0:06:21.080 What do we know and what do we want to know? 0:06:21.440 --> 0:06:24.640 So there has been a huge boom in the amount 0:06:24.680 --> 0:06:26.760 of people who are doing these genetic tests. 0:06:26.839 --> 0:06:30.520 In twenty seventeen, almost four point five million people did 0:06:30.600 --> 0:06:32.800 direct to consumer genetic testing, and. 0:06:32.760 --> 0:06:36.160 In twenty eighteen that number almost tripled. 0:06:35.920 --> 0:06:38.599 And by the beginning of this year, more than twenty 0:06:38.720 --> 0:06:41.479 six million people have added their DNA to one of 0:06:41.480 --> 0:06:47.360 the main ancestry or health databases. Honestly, it's everywhere. Everybody's 0:06:47.400 --> 0:06:49.479 doing it. I heard somebody who was using these tests 0:06:49.480 --> 0:06:51.520 for dogs. But what do you need to know about 0:06:51.520 --> 0:06:54.480 your dog? Let's think about my dog, Daisy. Oh, I 0:06:54.520 --> 0:06:55.080 love Daisy. 0:06:55.160 --> 0:06:58.719 Daisy is a Chihuahua and she's very chihuaha in, but 0:06:58.800 --> 0:07:01.200 she's part human too. Sometimes I do think Daisy is 0:07:01.240 --> 0:07:03.640 a human. She definitely sleeps under the covers like a 0:07:03.960 --> 0:07:05.560 human with her head on the pillow. 0:07:05.760 --> 0:07:07.840 See, and now you are a person that wants to 0:07:07.839 --> 0:07:10.000 get a DNA kit for your dog, going to get 0:07:10.000 --> 0:07:15.520 a DNA kit. Folks are using these DNA kits to 0:07:15.960 --> 0:07:18.880 not only find out their ancestry, but they're also using 0:07:18.920 --> 0:07:21.080 them to find out if they have any type of 0:07:21.640 --> 0:07:26.000 diseases in their families and any type of genetic things 0:07:26.040 --> 0:07:28.440 that they need to be aware of. Right, So, looking 0:07:28.480 --> 0:07:31.440 at risk profile. You know, do you have this certain 0:07:31.520 --> 0:07:34.000 gene If you do, what does that mean for your 0:07:34.040 --> 0:07:36.720 risk of manifesting a certain disease later? 0:07:36.960 --> 0:07:39.760 So when you get your results back, for most people, 0:07:40.160 --> 0:07:43.760 the buck stops there. They're not doing anything else. Nice 0:07:43.760 --> 0:07:47.600 to know that I'm fourteen percent Scandinavian. But some people 0:07:47.680 --> 0:07:50.760 take it one step further. Some people are using this 0:07:50.960 --> 0:07:53.559 information and putting it into some of these open source 0:07:53.720 --> 0:07:56.640 databases that are separate from the direct consumer companies, but 0:07:56.640 --> 0:07:59.000 they're using them to kind of make a genealogy tree 0:07:59.080 --> 0:08:02.040 or find long lost or distant relatives. So they're looking 0:08:02.040 --> 0:08:04.440 for other people who have genetic profiles that are similar 0:08:04.520 --> 0:08:08.000 to theirs. And in some cases when they do that, 0:08:08.680 --> 0:08:12.720 police are using that information to find the distant relatives 0:08:12.760 --> 0:08:16.160 of yours that have committed crimes, like the Golden State killer. 0:08:16.400 --> 0:08:20.800 That was the cold case that had been unsolved for decades, 0:08:21.480 --> 0:08:25.320 but then the police were able to find a DNA match. 0:08:25.600 --> 0:08:27.840 It's crazy, but also great that they have a suspect 0:08:27.960 --> 0:08:30.320 after all these years. You know, So how do we 0:08:30.320 --> 0:08:32.400 weigh those things? And who, like you said, who's doing 0:08:32.400 --> 0:08:36.240 the weighing? Do the rules change? Are there any rules? 0:08:36.320 --> 0:08:38.000 Right, Now we're going to get into that a little 0:08:38.040 --> 0:08:41.160 later in the show, But first, there's a lot of 0:08:41.240 --> 0:08:43.400 things I need to know about these kits. I have 0:08:43.520 --> 0:08:45.480 no idea like how a lot of this stuff works. 0:08:45.480 --> 0:08:47.560 So that's what I want to start the dissection with. 0:08:47.679 --> 0:08:49.880 I want to start with the very very basics. 0:08:49.920 --> 0:08:52.920 So you want to know what genetic information they're looking 0:08:52.960 --> 0:08:53.840 at in these tests? 0:08:54.160 --> 0:08:57.840 No, Like I want to know, like what is DNA, 0:08:58.200 --> 0:08:59.199 what is a chromosome? 0:08:59.320 --> 0:09:00.319 What is a genie? 0:09:01.040 --> 0:09:04.000 And then like how these kits work. How do they 0:09:04.080 --> 0:09:07.280 get all of that information from a bunch of spit. 0:09:07.200 --> 0:09:10.960 So from the spit of to the kidda, Yeah, I 0:09:11.120 --> 0:09:16.479 like that. My questions are more around kind of information 0:09:17.320 --> 0:09:19.800 and the disclosure of information. So if you have this 0:09:19.920 --> 0:09:22.840 genetic information and not even just information, if you have 0:09:22.920 --> 0:09:24.600 the sample, what are you doing with all that spit? 0:09:24.679 --> 0:09:26.440 Do you use it all in the process when you're 0:09:26.480 --> 0:09:30.120 collecting the DNA? Then when you actually get those test 0:09:30.160 --> 0:09:32.520 results back, does the company keep a copy of it 0:09:32.559 --> 0:09:34.160 as well? Like do you get a copy and then 0:09:34.200 --> 0:09:36.680 they keep a copy or you get a copy and 0:09:36.720 --> 0:09:39.280 they burn it after reading? I have questions about that 0:09:39.320 --> 0:09:42.760 this message will self destruct right right, is it like 0:09:43.040 --> 0:09:46.320 mission impossible? But then I think my other question is, 0:09:46.960 --> 0:09:50.520 even though there are these privacy concerns and there you know, 0:09:50.760 --> 0:09:52.640 for some of these companies they say we do not 0:09:52.679 --> 0:09:55.640 share information with anybody, is there any clause that allows 0:09:55.640 --> 0:09:57.720 that to change. Is it possible that they don't share 0:09:57.800 --> 0:10:01.239 now but they will later in the terms and conditions? 0:10:01.320 --> 0:10:03.000 Because you know, I don't read this though, I don't 0:10:03.040 --> 0:10:05.559 ever roll to the bottom, click the button, clickick. 0:10:05.160 --> 0:10:07.439 Except and go about my life. 0:10:07.520 --> 0:10:09.400 I acknowledge I have read this, but I have not. 0:10:09.559 --> 0:10:11.960 I have not read a single word. So before we 0:10:11.960 --> 0:10:14.080 get to the dissection, we want to hear from you. 0:10:14.440 --> 0:10:17.400 What do you guys think about these at home DNA kids. 0:10:18.280 --> 0:10:19.920 Have you done a genetic test? 0:10:20.160 --> 0:10:20.280 No? 0:10:20.320 --> 0:10:24.880 I did not have not just not interested. I don't 0:10:24.920 --> 0:10:25.320 trust it. 0:10:25.360 --> 0:10:28.320 I don't think you can just swab my spent and 0:10:28.400 --> 0:10:30.360 tell me where my ancestors came from. 0:10:30.440 --> 0:10:32.240 It just doesn't make sense to me. Have you ever 0:10:32.280 --> 0:10:36.680 done any genetic testing before? But maybe somebody did it 0:10:36.720 --> 0:10:37.720 on me, but I don't know. 0:10:37.920 --> 0:10:39.640 I think there's also a little bit of concern that 0:10:39.640 --> 0:10:42.800 I have around data privacy and how data is being 0:10:42.840 --> 0:10:45.520 stored and shared. So that would definitely be something I 0:10:45.559 --> 0:10:47.720 would need to look into if I were to like 0:10:48.400 --> 0:10:48.800 try it. 0:10:48.840 --> 0:10:51.960 Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, uh huh yeah. 0:10:52.040 --> 0:10:53.400 Oh, could you tell us a little bit about what 0:10:53.440 --> 0:10:54.360 motivated you to do this. 0:10:54.840 --> 0:10:57.280 I'm from Japan, and in Japan, like there is a 0:10:57.360 --> 0:11:00.560 discussion that you know, how pure Japanese you are. Yeah, 0:11:00.559 --> 0:11:03.120 so I was curious about like signing up by myself, 0:11:03.200 --> 0:11:06.760 like if I believe I'm not, so, you know, I 0:11:06.800 --> 0:11:07.839 wanted to find out. 0:11:09.040 --> 0:11:12.560 So let's get into the dissection. And today the dissection 0:11:12.640 --> 0:11:15.120 is going to be a little bit different because we're 0:11:15.160 --> 0:11:19.160 going to tackle the dissection in this lab in two parts. 0:11:19.480 --> 0:11:22.480 For the first half, we're going to be using my 0:11:22.640 --> 0:11:32.160 friend and favorite person as our expert, because Zakiya, she 0:11:32.240 --> 0:11:35.760 is an expert on all things DNA. Your PhD is 0:11:35.880 --> 0:11:39.280 in genetics, right, and so I'm going to draw on 0:11:39.400 --> 0:11:42.880 your expertise to explain a lot of this stuff, no problem. 0:11:42.920 --> 0:11:45.560 And then in the second part, we're going to be 0:11:45.720 --> 0:11:49.079 talking to a lawyer who specializes in forensic science, and 0:11:49.320 --> 0:11:52.120 they can talk more about the bigger questions around the 0:11:52.160 --> 0:11:54.520 information from these kits and how they're used. 0:11:54.640 --> 0:11:57.680 Right, They're going to help us understand some of the ethical, legal, 0:11:57.720 --> 0:11:59.240 and social implications of this. 0:11:59.640 --> 0:12:03.640 Right, So run me through how these commercial kits actually work. 0:12:04.400 --> 0:12:07.040 So first, you send in a bunch of spit with 0:12:07.160 --> 0:12:08.120 DNA in it, right. 0:12:08.240 --> 0:12:12.240 I think one of the common misconceptions is that inherently 0:12:12.280 --> 0:12:16.400 that there's DNA in your spit. What's happening is your 0:12:16.559 --> 0:12:20.640 cheek cells. Your cheeks are constantly shedding, right Ooh, I 0:12:20.679 --> 0:12:26.559 know that seems really gross, little asmr. Your cheeks are 0:12:26.559 --> 0:12:29.640 constantly shedding, and so those cells that are coming off 0:12:30.400 --> 0:12:32.560 of the cheek, the inside of the cheek, those have 0:12:32.640 --> 0:12:34.959 DNA in them. And so what you're doing is getting 0:12:34.960 --> 0:12:38.920 those cells that are in the spit and you're getting 0:12:38.920 --> 0:12:40.600 the DNA out of the cheek cells. 0:12:40.880 --> 0:12:43.760 So let's start with the very basics, because this is 0:12:43.760 --> 0:12:49.840 what I need. Okay, I know DNA, I know chromosome. 0:12:50.120 --> 0:12:51.200 I'm feeling pretty proud. 0:12:51.400 --> 0:12:56.240 Don't get your hopes up. And I know gene. But 0:12:56.559 --> 0:13:00.560 what I don't understand is how those three things interact 0:13:00.600 --> 0:13:04.880 with each other or like, what's the difference. Oh okay, 0:13:05.160 --> 0:13:06.360 I felt some judgment in that. 0:13:06.440 --> 0:13:10.160 Oh well, I think these are great leaps and bounds 0:13:10.160 --> 0:13:12.199 because you used to only tell me that the mitochondria 0:13:12.280 --> 0:13:13.559 was the powerhouse of the cell. 0:13:15.600 --> 0:13:17.560 So it is I remember that from biology. 0:13:17.640 --> 0:13:20.040 I'm feeling good about what you know so far. Thank you, 0:13:20.200 --> 0:13:21.839 thank you, if you know any of those words. I 0:13:21.840 --> 0:13:25.040 think we're off to a good start, right. So if 0:13:25.080 --> 0:13:28.079 we think about our cells, everything in your body is 0:13:28.120 --> 0:13:31.760 made up of a cell, and these cells replicate. The 0:13:31.800 --> 0:13:33.959 way they're able to replicate and the way they're able 0:13:34.000 --> 0:13:37.040 to function is that they have instructions in them, and 0:13:37.160 --> 0:13:40.480 those instructions are stored in the form of DNA. But 0:13:40.520 --> 0:13:43.560 there's so much genetic information, and so in order for 0:13:43.600 --> 0:13:47.320 it to all fit into a cell, it is really condensed. 0:13:47.320 --> 0:13:50.440 It's packed and wound on top of itself. And in 0:13:50.559 --> 0:13:53.800 that formation that DNA that's wound up and really tightly packed, 0:13:54.120 --> 0:13:58.840 those are chromosomes. So chromosomes are tightly wound DNA. Yeah, 0:13:58.880 --> 0:13:59.280 that's it. 0:13:59.640 --> 0:14:04.000 And soh how do these things translate into. 0:14:03.559 --> 0:14:07.160 Like TT as you present? Yeah, so this beautiful face. 0:14:09.040 --> 0:14:14.240 So each cell has different areas of the DNA that 0:14:14.320 --> 0:14:17.960 get turned on or turned off. And those areas those 0:14:17.960 --> 0:14:21.920 little pieces of DNA that correlate to like make more 0:14:21.960 --> 0:14:24.320 sugar or do this and that. Those are genes. So 0:14:24.480 --> 0:14:27.920 along the chromosome, right, which is that tightly wound DNA. 0:14:28.280 --> 0:14:32.440 There are regions that encode for special functions for each cell. 0:14:32.960 --> 0:14:36.840 And so even though every cell in your body has 0:14:36.840 --> 0:14:40.200 the same information, they appear differently because different genes are 0:14:40.240 --> 0:14:42.680 turned on and off, so different parts of that chromosome 0:14:43.000 --> 0:14:48.440 are being expressed in let's say a cell that is 0:14:48.560 --> 0:14:51.400 in your gut compared to like a cell this in 0:14:51.440 --> 0:14:52.280 your eyeball. 0:14:52.560 --> 0:14:54.760 This is very complex, but the way that you're explaining 0:14:54.800 --> 0:14:55.800 it makes a lot of sense. 0:14:56.000 --> 0:14:58.480 So each cell has the same twenty three chromosomes in it, 0:14:58.560 --> 0:15:00.960 and those chromosomes all have differ different genes on them, 0:15:01.360 --> 0:15:04.000 but the collective term for all twenty three of those 0:15:04.080 --> 0:15:07.680 chromosomes is a genome, okay, And so when you hear 0:15:07.720 --> 0:15:12.480 people mention like, oh, a human genome, they're they're talking 0:15:12.480 --> 0:15:16.560 about all of the chromosomes that person has. And so 0:15:16.960 --> 0:15:19.640 when we talk about the human genome, the human genome 0:15:19.880 --> 0:15:24.400 is just if you are of the species Homo sapien sapiens, 0:15:24.680 --> 0:15:28.600 this is your genome, right, But like bird, a specific bird, 0:15:28.640 --> 0:15:31.280 it has a different genome, so you can't. So that's 0:15:31.320 --> 0:15:33.800 also a thing people have to understand, Like each species 0:15:33.840 --> 0:15:36.320 has its own set genome, so we have a reference 0:15:36.440 --> 0:15:38.880 genome that's come out of a lot of work that 0:15:38.920 --> 0:15:42.680 scientists have done to understand what's on each chromosome. So 0:15:42.800 --> 0:15:47.600 all of our genomes are the same roughly, And I 0:15:47.640 --> 0:15:50.000 think this is something that people don't really realize. If 0:15:50.040 --> 0:15:53.720 you are a human, you share roughly ninety nine point 0:15:54.280 --> 0:15:58.040 nine eight percent of your DNA with other everybody else, Wow, 0:15:58.080 --> 0:16:02.280 there is very little variation. We're not so different. Well, 0:16:02.320 --> 0:16:05.520 I'm feeling really optimistic because that means I share about 0:16:05.720 --> 0:16:08.800 ninety nine point ninety eight percent of by DNA with Beyonce. 0:16:11.200 --> 0:16:13.760 And so I think, you know, when we think about 0:16:13.760 --> 0:16:17.680 these genetic tests, what they're looking at are areas where 0:16:17.720 --> 0:16:19.360 there tends to be variation. 0:16:19.640 --> 0:16:22.240 So that point two percent that's left over, that's the 0:16:22.320 --> 0:16:23.440 variable part. 0:16:23.640 --> 0:16:24.240 And in that. 0:16:24.240 --> 0:16:29.360 Variable part, that's where you have genes that make you 0:16:29.840 --> 0:16:33.840 distinct from someone else. And so they're saying, is there 0:16:33.840 --> 0:16:36.760 somebody else with a similar profile or are there groups 0:16:36.760 --> 0:16:40.480 of people that have similar profiles? And that's how they say, Okay, 0:16:40.720 --> 0:16:45.720 you share ancestry or this percentage of whatever versus you know, thirty. 0:16:45.400 --> 0:16:48.080 Percent of this, And so that's how they're creating these profiles. 0:16:48.160 --> 0:16:50.320 Okay, let's take a break, and when we get back, 0:16:50.440 --> 0:16:52.880 we're bringing in someone who can help us break down 0:16:53.240 --> 0:16:56.080 why this is so important and what you need to 0:16:56.160 --> 0:17:16.399 know before doing one of those kids yourself. We're back, 0:17:16.560 --> 0:17:19.280 and so in the first part of the dissection, Zakia, 0:17:19.400 --> 0:17:21.840 you really laid out the basics of DNA and how 0:17:21.880 --> 0:17:23.320 these kids actually work. 0:17:23.400 --> 0:17:25.520 Right, and so now we're going to talk about how 0:17:25.560 --> 0:17:28.399 that information is being used and to help us, we 0:17:28.480 --> 0:17:29.639 recruited Aaron Murphy. 0:17:29.720 --> 0:17:32.520 I'm Aaron Murphy. I'm a professor at NYU School of Law. 0:17:32.640 --> 0:17:35.440 I'm the author of Inside the Cell, The Dark Side 0:17:35.480 --> 0:17:39.280 of DNA, and I've written and researched DNA issues for 0:17:39.359 --> 0:17:40.119 a couple of decades. 0:17:40.160 --> 0:17:42.320 Now. Aaron's work shines a light on how DNA is 0:17:42.359 --> 0:17:44.439 being used and who is using it. 0:17:44.680 --> 0:17:47.200 A perfect example of this is in the Golden State 0:17:47.280 --> 0:17:47.840 Killer case. 0:17:48.080 --> 0:17:51.000 I read that book and I was not sleeping for weeks. Okay, 0:17:51.119 --> 0:17:53.040 I I think I hear something in the house. 0:17:54.320 --> 0:17:57.119 That you also do that when there is a bug 0:17:57.160 --> 0:17:58.000 in your house. 0:17:58.040 --> 0:18:01.240 Yes, equally scary. You guys have to check out the 0:18:01.280 --> 0:18:04.000 book I'll Be Gone in the Dark by Michelle McNamara. 0:18:04.080 --> 0:18:06.160 I'm gonna put a link in the show notes and 0:18:06.960 --> 0:18:07.680 hit us on Twitter. 0:18:07.800 --> 0:18:10.399 Let's read along, let's read together. Let's read it together. 0:18:10.720 --> 0:18:13.040 Like we'll be like, okay, read up the page whatever. 0:18:13.119 --> 0:18:14.920 It'll be like being back in high school again. 0:18:15.040 --> 0:18:17.360 Yeah, being a book club. I think it'll be really good. 0:18:17.440 --> 0:18:19.439 And folks, some folks wasn't reading the book. But I 0:18:19.520 --> 0:18:21.159 trust that you all will read this book. 0:18:21.560 --> 0:18:21.879 Yeah. 0:18:22.200 --> 0:18:24.960 Read the book clubs is when folks show up and 0:18:24.960 --> 0:18:26.840 they haven't read what they were supposed to read. And 0:18:26.880 --> 0:18:28.600 then you're like, so, then how are we supposed to 0:18:28.640 --> 0:18:29.200 have a book club? 0:18:29.359 --> 0:18:33.080 Just eat the snacks. Just eat the snacks, and these. 0:18:32.920 --> 0:18:37.040 Are virtual snacks. It costs us nothing, Okay, So let's 0:18:37.040 --> 0:18:37.920 get back to this case. 0:18:37.960 --> 0:18:39.800 So they were there was a string of murders and 0:18:39.880 --> 0:18:42.920 rapes and burglaries in California and that was in the 0:18:42.960 --> 0:18:46.679 seventies and eighties, and the police could not figure it out. 0:18:46.840 --> 0:18:49.520 They did have a DNA sample from one of the 0:18:49.520 --> 0:18:50.480 crime scenes. 0:18:50.280 --> 0:18:53.159 So law enforcement took the Golden State Killers DNA from 0:18:53.200 --> 0:18:55.520 a crime scene and ran it through their database. 0:18:55.680 --> 0:18:58.040 But when they tried to find a match in the 0:18:58.160 --> 0:19:02.639 ordinary criminal justice databases, over time they never found a match. 0:19:02.880 --> 0:19:05.679 So then you fast forward to twenty eighteen and the 0:19:05.760 --> 0:19:09.840 use of these directed consumer DNA kits has completely blown up, 0:19:10.240 --> 0:19:13.160 and there's a growing interest in using these online databases 0:19:13.200 --> 0:19:16.720 to try and make connections to unsolved cold cases using 0:19:16.720 --> 0:19:17.520 genetic material. 0:19:17.680 --> 0:19:20.520 And there's a site in particular called jed match. 0:19:20.359 --> 0:19:24.160 And if you're trying to do your googles, that's ged match. 0:19:23.760 --> 0:19:26.360 And that's a site where people who participate in online 0:19:26.400 --> 0:19:29.480 recreational DNA testing sites like twenty three and meters or ancestry, 0:19:29.800 --> 0:19:32.760 when they do those tests, they usually have to kind 0:19:32.760 --> 0:19:35.119 of stay within the walls of the service. And so 0:19:35.920 --> 0:19:38.800 if you send your genetic information to ancestry dot com 0:19:38.800 --> 0:19:42.000 and you're trying to find relatives and then some relatives 0:19:42.000 --> 0:19:44.000